Assignment

BAHAUDDIN ZAKARIYA UNIVERSITY MULTAN

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

In Partial Fulfillments of the Course Requirements

Hydraulic Engineering, I&D-501
Related Learning Experience

Topic Name is:

Numerical

Submitted To:
Dr. Muhammad Shoaib

Submitted By:
Rabeea Noor (AG-02-20)
Assignment No. 2
Q- No. 1 Determine the sequent depth in a trapezoidal channel of 3 m width. The
initial depth is 0.5 m. The side slope is 1:1. Initial flow velocity is 4 m/s.
Data:
Q = 4 m3/s
S = 1:1
b = 3m
y = 1m
Solution:
𝑨 = (𝒃 + 𝒔𝒚)𝒚
= (𝟑 + 𝟏(𝟎. 𝟓)) × 𝟎. 𝟓
= 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝟐
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉
𝑄 = 1.75 × 4 = 7𝑚3 /𝑠
𝐹𝑠21 = 𝐹𝑠22
𝑄2 𝑄2
+ 𝑧̅1 𝐴1 = + 𝑧̅2 𝐴2
𝑔𝐴1 𝑔𝐴2
72 1 72 1
+ × (0.5) × 1.75 = + × 𝑦2 × (3 + 𝑦2 )𝑦2
9.81 × 1.75 2 9.81 × (3 + 𝑦2 )𝑦2 2
𝑦2 = 1.01𝑚

Y2 = 1.01 m
Answer
Q-No. 2 For the case of hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel, complete the
following table.
y1 (m) V1 (m/s) q (m3/s) y2 (m) V2 (m/s) Head Loss (m)
0.20 1.204
2.50 1.0
1.91 26.18 50
Solution:

y1 (m) V1 (m/s) q (m3/s) y2 (m) V2 (m/s) Head Loss (m)

0.20 2.268 1.134 1.204 0.567 -0.758
 0.189 13.227 2.5 2.50 1.0 6.55
1.91 26.18 50 15.41 3.24 20.89

Q-No. 3 A hydraulic jump occurs in a rectangular channel and the depths of flow
before and after the jump are 0.50 m and 2.0 m respectively. Calculate the
critical depth and the energy loss in the jump.
Data:
y1 = 0.50m
y2 = 2 m
Solution:
2𝑞 2
= 𝑦1 𝑦2 (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )
𝑔
2𝑞 2
= 0.5 × 2 (0.5 + 2)
9.81
𝑞 = 1.87 𝑚3 /𝑠/𝑚
1\3
𝑞2
𝑦𝑐 = ( )
𝑔
1\3
1.872
𝑦𝑐 = ( )
9.81
yc = 0.709m
(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )3
∆𝐸 =
4 𝑦1 𝑦2
(2 − 0.5)3
∆𝐸 =
4 × 2 × 0.5
ΔE = 0.843 m2
Answer
Q-No. 5 A rectangular channel 6m wide carries 11.5 m3/s and discharges onto a 6m
wide apron with no slope with the mean velocity of 6.0 m/s. what is the
height of the hydraulic jump? What energy is absorbed (lost) in the jump?
Data:
b=6m
Q = 11.5 m/s
V = 6 m/s
Solution:
What is the height of the hydraulic jump?
𝑄=𝐴𝑉
11.5 = 6 × 𝑦1 × 6
𝑦1 = 0.319𝑚

2
𝑉12
𝐹𝑟1 =
𝑔𝑦1

2
62
𝐹𝑟1 =
9.81 × 0.319
𝐹𝑟1 = 3.39
1 2
𝑌2 = 𝑦 (√1 + 8𝐹𝑟1 − 1)
2 1
1
𝑌2 = × 0.319 (√1 + 8 (3.392 ) − 1)
2
y2 = 1.378m
Hence,
Depth of jump = 𝑦2 – 𝑦1
= 1.378 – 0.319
Y = 1.059m
What energy is absorbed (lost) in the jump?
(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )3
∆𝐸 =
4 𝑦1 𝑦2
(1.059)3
∆𝐸 =
4 × 0.319 × 1.378
ΔE = 0.675 m2

