Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biotehnološki Rečnik Za Hranu
Biotehnološki Rečnik Za Hranu
ISTRAŽIVAČKI
poljoprivredu I
TEHNOLOŠKI
RAD
Obnovljeno i prošireno izdanje rečnika 9
Biotehnologije i genetičkog inženjeringa
Autori
A. Zaid
H. G. Hughes
E. Porceddu
F. Nicholas
Preveli
M. Plavšić, T. Čobić, S. Stojanović
Tehnički seretar
Z. Stojanović
Recenzent
prof. dr Marija Kraljević Balalić
PARTENON • BEOGRAD
III
Primenjene oznake i prikazivanje materijala ove publikacije oslobadja odgovornosti Orga-
nizaciju za hranu i poljoprivredu Ujedinjenih nacija (FAO), u odnosu na zakonski status bilo
koje zemlje, teritorije, grada ili oblasti kada je u pitanju definisanje njihovih granica.
ISBN 86-7157-355-9
Sva autorska prava su zadržana. Umnožavanje i distribucija ove publikacije u cilju obrazovanja
i nekomercijalne upotreba su dozvoljene bez prethodne pismene saglasnosti od vlasnika au-
torskog prava, pod uslovom da je korisnik priznat. Umnožavanje ove publikacije u cilju pre-
prodaje je zabranjeno bez pismene saglasnosti vlasnika autorskog prava. Zahtev za umnožavanje
treba uputiti na sledeću adresu: Chief, Electronic Publishing Policy ann Support Branch, FAO,
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy, ili na e-mail adresu: copyright@fao.org
© FAO 2001
IV
PREDGOVOR
V
UVOD
VI
Rečnik je pripremljen reagujući na ispoljenu potrebu. Mnogi od izraza
navedenih u ovoj knjizi se inače nalaze samo u publikovanim radovima i kn-
jigama. Izrazi koji su uključeni, odabrani su ispitivanjem knjiga, rečnika, ča-
sopisa i sižea, koji su povezani u potpunosti ili delom sa biotehnologijom ili
bliskim oblastima.
Dodavši tome, načinjen je pokušaj da se uključe izrazi iz primenjene
biotehnologije koji su važni za međuvladine aktivnosti FAO-a, a naročito u
oblastima biljnih i životinjskih genetičkih resursa, kvaliteta hrane i zaštite bilja.
VII
ZAHVALNOST
VIII
NAPOMENA ČITAOCIMA
Andrea Sonnino
www.fao.org/biotech/index.asp
IX
X
SADRŽAJ
Predgovor V
Uvod VI
Zahvalnost VII
Napomene čitaocima IX
Skraćenice i simboli X
XI
SKRAĆENICE I SIMBOLI
XII
NAPOMENE O STRUKTURI REČNIKA
Specifični propisi:
FAO. 1983. Resolution 8/83 of the Twenty-second Session of the FAO Con-
ference. Rome, 5-23 November 1983.
FAO. 1999. The Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic
Resources - Executive Brief. (see Glossary, pp.39-42; the Glossary was still
evolving, but the draft definitions are those developed by the Panel of Experts
assisting FAO to detail the Global Strategy.)
XIII
XIV
Biotehnološki rečnik za hranu i
poljoprivredu
XV
A
A Abbreviation for adenine. ACC synthase Abbreviation for 1-ami-
Skraćenica za adenin. nocyclopropane-1-carboxylase. The
Ab Abbreviation for antibody. enzyme catalyses the rate limiting
Skraćenica za antitelo. step in the ethylene biosynthetic pat-
ABC model Widely accepted model of hway, and is particularly significant
flower organ identity that appears ge- in the fruit ripening process. Plants
nerally applicable to distantly related typically carry a number of distinct
dicotyledonous, although less well ACC synthase genes, which are dif-
to monocotyledonous plants. The ferentially regulated in response to a
model incorporates the Arabidopsis variety of developmental, environ-
genes required for flower organ iden- mental and chemical factors.
