Operating Manual Density Meter LB 444

OPERATING MANUAL
DENSITY METER LB 444
Table of Contents
Page
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Safety Summary ............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Overview ......................................................................................................... 2
2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION.......................................................................................... 3
2.1 Use and Function............................................................................................ 3
2.2 The Principle of Measurement........................................................................ 4
2.3 Measuring Configuration................................................................................. 5
2.4 Instrument Description.................................................................................... 7
Radioactive Source......................................................................................... 7
Shieldings ....................................................................................................... 8
2.4.1.1 Shielding Types LB744............................................................ 8
2.4.1.2 Shieldings for Installation in a Container ................................. 9
Detector ........................................................................................................ 11
Evaluation Unit LB 444 ................................................................................. 12
2.4.1.3 General Description ............................................................... 12
2.4.1.4 Display ................................................................................... 13
2.4.1.5 Keypad Function.................................................................... 13
2.4.1.6 Menu Structure (Flow Chart) ................................................. 14
2.5 Software Functions and System Configuration ............................................ 15
3. INSTALLATION...................................................................................................... 26
3.1 General Safety Precautions.......................................................................... 26
3.2 Installation..................................................................................................... 27
Installation on Pipelines ................................................................................ 27
Installation in a Container or Tank ................................................................ 31
3.3 Installation of Water Cooling......................................................................... 33
3.4 Installation of Resistance Thermometer Pt 100............................................ 35
3.5 Installation of Evaluation Unit ....................................................................... 35
4. CONNECTIONS...................................................................................................... 36
4.1 Detector ........................................................................................................ 36
4.2 Evaluation Unit LB 444 ................................................................................. 37
5. GETTING STARTED .............................................................................................. 39

5.1 Quick Installation Overview .......................................................................... 39
Getting Started ........................................................................................................ 40
Opening the Radiation Exit Channel............................................................. 40
5.1.1.1 Shielding Container Type LB 744.......................................... 40
5.1.1.2 Shielding Container for Installation in a Container ................ 41
i
Density Meter LB 444 Table of Contents
Calibration and Connection of Pt 100 Resistance Thermometer............................ 43

Basic Settings ............................................................................................... 43
Calibration..................................................................................................... 46
5.1.1.3 One-point Calibration............................................................. 46
5.1.1.4 Two- and Multi-Point Calibration ........................................... 47
5.2 Measurement ................................................................................................ 49
5.3 Error Messages............................................................................................. 50
Resetting Error Messages ............................................................................ 50
Error Messages during Operation................................................................. 50
Error Messages during Calibration ............................................................... 50
Error Messages during Measurement .......................................................... 51
5.4 Starting/Stopping Operation of the System .................................................. 52
6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS ............................................................ 53

6.1 Temperature Compensation ......................................................................... 53
Temperature Measurement .......................................................................... 53
Monitoring the Temperature Signal .............................................................. 53
Function of Temperature Compensation ...................................................... 54
Calculation of the Temperature Coefficients ................................................ 54
Calculation of the Square Temperature Coefficient...................................... 56
Reference Temperature................................................................................ 57
Temperature Coefficient Calculation without Table Values.......................... 57
6.1.1.1 Linear temperature coefficient ............................................... 57
6.1.1.2 Square Temperature Coefficient ........................................... 58
6.2 Calibration Method........................................................................................ 59
Calibration Modes ......................................................................................... 59
One-Point Calibration ................................................................................... 61
Two and Multi-Point Calibration.................................................................... 64
Correction of Analysis Values....................................................................... 65
Checking the Calibration............................................................................... 67
6.2.1.1 One-Point Calibration ............................................................ 67
6.2.1.2 Two-Point Calibration ............................................................ 67
6.2.1.3 Multi-Point Calibration............................................................ 68
6.3 Interference Radiation Detection .................................................................. 69
6.4 Automatic Measuring Time Switchover ........................................................ 70
6.5 Measurements of Suspensions and Solutions ............................................. 71
Measurement ................................................................................................ 71
Calculating the Density of Individual Components ....................................... 73
6.6 Correcting the Results: Addition and Multiplication ...................................... 75
Additive Constant.......................................................................................... 75
6.6.2 Multiplication Factor............................................................................. 75
7. TECHNICAL DATA ................................................................................................ 77

7.1 Evaluation Unit LB 444 ................................................................................. 77
7.2 Detector ........................................................................................................ 79
8. SERVICE INSTRUCTIONS .................................................................................... 81
9. RADIATION PROTECTION ................................................................................... 82

9.1 Basics and Guidelines .................................................................................. 82
Shielding Installation ..................................................................................... 85
Point Source Replacement ........................................................................... 85
9.2 Radiation Dose Calculations......................................................................... 87
9.2.1 Exposure when Installing the Shielding............................................... 88
9.2.2 Exposure when Replacing Point Sources ........................................... 88
9.3 Emergency Instructions ................................................................................ 90
ii
Density Meter LB 444 Table of Contents
10. APPENDIX.............................................................................................................. 91
10.1 Configuration Checklist................................................................................. 91
10.2 Parameter Protocol ....................................................................................... 92
10.3 Absorption Coefficients ................................................................................. 93
10.4 Temperature Coefficients ............................................................................. 93
10.5 Density of Water as a Function of the Temperature..................................... 96
10.6 Setup Protocol .............................................................................................. 97
10.7 Wiring Diagram ........................................................................................... 100
10.8 Dimensional Drawings ................................................................................ 101
10.9 Index ............................................................................................................. 105
iii
Density Meter LB 444 List of Figures
List of Figures
Page
Figure 1: Principle of measurement .................................................................................... 4
Figure 2: Measuring system mounted on a straight pipeline .............................................. 5
Figure 3: Installation on a U-shaped measuring path ......................................................... 6
Figure 4: Shielding container type LB744 ........................................................................... 8
Figure 5: Shielding for installation in a container ................................................................ 9
Figure 6: Shutter switch for ex-protected area .................................................................. 10
Figure 7: Scintillation counter ............................................................................................ 11
Figure 8: Front Panel LB 444 ............................................................................................ 12
Figure 9: Softkeys functions .............................................................................................. 13
Figure 10: Live display ...................................................................................................... 13
Figure 11: Diagram illustrating the hysteresis ................................................................... 19
Figure 12: Installation on a horizontal pipeline.................................................................. 27
Figure 13: Outdoor installation .......................................................................................... 28
Figure 14: Installation on S or U-shaped measuring path................................................. 29
Figure 15: External installation with shielding and detector .............................................. 30
Figure 16: Installation in a container ................................................................................. 31
Figure 17: Installation in a container with horizontal flow.................................................. 32
Figure 18: Installation in a container with vertical flow...................................................... 32
Figure 19: Installation of water-cooling ............................................................................. 33
Figure 20: Required amount of water-cooling ................................................................... 34
Figure 21: Cable connections at detector ......................................................................... 36
Figure 22: Terminal connection evaluation unit (rear panel)............................................. 37
Figure 23: Rear view of shielding container type LB 744.................................................. 40
Figure 24: Locking mechanism with knurled nut ............................................................... 41
Figure 25: Locking mechanism with spring pin ................................................................. 42
Figure 26: Influence of absorption coefficients on one-point calibration ........................... 63
Figure 27: One-point calibration with additional calibration points.................................... 63
Figure 28: Example of multi-point calibration .................................................................... 64
Figure 29: Response ......................................................................................................... 70
Figure 30: Source holder................................................................................................... 86
iv
OPERATING MANUAL
DENSITY METER LB 444
Revision History
Revision No. Date Comments
4 3/7/99 USA Version

5 2/15/00 USA Version
v
Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Safety Summary
GENERAL WARNINGS
Electrical Shock Hazard

Disconnect power during installation and before servicing.
SPECIFIC WARNINGS
Never change the installation or the parameter settings without a

full knowledge of the relevant part of this manual, the connected
controller and the process controlled by this measuring device.
SPECIFIC CAUTIONS
This measuring device utilizes radioactive sources. Strict compli-

ance to the rules of Radiation Protection and regulations governing
the use of radioactive sources is mandatory.
Installation, dismantling, relocation, maintenance or testing involv-
ing the radioactive source or its shielding, may ONLY be performed
by persons specifically licensed by the US Nuclear Regulatory
Commission or an Agreement State.
1
Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION
1.2 Overview
The Density Meter LB 444 is designed for density measurements of liquids, sus-
pensions, pulps and bulk materials. The measurement may be made directly in-
line or in a product container or tank.
The density measuring system LB 444 utilizes the radiometric measurement

method, i.e. the attenuation of Gamma radiation passing through the product
being measured.
In order to obtain the optimum measurement effect at a minimum source activity,

the measurement geometry is optimized for the specific measuring location and
the source is designed accordingly. The installation details and the source and
detector design are specified when preparing the quotation, and documented by
drawings, sketches and descriptions. To ensure the proper function of the
measurement, it is therefore important to observe these documents closely
when installing the shielding with the source and positioning the detectors.
Radiometric measuring systems utilize radioactive substances which are
manufactured in compliance with regulations and which are protected by suit-
able shieldings. When handled properly, no hazard to persons due to normal
operation of the device exists.
The hardware and software of the LB 444 system makes it easy to adapt the
system to a variety of measurement geometries and measuring tasks. There-
fore, the settings and parameters of the measuring instrument must be defined
with care for each specific measuring task when commissioning the system. Im-
portant parameters may not easily be changed once the system is operational.
The system should commissioned and set-up only by persons who are familiar
with the instrument. Therefore, all users should read these operating instructions
carefully. In addition, we recommend documenting all settings in a setup proto-
col (see Appendix).
This instruction manual describes several measuring configurations and instru-

ment versions. The optimum system configuration is selected for each measur-
ing task during the planning stage. Therefore, the specific project documentation
must be used to configure the system.
Before starting any work, please read this operating manual carefully!
2
Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
2.1 Use and Function

The radiometric density measuring system can be used to measure the density
of
• liquids
• suspensions
• pulps and
• bulk goods.
The measurement can made directly in-line or in a tank or container. Pressure

and viscosity fluctuations or the flow rate of the product does not affect meas-
urement accuracy.
Special instrument configurations and calculations allow the measuring system

to be tailored to the local needs and conditions of the product being measured:
a) Instrument configuration (Operating modes)
• Density measurement without temperature compensation (TC)

• Density measurement with temperature compensation via Pt 100
• Density measurement with temperature compensation via current input
• Suspension measurement with any carrier liquid
Solids density and liquid density are known
With or without TC
• Suspension measurement with water as carrier liquid
- Solids density is known
- with water temperature compensation
♦ the density of the water and
♦ the solids concentration
are used for temperature compensation
• Mass flow measurement without TC
• Mass flow measurement with TC via Pt 100
b) Special configuration
• Back-scatter measurement
c) Selection of measurement mode
• Continuous measurement
• Discontinuous measurement
- Batch operation via keyboard (press <run> button)
- Batch operation via digital input
3
2.2 The Principle of Measurement
The density measurement is based on the irradiation method. It utilizes the

physical law of the attenuation of gamma radiation passing through the product
being measured. The resulting measurement effect is the ratio I/I0 between the
un-attenuated radiation I0 and the radiation I which is attenuated by the product
being measured. The remaining radiation picked up by the detector (scintillation
counter) represents the density of the product being measured. Figure 1 illus-
trates the principle of measurement. The radiation is attenuated according to the
following formula:
I = I0 * e - µ' * ρ * d
I = Radiation picked up by the detector

I0 = Un-attenuated radiation
µ
2
= Mass attenuation coefficient (absorption coefficient) in cm /g
ρ
3
= Density of the absorbing material in g/cm
d = Thickness of the absorbing material in cm
Source Detector
ρ
I0 I
Figure 1: Principle of measurement
The intensity of the radiation picked up by the detector is also dependent on the
distance between source and detector. As in the case of light, the function in-
volved is a square function, i.e. doubling the distance reduces the radiation in-
tensity to ¼ if all other conditions remain the same.
Assuming a constant distance between source and detector and a fixed meas-
uring path, the radiation picked up by the detector is only dependent on the den-
sity of the material to be measured.
NO contamination of the product being measured or of the pipeline wall by

gamma radiation is possible. (Physics).
4
2.3 Measuring Configuration

To cover a desired measurement range continuously, a configuration must be
realized where the dimensions of source and detector cover a measuring field of
equal size. The different options available to accomplish this are described be-
low.
The specific arrangement chosen depends on the measurement range and on
the geometry resulting from the measuring task. Moreover, construction factors
and customer-specific requirements may have an effect on the instrument se-
lection. The specific choices and selections are made during the planning stage
and must be implemented during assembly and commissioning.
A measuring system for density, concentration and mass flow measurements
typically comprises the following components:
a) Radioactive source
b) Shielding container
c) Detector
d) Evaluation unit LB 444
e) Mounting device
f) Connection cable
g) Resistance thermometer Pt 100 (option)
h) Cooling jacket for detector (option)
Detector power and output signals use a common two-wire cable connected
between detector and evaluation unit.
Different configurations and mounting devices may be required, depending on
the measurement tasks, the condition of the product being measured and the
pipe or container.
“Fehler! Verweisquelle konnte nicht gefunden werden.Shows a basic setup
in a pipeline with Pt-100 resistance-thermometer and a 90°-mounting device for
density, concentration and mass-flow measurement.
Figure 2: Measuring system mounted on a straight pipeline
Detector
Pt 100
Shielding
Container
Pipeline
BERTHOLD
Evaluation unit
enter
clear run
5
45° and 30° mounting devices are available to extend the measuring path (see
enclosed Technical Information LB 444).
The detector-source arrangement may vary depending on the measuring path. If

measuring paths have the shape of a U or S the shielding must be installed at
the top, the detector at the bottom, as shown in Figure 3.
RADIOACTIVE
Figure 3: Installation on a U-shaped measuring path
The system may have to be installed on external supports when the heat insu-
lating material of the pipeline does not allow safe installation (e.g. glass and rock
wool) or when strong vibrations are likely to damage the detector. For further
explanation see section 3. INSTALLATION.
For all installations, precautions must be taken to prevent persons reach-

ing into the active beam.
Measurements in Containers
Density or concentration measurements can also be carried out in a tank or

container and for this purpose, the source in a shielding is installed into a pro-
tection pipe inside the container (see 0 Installation in a Container).
6
2.4 Instrument Description
Radioactive Source
Radioactive sources for industrial applications are always „encapsulated radio-
active substances“ which are tightly welded into a sturdy stainless steel capsule,
so that the radioactive substance cannot leak out. Contamination is therefore not
possible. Moreover activation of the product being measured by the source used
is also not possible. (Laws of Physics).
The following point-shaped Gamma sources can be used for these measuring
241 60 137 244 85 90
configurations. Am, Co, Cs, Cm, Kr, Sr.
The following isotopes are primarily used for density measurements:

60
a) Co has a relatively high energy of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV, respectively. It is
used for density measurements when measuring distances are very long
and/or the radiation has to pass through very thick pipe or vessel walls. Its
half-life period is 5.27 years.
137
b) Cs is the isotope most frequently used for density measurements. Its
energy of 0.660 MeV is sufficient to penetrate commonly used pipe and
container walls. Due to the lower energy, the measuring effect is better
than with Co-60. Also, the shielding costs for a Cs-137 source are lower
than for a Co-60 source. The half-life period of Cs-137 is approx. 30
*
years.
*
According to NBS, half-life is defined as “Time for the activity of any particular
radioisotope to be reduced to half its initial value”.
Please note the Radiation Protection Guidelines in Section 9.
7
Shieldings
Except for a few special cases, the source is firmly installed into the working
shielding which includes a radiation exit channel to release the active beam to-
wards the detector. The active beam can be shielded during transport and in-
stallation, and when performing service work. This is accomplished by a shutter
mechanism.
The operation of the shutter mechanism and shielding function must be checked
every six months!
2.4.1.1 Shielding Types LB744

Shieldings with manually operated lock
The shielding consists of a cast iron or stainless steel outer shell filled with lead,
except for an exit port blocked by a lead filled moveable shutter. The shutter
mechanism consists of a rotatable lead filled cup connected to the outside of the
housing by means of a shaft, secured to a handle. The lead filling of the cup has
a cylindrical hole. At one distinct and defined position of the handle, the hole and
source holder is aligned, allowing the radioactive beam to reach outside via a
steel cover plate.
This is the “on” position of the device. At all other shaft positions, the beam exit
is blocked by the lead in the cup. The handle, which indicates the open or closed
condition of the shutter, can be secured in the closed position. The handle in
both the open and closed positions prevents access to the source holder.
Cover plate Moveable shutter Shell Lock
Pb
Radiation Position Radiation Source Locking

exit channel "closed" source holder lever
Figure 4: Shielding container type LB744
8
2.4.1.2 Shieldings for Installation in a Container

Shieldings with manually operated lock
The shielding consists of a lead-filled steel pipe, with a guide tube for the radio-
active source installed in the center. The radiation exit channel is located in an
angle of 90° or 45° to the longitudinal axis.
After taking off the covering cap which is secured by a lock you may open the
knurled screw and, using the stay bar, move the radioactive source forward
(OPEN) or back (CLOSED).
Locking
mechanism
Covering cap
Lead
Source position
Radiation exit CLOSED
channel
45°
90° Source position

OPEN
Steel pipe
Protection pipe
Figure 5: Shielding for installation in a container
9
Shutter switches signal the position of the sources.
Two versions are available:
a) Version for use in areas not endangered of explosion:
2 Reed contacts max. 250 V, 40 VA

1 x for OPEN, 1 x for CLOSED.
b) Version for use in the areas endangered of explosion:
1 proximity switch for position CLOSED.
It has to be connected to an inherently safe power supply.
Connection for
pressurized air electr. signal
OPEN/CLOSED
Cover cap
Proximity
switch
Closed
Switch flag
Open
Figure 6: Shutter switch for ex-protected area
See the drawings that are part of the documentation for detailed information on
the construction and function of the shielding type used.
10
Detector
Scintillation counters are used as detectors, since only these detector systems
provide the required high sensitivity to Gamma radiation and the radiation field
does not limit their service life.
The detector comprises
• a sodium iodide crystal doped with Thallium
• a photomultiplier
• an electronics unit.
The built-in microprocessor tracks the configuration, counts the pulse rates,
controls the high voltage, measures the temperature of the probe and an exter-
nal Pt 100, transfers data and performs calibration and control functions.
RADIATION SCINTILLATOR DYNODES AMPLIFIER
..
LIGHT FLASH
PHOTO CATHODE − +
Figure 7: Scintillation counter
The scintillator converts the incidence of Gamma into light flashes.