Answer
Q-No. 6 A rectangular channel 5m wide carries a flow of 6 m3/s. The depth of water
on the downstream side of the hydraulic jump is 1.30 m. (a) What is the
depth at upstream? (b)What is the loss of head?
Data:
b=5m
Q = 6 m3/s
y2 = 1.30 m
Solution:
(a) What is the depth at upstream?
 𝑄2 𝑄2
𝑌1 𝐴1 + = 𝑌2 𝐴2 +
𝑔 𝐴1 𝑔 𝐴2
62 62
𝑌1 (5𝑌1 ) + = 1.30 × 5 × 1.30 +
𝑔 × 5 × 𝑌1 𝑔 × 5 × 1.30
y1 = 0.236m
(b)What is the loss of head?
𝑄
𝑉1 =
𝐵 × 𝑦1
𝑉1 = 5.08 m/s
𝑄
𝑉2 =
𝐵 × 𝑦2
𝑉2 = 0.923 m/s
𝑉12 𝑉22
𝑯𝑳 = 𝑌1 + − 𝑌2 −
2𝑔 2𝑔
HL = 0.207m
Answer
Q-No. 8 (A) A flow of 2.8 m3/s occurs in a circular channel of 1.8 m in diameter. If
the upstream depth of flow is 0.60 m, determine the downstream depth
which will cause a hydraulic jump. (B) A flow of 100 m3/s occurs in a
trapezoidal channel with side slopes of 2:1 and a base width of 5m. If the
upstream depth of flow is 1.0 m, determine the downstream depth of flow
which will cause hydraulic jump.
(A)
Data:
Q = 2.8 m3/s
Dia = 1.8m
y1 = 0.6m
Solution:
𝑄
𝑉 =
𝐴
2.8
𝑉= 3.14 × 0.92

𝑉 = 1.1 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉2
𝐹𝑟2 =
𝑔𝑦
 1.12
𝐹𝑟2 =
9.81 × 0.6
𝐹𝑟 = 0.45
1
𝑌2 = 𝑦1 (√1 + 8𝐹𝑟2 − 1)
2
Y2 = 0.187 m
(B)
Data:
Q = 100 m3/s
S = 2:1
b = 5m
y = 1m
Solution:
𝑨 = (𝒃 + 𝒔𝒚)𝒚
= ( 𝟓 + 𝟐)
= 𝟕 𝒎𝟐
𝐹𝑠21 = 𝐹𝑠22
𝑄2 𝑄2
+ 𝑧̅1 𝐴1 = + 𝑧̅2 𝐴2
𝑔𝐴1 𝑔𝐴2
1002 1 1002 1
+ × (1) × 7 = + × 𝑦2 × (5 + 𝑦2 )𝑦2
9.81 × 7 2 9.81 × (5 + 𝑦2 )𝑦2 2
𝑦2 = 1.14𝑚
Y2 = 1.14 m
Answer
Q-No. 9 A hydraulic jump occurs downstream from a 15 m wide sluice gate. The
depth is 1.5 m, and the velocity is 20 m /s. Determine (a) The Froude
number and the Froude number corresponding to the conjugate depth, (b)
the depth and velocity after the jump, and (c) the power dissipated by the
jump.
Data:
b = 15m
V = 20 m/s
y1 = 1.5m
Solution:
(a) The Froude number and the Froude number corresponding to the conjugate depth

2
𝑉12
𝐹𝑟1 =
𝑔𝑦1

2
202
𝐹𝑟1 =
9.81 × 1.5
𝐹𝑟1 = 5.21
1 2
𝑌2 = 𝑦 (√1 + 8𝐹𝑟1 − 1)
2 1
1
𝑌2 = × 1.5 (√1 + 8 (5.212 ) − 1)
2
y2 = 10.32m
1 2
𝑌1 = 𝑦 (√1 + 8𝐹𝑟2 − 1)
2 2
1 2
1.5 = × 10.32 (√1 + 8 𝐹𝑟2 − 1)
2
Fr2 = 0.288m
(b) The depth and velocity after the jump