tity. Skraćenica za l-aminociklopropan-l-
Široko prihvaćen model identiteta orga- karboksilazu. Enzim katalizuje ste-
na cveta koji je izgleda opšte primen- pen ograničavajućeg koraka u bio-
ljiv na udaljeno povezane dikotiledo- sintezi etilena, i posebno je signifi-
ne, iako manje dobro na monokotile- kantan u procesu zrenja ploda. Biljke
done. Model uključuje Arabidop-sis
tipično nose neki broj izrazitih gena
gene, potrebne za identitet cvetnog
ACC sinteze koji su diferencijalno
organa.
abiotic Absence of living organisms. regulisani u regovanju faktora razvi-
Odsustvo živih organizama. ća, sredine i hemije.
abscisic acid A phytohormone impli- acceptor control The regulation of the
cated in the control of many plant re- rate of respiration by the availability
sponses to abiotic stress, such as ex- of ADP as a phosphate acceptor.
tent of stomatal opening under water Podešavanje brzine disanja putem ras-
deficit (i.e. drought) conditions. položivosti ADP-a kao akceptora
Fitohormon koji učestvuje u kontroli fosfata.
mnogih biljnih reagovanja na abio- acceptor junction site The junction bet-
tički stres, kao što je obim otvora sto- ween the 3’ end of an intron and the
ma pri deficitu vode (tj. suši). 5’ end of an exon. See: donor jun-
abzyme See: catalytic antibody. ction site.
Vidi: catalytic antibody. Veza između trećeg kraja introna i petog
acaricide A pesticide used to kill or kraja eksona. Vidi: donor junction site.
control mites or ticks. accessory bud A lateral bud occurring
Pesticid korišćen za suzbijanje pauka ili at the base of a terminal bud or at
krpelja. the side of an axillary bud.
1
acclimatization activated charcoal
2
active transport adenosine monophosphate
hraniva mogu biti adsorbovane na effects, i.e. they show neither domi-
ugalj uključen u medijum. nance nor epistasis.
active transport The movement of a Geni čiji neto efekat predstavlja sumu
molecule or groups of molecules ac- njihovih individualnih alelnih efeka-
ross a cell membrane, which requires ta, t.j. oni ne pokazuju ni dominant-
the expenditure of cellular energy, nost ni epistazu
because the direction of movement is additive genetic variance The net ef-
against the prevailing concentration fect of the expresson of additive ge-
gradient. nes, and thus the chief cause of the
Pokretanje molekula ili grupa molekula resemblance between relatives. It re-
kroz ćelijsku mebranu, koja zahteva presents the main determinant of the
trošenje ćelijske energije, pošto je response of a population to selec-
smer kretanja protiv preovlađujućeg tion. Formally, the variance of bree-
gradienta koncentracije. ding values.
acute transfection Short-term tran- Čist uticaj ispoljavanja aditivnih gena, i
sfection. tako glavni uzročnik sličnosti izme-
Kratkotrajna prenošenja đu srodnika. Predstavlja glavnu de-
acyl carrier protein (Abbreviation: terminantu reagovanja populacije na
ACP). A class of molecules that bind selekciju. Formalno, varijansa ople-
acyl intermediates during the forma- menjivačkih vrednosti.
tion of long-chain fatty acids. ACPs adenine (Abbreviation: A). One the ba-
are important because of their invol- ses found in DNA and RNA. See:
vement in many of the reactions ne- adenosine.
cessary for in vivo fatty acid synthe- Jedna od baza nađenih u DNK i RNK.
sis. Vidi: adenosine.
Klasa molekula koja vezuje acil posred- adenosine The (ribo)nucleoside resul-
nike tokom formiranja masnih kiseli- ting from the combination of the ba-
na dugog lanca. Važni su što je njiho- se adenine (A) and the sugar D-ri-
vo uključenje u mnogim reakcijama bose. The corresponding deoxyribo-
potrebno za sintezu masnih kiselina nucleoside is called deoxyadenosi-
in vivo. ne. See: adenosine triphosphate,
adaptation Adjustment of a population adenylic acid, dATP.
