FIRE POINT -> The temperature at which a liquid fuel will produce vapors sufficient to support continuous

combustion once ignited. The fire is usually a few degrees above flash point.

FLASH POINT -> The minimum temperature at which liquid fires gives off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable
mixture with the air near the surface. The ignited vapors will flash but will not continue to burn.

IGNITION TEMPERATURE -> The minimum temperature to which a fuel in air must be heated to start self-
sustained combustion without a separate ignition source.

COMBUSTION -> The self-sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a fuel, which produces heat and light.

“ALL THIEVES OF THE WORLD CANNOT TAKE ALL YOUR BELONGINGS BUT ONE GOOD FIRE COULD RAZED THEM
TO THE GROUND IN FIVE MINUTES TIME”

HOW TO LOCATE THE ORIGIN OF FIRE

WITNESSES -> The first who discovered the fire

LOW POINT OF BURNING -> The lowest point of burning should be given the outmost consideration in
locating the origin of fire.

CHARRING -> The char will generally be deepest from where the fire originated. When the fire is
extingueshed quickly, the charring is only slightly below the surface.

ALLIGATORING -> Fire burning for a longer period indicates a char pattern that is deep and pronounced.
The charring on the woods exactly looks like the hide of a black alligator patterns.

COMMON CAUSES OF ARSON OF INCIDIARISM

 Financial gain
 Criminal cover up
 Sensual satisfaction revenge
 Vandalism
 Act of violence
 Psychological derange or pyromania

USUAL AND UNDERLYING MOTIVE IN ARSON CASES:

 Defraud insurance company
 Concealment of crime
 Destruction of evidence, records and other object
 Business rivalry or competition
 Revenge, spite, grudge and jealosy
 Pyromania
 Lanlord-tenant feuds
 Hero complex
CONCEALMENT OF CRIME
Arson is sometimes employed to conceal a previously committed crime.
A murderer will set fire to a building to destroy all traces of homicide and make it appear that the victim perished
in the fire accidentally.
Arson has also been committed to cover robbery and therefore all locks should be carefully inspected. These will
not have been destroyed by the fire.

DESTRUCTION OF EVIDENCE, RECORDS AND OTHER OBJECTS

The fraudulent businessman will plan the sitting of a fire to destroy his accounts book, etc. When he is
expecting a check-up from income tax authorities or for some other reason wishes his record destroyed.

BUSINESS RIVALRY OR COMPETITION

Arson may also be committed in case of trade rivalry, one of competitor burning out another in order to
get his business.

REVENGE, SPITE, GRUDGE AND JEALOUSY

Disgruntled employee who was recently fired; a person who wants to even score; a jealous spouse or
lover, or a person out of spite may resort to arson.

PYROMANIA
Commits arson for no reason other than the abnormal impulse which urge him on.

LANDLORD-TENANT FEUDS
Arson may be resorted to in order to terminate lease contract.

HERO COMPLEX
Person who discovered the fire and seeks credit as the hero.

ROLE OF FIRE INVESTIGATOR

The investigation of fires requires that both the police and fire services work closely together. The role of
each of these agencies must be clearly defined so that there will be a minimal amount of duplicated effort. Each
agency must aware of the other agency must aware of the other agency’s responsibilities in fire control.

DETERMINING THE CAUSE

The fire and arson investigator’s success depends on his ability to determine correctly the exact cause of the fire.
One must have the knowledge of the causes of fire to determine an accidental fire or one that was intentionally
set.

PRINCIPLE OF FIRE FIGHTING

 FIRE CONTROL -> An act or process of preventing the fire from spreading, thus preventing further
damages.
 FIRE SUPPRESSION -> Act or process of lowering down the intensity of heat.
10 PHASES OF FIRE OPERATION

1. PRE - FIRE PLANNING -> To know the problem which may be encountered and what to at the fire ground in case
fire starts in a particular building or area.
 Gather information about existing conditions at the vicinity of the building or area which is subject for
planning.
 Conducting fire company inspection.