2
V22
Fr2 =
gy2

2
V22
0.288 =
9.81 × 10.32
V = 2.9 m/s
(c) The power dissipated by the jump.
(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )3
𝐸1 =
4 𝑦1 𝑦2
(10.34 − 1.5)3
𝐸1 =
4 × 1.5 × 10.34
= 11.13 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑃 = 𝛾 𝑄1 𝐸1
= 𝛾 𝐴 𝑉 𝐸1
= 9.81 × 15 × 1.5 × 20 × 11.13
P = 49 × 103 KN
Answer
Q-No. 10. A 10 m wide rectangular channel is carrying a discharge of 200 m3/s at a
flow depth of 5 m. (i) If the channel bottom has sudden rise of 0.3 m
determine the depth of flow at a downstream cross section. Does the water
 surface rise or drop? (ii) Compute the depth of flow at a downstream
section if the drop is 0.2 m.
Data:
B = 10m
Q = 200 m3/s
y1 = 5m
Solution:
(i) If the channel bottom has sudden rise of 0.3 m determine the depth of flow at a
downstream cross section. Does the water surface rise or drop?
Sudden rise = 0.3m
200
𝑉1 =
5 × 10
𝑚
𝑉1 = 4
𝑠
𝑉1
𝐹1 =
√𝑔 𝑦1
= 0.571 < 1 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑉12 𝑄2
𝑌1 + = 𝑌2 + + ∆𝑧
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝐵2 𝑦22
16 2002
5+ = 𝑌2 + + 0.3
2 (9.81) 2 × 9.81 × 102 × 𝑦22
y2 = 2.68m
(ii) Compute the depth of flow at a downstream section if the drop is 0.2 m.
𝑉12 𝑄2
𝑌1 + = 𝑌2 + + ∆𝑧
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝐵2 𝑦22
16 2002
5+ = 𝑌2 + − 0.2
2 (9.81) 2 × 9.81 × 102 × 𝑦22
y2 = 2.36m
Answer
Q-No. 11 An 8 m wide rectangular channel has a flow velocity and flow depth of 4
m/s and 4 m respectively. The channel bottom is at El. 700 m. Assuming no
losses, design a transition so that the water level downstream of the
transition is at El. 703.54 m, if
(i) The channel width remains constant, and
(ii) The channel bottom level downstream of transition is at El. 700.2 m.
Data:
b = 8m
y = 4m
V = 4 m/s
Solution:
(i) The channel width remains constant, and
𝑉1
𝐹1 =
√𝑔 𝑦1
= 0.639 < 1 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝐸1 > 𝐸2 (𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒)
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 + ∆𝑧
𝑄
𝑞=
𝑏
𝑞 = 16 𝑚3 /𝑠 / 𝑚
And
𝑦1 = 𝑦2 + ∆𝑧
∆𝑧 = 3.54 − 𝑦2
𝑉12 𝑞2
𝑌1 + = 𝑌2 + + ∆𝑧
2𝑔 2𝑔𝑦22
16 162
4+ = 𝑌2 + + (3.54 − 𝑦2 )
2 (9.81) 2 × 9.81 × 𝑦22
𝑦2 = 3.198𝑚
∆𝑧 = 3.54 − 3.198
= 0.34 𝑚
Bottom Elevation = 700 + 0.34 = 700.34m
(ii) The channel bottom level downstream of transition is at El. 700.2 m.
Channel bottom level 0.5 of transition at elevation 700.2 m
b1 = 8m
y1 = 4m
y2 = 3.34m
Q = 32 × 4
= 128 m3/s
𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐 + ∆𝒛
 𝑉12 𝑉22
𝑌1 + = 𝑌2 + + ∆𝑧
2𝑔 2𝑔
16 1282
4+ = 3.34 + + 0.2
2 (9.81) 2 × 9.81 × (𝑏2 × 3.34)2
b2 = 7.66m
Answer
Q-No. 12 A hydraulic jump is formed in a 4 m wide outlet just downstream of the
control gate. The flow depths just upstream and downstream of the gate
are 20 m and 2 m respectively. If the outlet discharge is 40 m3/s determine
(i) Flow depth at downstream side
(iii) Thrust on gate
(ii) Energy losses in the jump
Assume there is no loss in the flow through gate
Data:
y1 = 20m
y2 = 2m
Q= 40 m3 /s
b= 4 m
Solution:
E1= E2
V1 = 0
(i) Flow depth at downstream side
𝑄
𝑞 =
𝐵
q = 10 𝑚3 /s / m
𝑞
𝑉2 = 𝑦2

𝑉2 = 5 𝑚/𝑠

2
𝑉22
𝐹𝑟2 =
𝑔𝑦2

2
52
𝐹𝑟2 =
9.81 × 2
𝐹𝑟2 = 1.12
1 2
𝑌3 = 𝑦2 (√1 + 8𝐹𝑟2 − 1)
2
Y3 = 2.32 m
(ii) Energy losses in the jump
𝑬𝟐 = 𝑬𝟑 + 𝑯𝑳
𝑞2 𝑞2
𝑯𝑳 = 𝑌2 + − 𝑌3 +
2𝑔𝑦22 2𝑔𝑦32
HL = -0.28
(iii) Thrust on gate
𝑃𝑓 = 𝐹𝑠1 − 𝐹𝑠2
𝑦12 𝑞2 𝑦22 𝑞2
=( + )− ( + )
2 𝑔𝑦1 2 𝑔𝑦2
202 102 22 102
=( + )− ( + )
2 9.81 × 20 2 9.81 × 2
Pf = 193.41 m2
Therefore,
𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝛾 𝑃𝑓 × 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
= 9.81 × 193.41 × 5
Thrust on the gate = 9486.76 KN
Answer