The flashes of light are converted into electrical signals in a photomultiplier,
which is optically coupled, to the detector. To achieve a very high accuracy and
a high long-term stability, the integrated processor automatically adjusts the op-
timum operating point of the photomultiplier, monitors the limit values, and
stores all detector-specific data. Power is supplied via 2-wire technique; all
measured data and information is transmitted between detector and the evalua-
tion unit at the same time.
The detector probe is mounted in a sturdy stainless steel housing which pro-
tects the instrument against normal environmental stress.
To ensure reliable operation and a long service life, the detector probe
must not be subject to heavy mechanical stress or vibrations.
Cooling must be provided for ambient temperatures above 50°C. (see sec-
tion 3.3 Installation of Water Cooling).
For more information see: Technical Information LB 444.
11
Evaluation Unit LB 444
2.4.1.3 General Description

The evaluation electronics is designed as a 19" module in the format 3 HE, 21
TE. It includes the microprocessor-controlled evaluation electronics and the
power supply. A 32-bit microprocessor with menu-structured software specially
designed for density measurements is used for signal processing.
The six foil keys on the front panel are used to operate the instrument.
• Three keys work as soft-keys which allow user-guided definition of all in-
strument settings and input of the required parameters.
• Three more keys serve as function keys.
The illuminated display field on the front panel shows the relevant instrument
function on four lines. The front panel also includes an RS 232 interface.
BERTHOLD
LCD display EG&G Berthold

LB 444 V 1.00
Density - Meter
more
Softkeys
enter
..
..
..
..
clear run
..
..
Funktion keys
Figure 8: Front Panel LB 444
The terminal strip on the instrument rear panel includes all terminals for power
for the detector and for the analog and digital output signals. The current output
is isolated and the built-in relays for max.-min.-indication and for error messages
include an isolated contact.
The system automatically corrects for the decrease of source activity with age.
System malfunctions are signaled by error messages.

The calibration data is stored in a FLASH memory and saved during loss of
power.
12
2.4.1.4 Display
The illuminated display field of the instrument comprises 4 lines; the first three
lines show the menu titles, the currently selected parameters or the current
measurement value. The bottom line shows the current function of the softkey
button located below or, when a measurement is running, the status “run“.
2.4.1.5 Keypad Function

The Density Meter is operated via the softkeys and function keys de-
sk1: general scribed below; which select the desired operating level within a menu
sk2: operating
structure in order to select a function or enter parameters. The menu
a) guidance is illustrated in the quick overview of the menu structure
sk1 sk2 more
(see next page) and from tables (see Appendix).
Softkeys
Product select
b) [extern/intern] Softkeys are used to select different menu groups and operating lev-
intern els within the menu structure. Depending on the current position in
^^^ done the menu structure, functions are assigned to these keys, as shown
on the display above the respective key.
<sk1> and
<sk2> switch to the indicated menu (Figure 9 a).
time constant
c) <more> switch to the next menu group.
value: 20.000 <done> shows the end of the menu and takes you back to the
∧∧∧ ←←← more menu group.
<^^^> text: scrolls through the various selection options (Figure
9 b)
numerical values: increments the number marked by the
cursor by 1.
HV (500): 112 cps
d) HV (560): 116 cps <!!!> moves the cursor to the left and at the end of the input
HV (620): 122 cps field again to the start position (Figure 9 c).
+ - exit <+> and
<-> scrolls forward / back in the submenus (Figure 9 d).
Figure 9: Softkeys functions
Function Keys
LB 444
<enter> accepts the entry and moves the cursor to the next input
Density = 1.5g/cm³
field or toggles between two input fields.
+ - RUN more
<clear> clears the numerical value.
Figure 10: Live display <run> starts or ends a measurement or leads directly back to
the display and at the start of a measurement automati-
cally changes to the measurement value display.
13
2.4.1.6 Menu Structure (Flow Chart)

The flow chart below shows in a simplified way the menu structure for parameter
input and operation. With <more> you select the various menu groups and from
there you get to the respective menu with <sk1> or <sk2>. Within the menu you
get to the individual windows with <more> and at the end of the menu you get
back to the menu group with <done>. For a complete overview of the menu
structure see the appendix to this manual.
↓
sk1 sk2 more
↓ ↓
General Data Oper. Mode
Password Config Instrument
Date & Time Density / TC
System/ Version Mass flow
Language Rad./Backscatter
Print Parameter Error Mode
Factory Setting Interfaces
↓
sk1 sk2 more
↓ ↓
Parameter Product Data
Productselect Product Selection
Isotope
Curr. output Limits
Time Constant
Current outp. error
Rapid Switch-Over
Relay 2 + 3 Setup
Rad. Interference
Solids density
Maximum Rate
Minimum Rate Liquid density
↓
sk1 sk2 more
↓ ↓
Calibrate Live Display
Product Selection Density display
Countrate
Data Input
HV Detector
Calculate
Massflow display
Cal. Mode Integr. M.
Resuls Flow
↓
sk1 sk2 more
↓ ↓
Service menu Massflow
Test calculation Unit
HV Setting/Status Range Input
Pt100 Adj./Plateau Flow
Adj. Current Out Counter Interval
14
2.5 Software Functions and System Configuration
The factory settings are listed in the Configuration Checklist in the Appendix.
Enter the final operating settings in this list. Please remember that the entry in all
operating levels is made with the <^^^> key and the new value is accepted with
<enter>.
General Data
Password:
One may enter a number comprising up to 6 digits. Upon confirmation with <en-
ter>, the system is protected against unauthorized manipulation of the parame-
ters. All parameters can still be viewed, however. The password protection is
canceled when you enter the correct numerical value and confirm your entry
with <enter>.
Date:
Enter the current date in the format TT.MM.YY. The correct date is important for
automatic correction of the activity decay of the source.
Time:
Enter the current time in the format HH.MM. Time deviations have hardly any
effect on the correction of the activity decay; checking the time can help to check
the instrument function.
System/Version:
Display of instrument type and software program version.
Language:
You can choose German, English or French as dialog language by pressing the
<^^^> key.
Print Parameter:
A printer with serial interface can be connected on the front panel. All parame-
ters can be printed for documentation. The printout in the appendix shows an
example. A PC may also be connected and the data transferred to the computer
and processed there using a terminal program.
Factory Setting:
All parameters can be reset to the factory setting with <sk1>. However, a meas-
urement with this data only is not possible.
The current calibration data is lost when the instrument is reset!
15
Operating Mode
Config Instrument :
The instrument configuration is defined by the required measuring configuration
and the measuring task and can be selected by pressing <^^^> and <enter>.
a) Density without TC
Density measurement without temperature compensation
b) Density with Pt100

Density measurement with temperature compensation via resistance ther-
mometer Pt 100.
c) Density with Cur. Inp.

Density measurement with temperature compensation via current input.
The product temperature is fed in as current signal 0/4-20mA (28c+/28a-).
d) Mass flow without TC

Mass flow measurement without temperature compensation.
e) Mass flow with Pt 100

Mass flow measurement with temperature compensation via Pt 100 resis-
tance thermometer.
Radiation/Backscatter measure
Generally, irradiation is selected. In this case, the product is irradiated with
source and detector installed on opposite sides.
In case of a backscatter measurement, source and detector (shielded against
each other) are installed next to each other.
Error mode:
Select if the measurement is to be aborted or continued if an error is detected. If
you select “continue measurement” the error is merely displayed, but the meas-
urement continues. Press <enter> to delete the error message.
RS232 interface:
Select the baud rate by pressing <^^^> and confirm with <enter>.
Select the device to which the data is to be transferred: select either PC/Printer
or Modem.
The RS232 interface is located on the front panel of the evaluation unit.
RS 485 interface:
Interface. (Presently not used.)
16
Parameter
Productselect No. 1/2/3/4:

Parameters (calibration data, temperature coefficients, current output range,
limit values etc.) for max. 4 different products can be entered and stored. These
parameters must be entered separately and the calibration must be performed
for each product. The calibration data measured for a product can also be cop-
ied to other data sets. Thus, the same product can be measured with different
measuring ranges or different limit values. In the normal measurement mode the
product for the current measurement is selected here.
Detector and Isotope:

Code: Detector-specific code number for taking into account the parameters to
be defaulted for the measuring geometry and the detector version (see
TECHNICAL DATA). Enter the operating code for the detector (max. 2 digits).
Isotope: Select the isotope used for the measuring configuration so that the nu-
clide-specific factor for the automatic half-life correction becomes effective.
Measuring Path (0.1 to 9999.9 cm):

Enter the measuring path in the product in cm. With 90° irradiation to the pipe-
line axis, the measuring path is equal to the internal diameter of the pipeline.
With an irradiation angle of 45° or 30°, the internal diameter of the pipeline must
be multiplied by factor 2 or 2 respectively. The actual measuring path in the
product must be entered here when working with S or U-shaped measuring
paths where the pipeline is irradiated along the longitudinal axis, or when per-
forming measurements in a container.
The data should be entered accurately if only one-point calibration of the meas-
uring system is possible. With two or multi-point calibration the input accuracy is
less important, since the computer corrects the absorption coefficients accord-
ingly.
Select: Measure Mode:

Continuous measure: continuous measurement.
Batch via keyboard: batch measurement with Start/Stop via keyboard.
Batch external: batch measurement with external Start/Stop signal
Digital input 22a and 22c.
We recommend using the “Batch measurement” mode, for example, when a

pipeline or a container is filled briefly and then emptied again. In this case,
shorter measuring times can be realized.
Time constant:
Enter the time constant of the instrument system. It determines the average cal-
culation of the counts supplied by the detector. In order to reduce statistical
variations, select the highest time constant that is permissible. It is dependent
upon the permissible error during the maximum possible density rate-of –
change. A time constant of less than 20s will therefore be required only in
exceptional cases. Typical input values are between 30 and 300 s.
17
Rapid switch-over:
The function "Rapid switch-over" (=1/10 of the defined time constant) is needed
to adjust the output signal quickly to the new value in the presence of sudden
density changes. This function is enabled and disabled via <ON> and <OFF>.
Sigma defines a range (window) which the display change has to exceed before
the selected time constant automatically switches over to a value that is smaller
by a factor of 10 (max. to 0.8 sec).
When using the rapid switch-over function, enter "4" or "5" as Sigma value to
make sure that a switch-over of the time constant is not triggered merely by sta-
tistical variations or minor density changes. We recommend the determination of
optimum entry value during routine operation (see also section 6.4 Automatic
Measuring Time Switchover).
Radiation interference:
The function "Radiation interference" is needed only when unforeseeable influ-
ences due to interfering radiation are to be expected. This function is enabled
and disabled via <ON> and <OFF>. Sigma defines a limit value which the dis-
play change has to exceed before the measurement is aborted (see also section
6.3 Interference Radiation Detection). Enabling the radiation interference de-
tection disables the rapid switchover function.
Maximum Rate:
If the countrate supplied by the detector exceeds the entered value, the meas-
urement is stopped automatically. The output current signal is held at the last
value. The error message "Measurement halted" appears on the display. If the
countrate drops below the entered value again, the measurement continues
automatically.
The entered values are permanently corrected during decay compensation.
The functions „Maximum Rate“ and „Minimum Rate“ can be used to “freeze” the
measured value in case of problems (e.g. empty measuring path, empty con-
tainer, increased radiation due to weld seam testing, etc) and to avoid long re-
sponse times of the control devices. Select the input values such that that they
will not be reached during regular operation.
Minimum Rate:
If the countrate supplied by the detector falls below the entered value, the
measurement is automatically halted. If this function is not important for your
operation, you can disable it by entering a pulse rate of „0“.
Current Input:
Temperature compensation via current input. Select the current input range 0-20
mA or 4-20 mA. For mass flow measurements the range defined here is used in
the menu sk2 Volume Flow.
Temp. Input 0/4mA: 20mA:

These entries are required only for temperature compensation via current input.
Enter the upper and lower temperature values for 0/4mA or 20mA.
Product Selection [extern/intern]

Define if the product is to be selected via the evaluation unit (= internal) or via
digital inputs (= external, 18a and 18c, 20a and 20c).
18
Product Data
Enter the product data for calibration separately for each product.
Product Selection
No. 1/2/3/4:
Enter the product number for calibration.
Current Output :
Select the start value 0 or 4 mA of the current output signals (26a/26c).
Current Output Limit Values:

0/4 mA: Enter the lower density or concentration values in the defined unit (see sk1 Cali-
brate).
20 mA: Enter the upper density or concentration values in the defined unit (see sk1
Calibrate).
Current output error:

Current: VALUE/HOLD
Value:
You can select this if the last measured value should be held in case an error is
detected ("HOLD"), or if an arbitrarily selected value between 0 and 22 mA
should be set. The requested value has to be entered after selecting "VALUE".
Relay No. 2 Setup:

Minimum/Maximum:
Hysteresis %:
Enter the relay break-over point within the selected density measuring range.
Depending on the setting as Max. or Min. function, the relay is de-energized
(circuit opening connection) when the selected value is exceeded or not
reached. If the displayed value drops again, the relay picks up again, delayed
by the value of the selected hysteresis. The switching hysteresis should be
about 5%.
Rel. Rel. Rel. Rel.

min. max. max. min.
1.8 1.8
de-energized
de-energized
energized
energized
1.6 1.6
Hysteresis
3
3
Density in g/cm
Density in g/cm
Signal
Signal
1.4 1.4
falling
rising
Hysteresis
1.2 1.2
de-energized
de-energized
energized
energized
1.0 1.0
Figure 11: Diagram illustrating the hysteresis
19
Relay No. 3 Setup:

Same as relay no. 2.
Solids density (0 - 9,999):

Enter the solids density (g/cm³) of the component to be measured (only for sus-
pension measurements). See also section 0 Calculating the Density of Individ-
ual Components.
Liquid density (0 - 9,999):

Enter the liquid density (g/cm³) only for suspension measurements. This is the
density of the carrier liquid or, with liquid mixtures, the density of the attendant
component.
Water TC desired? Yes/No