2. SIZING UP -> Mental evaluation by the ground commander which enables him to determine his course of action
and to accomplish his mission.
-> To estimate the situation.
-> Begins after alarm is received.
 Nature of fire
 Tools or equipment available
 The action to take (decision from the ground commander)
 Wind direction

3. RESCUE -> Removal of the victims from the endangered area and bring to the place of safety.
 Looking for victims
 Extrication of victims
 Determining the nature of injury
 Stabilizing the victim
 Bringing victims to a safe place
 Stabilizing the scene of incident
 Wrap up (collect equipment and accounting of personnel)
 Post incident analysis

CONDITIONS IN WHICH VICTIMS MAYBE FOUND

 Injured victim
 Unconscious
 Wounded
 Burned
 Panicky
 Shocked
 Sleeping
 Intoxicated
 Bedfast

4. COVER EXPOSURE -> To prevent the fire extending spreading to other uninvolved buildings.
 Placing fire streams directly to exposed building.
 Placing fire streams between burning building and exposed building.
 Entering exposed building and from windows placing fire streams directly to burning building.

5. CONFINEMENT -> To prevent the fire from extending to the other portion of the burning building. Involves
protection of avenues of extension.
 UPWARD EXTENSION -> Most rapid thru stairways, windows and air ducks.
 SIDEWARD -> Thru combustible partitions and doors.
 DOWNWARD -> Slow thru combustible floors, stairways.

6. VENTILATION -> To displace hot smoke, poisonous and toxic gases from contaminated area and replacing fresh
air from outside.
a) Make an opening (forced ventilation)
b) Use of fog streams
c) Always consider the wind direction

7. EXTINGUISHMENT -> To put out the main body of fire.

a) Locating the main body of fire
b) Proper use and techniques of applying fire streams.

DIRECT ATTACK -> If fire is limited and approachable. Applying a solid stream directly to the base of the fire.

INDIRECT ATTACK -> If the fire involves a large area and confined by locating the hottest portion and applying a
stream over hottest portion.

COMBINATION ATTACK -> If the whole building id already involve by the fire and entry is difficult.

8. SALVAGE -> To protect properties of value from preventable damages due to sources other than fire.
 Covering properties endangered of indirect damage (water or heat).
 Removing endangered properties.
 Removal of excess water.
SALVAGE PRATICES
a) Removal or evacuating of properties according to its priority.
b) Removal of properties to avoid fire spread.
c) Protect properties by arranging covering to avoid damage.
d) Removal of personal belonging of the victims for safe keeping.

9. OVERHAULING -> To prevent the fire from rekindling. Looking for remaining sources of ignition such as embers,
open flames, sparks among debris. Making the area safe and habitable gathering physical evidences among debris
to determine cause of the fire.

10. POST FIRE ANALYSIS -> To conduct a critique of what was done during the fire operation. Is a cooperative
discussion of fire personnel about all phases of fire from the time of the alarm was received until return to the
station.

FIRE INVESTIGATION -> Sometimes referred to as origin and cause investigation, is the analysis of fire related
incidents.

ARSON INVESTIGATION -> Is the process of finding the cause of fire and the extent of damage thereto for the
purpose of determining if the perpetrator is guilty or not of the crime of arson.
-> Is conducted to determine the extent of criminal liability or damages made by the fire setter to established that
anything was burned by criminal designed and by a person criminally responsible.

In the CRIME OF ARSON, the CORPUS DELICTI must show:

 That there was a fire
 That the fire was of human origin and cause by incendiary means
 Actual burning took place
 Actual burning is done with malicious intent
 The actual burning is done by persons illegally and criminally liable.
WHAT CONSTITUTE BURNING?
The mere fact that the building is scorched or discolored by heat is not sufficient, nor will a bare
intention or even and attempt to burn the a house amount to the offense if no part of it is burned, yet if there’s
actual ignition of any part of the building, the offense is committed, although there be no flame, or the fire
immediately goes out of itself.

STAGES IN COMMISION OF ARSON

1. ATTEMPTED ARSON -> The crime is attempted arson when the offender commences the commission of the
crime directly by overt act (placing rags soaked in gasoline beside the wooden wall of the building and lighting a
match) but does not perform all the acts of execution (the setting of fire to the rags) due to untimely intervention
of another who chases a way the offender.
2. FRUSTRATED ARSON -> If the person was able to light the rags but the fire was put out before any part of the
building was burn, it is frustrated. The fact of having set fire to some rags and jute sacks, the entresol of an
inhabited house, should not qualified as consumated arson, in as much as no part of the house had begun to burn,
although fire would have started in the said partition had it not been extingueshed on time. The crime committed
was frustrated arson.
3. CONSUMMATED ARSON -> If before the fire was put out and there are part of the building was burned even
slight, it is consumated.

PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF ARSON

 It is murder when death occurs as a result of arson
 Murder or homicide in a juridical sense would exist if the killing were the objective of the malefactor and
the burning of the building was resorted only as the means of accomplishing the purpose
 The rule is otherwise when the arson is itself the end and death is a mere consequence. The crime in such
a case would be arson only, absorbing the homicide.

TYPES OF FIRE PATTERNS

1. MOVEMENT PATTERNS -> Fire arson investigator is establish the location of the burned pattern or also called as
THE FINGERPRINT OF FIRE. It is commonly result of the growth and the progress of fire source.
2. INTENSITY PATTERNS -> A product of the response of a materials involve in a fire in which an effect of various
intensities of heat exposure.

SURFACE EFFECT OF CHAR

Is a common language that in every fire incidence that there is always trace will be observe and this trace or marks
will be useful to the fire arson investigator to establish the possible point of origin on where the fire started and
this point of origin of can be establish through a close observation of char or depth of burned.

WOOD CHAR -> Is common in every fire incidence specially if the woods are not totally burned. Likely to
be found in nearly all structural fires particularly if the structure is made of light materials like a class “A” structure.
DEPTH OF CHAR -> bases of the fire arson investigator or where the fire started to propagate by way of
analyzing the depth of char of the woods and for evaluating the fire spread rather than establishing the burned
times or the intensity of the heat from an adjacent burning materials.
DEPTH OF CHAR DIAGRAM -> The lines of demarcation that may not be obviously visible can often be
identified for analysis by a process of measuring and charring depths of char on a grid diagram.
SPALLING -> The breakdown in a surface tensile (tension) strength of concrete, masonry and or bricks
caused by exposure to a high temperature and rates of heating resulting in mechanical forces within the materials.
OXIDATION
Is the basic chemical process associated with combustion. Combination of oxygen with substances such as
metals, rocks or soil that is brought about by high temperatures.

CLEAN BURN
Is a phenomenon that appears on noncombustible surfaces when the soot and smoke condensate that
would normally be found adhering to the surface is burned off. This produces a clean area adjacent to areas
darkened by products of combustion. Produced commonly by direct flame contact or intense radiated heat.

CALCINATION
Is used by fire investigation to cover the numerous changes that occur in plaster or gypsum wall surfaces
during a fire.

HEAT SHADOWING
Results from an object blocking the travel of radiated heat, convected heat or direct flame contact from
its source to the material upon which the pattern is produced.

FIRE PATTERNS
May be found on any surface that has been exposed to the effects of the fire or by its products. Often
found on walls, ceilings and floors.

LEVEL OF AUTHORITY TO CONDUCT INVESTIGATION

A. MUNICIPAL FIRE MARSHALL (LEVEL 1) -> MUNICIPAL INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE UNIT (MIIU) shall have
the full responsibility and power to investigate the fire incidents with a total amount of damage not exceeding to
Php 20, 000, 000.

B. CITY FIRE MARSHALL (LEVEL 2) -> CITY INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE SECTION (CIIS) shall have the full
responsibility and power to investigate the fire incidents with a total amount not exceeding Php 30, 000, 000.

C. DISTRICT FIRE MARSHALL (LEVEL 3) -> DISTRICT INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE BRANCH (DIIB) shall have
the full responsibility and power to investigate the fire incidents with a total amount of damage amounting to
above Php 30, 000, 000 but not exceeding to Php 40, 000, 000.

D. PROVINCIAL FIRE MARSHALL (LEVEL 3) -> PROVINCIAL INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE BRANCH (PIIB) shall
have the full responsibility and power to investigate the fire incidents with a total amount of damage amounting to
above Php 30, 000, 000 but not exceeding to Php 40, 000, 000.

E. REGIONAL DIRECTOR OF FIRE PROTECTION (LEVEL 4) -> REGIONAL INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE BRANCH
(RIIB) shall have the full responsibility and power to investigate the fire incidents with a total amount of damage
amounting to above Php 40, 000, 000, but not exceeding Php 60, 000, 000.

F. CHIEF, BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION (LEVEL 5) NATIONAL LEVEL, INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE DIVISION
(IID) shall have the full responsibility and power to investigate the fire incidents with a total amount of damage
amounting to above Php 60, 000, 000.
PROVISION OF LAW THAT COVER ARSON CASE
LAW - a rule of conduct or procedure recognized by a community as binding or enforceable by authority.

JURISPRUDENCE - A system of law or the body of laws applied in a particular country or state.

