SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CV-412 Design of Structures

Lecture no. 4
(Wind Analysis)
Winter 2020
Instructor: Tayyaba batool
email: tbatool@ssuet.edu.pk
Week 2
 WIND ANALYSIS
WHAT IS WIND?
• Wind is the term used for air in motion & is usually applied to the
natural horizontal motion of the atmosphere.
• Movement of air near the surface of the earth is three-dimensional,
with horizontal motion much greater than the vertical motion.
 WIND ANALYSIS
TYPES OF WIND
1. Prevailing winds: Surface air moving toward the low pressure
equatorial belt is called prevailing winds or trade winds

2. Seasonal winds: The air over the land is warmer in summer and
colder in winter the air adjacent to oceans during the same season

3. Local winds: Local winds are those associated with the regional
phenomena and include whirlwinds and thunderstorms.
 WIND ANALYSIS
• All three types of wind are equally important in designing.

• The variation in the local winds are referred to as gusts.

• The flow of wind unlike that of other fluids is not steady and
fluctuates in a random fashion. Because of this, wind loads imposed
on buildings are studied statistically.
WIND ANALYSIS
 WIND ANALYSIS
WIND HAZARD
Buildings and structures shall be designed and constructed to resist the forces due to wind
pressure.

The forces exerted by the wind are the result of a combination of factors such as:

(i) Wind speed

(ii) Exposure factor
(iii) Aerodynamic shape of the structure
(iv) Dynamic response factor

All structural systems shall be designed and constructed to transfer wind forces to the
ground.
 WIND ANALYSIS
WIND ANALYSIS:
• Wind load provisions of UBC 1997 are based on the ASCE 7 standard with certain
simplifying assumption to make calculation easier.

• The design wind speed is based on the fastest-mile wind speed

• The direction that has the most critical exposure controls the design.

• UBC provision are not applicable to buildings taller than 400ft(122m) for normal force
method, Method 1 and 200ft(61m) for projected area method, Method 2. any building,
including those not covered by UBC, may be designed using wind tunnel test results.
 WIND ANALYSIS
• BASIC WIND SPEED:
It is the fastest mile wind speed associated with an annual probability of
0.02 measured at a point 33 feet above the ground for an area having
exposure category “C”.
 WIND ANALYSIS
• DESIGN WIND PRESSURE (P) :

It is defined as the theoretical pressure developed by wind impinging upon a vertical surface at the sea level.
The design wind pressure P is a product of the “combined height, exposure and gust factor coefficient 𝐶𝑒 , the
pressure coefficient 𝐶𝑞 , the wind stagnation pressure 𝑞𝑠 and building Importance Factor I.
P = Ce Cq qs I
Where,
Ce = combined height, exposure and gust factor coefficient as given in Table 16-G.
Cq = pressure coefficient for the structure or portion of structure under consideration as given in Table 16-H.
I = importance factor as set forth in Table 16-K.
P = design wind pressure.
qs = wind stagnation pressure at the standard height of 33 feet (10 000 mm) as set forth in Table 16-F.
 WIND ANALYSIS
• EXPOSURE EFFECTS
An exposure shall be assigned at each site for which a building or structure is to
be designed.

The UBC distinguishes between three exposure categories: B,C, and D.

EXPOSURE B has terrain with buildings, forest or surface irregularities, covering

at least 20 percent of the ground level area extending 1 mile (1.61 km) or more
from the site.

EXPOSURE C has terrain that is flat and generally open, extending 1/2 mile (0.81
km) or more from the site in any full quadrant.
 WIND ANALYSIS
EXPOSURE D represents the most severe exposure in areas with basic wind
speeds of 80 miles per hour (mph) (129 km/h) or greater and has terrain that is flat
and unobstructed facing large bodies of water over 1 mile (1.61 km) or more in
width relative to any quadrant of the building site. Exposure D extends inland
from the shoreline 1/4 mile (0.40 km) or 10 times the building height, whichever
is greater
 WIND ANALYSIS
• SITE EXPOSURE
• The building site may have different exposure categories in different
direction, the most severe exposure is used for all wind load
calculations regardless of building orientation or direction of wind.

• Exposure D is perhaps the easiest to determine because it is explicitly

for unobstructed coastal areas directly exposed to large bodies of
water. It is not as easy to determine whether a site falls into exposure
B or C because the description of these categories is somewhat
ambiguous.
 WIND ANALYSIS
• WIND STAGNATION PRESSURE:

The wind stagnation pressure ia a function of wind velocity “V”, which the code
refers as the basic wind speed. This basic wind speed is the fastest mile which is the
highest recorded velocity average over the time it takes a mile of years to pass a
given point.
𝑞𝑠 = 0.00256𝑉 2 (V in mph and qs in psf)
𝑞𝑠 = 0.613𝑉 2 (V in m/s and qs in N/m2)
 WIND ANALYSIS
• IMPORTANCE FACTOR (I):

The I coefficient provides that the essential facilities and hazardous facilities be
designed to withstand higher wind forces than other structures Essential facilities
are those that must remain safe and usable for emergency purpose after a wind
storm.

I = 1.0 ( standard facilities)

I > 1.0 (special facilities)
 WIND ANALYSIS
• COMBINED HEIGHT, EXPOSURE AND GUST FACTOR
COEFFICIENT (Ce):

Ce value should be vary due to height.

• PRESSURE COEFFICIENT FOR THE STRUCTURE (Cq):

Pressure coefficient depend on structural type.

WIND ANALYSIS
WIND ANALYSIS
 WIND ANALYSIS
• Problem # 3
Eleven- story communication building deemed necessary for post
disaster emergency communications. Building height is 120 ft
consisting of 2 bottom floors at 15ft and 9 typical floor at 10ft.
Exposure category is C. Basic wind speed is 100 mph and building
width is 60ft.
• https://www.slideserve.com/anne-levine/lecture-03-design-loads
• https://slideplayer.com/slide/7467543/
• https://www.scribd.com/document/96475013/Wind-load-analysis-
By-UBC-for-Tall-buildings-Tall-Buildings