Only used for measurements of suspensions with water as carrier-liquid and
with temperature compensation (via PT 100 or current input).
When temperature compensation for water is selected, the automatic tempera-
ture compensation (TC1, TC2) is disabled and the temperature coefficient for
water used. In this case the next query is "Reference temperature". For more
information see section 6.1 Temperature Compensation and 6.5 Measurements
of Suspensions and Solutions.
Temperature coefficient TC1

-99 +99
Enter the linear temperature coefficient (999.999e to 999.999e ). In case of
minor temperature changes (+/-20°C) this coefficient usually suffices (see sec-
tion 6.1 Temperature Compensation).
Temperature coefficient TC2

-99 +99
Enter the square temperature coefficient (999.999e to 999.999e ). In case of
o
minor temperature variations > 20 C we recommend entering TC2 in addition
(see section 6.1 Temperature Compensation).
Reference temperature
Enter the reference temperature for the density, concentration or mass flow
measurement. If the actual temperature deviates from the reference tempera-
ture entered here, the measured density or concentration values are tempera-
ture corrected.
For more information on temperature compensation see sections 6.1

Temperature Compensation and 6.5 Measurements of Suspensions and Solu-
tions.
20
Calibrate
Product Selection
No. 1/2/3/4:
Enter the product number for the calibration product and confirm with <enter>.
Suspension measure Yes/No

If you select Yes the Solids density and Liquid density parameters are taken into
account in the calculation (see also section 6.5 Measurements of Suspensions
and Solutions).
Select Unit
g/cm³, t/m³, Bx, Weig.%, Be, g/l
Select the unit of measure for density and concentration measurements. For
calculation of the calibration curve, the values are converted into g/cm³. How-
ever, the results are always displayed in the selected unit.
sk1: Data input

Enter the calibration data for the requested number of calibration points.
Calibr. Data transfer

Select "Yes" to use the calibration data of another product and then enter the
product number whose data you want to use. Then run through Rate 1. To Rate
10. and correct them if necessary.
1. Rate to 10. Rate

You need at least 2 calibration points (except for one-point calibration, see sec-
tion 6.2 Calibration Method). You have to run through all 10 points. Calibration
points with zero values are not calculated.
The values can be entered or read in by pressing the <run> button. In the latter
case, the countrate and – if a temperature sensor is connected and instrument
configuration with temperature compensation has been selected – the actual
product temperature is read in. As soon as the measured value is stable, press
the <run> button again to stop the reading-in process. Press the <enter> button
to confirm the read-in or entered value.
Rate: Countrate in cps read-in or entered.

Density: Enter the density value determined in the lab.
Temp: Only for temperature compensation: read in temperature.
Otherwise, this parameter is not relevant.
21
sk2: Calculate
Calibration
Calibrate mode
none/lin/squ/cub/auto
Select the calibration mode.
none: One-point calibration. For this you only need one value pair (countrate
and density or concentration value) and the absorption coefficient. For
common products it can be taken from the table in the Appendix and en-
tered at Coefficient a1 (see also section 6.2 Calibration Method).
lin: Linear curve fit . This mode is used when at least two value pairs are
available. It should also be used when several calibration points are avail-
able which are very close together, so that not the entire measuring range
is covered by samples. For more information see section 6.2 Calibration
Method.
squ Square curve fit can be selected when at least 3 calibration points are
available which are distributed fairly evenly over the measuring range or
when the measurement is carried out in %-concentration, °Bx or in an-
other unit of measure which is not in linear correlation with the density.
cub Cubic curve fit should be applied when the same conditions exist as under
squ, but at least 4 value pairs are available and it becomes apparent dur-
ing operation that in some parts the value deviate when using squ.
auto The program automatically selects the best curve fit . Square or cubic
curve fit are used only when it can be ruled out with 95% probability that
the values correspond to the curve only by chance (check by means of f-
test).
At least 4 value pairs must be available for this function.
Upon selection of the required calibration mode and pressing of the <en-
ter> button, the calibration factors are calculated.
Exception: one-point calibration
Coefficient a1
Linear absorption coefficient (range -10 to +10).
Enter this coefficient for one-point calibration . One-point calibration is carried

out as soon as you press the <enter> button.
In all other cases, the program calculates the coefficient.
22
Zero Countrate I0
The zero countrate is automatically calculated for calibration. It corresponds to
the zero point of the unit of measure, i.e. the density or concentration value “0”.
The zero countrate is automatically corrected at midnight, compensating for
source decay. Do not change it manually.
Coefficient a1
Linear absorption coefficient. This value is automatically calculated for calibra-
tion or has to be entered for one-point calibration.
Coefficient a2
Square absorption coefficient. This value is automatically calculated for two- or
multi-point calibration.
Coefficient a3
Cubic absorption coefficient. This value is automatically calculated for multi-point
calibration.
Coefficient sq
Square error. For two- or multi-point calibration this value is calculated automati-
cally. It indicates the quality of the calibration curve for the selected calibration
mode. The smaller the numerical value, the better the curve fit (see section 6.2
Calibration Method). This coefficient is not a criterion for selection of the best
calibration mode (see calibration mode auto).
Factor
Option: You can enter a multiplication factor (0 to 10) to correct the measured
values. Each measured value is multiplied by this factor. It allows you to change
the slope of the calibration curve. When performing a new calibration, the factor
is automatically set to "1" (see also section 6.6 Correcting the Results: Addition
and Multiplication).
Offset
Option: Offset (-9999 to +9999) for additive correction of the measured values,
allowing a parallel offset of the curve. The offset entered here is added to each
measured value. When performing a new calibration, the value is automatically
set to "0" (see also section 0 Additive Constant).
Density TC
Use only for temperature compensation via Pt 100 or current input. The tem-
perature compensated lab values are displayed which were entered at rates 1.
to 10. (g/cm³). Scroll with <+> and <->.
23
Live Display
Start measurement
A measurement can be started from any menu item by pressing the <run> but-
ton (exception: Service menu). Then the measured values are displayed con-
tinuously in the selected unit for the selected product. RUN appears on the dis-
play.
With <+> and <-> you can cycle through the displays below.
Menu sk2: Live Display

In this menu the results are displayed if RUN appears on the display; otherwise
the values of the last measurement.
With <+> and <-> you can cycle through the displays below.
Density display:
The actual density can be displayed in the defaulted range, e.g. 1.234 g/cm³.
I-mean
The average countrate is displayed. The entered basic time constant is used as
time constant.
I-actual
The actual countrate is displayed. The entered basic time constant is used as
time constant.
HV auto:
Display of adjusted high voltage (HV).
Mass flow display
The actual concentration [%] and the mass flow [kg/h] are displayed in the de-
faulted range.
Integr. M=[t]
The integrated mass is displayed.
Flow =[m³/h]
The actual volume flow is displayed.
Stop measurement by pressing <run> again.
Select the measuring product in the menu sk1: Parameter.
24
Service Menu
See: section 8 Service Instructions.
Mass Flow
Unit Mass Flow

For mass flow measurement: select the unit for result output – either kg/h or t/h.
Range Input [at 20 mA]

Enter the volume flow in m³/h at 20 mA.
Flow
Displays the flow in m³/h.
Counter Interval
Enter a volume per hour that is used as counting unit. Every time this value is
reached relay 1 adds one unit.
25
Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 3. INSTALLATION
3. INSTALLATION
3.1 General Safety Precautions
The shielding with the radioactive source is delivered in a box in compliance with
the regulations concerning the transportation of radioactive devices.
Take the shielding out of the box just prior to installation. Up to that time,
store it in a location that is guarded against unauthorized access.
Using the drawings of the shielding and taking into account the situation at the
measuring site, carefully install the mounting brackets and fixtures. Make sure
that the mechanical rigidity of the mounting hardware matches the weight of the
shielding. The shielding should be mounted just prior to taking the system into
operation.
Tighten all screws and fixing parts, so that they cannot come undone dur-
ing operation.
Only persons specifically licensed by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission or

an Agreement State may move, install or disassemble the shielding containing a
radio active source.
The work is performed according to drawings and under the supervision of the
Radiation Safety Officer.
Very important! Please read the Radiation Protection Guidelines in

SECTION 9 RADIATION PROTECTION and observe them exactly!
26
3.2 Installation
Installation on Pipelines
The radiation exit channel of the shielding container must always be

locked in the closed position during installation.
The detector must be protected against temperatures > 50°C by a water-

cooling jacket.
The cables must be protected against temperatures > 70°.
When selecting the installation site, please keep the following criteria in mind:
a) Selection of measuring site. At the measuring point, the pipeline must al-
ways be completely filled with the product being measured. If the pipeline is
only partially filled, this may result in incorrect measurements.
b) Corrosion, abrasions or deposits on the pipeline walls will result in incorrect

measurements.
This problem is minimized with installations on vertical pipes.
c) Gas bubbles in the product falsify the results. This error can be avoided or
at least reduced by installing the measurement system at a point on the
pipeline where the pressure is fairly high (e.g. installation in pressure pipes,
at the foot of a standpipe).
d) If no air bubbles are to be expected in the product, the suction side of a

pump should preferably be used for installation to exclude air bubbles
which might occur as a result of aging pump seals.
e) Measurements on horizontal pipelines should be performed with horizontal

irradiation to reduce errors caused by deposit formation and gas bubbles.
Gas bubbles
RADIOACTIVE
Deposits
Figure 12: Installation on a horizontal pipeline
27
f) The pipeline should not be expanded. If this must be done, do it only on

vertical pipelines.
Pipelines may only be expanded at the measuring point, if
• a continuous flow of the product over the entire pipeline cross-section
will be ensured. Particularly with high viscosity products this will not al-
ways be the case. Usually the product flows only in the center. As the
measurement covers the entire cross-section it follows that the result will
not be representative.
• no gas bubbles will form in the path of radiation.
g) Suspension measurements must not be carried out directly at a pipe-bend,

for there the material will not be distributed homogeneously.
The distance from the bend must be the larger:
• the higher the flow rate
• the bigger the difference between liquid density and solids density.
h) If the measuring system is installed outdoors, it must be protected from rain

and direct sunshine (e.g. by a thin sheet metal). Please keep in mind that
the cables must not be exposed to temperatures exceeding 70°C. Moreo-
ver, water entry via cable bushings must be prevented.
RADIOACTIVE
Figure 13: Outdoor installation
28
i) S or U-shaped measuring paths must be installed such that the shielding

container with source is on top at the detector at the bottom.
RADIOACTIVE
Figure 14: Installation on S or U-shaped measuring path
j) Temperature insulation consisting of glass or rock wool is NOT suitable, as it

does not ensure safe installation of the measuring system. If temperature in-
sulation at the measuring point is absolutely required,
• it must be made of a hard, non-hygroscopic material, i.e. aluminum sili-

cate
or
• it must not be installed directly on the pipeline, but on separate supports
(see Figure 15).
29
Cover sheet
RADIOACTIVE
Figure 15: External installation with shielding and detector
Ensure that no persons can insert any part of the human body in the radia-
tion beam!
k) The pipeline must not be subject to excessive vibration as this could damage
the detector. If this cannot be avoided, the shielding container and the de-
tector must be mechanically isolated from the pipe or source of vibration.
(See Figure 15).
l) Since the calibration of the measurement requires that samples of the prod-
uct be taken, a sampling point should be provided near the installation.
m) The product temperature for temperature compensation must be measured

directly close to the density measurement installation.
30
Installation in a Container or Tank
If density measurements are made in a container, the source is installed in a

special lead shielding in a protection tube inside the container. Special care
must be taken to ensure that bending the protection pipe does not alter the
measuring path, as this leads to significant measurement errors. A brace may
be required for very long protection tubes. The material of the protection pipe
must be resistant to the product being measured.
Brace
Figure 16: Installation in a container
The installation has to be done such that the radiation path lies diagonally to the
flow direction. With horizontal flow the radiation exit channel should point toward
the bottom to prevent deposit formation in the path of radiation.
31
a) Side view b) Top view
Figure 17: Installation in a container with horizontal flow
a) Side view b) Top view
Figure 18: Installation in a container with vertical flow
Important points for installation in a container or tank:
a) Selection of measuring point. At the measuring point, the pipeline must al-
ways be completely filled with the product to be measured. If the pipeline is
only partially filled, this may result in incorrect measurements.
b) For outdoor installation, the measuring system must be protected from rain
and direct sunshine (e.g. by a thin sheet metal).
c) Do not expose the cables to temperatures exceeding 70°C.
d) Protect the detector against temperatures > 50°C by a water-cooling
jacket.
e) Prevent water entry via cable bushings.
f) Avoid vibration at the detector.
g) The product temperature for temperature compensation must be measured
directly next to the density measurement.
32
3.3 Installation of Water Cooling
The maximum operating temperature of a scintillation counter is 50°C. A

cooling system (which is available as an accessory) must be used if the tem-
perature at the detector is likely to be higher, due to heat emission of the pipe-
line and/or higher ambient temperatures.
The cooling jacket may be added to installed detectors. First, remove the lead
shielding at the front and also the distance ring. After sliding over the cooling
jacket, screw the lead shielding on again without the distance ring.
The water must enter from the bottom and exit at the top. Thus, the cooling
jacket is always filled with water.
In case of ambient temperatures above 70 deg.C, the connection cables

used must be able to withstand these temperatures!
Water cooling
Lead shielding Outlet
Inlet
Figure 19: Installation of water-cooling
33
Cooling Medium
Water should preferably be used as the cooling medium, because air does not
ensure adequate cooling with high temperatures. The water must be clean to
avoid dirt deposits in the cooling jacket.
The enclosed diagram shows the quantity of cooling water required for the de-
tectors LB 44... / LB 54.... The ambient temperature was taken into considera-
tion when calculating the required quantities, but not heat emission by the sur-
rounding components, e.g. containers, pipelines, etc.
220
40°C
200
Inlet water temperature in °C
150
max. pressure 6 kg/cm2
30°C
100
20°C
50 10°C
Flow rate l/h
10
60 80 100 150 200
Ambient detector temperature °C

Water flow rate for scintillation counter
Figure 20: Required amount of water-cooling
34
3.4 Installation of Resistance Thermometer Pt 100
A temperature measurement must made to ensure that the measured tempera-

ture is fairly similar to the product temperature at the density measuring location.
The resistance thermometer must not obstruct the path of radiation.
If the resistance thermometer cannot be installed in the pipeline, it may also be

mounted on the outside of the pipeline.
This type of installation requires that the pipeline including the resistance ther-
mometer must be provided with a temperature insulation over a length of 1 - 2
m, ensuring that the surface temperature of the pipeline at the temperature
measuring point is practically equal to the product temperature. Nevertheless, it
may happen, particularly with plastic or coated pipelines, that very sudden tem-
perature changes in the product to be measured lead to measuring errors
caused time lag. Correction is possible by operating the system with a large time
constant.
Before connecting the resistance thermometer to the detector, a Pt 100 adjust-
ment has to be performed in the Service menu (see section 5 GETTING
STARTED) .
3.5 Installation of Evaluation Unit
When installing the evaluation unit, please remember:
a) According to the Ex protection criteria, the evaluation unit must only be used
outside the Ex-area. An equi-potential bonding must be established between
detector and evaluation unit.
b) Please note the maximum cable lengths between evaluation unit and detec-
tor. See section 7 TECHNICAL DATA.
c) The evaluation unit should not be installed outdoors.
35
Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 4. CONNECTIONS
4. CONNECTIONS
4.1 Detector
Switch off the evaluation unit before connecting the scintillation counter,
Open the screws and remove the connection box cover to expose the connec-
tion area.
The detector is connected to terminals 1 and 2

2
on the evaluation unit via a 2-wire (2 x 1 mm )
Anschlüsse
Connections
in detector
shielded standard cable. This cross-section al-
3
im Detektor lows a maximum length of 750 m. When install-
2 4 ing the connection cable, make sure that water
cannot get into the connection room via the ca-
ble. With ambient temperatures >70°C, the in-
1 5 stalled cable has to be temperature-protected.
zum Pt100
to Pt 100 Following connection, check that the connection
housing is carefully closed and the cable bush-
ing properly sealed.
to evaluation unit
zur Auswerteinhe
LB 444
LB444
Figure 21: Cable connections at detector
If a resistance thermometer is connected, the cables coming from the Pt 100 are
passed through the second cable bushing to terminals 3 and 4.
For equipment installed in the Ex-area, please observe the special re-
quirements for the cable and the preparation of the connection wires.
The detector LB 44... must be used for installation in the Ex-area. The de-
tector LB 54.. may only be used for non Ex-applications.
The evaluation unit must always be installed outside the Ex-area.
A special transmission technique ensures that interference is suppressed. How-

ever, do not run measurement cables together with other power cables.
36
4.2 Evaluation Unit LB 444