DURATION OF PENALTIES

RECLUSION PERPETUA -> 20 YEARS and 1 DAY to 40 YEARS

RECLUSION TEMPORAL -> 12 YEARS and 1 DAY to 20 YEARS

PRISION MAYOR -> 6 YEARS and 1 DAY to 12 YEARS

PRISION CORRECCIONAL -> 6 MONTHS and 1 DAY to 6 YEARS

ARRESTO MAYOR -> 1 MONTH and 1 DAY to 6 MONTHS

ARRESTO MENOR -> 1 DAY to 30 DAYS

R.A. 9346 -> An act prohibiting the imposition of death penalty in the philippines. Approved: June 24, 2006.

R.A. 9372 -> The Anti- terror Law or the Anti- terrorism law or properly known as the human security act of 2007.

R.A. 3815 -> the REVISED PENAL CODE, January 1, 1935.

GUIDELINES OF THE ARSON INVESTIGATOR

ARRIVAL AND OBSERVATION

ARRIVAL
 Observe person/vehicle leaving the area.
 Characteristic of person/vehicle leaving the area.
 Unusual road/street condition.
 Barricade showing the progress of response.
 Vehicle parked in such matter as to create obstruction to the fire scene.
OBSERVATION
 Identify the person who called the fire department.
 First person who leave the fire scene.
 Did the fire occur during or after business hour?
 Was it during day time or night time?
 Condition of traffic in the area.
INTRODUCTION TO FIRE TECHNOLOGY

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

-> The first line of defense against unfriendly fires and should be installed regardless of other fire control
measure. Virtually all fires are small at first and might be easily extingueshing agent were promptly applied.
-> It is a handly first aid firefighting equipment.

TWO TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

1. CARTRIDGE TYPE -> Contain the expellant gas in a separate cartridge that is punctured prior to discharge,
exposing the propellant to the extinguishing agent.
2. STORED PRESSURE TYPE -> The expellant is stored in the same chamber as the firefighting agent itself. It is a
most common type.

NUMEROUS TYPE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

1. WATER EXTINGUISHER -> Effective on small fires in ordinary combustible material such as wood, paper,
textile, rubbish, etc.(class A fires). not effective in fires involving flammable liquids, greases, etc.
2. SODA-ACID EXTINGUISHER -> Effective on small fires in ordinary combustible material such as wood,
papers, textiles, rubbish, etc. (class A fires).
3. FOAM EXTINGUISHER -> Effective on fires in small quantities of flammable liquids and grease. Not to be
used on fires involving alcohol, aceton, lacquer thinner or carbon disulfide.
4. CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHER -> Effective on fires in small quantities of flammable liquids, grease,
etc. In open vessels, tanks, vats or on floor or any other class B fires where a smothering action is required to
extinguish the flame.
5. DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHER -> Effective on small fires in electrical equipment or class C fires where a
non-conducting extinguishing agent is of importance.
6. ABC DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHER -> Approved for all classes of fire.

CARDINAL RULE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

“ PICK THE RIGHT EXTINGUISHER FOR THE JOB”

PARTS OF THE PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

1. Handle
2. Operation level
3. Safety pin
4. Safety pin lock
5. Pressure gause
6. Cylinder
7. Label
8. Inspection tag
9. Hose
10. Nozzle

FIRE EXTINGUISHER -> Is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or controll small fires, often in
emergency situation.

5 STEPS OF OPERATING A FIRE EXTINGUISHER just remember the word TPASS.

 Twist the pin
 Pull the pin
 Aim the nozzle
 Squeeze the operating lever
 Sweep the base of the fire
THREE (3) BASIC PART OF F. E.

1. MECHANICAL PARTS -> Press/squeeze lever, return tension spring.

2. EXPELLING MEANS -> Siphon tube, cylinder
3. EXTINGUISHING AGENT

PROPER PLACEMENT OF F. E.
1. Ready visible
2. Easily accessible
3. Uniformly distributed
4. Free from blockage by storage or equipment
5. Protected from possible potential/accident or malicious damage
6. Near where normal path of travel
7. Near point of ingress or egress
8. Extinguisher weighing less than 40 lbs. Shall be located so that the top will not exceed 5 ft. From the
ground

FIRE HOSE AND NOZZLE EVOLUTION

FIRE HOSE -> is a type of flexible tube used by firefighter personnel to cary water under pressure from the source
of supply to apoint where it is discharge.

