Computer Graphics: Image Arithmetic

Escuela Profesional de
Ciencia de la Computación
ICC Fase 1
Computer graphics
Image Arithmetic
MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda
Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa
May 16, 2020
MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 1 / 32

Overview
1 Introduction
Objectives
2 Pixel addition
Definition
Examples
Colors
3 Pixel Subtraction
Definition
Characters segmentation
vmachacaa@unsa.edu.pe
Change detection

Introduction Objectives
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
Objectives
2 Pixel addition
Definition
Examples
Colors
3 Pixel Subtraction
Definition
Change detection

Objectives
Understand about the arithmetic between images.


Objectives
Understand about the arithmetic between images.

Learn addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and
blending between images.

Pixel addition Definition
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
Objectives
2 Pixel addition
Definition
Examples
Colors
3 Pixel Subtraction
Definition
Change detection

Pixel addition
Definition
This operator takes as input two identically sized images and

produces as output a third image of the same size as the first
two. Each pixel value is the sum of the values of the
corresponding pixel from each of the two input images.

Pixel addition
Definition
Normal addition :
Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j) + P2 (i, j) (1)


Pixel addition
Definition
Normal addition :
Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j) + P2 (i, j) (1)
Almost always, we need to scale the image:
Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j)/2 + P2 (i, j)/2 (2)


Pixel addition
Definition
Normal addition :
Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j) + P2 (i, j) (1)
Almost always, we need to scale the image:
Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j)/2 + P2 (i, j)/2 (2)
Also, we could add a constant value:
Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j) + C (3)


Pixel addition Examples
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
Objectives
2 Pixel addition
Definition
Examples
Colors
3 Pixel Subtraction
Definition
Change detection

Pixel addition
Example with scaling
Figure: Example of pixel addition using Equation 5. OpenCV limits the

values to [0-255] (int8).

Pixel addition
Example without scaling
Figure: Example of pixel addition using Equation 5. We cast the image

to int, before the adding operation.

Pixel addition
Example with scaling
Figure: Example of pixel addition using Equation 2.

Pixel addition
Image plus constant
Figure: Adding a constant to a image.

Pixel addition
Image plus constant
Figure: If you use OpenCV, this problem could occurs. It is because

OpenCV limits the pixel values to [0-255].

Pixel addition
Image plus constant
Figure: Before add a constant, cast the image type to int (img =
img.astype(int)).

Pixel addition
Image plus constant
Figure: We scale the image before adding a constant.

Pixel addition
Image addition with colors
Figure: Two images for addition.

Pixel addition Colors
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
Objectives
2 Pixel addition
Definition
Examples
Colors
3 Pixel Subtraction
Definition
Change detection

Pixel addition Colors
Pixel addition
Image addition with colors
Figure: Addition of two images with colors.

Pixel Subtraction Definition
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
Objectives
2 Pixel addition
Definition
Examples
Colors
3 Pixel Subtraction
Definition
Change detection

Pixel subtraction
Definition
The pixel subtraction operator takes two images as input and

produces as output a third image whose pixel values are simply
those of the first image minus the corresponding pixel values
from the second image.

Pixel subtraction
Definition
Q(i, j) = |P1 (i, j) − P2 (i, j)| (4)

Q(i, j) = |P1 (i, j) − C| (5)

Pixel subtraction
Example
Figure: Example of subtraction operator.

Pixel Subtraction Characters segmentation
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
Objectives
2 Pixel addition
Definition
Examples
Colors
3 Pixel Subtraction
Definition
Change detection

Pixel subtraction
Applications - Segmentation of Characters
Suppose we want to segment the characters, the result will be:

Figure: Photo. Figure: Thresholding (θ = 127).

Pixel subtraction
We could take a photo of a white paper to apply subtraction:

Figure: Photo. Figure: Photo of white paper.

Pixel subtraction
We take the normal photo and subtracts the white paper photo
to get a new image:
Figure: Result after applying subtraction and an addition of 100 to avoid

negative values.

Pixel subtraction
Then we apply thresholding with θ = 80

Figure: Difference Figure: Thresholding (θ = 80).

Pixel subtraction
Comparison:
Figure: Without subtraction. Figure: With subtraction.

Pixel Subtraction Change detection
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
Objectives
2 Pixel addition
Definition
Examples
Colors
3 Pixel Subtraction
Definition
Change detection

Pixel subtraction
Applications - Change detection
We could use subtraction to detect changes between frames.

Figure: Frame 1. Figure: Frame 2.

Pixel subtraction
Applications - Change detection
Figure: |Frame 1 - Frame 2| and contrast stretching.

Questions?

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Escuela Profesional de

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda

Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa

May 16, 2020

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 1 / 32

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 2 / 32

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 3 / 32

Understand about the arithmetic between images.

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 4 / 32

Understand about the arithmetic between images.

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 4 / 32

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 5 / 32

This operator takes as input two identically sized images and

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 6 / 32

Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j) + P2 (i, j) (1)

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 7 / 32

Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j) + P2 (i, j) (1)

Almost always, we need to scale the image:

Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j)/2 + P2 (i, j)/2 (2)

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 7 / 32

Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j) + P2 (i, j) (1)

Almost always, we need to scale the image:

Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j)/2 + P2 (i, j)/2 (2)

Also, we could add a constant value:

Q(i, j) = P1 (i, j) + C (3)

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 7 / 32

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 8 / 32

Figure: Example of pixel addition using Equation 5. OpenCV limits the

values to [0-255] (int8).

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 9 / 32

Figure: Example of pixel addition using Equation 5. We cast the image

to int, before the adding operation.

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 10 / 32

Figure: Example of pixel addition using Equation 2.

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 11 / 32

Figure: Adding a constant to a image.

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 12 / 32

Figure: If you use OpenCV, this problem could occurs. It is because

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 13 / 32

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 14 / 32

Figure: We scale the image before adding a constant.

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 15 / 32

Figure: Two images for addition.

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 16 / 32

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 17 / 32

Figure: Addition of two images with colors.

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 18 / 32

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 19 / 32

The pixel subtraction operator takes two images as input and

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 20 / 32

Q(i, j) = |P1 (i, j) − P2 (i, j)| (4)

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 21 / 32

Figure: Example of subtraction operator.

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 22 / 32

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 23 / 32

Suppose we want to segment the characters, the result will be:

Figure: Photo. Figure: Thresholding (θ = 127).

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 24 / 32

We could take a photo of a white paper to apply subtraction:

Figure: Photo. Figure: Photo of white paper.

MSc. Vicente Machaca Arceda (UNSA) 1704146 25 / 32

Figure: Result after applying subtraction and an addition of 100 to avoid