Make the connections on the rear panel of the evaluation unit as shown in the wiring
diagram in the appendix to this manual.
Detector
LB 444 2(-) 1(+)
c a
2
4
6
8
10
12 Relay 2
14 Relay 3
16 Relay 1
18 Dig. In 1
20 Dig. In 2
22 Dig. In 3
Voltage 24
selector 26 Current Out Density (-/+)
28 Current In (+/-)
30
Fuse 32
Mains supply
Figure 22: Terminal connection evaluation unit (rear panel)
Carefully note the power supply for the instrument and observe all safety
provisions regarding the power supply. Separate fuse protection and an
easy to access power switch must be provided as part of the installation,
since the evaluation unit does not include its own mains switch.
Refer to the wiring diagram in the appendix to this manual for the connections.
The terminals are described as follows:
Detector Terminal (2a/2c)
Connection is made via 2-wire technique; the detector protection type is EEx de
IIC T6 or EEx de (ib) IIC T6 or EEx de (ib) IIB T6. For inherently safe installation,
the cable ends on the strip terminal must be protected by a 10 mm long shrink
tube.
Terminal for Relay 2 (12a/12c)
The relay can be used as Max. or Min. relay depending on the software configu-
ration and the setting of the break-over point.
Terminal for relay 3 (14a/14c)
The relay can be used as Max. or Min. relay depending on the software configu-
ration and the setting of the break-over point.
37
Terminal for relay 1 (16a/16c)
The relay is used for error alarm signaling.
External product selection
Digital input 1 (18a/18c)

Digital input 2 (20a/20c)
Four different products can be defined.
External Start/Stop-Signal (22a/22c)
Option to interrupt the measurement for the following special applications:

- Start/Stop in batch mode
- Stop of continuous measurement
- Restart after measurement stop due to interfering radiation source.
0/4-20mA (26a+/26c-)
Isolated current output
Current input (28a-/28c+)
Depending on the application, either the product temperature (for temperature

compensation) or the volume flow (m³/h) can be entered as current signals 0/4 -
20 mA.
RS 232
Terminal for data transfer from evaluation units to a printer or PC (front panel of
evaluation unit).
Power Supply (28a/28c)
Power supply 115V/230V, depending on power supply unit (see label on instru-
ment rear panel!).
Fuses
To replace fuses, you have to open the turn-lock using a coin. Note the fuse
type and power!
Before turning on the power supply, carefully check all connections once
more to prevent damage to the instruments.
38
Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 5. GETTING STARTED
5. GETTING STARTED
5.1 Quick Installation Overview

see Manual page
1. Install detector and source with shielding at a container or on a

pipeline to be measured, taking into account the optimum meas-
urement conditions:
On pipelines: 30
In containers 34
2. Use a water cooling if temperatures >50°C. 36
3. To perform temperature compensation with Pt 100 (Option), install 38
resistance thermometer on pipeline such that the measured tem-
perature = product temperature. Resistance thermometer must not
be in radiation path!
4. Install evaluation unit. 38

5. Connect detector to LB 444 via two-wire cable. Connect cable to
39
terminal 2a and 2c of the evaluation unit. In case of high ambient
temperature, install water cooling.
6. For temperature compensation via external current input (option):

Connect temperature sensor to terminal 28a+ and 28c- (not for 40
mass flow measurement).
7. Only for mass flow measurement: The volume current signal can be
fed in via terminals 28a+ and 28c-. Temperature compensation is 40
possible only via Pt 100 connected to the detector.
Product DI1 DI2 8. External product selection (Option):

1 0 0 For external product selection. If you want to install external product 40
2 0 1 selection, both digital inputs have to be used so that 4 different
3 1 0 products can be selected.
4 1 1 Digital input 1: Terminals: 18a and 18c
Digital input 2: Terminals: 20a and 20c
9. External Start/Stop signal : 40

The digital input 3 (22a and 22c) can be used for the following sig-
nals:
a) Start/Stop in batch mode
b) Stop continuous measurement
c) Restart after interruption of measurement due to interfering radia-
tion.
10. Digital outputs: 40

These outputs can be used for the following message signals (op-
tion):
12a, 12c: Rel. 2 Min1/Max1
14a, 14c: Rel. 3 Min2/Max2
16a, 16c: Rel. 1 Error message
39
Getting Started
Proceed as follows to take the instrument into operation:
Turn on the power supply of the instrument. Then the manufacturer’s name,
versions number and instrument type is displayed (Figure 8)
Opening the Radiation Exit Channel
5.1.1.1 Shielding Container Type LB 744.
• Insert key in cylinder lock and turn it to the right to release the catch of lock-
ing handle.
• Turn handle by 180° so that the arrow is pointing towards “OPEN”.
Lock
Protection
cap
ZU OFFEN
CLOSED OPEN
Locking handle
Figure 23: Rear view of shielding container type LB 744.
• Remove key and arrest locking using the bolt provided. Note: the shielding
MAY NOT BE LOCKED IN THE OPEN CONDITION!
40
5.1.1.2 Shielding Container for Installation in a Container
Version with knurled nut
• Open padlock and turn protective cap until it can be taken off.
• Open knurled nut and pull source forward to position “OPEN”.
• Turn counter nut completely back toward the screw head. Firmly tighten the
knurled nut.
• Firmly turn counter nut toward the front, in the direction of the protection
pipe and tighten it firmly.
• Attach protection cap again. DO NOT secure it with a padlock.
Knurled nut
CLOSED
Counter nut
OPEN
Figure 24: Locking mechanism with knurled nut
41
Version with spring pin
• Open padlock and turn protective cap until it can be taken off. Open fasten-
ing screw.
• Pull out spring pin and push source-locking lever toward the front in position
“OPEN” until the spring pin engages.
• Firmly tighten locking screw again.
• Attach protection cap again. DO NOT secure it with a padlock.
Spring pin
Locking screw
CLOSED
OPEN
Figure 25: Locking mechanism with spring pin
42
Calibration and Connection of Pt 100 Resistance Thermometer
The Pt 100 input is calibrated in the factory. A new calibration is required only
when the detector boards or the detector microprocessor are replaced.
1. Apply 100 Ω (with lowest tolerance) to Pt 100 input at the detector (terminals
3 and 4, Figure 21).
2. Press <enter> until the menu Service Menu/Mass Flow is displayed.
3. Select Service menu with <sk1>.
4. Press <more> twice and then select Pt 100 calibration with <sk2>.
nd
5. Press <sk2> (2 softkey) and <clear> at the same time. When the display
„Pt 100 calibration running...“ appears, press <more>.
6. Then connect resistance thermometer to detector, terminal 3 and 4, (see
Figure 21).
Basic Settings
These steps describe the procedure for taking the system into operation
and changing the system setting.
Note: To enter numbers, select the entry position with <←←←> and the number
you want with <^^^>. Confirm your selection or new entry with <enter>.
Press <run> to return to the display mode directly any time (except in the Serv-
ice menu).
1. Select menu General Data / Operating Mode via the key <more>.
1.1 Select General Data menu with <sk1> and with <more> call the parame-
ters sequentially.
• Enter password and unlock or lock the system with <enter>
• Check date & time and correct it, if necessary
• Check instrument version (e.g. LB 444, version 1.0)
• Select language
• Print Parameter, only if needed
Factory Setting, only if needed
• Software Functions and System Configuration)

Return to the menu group with <done>.
1.2 Select Operating Mode menu with <sk2> and the operating modes with
<^^^>.
• Select Config Instrument with <^^^> and confirm with <enter>:
Density measurement with or without TC (Pt 100 or current input)
Mass flow measurement with or without TC (Pt 100)
• Select radiation measure to irradiate the product. Select backscat-
ter measure if source and detector are installed parallel.
• Define Error mode
• Select parameters for RS232 interface
43
2. Select menu Parameter / Product Data via the key <more>.
2.1 Select Parameter menu with <sk1> and with <more> call the parameters
sequentially.
• Select product
• Select detector and isotope
• Measuring path in product (e.g. pipe diameter) in cm
• Select Measure mode (i.e. continuous)
• Enter time constant (e.g. 60 s)
• Disable or enable rapid switch-over
• Disable or enable Interference Radiation
• Default max. countrate (e.g. 100000 I/s)
• Default min. countrate (e.g. 0 I/s)
• For TC via current input:
Select current input range 0-20mA or 4-20mA
Enter temperature value for 0/4mA and 20mA
2.2 Select Product Data menu with <sk2> and with <more> call the parameters
sequentially
• Select product
• Select current output 0 –20 or 4 – 20 mA
• Define current output limit values 0/4 and 20 mA
• Define current output error message
• Define Relay 2: Function (Min)
3
• Switchpoint (e.g. 1.2 g/cm )
• Hysteresis (e.g. 5 %)
• Define Relay 3: Function (Max)
• Switchpoint (e.g. 1.6 g/cm³)
• Hysteresis (e.g. 5 %)
• Only for suspension measurements
Enter solids density in g/cm³ for the selected product
Enter liquid density in g/cm³
Activate Water TC when solution is to be measured with water as
carrier liquid.
• Enter reference temperature
• In all other cases:

Calculate and enter temperature coefficient TC1 (linear)
Calculate and enter temperature coefficient TC2 (square)
• Enter reference temperature
44
45
Calibration
One-point calibration is sufficient for preliminary adjustment of the measurement
ranges. Two- or multi-point calibrations should be performed for accurate and fi-
nal adjustment. Different procedures are required for each calibration method.
For more information on the calibration methods see section 6.2 Calibration
Method.
5.1.1.3 One-point Calibration

If only one value pair is available or the value pairs are close together, one-point
calibration has to be performed. Enter an absorption coefficient as a1-value; for
common products, this value may be taken from the table in the Appendix. The
calculation formulae for other products are listed in section 6.2 Calibration
Method.
Please read section 6.2 Calibration Method in any case before performing
calibration!
Prerequisite: Pipeline or container must be filled completely
1. Select menu Calibrate / Live Display with <more>.

2. With <sk1>, call the Calibrate submenu.
3. Select product.
4. Specify if it is a suspension measurement.
5. Select unit.
6. With <sk1>, select the Data input submenu.
7. Deselect Calibr. Data transfer with "No"
8. Read in 1. Rate: cursor appears in the row "1. Rate = cps".
Press <run>. The countrate and the temperature (if a temperature sensor is
connected) are read in. Wait until the measured value has become stable
(20 to 50 s). While reading-in the countrate, the density of the products
must not change.
9. While reading in the countrate, take a sample of the product from the pipe-
line and determine its density or concentration.
If the product is very inhomogeneous, take several samples in quick suc-
cession and calculate an average value from their density or concentration
values.
10. Stop measurement by pressing the <run> button again.
11. Accept result with <enter>. Cursor jumps to next row.
12. Enter the density value of the sample(s) in g/cm³ determined in the lab and
confirm with <enter>. Cursor jumps to third row.
13. Confirm current product temperature with <enter>.
14. Rates 2. to 10. must all contain "0". If “0” is already there, scroll through the
rates with <more> until you get to the submenu group Data input / Calcu-
late. Otherwise, delete values with <clear> and confirm each with <enter>.
15. With <sk2>, select Calculate
46
16. Select calibration mode "none" = one-point calibration

17. Calculate absorption coefficient and enter it in Results a1.
Calibration starts as soon as you confirm <enter>.
18. Zero countrate I0 is displayed. Continue with <more>.
19. The entered linear absorption coefficient for this application is displayed. It
must not change during one-point calibration. If it has changed, at least one
more value pair is available.
Correction:
Delete the additional value pair.
Run through steps 15 – 17 once more.
20. Skip the other coefficients with <more>.
21. If necessary, enter a factor for multiplicative correction of the measured
values to correct the gradient of the linear line. This becomes evident only
during measurement and is only required when the absorption coefficient is
too small or too big (see section 6.6 Correcting the Results: Addition and
Multiplication).
22. If necessary, enter an Offset for additive correction of the measured values
to offset the straight line on the Y-axis (see section 6.6 Correcting the Re-
sults: Addition and Multiplication).
23. With TC: display of temperature-corrected density values.
23. Return to submenu group Data / Calculate with <done>.
24. Press <run> to start the measurement.
25. Calibrate once more (step 17.) if the current output limit value changes (see
page 19).
5.1.1.4 Two- and Multi-Point Calibration

The gradient of the calibration curve can be determined accurately. Select the
calibration mode depending on the number of value pairs.
Prerequisite: Pipeline or container must be filled completely

1. Select menu group Calibrate / Live Display with <more>.
2. With <sk1>, call the Calibrate submenu.
3. Select product.
4. Specify if it is a suspension measurement.
5. Select unit.
6. With <sk1>, select the Data input submenu.
7. Deselect Calibr. Data transfer with "No"
8. Read in 1. Rate: cursor appears in the row "1. Rate = cps".
Press <run>. The countrate and the temperature (if a temperature sensor is
connected) are read in. Wait until the measuring value has become stable
(20 to 50 s). While reading-in the countrate, the density of the products
must not change.
9. While reading in the countrate, take a sample of the product from the pipe-
line and determine its density or concentration. If the product is very inho-
mogeneous, take several samples in quick succession and calculate an av-
erage value from their density or concentration values.
10. Stop measurement by pressing the <run> button again.
47
11. Accept result with <enter>. Cursor jumps to next row.

12. Enter the density value of the sample(s) determined in the lab in g/cm³ and
confirm with <enter>. Cursor jumps to third row.
13. Confirm current product temperature with <enter>.
14. Proceed in the same manner for the other rates. Rates that are not used
must contain "0". If “0” is already there, press <more>. Otherwise, delete
values with <clear> and confirm each with <enter>.
15. With <sk2>, select Calculate.
16. Select calibration mode according to the number of entered value pairs (lin
for 2, squ for 3 and cub for 4 and more value pairs; if you chose auto, the
program automatically selects the best calibration mode. Prerequisite: 4
value pairs).
Upon confirmation with <enter>, calibration is carried out and the cal-
culated coefficients can be viewed.
17. The program calculates the linear absorption coefficient and displays it at
Result a1.
18. The calculated zero countrate I0 is displayed.
19. Depending on the selected calibration mode, the program calculates the
following coefficients and displays them:
Coefficient a1, a2, a3 and the square error
20. If necessary, enter a factor for multiplicative correction of the measured
values.
21. If necessary, enter an Offset for additive correction of the measured values.
22. Display of temperature-corrected density values.
23. Return to submenu group with <done>.
24. Press <run> to start the measurement.
25. Calibrate once more (step 16.) if the current output limit value changes (see
page 19).
48
5.2 Measurement
Start measurement: Press <run>
Stop measurement: Press <run> again
Result display for density and concentration measurements:
Current measured value in the selected unit

Average countrate (averaging according to entered time constant)
Current countrate
Display of adjusted high voltage
Result display for mass flow measurements:
Current concentration [G% and mass flow [kg/h]

Integrated mass
Current volume flow
3
Flow = [m /h
49
5.3 Error Messages
Resetting Error Messages
a) All error messages must be reset with <enter>.
b) Several simultaneously or consecutively occurring errors are stored in an er-

ror register in the order of their appearance; they must be reset individually
by operating <enter>several times.
c) All errors are signaled via the “Error” output (Relay 16a/16c).
Error Messages during Operation
Message Cause, Notes

Wrong password The wrong password has been entered to
unlock the keyboard.
Error Messages during Calibration

Error 59 range Measuring path = 0
exceeded
Error one-point Absorption coefficient = 0
calibration
Calibration points Not enough calibration points available for the
missing selected calibration mode. Select lower cali-
bration mode.
Curve not clear The calculated calibration curve yields am-
biguous density values. Repeat calibration
with different calibration mode.
(see also section 6.2). Check entered data.
50
Error Messages during Measurement

Measurement halted Measurement stopped via digital input
or
Measurement stopped because the countrate
threshold has been exceeded or not reached the
countrate threshold
Rate Overflow Countrate is > 520,000 (e.g. empty meas. path,
detector error).
Power Fail Complete failure or drop of power supply below

tolerance level
No Detector Rate *) Detector supplies no pulses for at least 60 s.
Wrong HV *) HV reference voltage of a detector too high or too

low.
Measurement is aborted when this error occurs
and has to be restarted with the <run> button.
Measurement is not aborted. Relay “Failure” is
de-energized.
Error temperature meas- Temperature input faulty (see "Temperature

urement Compensation" and " Service Instructions").
Power failure After a long period of power failure you have to

> 1 month *) check and, if necessary, correct the date to en-
sure correct decay compensation
Enter New Date
Even if the date is correct, you have to enter one
digit of the year and confirm the input with <en-
ter>.
*) When these error messages are displayed, the measurement is stopped automatically
and must be restarted by pressing the <run> button
51
5.4 Starting/Stopping Operation of the System
To stop operation of the measuring system, proceed as follows:
1. Turn the system off.