FIRE HOSE ROLLS

1. Straight roll
2. Donut roll
3. Double donut roll
4. Self-locking hose roll

CLASSES OF HOSE LOADS

1. Accordion load
2. Flat load
3. Horse shoe load

KINDS OS STREAMS
1. Solid stream
2. Fog stream
3. Broken stream

FIRE HOSE COUPLING

 Made of durable materials and designed so that is possible to to couple and uncouple then with little
effort in a short time.
CLASSES OF COUPLING

1. Male
2. Female
3. Double male
4. Double female
5. Reducers
6. Three piece coupling
7. Three piece coupling reducers
8. Quick connect coupling
9. Quarter turn coupling
10. Snap coupling

COUPLING AND UNCOUPLING METHOS

1. Foot tilt method

2. Over the hip method
3. Two firefighter method

BATTERFLY VALVE -> use on large pump intakes. Uses a flat baffle operated by a quarter turn handle. The
BAFFLE is in the center of the water ways when the valves open.

BALL VALVE -> use in a pumper discharges and gated wyes. Open when the handle is in the line with the
hose and closed when it is at a right angles the hose.

GATE VALVE -> use to control the flow from hydrant. Have a baffle that is move by a handle and screw
arrangement.

SIAMESS / GATED WYES -> certain situation make a desirable to devide a line of hose into two or more
lines. Various type of wyes connection are used for this purpose. The common wye has a 2 1/2 inch (65mm) inlet
to 1 1/2 inch (38mm) outlets although there are many other combination commonly found.

BREAKING A TIGHT COUPLING

1. STIFF ARM METHOD
2. KNEE PRESS METHOD

HOSE BRIDGE OR RAMP -> use to help prevent injury to those when vehicle cross it.

AUTOMATIC FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM

 An integrated system of underground or overhead piping or both connected to a source of extinguishing
agent or medium and designed in accordance with the fire protection engineering standards which when actuated
by its automatic detecting device, suppresses fire within the area protected.
DETECTOR -> this is the most vital of the fire alarm components.
Several types of detector
1. Smoke detector -> device that detects the visible or invisible particles of combustion. The two types of smoke
detector are ionization and photoelectric.
2. Flame detector -> device that detects infrared, ultraviolet or visible radiation produced by fire.
3. Heat detector -> a device that detects abnormally high temperature or rate temperature rise. Usually installed in
the kitchen, canteen, generator set, room, fleet maintenance and battery room. The three types of heat detector
are the fixed temperature, rate of rise and the combination type.

MANUAL STATION -> Basically an On and Off switch which is located along the hallway which has a mark of
“BREAK GLASS IN CASE OF FIRE” or “PUSH/PULL IN CASE OF FIRE”.

FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL or CONTROL UNIT

-> It is the brain of the system, it provides power to the system and electrically supervises its circuits. Contain the
logic circuit to receives signals from alarm initiating devices and supplementary equipment.

FIRE ALARM SYSTEM -> Any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warm the occupants of the
building.

TYPES OF GROUND LADDERS

1. WALL LADDER -> this type of ladder is best used in rescue where a ladder in place is already falls short of the
endangered person.

2. EXTENSION LADDER -> has a stay poles and is called tormentors. Tormentors support the beams and give extra
stability when raising or lowering the ladder.

3. STRAIGHT LADDER or HOOK LADDER -> is a type of ladder that contains only one section.

4. ATTIC LADDER -> provide means of reaching through an opening into attics, lofts and other area that are
somewhat difficult to reach without special ladder.

5. BANGOR HOOK/STREET -> an extension ladder that are extended to more than 35 feet are called bangor ladder.

6. ARIAL LADDER -> type of ladder that is mounted on a turnable, capable of extending up to 30.5 meters (100
feet) may have three or four metal fly sections of ladder that can raised or lowered by hydraulically controlled
cables.

TYPES OF LADDER CARRIES

 ONE MAN CARRY
 TWO MAN CARRY
 FOUR MAN CARRY
 SIX MAN CARRY

METHODS OF EXTINGUISHMENT
 STARVING -> the supply of fuel is cut off
 QUENCHING/COOLING -> temperature of the substance is lowered below the burning point by
using water or water solution
 BLANKETING/SMOTHERING -> oxygen content of air is reduced below 15% (from normal 21%) in
volume by using chemical, water, fog, sand blankets, etc.
 INHIBITING -> breaking the chemical chain reaction with the use of fire extinguisher.