2. Lock the radiation exit channel of the shielding container and secure the
locking handle by a lock.
3. The water-cooling must remain on if the temperature of the detector could
rise above 50°C even though the instrument is not in operation.
With sub-zero temperatures, empty the water-cooling system.
To start operation of the measuring system:
1. Open radiation exit channel.

2. Turn instrument on.
3. Put water cooling in operation again, if it was disabled.
4. If the instrument was disabled for more than one month, the error message
“Power failure > 1 month” is displayed.
In this case, enter the date and time again in the General Data menu, even
tough the date stored there is still correct. At least one digit of the year must
be entered.
52
Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS
6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS
6.1 Temperature Compensation
The data for temperature compensation (TC1, TC2) and the reference tem-
perature have to be entered before starting calibration. The temperature
compensation is then turned on automatically.
Temperature fluctuations in the product to be measured are usually associated

with density fluctuations. This means that a different density is indicated, al-
though the concentration of the product did not change. Temperature compen-
sation corrects for this effect.
Temperature Measurement
The product temperature can be measured either
a) with the resistance thermometer Pt 100 (see also section 3.4 Installation of
Resistance Thermometer Pt 100)
or
b) by entering the product temperature as current signal 0 - 20 mA.
The respective operating mode is selected in the Config Instrument / Operating

Mode menu.
If the temperature is measured with the resistance thermometer Pt 100, the

evaluation unit carries out a linearization of the Pt 100 curve. The range of the
current signals is entered in the Parameter menu (parameters Current input
range and Temp. limit values).
Monitoring the Temperature Signal

The temperature compensation is activated when selecting the respective in-
strument configuration and the temperature signal is monitored. The error mes-
sage "Error Temp. measurement" is displayed with
a) PT 100 connection: When the measured temperature < -200 °C.
b) Current signal 4 - 20 mA: When the input signal < 4 mA.
A current input signal 0 - 20 mA is not monitored.
53
Function of Temperature Compensation

The temperature coefficient of a liquid is not constant over a large temperature
range, but usually it increases with rising temperatures. Temperature compen-
sation is carried out according to the following formula:
2
ρRef = ρM + (ζP - ζRef) · TC1 + (ζP - ζRef) · TC2
ρRef = Density value compensated with relative to the reference tempera-

ture
TC1 = Linear temperature coefficient TC1
TC2 = Square temperature coefficient TC2
ρM = Measured density value
ζP = Product temperature
ζRef = Reference temperature
(The terms in Italics refer to the parameters that have to be entered in the Prod-
uct Data menu).
With minor temperature changes (approx. ± 20°C) it suffices, in most cases, to

enter the linear coefficient.
Calculation of the Temperature Coefficients
Example:
Product: HCl - water mixture
Measuring range: 20 - 40 weight % HCl
Temperature range: 10° - 30° C
3
Unit of measure: g/cm
The temperature coefficient at average concentration (30 %) is calculated as

follows:
ρ1 - ρ 2 1.1551 - 1.1433
TC = - = - = 0.00059
ζ1 - ζ 2 10 − 30
3
ρ1 = Density in g/cm at ζ1
3
ρ2 = Density in g/cm at ζ2
Input value: 0.00059 XXX
54
For other units of measure (e.g. °Bx, %-concentration, g/l, etc.), the temperature
coefficient has to be converted accordingly. To do this, one first has to calculate
the density change/unit of measure obtained for the measuring range (e.g. %):
Density change ∆ρ ρ C1 − ρ C2
= =
Concentration change ∆C C1 − C 2
ρC1 = Density at average temperature and minimum concentration in the

measuring range.
ρC2 = Density at average temperature and maximum concentration in the
measuring range.
Example:
3
ρC1 at 20° C and 20 % HCl = 1.0979 g/cm
3
ρC2 at 20° C and 30 % HCl = 1.1493 g/cm
∆ρ 1.0979 - 1.1493 g
= = 0.00514
∆C 20 % - 30 % 3
cm • %
The temperature coefficient TC' for the unit % is calculated as follows:
TC1 0.00059
TC' = = = 0.11478
∆ρ 0.00514
∆C
Input value: 0.11478
55
Calculation of the Square Temperature Coefficient
If significant temperature variations are likely to occur in the product (approx. > ±
20°C), it is advisable to enter the square temperature coefficient as well.
Calculation:
a) Calculate TC1 (see above)
With TC1 calculate nominal value ρ2 at higher temperature

'
b)
ρ2 = ρ1 + (ζ1 - ζ2 ) · TC1
'
c) Take actual density value ρ2 from table
d) Calculate TC2 :
ρ2 - ρ2
'
TC 2 = -
(ζ1 - ζ2 )
2
e) Enter the calculated value TC2 as temperature coefficient TC2.
Example:
3
Ethanol, concentration 30 %, reading in g/cm , relative to 10°C.
st
1 temperature coefficient in range 10 - 20° C:
0.9599 - 0.9540
TC1 = - = 0.59 ⋅ 10-3
10 − 20
-3
Input value in code XX47: 0.59 * 10
Calculate nominal density value ρ2 calculated with TC1 at 100° C:
ρ2
' -3
= 0.9599 + (10 - 100) · 0.59 · 10 = 0.9068
ρ2 (table value) = 0.8936
0.9068 - 0.8936
TC 2 = - = 1.6296 ⋅ 10 -6
(10 - 100)
2
-6
Input in code XX48: 1.6296 * 10
56
Reference Temperature
a) With linear temperature coefficient:
If you use only TC1, enter the average product temperature as reference
temperature, rather than the Lab temperature of, say, 20°C.
Add a correction value (ρP - ρRef) · TC1 to the measured value.
A slightly incorrect value entered as TC1 is the more significant, the greater
the difference ρP - ρRef. If one correlates the countrates entered at operating
temperature with the density values obtained at constant lab temperature,
the reading will always be equal to the density value calculated at lab tem-
perature.
b) With linear and square temperature coefficient:

In this case, enter the lowest temperature (10°C in the above example) used
for calculation of the temperature coefficient as reference temperature.
Temperature Coefficient Calculation without Table Values
6.1.1.1 Linear temperature coefficient

If you don’t know the temperature coefficient for the product you want to meas-
ure, you can calculate it using the method described below. This requires that a
calibration with at least two value pairs has already been performed at reference
temperature.
a) Fill the measuring path with the product to be measured. The density should
be about the average value of the requested measuring range.
b) Disable temperature compensation (instrument configuration without TC).
c) Start measurement and wait for a short time until the reading shows the
value of the product in the measuring path.
d) Write down the density or concentration value ρ1.
e) Read off product temperature ζ1, write it down and enter it in reference tem-
perature.
f) Change the temperature of the product in the measuring path through heat-
ing or cooling by approx. 10 to 15°C.
g) Write down this density or concentration value ρ2, and also the associated
temperature ζ2.
h) Calculate the temperature coefficient as follows:
ρ1 - ρ 2
TC1 = -
ζ1 - ζ 2
i) Enter this temperature coefficient in TC1. TC2 must contain "0".
j) Enable temperature compensation in the Config Instrument / Operating Mode
menu. The same density or concentration value as noted under d) must now
be available again.
57
6.1.1.2 Square Temperature Coefficient
a) To calculate the square coefficients, one first has to calculate the linear coef-
ficient, starting from the reference temperature (here: lowest temperature), as
described above. The initial temperature should match the lowest product
temperature.
b) After calculation of the linear coefficient with enabled temperature compen-

sation, increase the product temperature further by at least 40 to 50°C.
c) From the resulting change in reading and the associated temperature change
one then calculates the square coefficient TC2:
ρA - ρD
TC 2 = -
(ζ1 - ζ2 )
2
ρA = Actual density value (table value or lab value at this temperature)

ρD = Displayed density value
ζ1 = Original temperature (in our example 10°C)
ζ2 = Temperature at ρD
d) Enter the calculated value at TC2. Now the originally noted density or con-
centration value must be obtained again.
58
6.2 Calibration Method
The calibration is carried out as follows:
The counts supplied by the detector are read into memory at various product
densities or concentrations. At the same time the product temperature is auto-
matically stored. The density or concentration values (analysis values) deter-
mined in the lab are entered in another memory. The diagram below illustrates
the correlation of memories.
Countrates: Density/ Concentration Product temperature:

Rate: (Lab values):
1: 3012 1.234 25
2: 2801 1.322 22
3: 2567 1.381 23
4: 2711 1.363 ...
... ...
... ...
10: 0 0 0
The calibration points should be distributed fairly evenly over the entire
measuring range. Some calibration points may lie outside the measuring range
(e.g. water). However, calibration with all point lying outside the measuring
range is not advisable.
Calibration Modes
The calibration mode has to be entered in the Calibrate menu, submenu Calcu-
late. Five calibration modes are available.
a) Calibrate mode 1: one-point calibration
Select none and enter the absorption coefficient

This calibration mode must be selected when
• only one value pair is available
or
• only a provisional calibration is to be performed.
59
b) Calibrate mode 2: Linear curve fit
Select lin
This calibration mode must be chosen

• only two value pairs are available.
This calibration mode should also be selected when
• several calibration points are available which are very closely adja-
cent, so that not the entire measuring range is covered by samples.
With minor errors occurring during sampling or in the lab, the calibra-
tion curve may be significantly falsified. In this case it may even be
better to do only one-point calibration (see Figures 28 and 29).
or
• the unit g/cm has been selected
3
or
• sampling can only be done very inaccurately, so that the samples are
subject to errors.
c) Calibrate mode 3: Curve fit with linear and square coefficients (squ) can
be selected when
• the entire measuring range has been covered evenly by several (at
least 3) calibration points.
• the measurement is run in % concentration, °Bx or another unit which
is not in linear proportion to the density.
d) Calibrate mode 4: Curve fit with linear, square and cubic coefficients
(cub) can be selected
• when the same conditions exist as under b), but at least 4 value pairs
are available and the actual measurement shows that with calibration
mode 3 deviations occur in parts of the measuring range.
e) Calibrate mode 5 (auto)

The program selects the best curve fit; square or cubic curve fits are se-
lected only after strict tests have been performed in order to rule out incor-
rect use of a curve function due to random dispersion of the data.
At least 4 value pairs have to be available for this calibration mode.
60
One-Point Calibration
For one-point calibration one needs a value pair (countrate and density or con-
centration value) and the absorption coefficient. The absorption coefficient for
common products is listed in the enclosed table (see Appendix). For products
3
not listed there, enter the following values for the unit g/cm .
Cs-137:
Frontal (axial) Lateral

irradiation irradiation
Crystal size 40/35 50/50 All crystal

25/25 sizes
Absorption coefficient µ
- 0.0664 - 0.06 -0.057
Co-60:
Frontal irradiation: µ = - 0.0478

Lateral irradiation: µ = - 0.0403
For other units the absorption coefficients have to be converted as follows:
∆ρ ρ - ρmin
µx = µ ⋅ ⋅ max
∆C C ρmax - C min
Example 1:
Isotope: Cs-137
Crystal: 40/35; frontal irradiation
ρmax = 1.098: Cρmax = 20 %
ρmin = 1.045: Cρmin = 10 %
Cρ = Concentration in % at respective density value
1.098 - 1.045
µ% = - 0.0664 = - 0.000352
20 − 10
Cρ = Concentration in % at respective density value
Example 2:
61
ρmax = 0.95: Cρmax = 30 %

ρmin = 0.91: Cρmin = 50 %
0.95 - 0.91
µ% = - 0.0664 = - 0.000133
30 − 50
62
c a
ln I b
Density/Concentration
Figure 26: Influence of absorption coefficients on one-point calibration

Line a: absorption coefficient correct
Line b: absorption coefficient too small
Line c: absorption coefficient too big
The curve always passes through the calibration point.
The curve obtained with one-point calibration passes through the calibration
point. The gradient of the curve is determined by the entered absorption coeffi-
cient and may therefore be somewhat inaccurate.
One-point calibration is also advisable if only calibration points with very minor
density differences can be recorded, for in this case minor errors in the lab or
during sampling will significantly affect the curve.
One-point calibration may later be supplemented and improved by additional

calibration points.
a
a
cps
cps
Calibration points Calibration points
3 3
Density in g/cm Density in g/cm
Figure 27: One-point calibration with additional calibration points
How to proceed for one-point calibration is described in section 0 Calibration.
63
Two and Multi-Point Calibration

The gradient of the calibration curve can be determined accurately by two-point
calibration. Multi-point calibration helps to exclude errors made during sampling
and analysis. Furthermore, the output signal is in linear proportion to the con-
centration, even though the density is not linear to the concentration. For multi-
point calibration, enter the countrate obtained at various density values in the
submenu Data input at Rate 1. to Rate 10 and the density or concentration value
in the corresponding rows. The procedure is the same as with the one-point
calibration (see 0 Calibration).
For multi-point calibration, the respective values should be entered in the Prod-
uct Data menu at the queries Current Output Limit Values (see also page 19).
Current output 26a/26c.
6.000
7.000
cps
8.000
9.000
10.000
11.000
0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4
Density in g/ccm
Figure 28: Example of multi-point calibration
You need not observe a rising or falling order when entering the sample values.
However, you must observe the proper correlation countrate and density value.
The values must be available in pairs. If the associated density or concen-

tration value is missing, the countrate is automatically given the density or
concentration “0”.
Remedy:
The entered data can be corrected as needed since the calibration procedure is
performed only after selection of the calibration mode.
64
During multi-point calibration, the following additional functions will be initiated

after selection of the calibration mode with <enter> and then <more> :
a) Calculation of curve function:

The curve function is calculated in accordance with the selected calibra-
tion mode from the value pairs entered and corrected as described below
(see 0 Correction of Analysis Values).
b) Calculation of the square error of the curve fit:

The quality of the calibration curve is calculated from the differences be-
tween the calculated calibration curve and the value pairs entered.
Ideally, all points exactly match the calculated curve. The square error
becomes “0”.
c) Checking the calibration curve for turning points:

With the limits of the current output values (Product Data menu) one
checks whether the curve has a monotonously rising or falling trend. If this
is not the case the error message “Curve not clear” will be displayed (see
section 0 Error Messages during Calibration).
Correction of Analysis Values
The countrate read into the Data input menu is dependent upon the density of
the product during reading-in. In the laboratory the density is usually determined
at constant temperatures. With constant concentrations but different tempera-
tures during reading in of the pulses one may get:
• the same lab values
• different density values and therefore
• different countrates.
To avoid calibration errors, the product temperature is stored as well. When cal-
culating the calibration curve, the entered laboratory value is corrected by
means of the temperature coefficient. This correction is carried out only when
• temperature compensation has been enabled in Config. Instrument
• a temperature coefficient has been entered.
The corrected lab values from which the calibration curve is calculated are dis-
played after the coefficients and the square error.
The following two points are relevant only when measuring the density. For con-
centration measurements the temperature compensation is always enabled prior
to performing calibration.
65
1. No correction is required if the density has been determined at exactly the

same temperature at which the countrate was read in (e.g. density meters
at site). The density value determined can be read in directly.
In this case, the temperature compensation is turned on only after the cali-
bration has been performed.
2. Manual correction of the sample values is required only if the measurement

3
was run in g/cm and the density of the samples was determined at different
temperatures.
Carry out the correction as follows:
ρC = ρM - (ζP - ζM) · TC1
ρC = corrected input value

ρM = measured density value
ζP = product temperature during density determination
ζM = reference temperature
TC1 = temperature coefficient
The display always relates to ζM.

-3
Example: Temperature coefficient = 0.5 · 10
ρM ζP ζM ρ
C
in g/cm
3 in °C in °C 3
in g/cm
1.30 75 70 1.2975
1.32 70 70 1.3200
1.35 65 70 1.3750
Since in this case the correction has already been done manually, the tempera-
ture compensation must be turned off and then on again in the instrument con-
figuration.
66
Checking the Calibration
6.2.1.1 One-Point Calibration

1. The absorption coefficient entered in Result a1 must remain unchanged.
Also, check the data in the following code numbers:
Display Value
Coefficient a2 0
Coefficient a3 0
Factor 1
Offset 0
Square error 0
If one of these values differs, please check your calibration.
2. With negative absorption coefficient (Result a1):

The countrate calculated as zero rate I0 must be higher than the read-in
countrate.
3. With positive absorption coefficient:

The countrate calculated as zero rate I0 must be lower than the read-in
countrate.
6.2.1.2 Two-Point Calibration

After calibration the following values should be displayed:
Display Value
Coefficient a2 0
Coefficient a3 0
Factor 1
Offset 0
Square error 0
If other values should be displayed, check your calibration or the data you have
entered.
67
6.2.1.3 Multi-Point Calibration

The absorption coefficients and thus the curve function are calculated from the
value pairs entered. At the same time, a factor (square error) will be calculated
(only if more than three value pairs were entered), indicating how well the cal-
culated curve approximates the entered values. The lower the displayed nu-
merical values, the better the curve fit. The square error is a criterion for the
quality of the curve fit within one curve shape. It cannot be used as a criterion for
selecting a certain curve shape. The decision for the most appropriate curve
shape for the data is made in the calibration mode auto.
Value of square error:
< 0.0005 very good calibration

< 0.0019 good
< 0.002 still useful
With larger values you should check your calibration particularly with re-
gard to incorrect entries.
68
6.3 Interference Radiation Detection
Select the function Radiation Interference (Parameter menu, page 18) to sup-
press interfering radiation (e.g. weld seam testing).
Caution:
When this function is on (Interference Radiation Detection <On>)
• the automatic switchover of the time constant (function Rapid switch-over) is
always off.
When turning this function on, you have to define a Sigma value which defines a
window for the measuring signal. If the detector signal suddenly exceeds this
threshold,
• the measurement is aborted
• the error message "Interference Radiation" appears on the display.
The measured value and the current outputs are held on the last value.
Reset the error message and start the measurement via the keyboard by ac-
knowledging the error message with <enter> and start the measurement with
<run> or externally via the digital input.
Note:
To rule out false alarms with sufficient statistical safety, you should enter n > 5.
The mathematical correlation shows that the distance from the alarm threshold
is dependent upon the respective mean pulse rate Im.
For calculation it holds: Sigma = I/s
Example:
Countrate Im = 300 I/s, n = 6
IS = Im + n * Im
IS = 300 + 6 * 300 = 404 I/s
Thus, an alarm is signaled as soon as IS exceeds the value of 404 cps
Note:
Due to the dynamic behavior of the interfering radiation detection, a quick in-
crease of the pulse rate due to operative factors (e.g. very fast emptying of the
vessel or major short-term density changes caused by stirrers) can be inter-
preted as interfering radiation.
For example, opening the active beam channel on the shielding can also cause
a quick increase of the pulse rate. You have to reset the alarm that is then trig-
gered, or better, do not enable the interfering radiation detection at first. Enable
the interfering radiation detection only after the calibration has been performed.
69
6.4 Automatic Measuring Time Switchover
To obtain a quick update of the measured value in case of sudden density

changes, you can activate the automatic measuring time switchover (rapid
switch-over in the Parameter menu, see page 18).
The smallest value that can be entered is 8 s.
If a sudden density change occurs which is higher than the entered threshold
(Sigma), the entered time constant is reduced to 1/10 of the original value, but
not less than 0.8 s. Thus, the output signal adjusts much quicker to the new
density value. The changed time response of the output signal is illustrated in
the diagram below.
Response
100
Density
Display and output signal in %
80 Output signal
with fast
response
60 Output signal without

fast response
40
20
0
-3 2 7 12 17 22 27 32 37 42 47 52 57 62 67 72 77 82 87 92 97
T in s
Figure 29: Response
When the rapid switchover is in effect, the measurement first works with the de-
fined basic time constant. If sudden density changes occur which exceed the
Sigma band, the system switches to the 10-times lower time constant and the
reading and the output signal can follow the density change much quicker. At
the same time, the statistical variations increase by a factor of about 3. When
the density value becomes stable again, the system automatically switches back
to the longer basic time constant after a period of time that corresponds to the
basic time constant.
70
6.5 Measurements of Suspensions and Solutions
Measurement
Density or concentration measurements of suspensions can be carried out in
these units:
3
a) Density in g/cm
b) Concentration in g/l
c) Concentration in weight-%
d) °Be
Data input, calibration and display are done in the selected unit of measure. For
calculation of the calibration curve, the values entered under b) through d) will
3
be converted into g/cm .
The conversion is done according to the formula:
Concentration in g/l:
S S
ρ = (1 − ) * ρL +
ρ * 1000 1000
s
ρ
3
= Density of suspension in g/cm
S = Solids content in g/l
ρS
3
= Solids density in g/cm
ρL
3
= Liquid density in g/cm
Concentration in %:
ρL
ρ=
C * ρL
,
+ 1 − C,
ρS
C' = concentration in %/100
o
Concentration in Be
For ρ > 1: For ρ < 1:
144,3 144,3
ρ= ρ= n = °Be
144,3 − n 144,3 + n
Strictly speaking, the formulae for g/l and concentration in % apply only to suspensions. For solutions or
liquid mixtures, large deviations may occur when the measurement involves larger ranges.
The diagram on the next page shows how to convert units of measure in the
density measuring system:
71
Calibration
Measurement
Density Meter LB 444
Calibration
Enter data Display/Current output

in
Thresholds
°Be °Be
or or
Conversion Conversion
g/l into in selected g/l
g/cm 3 unit
72
or or
% %
or or
Calculate Measured
3 Temperature values in Temperature 3
g/cm calibration g/cm
correction g/cm3 correction
curve
SECTION 6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS
Calculating the Density of Individual Components

To calculate the concentration of suspensions and solutions from the measured
density value, you need to know the density of both components and enter it as
Solids density and Liquid density in the product parameters.
With suspensions the solids density is usually known and water is used as car-
rier liquid (select Water TC and enter the solids density); with solutions, on the
other hand, the density of the relevant components often has to be calculated
from table values.
Table 1 in the Appendix lists the values for common products. If your product is
not included, just use the formula below for calculation.
Using the values listed in the table, you can calculate the density of the compo-
nents. Enter the density of the carrier liquid or the density of the attendant com-
ponent (mostly water) at average temperature (reference temperature) as liquid
density.
a) Table values are available as % concentration/density
C, * ρL
ρS =
ρL
− 1 + C,
ρ
C’ = Concentration in weight percent / 100 (for example, at 20% C’ = 0.2)

ρL
3
= Density of the attendant component in g/cm (liquid density)
ρ
3
= Density of mixture in g/cm at average concentration
ρS = Density of the component to be measured (solids density)
Example:
Product HCl - H2O

Measuring range: Concentration 10 - 30% HCl
Average temperature 20°C
Density ρ at 20°C and 20% concentration:
3
1.0980 g/cm
3
Density H2O (ρL) at 20°C: 0.99823 g/cm
0.2 * 0.99823
ρS = = 18294
.
0.99823
− 1 + 0.2
10980
.
Input liquid density: 0.99823

Input solids density: 1.8294
73
b) Table values of the example given under a) are available as concentration

in g/l
ρL ⋅ S
ρS =
ρL + S − ρ
S= Concentration in g/l / 1000

(for example, at 100 g/l S = 0.1
Example:
Concentration = 219.6 g/l: S = 0.2196

Density ρ:
3
1.0980 g/cm
3
Density H2O (ρL ): 0.99823 g/cm
0.99823 * 0.2196
ρS = = 18294
. g / cm 3
0.99823 + 0.2196 − 10980
.
Input liquid density: 0.99823

Input solids density: 1.8294
74
6.6 Correcting the Results: Addition and Multiplication
This option should not be regarded as a substitute for a careful calibration. It

should only be used if minor corrections are required. Otherwise we recommend
a re-calibration.
An additive constant can be entered at Offset, a multiplication factor at Factor

(Calibrate menu, submenu Calculate).
Additive Constant
The value stored under Offset is added to the density value calculated on the
basis of the countrate. This allows a parallel shift of the calibration curve.
Example:
3
Measuring range 1.1 - 1.3 g/cm
3
It is found that the measuring values are too low by 0.05 g/cm .
Remedy:
Enter “0.05” at Offset.
3
All measured values will be increased by 0.05 g/cm .
3 3 3
Instead of 1.1 g/cm , 1.15 g/cm is now indicated and instead of 1.3 g/cm , 1.35
3 3
g/cm . If the measured values would be too high by 0.05 g/cm , you would have
to enter “-0.05”.
6.6.2 Multiplication Factor
Each measuring value is multiplied by the value stored as Factor. This allows
you to change the gradient of the calibration curve.
Example:
3
Measuring range 1.1 - 1.3 g/cm
3 3
If you enter 1.1 at Factor, 1.21 g/cm will be displayed instead of 1.1 g/cm . In-
3 3
stead of 1.3 g/cm the value 1.43 g/cm is now displayed. Thus even the low
point of the measuring range is increased, provided it is not at 0.
Remedy:
This can be corrected by entering the appropriate data at Offset at Factor.
Example:
3 3
For 1.1 g/cm the indicated value is correct; instead of 1.2 g/cm the reading
3
should show 1.25 g/cm .
Input value for Factor:
H nominal - L nominal 1.25 g / cm 3 - 1.1 g / cm 3

F = = = 1.5
H actual - L actual 1.2 g / cm 3 - 1.1 g / cm 3
75
Input value for Offset:

3 3 3
K = Lnominal - Lactual F = 1.1 g/cm - 1.1 g/cm · 1.5 g/cm = -0.55
3
H = upper value of the measuring range in g/cm
3
L = lower value of the measuring range in g/cm
The same is true if the upper and lower point of the measuring range is to be
changed by different values.
Example:
3
Lactual = 1.12 g/cm
3
Lnominal = 1.15 g/cm
3
Hactual = 1.25 g/cm
3
Hnominal = 1.3 g/cm
1.30 g / cm 3 - 1.15 g / cm 3
F = = 1.1538
1.25 g / cm 3 - 1.12 g / cm 3
3 3
K = 1.15 g/cm – 1.12 g/cm · 1.1538 = 0.1423
76
Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 7. TECHNICAL DATA
7. TECHNICAL DATA
7.1 Evaluation Unit LB 444

Assembly: 19" module 3 HE, 21 TE;
Protection type IP 20
Power supply: 115 V ± 10%

230 V ± 10%
18 to 32 V DC
Power consumption: approx. 30 VA or 30 W
Temperature range: Operating temperature: 0 to +50 °C; no condensation

Storage temperature: -40 to +70 °C
CPU: 32 bit computer

Data storage in FLASH E-PROM.
Weight: approx. 2 kg
Display: LCD display with 4 x 20 characters, illuminated

Data input via keyboard
Softkey guided dialog
Languages: German, English, French and Spanish
Data manipulation possible only after entering a password.
Time constant: 0,5 – 9999 s with automatic reduction to 1/10 of the values in
case of sudden density changes (can be turned off)
Adjustable response threshold for time constant switchover.
Automatic decay
241 137 60 244 85 90
compensation: For Am, Cs, Co, Cm, Kr and Sr .
77
Inputs/Outputs:
Detector terminal: EEx iB IIB
(2a/2c) For inherently safe installation, the cable ends on the strip
terminal must be protected by a 10 mm long shrink plastic
tubing (see also the connection diagram)
3 digital inputs:
2 Dig. In. for external product selection (18a/18c and
20a/20c)
1 Dig. In. for external Start/Stop of the measurement:
Start/Stop in batch mode
Stop of continuous measurement
Restart after interruption of measurement due to interfer-
ing radiation.
Analog output: 0/4 - 20 mA isolated (max. 500 Ω) (26a+/26c-)
Limit value outputs: 2 relay outputs for max. / min. (12a/12c and 14a/14c)
1 relay output for collective failure message (16a/16c)
Loading capacity: 30 V AC, 1 A
Current input: 0/4 - 20 mA (28a-/28c+)

for input of the temperature signal or the volume current sig-
nals.
Interfaces: RS 232 on the front panel of the instrument

Connection for data transfer from evaluation unit to printer or
PC.
Power supply Power supply (28a/28c) depending on power supply unit

115V AC, 230V AC or 24 V DC (see label on rear panel of
instrument!).
78
7.2 Detector
The probe is designed for industrial application. It includes a scintillation counter
for Gamma radiation, which is equipped with a NaI crystal. The built-in micro-
processor tracks the configuration, counts the pulse rates, controls the high volt-
age, measures the temperature of the probe and an external Pt 100, transfers
data and performs calibration and control functions. Power supply and commu-
nication take place via 2-wire technology. The probe is ex-protected and is li-
censed for:
Protection type EEx de IIc T6 / EEx de [ib] II C / IP 65, stainless steel housing.
Cable entrance: PG 7 for external cable diameters 4 .. 6.5 mm.
Scintillators: NaI (Tl) crystal

Size: (diameter/length)
25/25 mm, 40/35 mm, 50/50 mm, 44/5 mm.
Stability: ± 0.1 %
HV generation: Voltage range control 500 V to 1500 V
Pt 100 input: Measurement of product temperature

2-wire connection terminals, ex protection,
zero adjustment via software
Temperature range: -20 to +200°C
Temperature
measurement probe: via NTC, measuring range -30 to +80°C
Accuracy: ±3°C
Temperature range:
Operating temperature:
-30 to +50°C. A water-cooling device is available for higher tem-
peratures.
Monitoring of detector temperature and alarm when exceeding the
max. permissible temperature.
Storage temperature:
-50 to +70°C.
79
Power Supply
Input voltage: +11 to 16 V
Power consumption: Typically 60 mA max. 90 mA
Feed voltage: Typically 13.6 to 14.1 V
Housing sealing: IP65
Screwed cable gland: PG7, cable diameter: 4 to 6.5 mm
Permissible
cable resistance: 29 Ohm (for wire and return wire)
Connection cable: Two-wire
Cable properties: Z = 63 Ohm, attenuation –1.53 db/100m
Max. cable length:

2
Cross section in mm Max. cable length in m
1 750
1.5*) 1000
2.5*) 1800
*) Connection box for adaptation of the cable diameter required
Data Transfer
Transfer procedure: ASK (Amplitude-Shift-Keying = high-frequency carrier turned
on and off by data bits)
Transmission period: 250 ms
Detector List
Type Ex protection Crystal size Weight Operation

mm kg code
LB 5440 No 25/25 18 0
LB 5441 No 40/35 18 0
LB 5442 No 50/50 18 0
LB 4440 Yes 25/25 18 0
LB 4441 Yes 40/35 18 0
LB 4442 Yes 50/50 18 0
80
Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 8. Service Instructions
8. Service Instructions
81
Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 9. RADIATION PROTECTION
9. RADIATION PROTECTION
9.1 Basics and Guidelines

The radioactive isotopes used for density measurements emit gamma radiation.
Gamma radiation consists of electromagnetic waves, i.e. it is a type of radiation
which resembles light, but has a much higher energy, so that it can pass through
matter. This high-energy radiation is hazardous to living beings; as it can dam-
age cells and cause mutations. To minimize this hazard, one must be extremely
careful when handling radioactive substances.
The radioactive sources used for density measurements are sealed sources, i.e.
the actual radioactive substance is surrounded by at least one, often several
sealed layers made of stainless steel, each of which is checked individually for
leaks. Another check ensures that no radioactive particles are deposited on the
surface of the capsule. The user receives a certificate specifying these features
of the radioactive source.
In order to prevent adverse health effects caused by working with radioactive

substances, limits for the maximum permissible radiation exposure of operating
personnel have been agreed upon at an international level. Appropriate meas-
ures in designing the shieldings and arranging the measuring system at the
measuring location ensures that the radiation exposure of persons remains well
below the maximum permissible value of 5 mSv (500 mrem) per year.
A Radiation Safety Officer has to be appointed who is responsible for all

questions relating to radiation protection. Depending on the nature of the
license covering the installation, he or she is on site in the case of a Spe-
cific License or at PerkinElmer Berthold USA in the case of a General Li-
cense.
The Radiation Safety Officer monitors handling of the radiometric measuring

system and, if necessary, formalize the safeguards and any special precautions
applicable to a given establishment in formal procedural instructions, which in
special cases may serve as a basis for radiation protection guidelines.
These may stipulate that access to the vessel shall only be permitted after the
active beam is shielded. Radiation protection zones outside the shielding must
be - if they are accessible - marked and guarded.
These instructions should also include checks of the shutter device of the
shielding and measures for serious operational trouble - such as fire or explo-
sion.
Any special event has to be reported to the Radiation Safety Officer imme-
diately. He/she will immediately take suitable precautions if he/she detects de-
fects that may adversely affect the operation or safety of the system.
82
The Radiation Safety Officer must ensure that the provisions of the Radiation
Protection Regulations are observed. In particular, his duties include instructing
the staff on the proper handling of radioactive substances.
Radioactive sources that are no longer in use or have reached the end of
their service life must be returned to the manufacturer.
Generally, every member of staff should endeavor to minimize any radiation ex-
posure - even within the permissible limits - by careful and responsible action
and by observing certain safety standards.
The total sum of the radiation dose absorbed by a body is dependent upon three
factors. On the basis of these factors, certain fundamental radiation protection
rules can be derived:
Distance
This means the distance between the radioactive source
and the human body. The radiation intensity (doserate)
decreases - like light - in proportion to the square of the
distance, i.e., doubling the distance to the source reduces
DISTANCE the doserate to one quarter.
" Conclusion:
When handling radioactive substances, maximum distance
to the source should be maintained. This is especially true
for persons that are not directly involved in this work.
Time
The total time a person stays in the vicinity of a radiomet-
ric measuring system and the body is exposed to radia-
tion. The effect is cumulative and increases therefore with
the duration of the radiation exposure.
#
TIME
$ Conclusion:
Any work in the vicinity of radiometric measuring system
has to be prepared carefully and organized such that it
can be carried out in the shortest time possible. Having
the proper tools handy is of particular importance.
83
Shielding
The shielding material surrounding the source pro-
vides the shielding effect. As the shielding effect de-
pends, following an exponential function, on the prod-
uct of thickness multiplied by the density, it follows
SHIELDING that material with a high specific weight will normally
be used for shielding. The supplier usually calculates
% suitable dimensions for the shielding.
Conclusion:
Before installing or dismantling the shielding, make
sure that the radiation exit channel is locked-closed.
The source must not be removed from the shielding.
84
Safety Instructions
Shielding Installation
ONLY persons specifically licensed by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission
or an Agreement State may install, move, repair or relocate a device or shielding
containing a radioactive source.
The work must be performed according to the instructions and under the super-
vision of the Radiation Safety Officer.
It has to be ensured that
& the lock of the shielding is closed and secured, so that no unshielded radia-
tion can exit
& the shielding is not modified or damaged
& the function of the locking mechanism is checked following installation of
the shielding
& the function check is repeated every six months
& a new source number has to be attached on the shielding or the type label
replaced when replacing a source.
Point Source Replacement
ONLY persons specifically licensed by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission

or an Agreement State may replace radioactive sources. This means that these
persons have to work with an unshielded source for a short time. Therefore, they
have to carry a pocket dosimeter indicating the level of radiation, so that the ac-
tual radiation exposure during this work can be documented.
Point sources have to be fixed on a source holder which are then screwed into
the shielding, positioning the source in the center of the shielding. Prerequisite
for this work is that the personnel is familiar with the exact shielding con-
struction; therefore, the respective drawings must be available.
Preparation
All necessary work has to be prepared such that it can be carried out quickly, so
that exposure to the unshielded source is kept to a minimum. Using a drawing of
the shielding, you should plan the best procedure and have the following tools
handy: You must wear a personal dosimeter.
a) Allan keys and wrenches of the required size.
b) 2 pairs of pliers to take hold of source and source holder.

c) Replacement labels and rivets.
85
IF YOU ARE LICENSED:

If sufficient space is available, the source can be replaced in the shielding in-
stalled at the measuring location. To this end, bring the new source in its trans-
port shielding close to the measuring location. Prepare a suitable, clean space, if
possible with an auxiliary shielding (shielding vessel, lead bricks, concrete
stones, etc.) and place the source holder and the source there on a piece of pa-
per to protect it against dirt.
Depending on the construction, you either have to open the lock on the shielding
and turn the lever to center position between ON and OFF until the hexagon
head bolt of the source holders becomes visible, or remove the locking plate, so
that you can unscrew the source holder.
Source Replacement
Proceed as follows for standard point source shieldings (Figure 30):
1. Open the lock of the shielding (1) halfway, so that you can unscrew the
source holder (2) together with the source (3) using a socket wrench.
2. You may touch the source holder at the far end of the threaded part with your
hands. Hold it far away from your body and put it down behind an auxiliary
shielding.
3. Unscrew the source from the source holder using a socket wrench (SW 10).
Hold the source holder using a second socket wrench (SW 12). For this work,
you should use the shielding housing as auxiliary shielding between source
and body.
3
2
1
Figure 30: Source holder
4. Take hold of the source using a pair of pliers and put it into the transport
shielding or another shielding immediately.
Do not touch the source to prevent a high partial body dose. Make sure the
source is not mixed up with the new or another source.
86
5. If necessary, clean and grease the threading on the source holder and the
shielding.
6. Using a pair of pliers, take the new source out of the transport shielding and
firmly fix it onto the source holder together with the locking washer.
7. Put the source holder with the source again into the shielding and fix it using
the socket wrench.
8. Check the proper OPEN/CLOSED function. Survey and wipe-test the shield-
ing. Test shutter operation. Lock in the closed position. Update the labels and
complete the records.
9. Carefully survey the transport shielding again, after you have placed the old
source into the transport shielding. The special regulations regarding labeling
and transport of the shielding back to the manufacturer must be observed.
9.2 Radiation Dose Calculations
When preparing work on radiometric measuring systems, it is important to cal-

culate the radiation exposure to be expected in advance, for this has conse-
quences on the required safety precautions.
The expected radiation exposure can be calculated quite easily and with suffi-
cient accuracy, provided you know the isotope and the activity of the source
used. You can take this information from the source documentation or from the
type label on the shielding.
The radiation exposure to be expected for a shielded source is calculated as

follows:
A ⋅ k ⋅ t
Dose D =
r2 ⋅ s
A is the activity of the source and k the respective specific Gamma radiation
constant (see the table below). The distance from the measuring point to the
source is r and the duration of stay at this point is t. s is the shielding factor of
the shielding used; it is listed in the shielding brochure or can be calculated. s =
1 when calculating the doserate for work with an unshielded source.
NUCLIDE k DIMENSIONS
2
Co-60 0.35 µSv * m
Cs-137 0.09 h * MBq
Examples of calculations:
87
The dose in a distance of 50 cm of a Co-60 source with an activity of 350 MBq

and a time of 30 minutes in this distance has to be calculated. The source is
shielded by a shielding with an shielding factor of 30:
350 MBq ⋅ 0.35 µSv ⋅ m 2 ⋅ 0.5 h

D = = 8.2 µSv
(0.5 m) 2 ⋅ h ⋅ MBq ⋅ 30
9.2.1 Exposure when Installing the Shielding
This calculation can be simplified, and the accuracy is still OK, by using the
given doserate value in 1 meter distance from the shielding.
Shieldings for measuring systems are usually designed such that, regardless of
the activity and the type of source (point or rod source), the limit of the controlled
area with 7.5 µSv/h is in a distance of max. 1 meter around the shielding. This
value can be taken for granted when the mean distance for mounting the
shielding or operating the lock is 0.5 m. As a result, we get a doserate of max.
30 µSv at this point. Provided that any work in the vicinity of the shielding is pre-
pared well, it will not take more than 20 minutes (= 1/3 hour) and from this we
can calculate a dose of 10 µSv for working a shorter time in the vicinity of
the shielding.
If you compare this dose with the permissible annual doses of 5 mSv for oper-
ating staff, this work can be carried out 500 times per year by one and the
same person. Due to the very low radiation exposure it is not necessary to carry
a person dosimeter for this work, since the lower detection limit of these meas-
uring systems lies just above this dose.
9.2.2 Exposure when Replacing Point Sources
It is important to calculate the possible radiation exposure in advance. An exact

calculation is possible using the equation above.
The anticipated working hours should be spilt up in work in the direct vicinity of
the shielding during mounting and dismantling the source holders and work with
the unshielded source while fixing and dismantling the source and the source
holder. The dose obtained while working in the vicinity of the shielding and the
dose obtained while working with the unshielded source have to be calculated
separately and added up.
Again, a rather simplified estimation is possible when the work is prepared well.
Based on the assumptions of a mean distance of 0.5 m for the whole body ra-
diation and the time you are working with the unshielded source of 6 minutes (=
1/10 hour), the radiation exposure can be calculated for different activities (A) as
follows:
Dose D = A * 0.15 at Co-60
Dose D = A * 0.04 at Cs-137
Enter the activity in MBq and the dose is calculated in µSv.
88
Using a pocket dosimeter with direct reading, measure the accurate radiation
exposure during this work, even if the radiation exposure lies below the detec-
tion limit of dosimeters.
89
9.3 Emergency Instructions
In case of fire or explosion, it must be assumed that the functions of the

shutter, the shielding efficiency or the integrity of the source capsule have
been impaired.
If you suspect such a severe malfunction, the Radiation Safety Officer has
to be notified immediately. He/she will prevent further more exposure of per-
sons to radiation.
The Radiation Safety Officer has to make sure that the measuring system is no
longer in operation and then take appropriate steps. He/she may have to inform
the authorities or contact the manufacturer or supplier of the measuring system.
Emergency measures may be taken when a properly trained and licensed per-
son is available:
1. Locate the shielding. Cordon off a safe distance, label and prevent persons
entering the designated area.
2. Survey the area and shielding.
3. Check the function of the shielding. Wipe-test the shielding.
4. Secure the shielding. Document the event and estimate the possible radia-
tion level to which the persons involved were exposed.
If you suspect any damage to the source capsule, the following points must be
observed as well:
1. Avoid contamination.
2. Take hold of source using a tool (a pair of pliers or a pair of tweezers) and
put both (source and tool) into a plastic bag.
3. Secure them behind an auxiliary shielding (concrete wall, steel or lead plate).
4. Check if the environment is free of contamination.
5. Make sure the radioactive waste is secured and disposed off in compliance
with the pertinent regulatory requirements.
90
Density Meter LB 444 SECTION 10. APPENDIX
10. APPENDIX
10.1 Configuration Checklist

TAG NO.
Detector
Source
FUNCTION RANGE FACT. SETTING

FINAL SETTING
Password 0-999999
Date YY.MM.TT actual date
Time HH.MM. actual time
Model/Version e.g.: LB 444 Version
Language German/English English
Operating Mode none/lin/squ/cub/auto lin
Isotope Co/Cs/Am/Cm/Kr/Sr Am
Time Constant (s) 0.2 to 200 20
Rapid Switch-Over OFF / ON OFF
Sigma Rapid Switch-Over 0 - 9.9999 4.0000
Interference Radiation OFF / ON OFF
Sigma Interf. Radiation 0 -10 5
Pulse Rate, max 0 - 999999 100000
Pulse Rate, min 0 - 999999 0
Current Output 0-20 mA or 4-20 mA 4 -20 mA
Current on Error Hold / Value 0-22 mA Hold
Relay 2 (Min Alarm) 0-100% 10
Relay 2 (Hysteresis) 1-10.0 % 5
Relay 3 (Max Alarm) 0-100% 90
Relay 3 (Hysteresis) 1-10.0 % 5
Calibration values
Density reading Pulse rate

% rel.
Value pair 1
Value pair 2
Value pair 3
Value pair 4
Value pair 5
Value pair 6
Value pair 7
Value pair 8
Value pair 9
Value pair 10
91
10.2 Parameter Protocol

EG&G Berthold 19.071997 / 14:44
LB 444 D E N S I T Y - M E T E R V 1.00 a
Operating mode : Without Temp. Comp.
Measure mode : continuous
Parameters
Probe type : No. 0
Isotope : Am241
Measuring path : 2.0 cm

Time constant : 10.0 sec
Rapid switch-over : OFF
Sigma (Rapid) : 3.0000
Interference radiation : OFF
Sigma (Inter.) : 5.0000
Maximum countrate : 100000 cps
Minimum countrate : 0 cps
Current input
Temp. limit values : 0 - 20 mA
0/4 mA : 0.0 deg C
20 mA : 100.0 deg C
Product selection : internal
Product data
Product : 1
Current output
Current output range : 0 - 20 mA
0/4 mA : 3.0 g/cm³
20 mA : 5.0 g/cm³
Error current : -1 mA
Relay 2 function : Minimum

Relay 2 threshold : 0.0 g/cm³
Relay 2 hysteresis : 1.0 %
Relay 3 function : Maximum
Relay 3 threshold : 3.0 g/cm³
Relay 3 Hysteresis : 1.0 %
Calibration
Unit : g/cm³
Suspension measurement : Yes
Calibration data : Countrate Density Product temp.

Cps g/cm³ deg. C
Calibration product 1 : 3000 1.0664 25.00
Calibration product 2 : 2000 1.1422 25.00
Calibration product 3 : 0 0 25.00
Calibrate mode : automatic

Zero countrate I0 : 1 cps
Coefficient a1 : 0.00000
Coefficient a2 : 0.00000
Coefficient a3 : 0.0000e-00
Result qf : 0.00000
Factor : 1.00000
Offset : 0.00
92
10.3 Absorption Coefficients
Absorption coefficients for 137-Cs at one-point calibration.
Crystal size 25/25 and 40/35 with frontal irradiation
1. When using a 50/50 crystal, multiply the values listed below by 0.9. With ra-
dial irradiation, these values must be multiplied by 0.85.
2. For measurements with Co-60 sources the listed absorption coefficients must
be multiplied by 0.6.
3. The absorption coefficients were calculated for average concentrations. De-

pending on the resolution behavior, these values may differ with other con-
centrations.
2
Absorption coefficients in cm /g
3
Product g/cm % conc. Conc. in g/l
Whole milk - .0737 - .00018 - .000017
Skim milk - .0737 - .000027 - .000295
Whey - .0737 - .000294 - .0000254
Sugar solution - .0657 - .00044 - .000021
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) - H2O - .0608 - .0003 - .000025
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) - H2O - .0623 - .0005 - .000036
Nitric acid (HNO3) - H2O - .0576 - .00036 - .000027
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) - H2O - .0664 - .00069 - .000049
Ethanol (C2H6O) - H2O - .0677 + .00014 + .000018
Propyl alcohol (C3H8O) - H2O - .0673 + .00015 + .0000186
Glycerin (C3H5(OH3) - H2O - .0667 - .00017 - .000015
10.4 Temperature Coefficients
93
Product Concentration Aver. Temp. Input value at

3
in % in °C g/cm g/l % °Be
H2O - H2SO4 20 30 0.595 1022 80 5.31
50 30 0.695 1932 103 7.73
80 30 1.015 2519 100 4.99
20 60 0.635 1107 88 12.92
50 60 0.753 1447 78 9.13
80 60 0.973 2425 98 9.70
H2O - NaOH 10 30 0.47 528 43.15 4.36

30 30 0.62 974 59.64 3.08
50 30 0.72 1440 75.9 6.84
10 60 0.55 628 52.1 6.4
30 60 0.65 1020 63.4 3.53
50 60 0.70 1404 75.0 6.81
H2O - HCl 10 25 0.33 736 67.2 2.93

30 25 0.60 1572 121.5 8.00
10 75 0.538 1196 111.6 41.45
30 75 0.576 1661 133.3 44.38
Sugar solution 10 70 0.582 1538 145 5.31

30 70 0.608 1631 131 4.26
50 70 0.627 1718 117 3.28
70 70 0.632 1768 106 5.61
10 80 0.632 1665 158.3 6.36
30 80 0.649 1173 140.1 4.91
50 80 0.658 1794 122.3 3.65
70 80 0.641 1785 107.2 5.82
94
Product Concentration Aver. Temp. Input value at

°Bx in °C 3 g/l °Bx °Be
g/cm
Sugar solution 10 20 0.2377 621 57.48 0.823
30 20 0.341 908 71.44 1.245
50 20 0.436 1196 79.4 1.488
70 20 0.518 1457 85.5 3.55
10 50 0.472 1247 116.7 3.39
30 50 0.582 1395 111.1 3.02
50 50 0.559 1536 103.3 2.54
70 50 0.588 1654 98.3 4.75
Product Temperature Input value

in °C 3
in g/cm
Water 10 0.15
20 0.203
30 0.299
40 0.38
50 0.457
60 0.513
70 0.571
80 0.6235
90 0.67
Note:
The temperature coefficients can be used for many low concentration products, such as milk, beer, whey,
starch suspension, etc.
For upgraded milk, whey, cottage cheese, etc. the values given for the sugar solution can be used with a
good approximation.
95
10.5 Density of Water as a Function of the Temperature
3 3
Temp. in °C Density in g/cm Temp. in °C Density in g/cm
10 0.99973 55 0.98673
11 0.99963 56 0.98524
12 0.99951 57 0.98475
13 0.99939 58 0.98425
14 0.99926 59 0.98375
15 0.99911 60 0.98324
16 0.99896 61 0.98272
17 0.99879 62 0.98220
18 0.99861 63 0.98167
19 0.99843 64 0.98113
20 0.99823 65 0.98059
21 0.99801 66 0.98005
22 0.99779 67 0.97950
23 0.99755 68 0.97894
24 0.99731 69 0.97838
25 0.99706 70 0.97781
26 0.99680 71 0.97723
27 0.99653 72 0.97665
28 0.99625 73 0.97607
29 0.99597 74 0.97548
30 0.99567 75 0.97488
31 0.99536 76 0.97428
32 0.99504 77 0.97368
33 0.99472 78 0.97307
34 0.99439 79 0.97425
35 0.99405 80 0.97183
36 0.99370 81 0.97120
37 0.99335 82 0.97057
38 0.99299 83 0.96993
39 0.99262 84 0.96929
40 0.99224 85 0.96864
41 0.99185 86 0.96799
42 0.99146 87 0.96734
43 0.99106 88 0.96668
44 0.99065 89 0.96601
45 0.99024 90 0.96534
46 0.98982 91 0.96467
47 0.98939 92 0.96399
48 0.98896 93 0.96330
49 0.98852 94 0.96261
50 0.98807 95 0.96192
51 0.98761 96 0.96122
52 0.98715 97 0.96052
53 0.98668 98 0.95981
54 0.98621 99 0.95910
96
10.6 Setup Protocol
Measuring Point ............................................ Date ............................
Radioactive source: No. .......................... Activity .......................... Isotope ..................
Pipeline .................................... mm Material ...................................
Irradiation angle: 90°/45°/30°/others ..................
Product .........................................................................
Parameters Range value

Password
Instrument ID
Program Version
Instrument configuration
Radiation Yes/No
Error mode Halt/Continue
Product no. 1/2/3/4
Measuring path Cm
Measure mode
Time constant S
Rapid switch-over On/Off
Σ for Interference Radiation 0-10
Countrate threshold (min) I*·s-1
Countrate threshold (max) I*·s-1
Current input for temperature: 0-20mA or 4-20mA
0/4 mA °C
20 mA °C
Current out for density or conc. 0-20mA or 4-20mA
0/4 mA
20 mA
Current output error Hold value: 0-22mA
Relay 2 Setup Min or Max:
Hysteresis 0-10%
Relay 3 Setup Min or Max:
Hysteresis 0-10%
Solids density:
Liquid density:
Water TC Yes/No
TC1
TC2
Reference temperature
97
Suspension measurement Yes/No

Unit
Data input:
Countrate CPS Density (Lab values) Date Temperature °C

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Calculation:
Parameters Range Value

Calibrate mode none/lin/squ/cub/auto
Result a1
Zero countrate I0
Coefficient a1
Coefficient a2
Coefficient a3
Square error
Factor 1 to 10
Offset
Density TC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
98
7.
8.
9.
10.
99
10.7 Wiring Diagram
100
10.8 Dimensional Drawings
101
102
103
104
10.9 Index
2-wire technique............................................ 11 without temperature compensation................... 16

Abrasions ...................................................... 27 Density TC..................................................... 23
Absorption coefficient................................ 4, 61 Detector................................................. 4, 5, 11
Absorption Coefficients ................................. 93 Connection ....................................................... 36
Absorption of Gamma radiation ...................... 2 Detector connection ...................................... 37
Addition and Multiplication ............................ 75 Detector connections .................................... 36
Additive constant........................................... 75 Detector List .................................................. 80
Attendant component.................................... 20 Digital input.................................................... 38
Automatic curve fit .................................. 22, 60 Display..................................................... 12, 13
Automatic Measuring Time Switchover ........ 70 Doserate........................................................ 83
Backscatter measure .................................... 16 Electronics unit .............................................. 11
Basic Settings ............................................... 43 Emergency Instructions................................. 90
Basic setup in a pipeline ................................. 5 Encapsulated radioactive substances............. 7
Batch measurement via keyboard ................ 17 Error Messages ............................................. 50
Batch measurement with external Start/Stop Error mode .................................................... 16
signal ......................................................... 17 Evaluation electronics ................................... 12
Baudrate........................................................ 16 Evaluation Unit
Calculation of Temperature Coefficients....... 54 Installation ........................................................ 35
Calibration ............................................... 22, 46 Evaluation Unit LB 444.............................. 5, 12
Calibration data input .................................... 21 Connection ....................................................... 37
Calibration Method........................................ 59 Extension of measuring path........................... 6
Calibration mode........................................... 22 External product selection............................. 39
Calibration Modes ......................................... 59 External Start/Stop-Signal............................. 38
Calibration product........................................ 21 Factor ............................................................ 23
Carrier liquid.................................................. 20 Factory Setting .............................................. 15
Checking the Calibration............................... 67 Flow............................................................... 25
Coefficient a1 .......................................... 22, 23 Foil keys ........................................................ 12
Coefficient a2 ................................................ 23 Frontal irradiation .......................................... 61
Coefficient a3 ................................................ 23 f-test .............................................................. 22
Concentration measurement .......................... 6 Function keys ................................................ 12
Configuration Checklist ................................. 91 Fuses............................................................. 38
Connection cable ............................................ 5 Gamma sources .............................................. 7
Connections .................................................. 36 Gas bubbles .................................................. 27
Container ........................................................ 6 General Safety Precautions .......................... 26
Continuous measurement............................. 17 Getting Started .............................................. 39
Cooling jacket ........................................... 5, 33 Heat insulating material................................... 6
Cooling Medium ............................................ 34 Horizontal pipelines ....................................... 27
Correcting the Results .................................. 75 Installation ..................................................... 26
Correction of Analysis Values ....................... 65 Installation Evaluation Unit............................ 35
Corrosion....................................................... 27 Installation in a Container.............................. 31
Counter interval............................................. 25 Installation of Pt 100...................................... 35
Cubic absorption coefficient.......................... 23 Installation of Water Cooling ......................... 33
Cubic curve fit ......................................... 22, 60 Installation on external supports ..................... 6
Current input ........................................... 18, 38 Installation on Pipelines ................................ 27
Current Output .............................................. 19 Installation site............................................... 27
Current output error ...................................... 19 Instrument configuration............................ 3, 16
Current Output Limit Values ......................... 19 Instrument Description .................................... 7
Data transfer ................................................. 38 Instrument front panel ................................... 12
Date............................................................... 15 instrument rear panel .................................... 12
Density measurement ..................................... 7 Interference Radiation Detection................... 69
with temperature compensation ........................ 16 Irradiation ...................................................... 17
Irradiation angle............................................. 17
105
Irradiation method ........................................... 4 Pipeline axis .................................................. 17

Isolated current output .................................. 38 Point Source Replacement ........................... 85
Isotope .......................................................... 17 Power on ....................................................... 40
Isotopes........................................................... 7 Power supply........................................... 11, 38
Keypad function ............................................ 13 Principle of Measurement ............................... 4
lab temperature............................................. 57 Print Parameter ............................................. 15
Language ...................................................... 15 Printer............................................................ 38
Lateral irradiation .......................................... 61 Printer connection ......................................... 16
Lead shielding........................................... 6, 31 Product Selection .......................................... 18
Linear absorption coefficient......................... 22 Product temperature ..................................... 30
Linear curve fit ........................................ 22, 60 Productselect No. .......................................... 17
Linear temperature coefficient ................ 20, 57 Pt 100 ........................................................ 5, 35
Liquid density ................................................ 20 Pt100 ....................................................... 11, 36
Liquid mixtures.............................................. 20 Calibration and connection ............................... 43
Mass flow display.......................................... 24 Quick Installation Overview........................... 39
Mass flow measurement ............................... 25 Radiation Dose Calculations ......................... 87
with temperature compensation ........................ 16 Radiation Exit Channel.................................. 40
without temperature compensation ................... 16 Radiation interference ................................... 18
Max. cable length.......................................... 80 Radiation measure ........................................ 16
Maximum Rate.............................................. 18 Radiation Protection...................................... 82
Measure mode ................................................ 3 Radiation Protection Guidelines.................... 82
Measure Mode .............................................. 17 Radiation Safety Officer ................................ 82
Measurement .......................................... 24, 49 Radioactive source................................ 5, 7, 83
Measurement effect ........................................ 4 Radiometric measurement method ................. 2
Measurements in containers........................... 6 Radiometric measuring systems ..................... 2
Measuring configuration.................................. 5 Rapid switch-over.......................................... 18
Measuring geometry ....................................... 2 Reference temperature ........................... 20, 57
Measuring path ............................................. 17 Relay ............................................................. 37
Measuring path ............................................... 6 Relay Setup................................................... 19
Menu Resistance thermometer ............................... 36
Calibrate ........................................................... 21 Calibration and connection ............................... 43
General Data..................................................... 15 Resistance Thermometer.............................. 35
Live Display....................................................... 24 Result display ................................................ 24
Mass Flow......................................................... 25 RS 232 interface................................ 12, 16, 38
Operating Mode ................................................ 16
Safety Instructions......................................... 85
Parameter ......................................................... 17
Product Data ..................................................... 19 Safety Summary.............................................. 1
Service.............................................................. 25 Sampling ....................................................... 30
Menu structure .............................................. 14 Scintillation counter ....................................... 11
Menu Structure ............................................. 93 Select Unit ..................................................... 21
Minimum Rate............................................... 18 Selection of measuring product..................... 24
Modem .......................................................... 16 Setup protocol ................................................. 2
Mounting device.............................................. 5 Shielding................................................ 8, 9, 82
Multiplication Factor ...................................... 75 Shielding container.............................. 5, 29, 40
Multi-point calibration ........................ 23, 47, 64 Shielding Installation ..................................... 85
Offset ...................................................... 23, 75 Shieldings........................................................ 2
One-point calibration................... 22, 46, 59, 61 Signal processing .......................................... 12
Operating code ............................................. 17 Sodium iodide crystal .................................... 11
Operating settings......................................... 15 Softkeys................................................... 12, 13
Operating temperature.................................. 57 Software Functions ....................................... 15
Outdoor installation ....................................... 28 Solids density ................................................ 20
Parameter Protocol ....................................... 92 Solutions........................................................ 71
Password ...................................................... 15 Source ..................................................... 29, 31
PC ................................................................. 38 Square absorption coefficient........................ 23
PC connection............................................... 16 Square curve fit ....................................... 22, 60
Photomultiplier .............................................. 11 Square error .................................................. 23
Pipeline ........................................................... 5 Square temperature coefficient ............... 20, 58
2
S-shaped measuring path......................... 6, 29 Temperature range.................................. 77, 79

Starting Operation of the System.................. 52 Terminal strip................................................. 12
Stopping Operation of the System................ 52 Terminals....................................................... 12
Suspension measure .................................... 21 Thallium......................................................... 11
Suspension measurements .............. 20, 28, 71 Time .............................................................. 15
System Configuration.................................... 15 Time constant.......................................... 17, 70
System/Version............................................. 15 Transport shielding........................................ 87
Technical Data .............................................. 77 Two-point calibration ............................... 47, 64
Temp. Input................................................... 18 Unit of measure
Temperature coefficient for water ................. 20 Selection........................................................... 21
Temperature coefficient TC1 ........................ 20 Use and Function ............................................ 3
Temperature coefficient TC2 ........................ 20 U-shaped measuring path......................... 6, 29
Temperature Coefficients........................ 54, 93 Vertical pipelines ........................................... 28
Temperature compensation ........ 20, 23, 30, 53 Vibrations ...................................................... 30
Temperature compensation via current input16, Volume flow................................................... 24
18 Water Cooling................................................ 33
Temperature compensation via Pt100.......... 16 Water density ................................................ 96
Temperature insulation ................................. 29 Water TC ....................................................... 20
Temperature Measurement .......................... 53 Zero Countrate .............................................. 23

Operating Manual Density Meter LB 444

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Operating Manual Density Meter LB 444

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OPERATING MANUAL

DENSITY METER LB 444

5. GETTING STARTED .............................................................................................. 39

Calibration and Connection of Pt 100 Resistance Thermometer............................ 43

6. BASICS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENTS ............................................................ 53

7. TECHNICAL DATA ................................................................................................ 77

8. SERVICE INSTRUCTIONS .................................................................................... 81

9. RADIATION PROTECTION ................................................................................... 82

Revision No. Date Comments

4 3/7/99 USA Version

1.1 Safety Summary

Electrical Shock Hazard

Never change the installation or the parameter settings without a

This measuring device utilizes radioactive sources. Strict compli-

The density measuring system LB 444 utilizes the radiometric measurement

In order to obtain the optimum measurement effect at a minimum source activity,

This instruction manual describes several measuring configurations and instru-

2.1 Use and Function

The measurement can made directly in-line or in a tank or container. Pressure

Special instrument configurations and calculations allow the measuring system

a) Instrument configuration (Operating modes)

• Density measurement without temperature compensation (TC)

c) Selection of measurement mode

2.2 The Principle of Measurement

The density measurement is based on the irradiation method. It utilizes the

I = Radiation picked up by the detector

Figure 1: Principle of measurement

NO contamination of the product being measured or of the pipeline wall by

2.3 Measuring Configuration

Figure 2: Measuring system mounted on a straight pipeline

The detector-source arrangement may vary depending on the measuring path. If

Figure 3: Installation on a U-shaped measuring path

For all installations, precautions must be taken to prevent persons reach-

Density or concentration measurements can also be carried out in a tank or

2.4 Instrument Description

The following isotopes are primarily used for density measurements:

Please note the Radiation Protection Guidelines in Section 9.

2.4.1.1 Shielding Types LB744

Cover plate Moveable shutter Shell Lock

Radiation Position Radiation Source Locking

Figure 4: Shielding container type LB744

2.4.1.2 Shieldings for Installation in a Container

90° Source position

Figure 5: Shielding for installation in a container

Shutter switches signal the position of the sources.

Two versions are available:

a) Version for use in areas not endangered of explosion:

2 Reed contacts max. 250 V, 40 VA

b) Version for use in the areas endangered of explosion:

1 proximity switch for position CLOSED.

It has to be connected to an inherently safe power supply.

Figure 6: Shutter switch for ex-protected area

RADIATION SCINTILLATOR DYNODES AMPLIFIER

Figure 7: Scintillation counter

The scintillator converts the incidence of Gamma into light flashes.

For more information see: Technical Information LB 444.

Evaluation Unit LB 444

2.4.1.3 General Description

LCD display EG&G Berthold

Figure 8: Front Panel LB 444

System malfunctions are signaled by error messages.

2.4.1.5 Keypad Function

Figure 9: Softkeys functions