to changes in environment over ge- (Ribo) nukleozid koji nastaje kombina-
nerations, associated (at least in part) cijom baze adenina (A) i šećera D-ri-
with genetic changes resulting from boze. Odgovarajući dezoksiribonu-
selection imposed by the changed kleozid zove se dezoksiadenozin. Vi-
environment. Not acclimatization. di: adenosine triphosphate, adenylic
Prilagođavanje populacije promenama u acid, dATP.
sredini tokom generacija, povezano adenosine diphosphate (adenosine 5’-
(bar delom) sa genetičkim promena- diphosphate) (Abbreviation: ADP).
ma koje nastaju selekcijom nametnu- See: adenosine triphosphate.
tom usled promenjene sredine. Nije Adenozin difosfat (Skraćenica: ADP).
aklimatizacija. Vidi: adenosine triphosphate.
additive genes Genes whose net effect adenosine monophosphate (adenosine
is the sum of their individual allelic 5’-monophosphate) (Abbreviation:
3
adenosine triphosphate adventitious
AMP). See: adenylic acid, adenosi- ških procesa. ATP se regeneriše pu-
ne triphosphate. tem fosforilacije AMP i ADP.
Adenozin monofosfat (Skraćenica: adenovirus One of a group of DNA-
AMP). Vidi: adenilyc acid, adenosine containing viruses found in rodents,
triphosphate. fowl, cattle, monkeys, and man. In
adenosine triphosphate (adenosine 5’- man they are responsible for respira-
triphosphate) (Abbreviation: ATP). tory-tract infections, but they have
A nucleotide of fundamental impor- been exploited as a vector in gene
tance as the major carrier of chemi- therapy, especially for genes targe-
cal energy in all living organisms. It ted at the lungs.
is also required for RNA synthesis Jedan od grupe virusa koji sadrže DNK,
since it is a direct precursor molecu- nadjenih u glodara, kokoši, goveda,
le. ATP consists of adenosine with majmuna i čoveka. U čoveka su od-
three phosphate groups, linked toget- govorni za infekcije disajnog puta,
her linearly. The phosphates are at- ali su korišćeni kao vektor u genskoj
terapiji, naročito za gene usmerene
tached to adenosine through the 5’-
na pluća.
hydroxyl of its ribose (sugar) por-
adenylic acid Synonym for adenosine
tion. Upon hydrolysis, these bonds monophosphate, a (ribo)nucleotide
yield either one molecule of adenosi- containing the nucleoside adenosine.
ne 5’-diphosphate (ADP) and the The corresponding deoxyribonucle-
inorganic phosphate ion, or one mo- otide is called deoxyadenosine 5’-
lecule of adenosine 5’-monophosp- monophosphate or deoxyadenylic
hate (AMP) and pyrophosphate; in acid.
both cases releasing energy that is Sinonim za adenozin monofosfat, (ribo)
used to power biological processes. nukleoid koji sadrži nukleozid ade-
ATP is regenerated by the phosp- nozin. Odgovarajući deoksiribonu-
horylation of AMP and ADP. kleotid zove se deoksiadenozin 5’
Adenozin trifosfat (Skraćenica ATP). monofosfat ili deoksiadenilična kise-
Nukleotid od fundamentalne važno- lina.
sti kao glavni nosilac hemijske ener- adoptive immunization The transfer of
gije kod svih živih organizama. Ta- an immune state from one animal to
kođe je potreban za sintezu RNK, another by means of lymphocyte
pošto je direktan molekul prethod- transfusions.
nik. ATP sadrži adenozin sa tri fos- Prenos imunog stanja od jedne životinje
fatne grupe linearno povezane zajed- na drugu, putem transfuzija limfocita.
no. Fosfati su dodati adenozinu pu- ADP Abbreviation for adenosine dip-
tem 5’ hidroksila svog riboznog (še- hosphate.
ćernog) dela. Posle hidrolize, ove ve- Skraćenica za adenosine diphosphate.
ze daju bilo jedan molekul adenozin adventitious A structure arising at sites
5’difosfata (ADP) i neorganski fos- other than the usual ones, e.g. shoots
fatni jon, ili jedan molekul adenozin from roots or leaves, and embryos
5’ - monofosfata (AMP) i pirofosfa- from any cell other than a zygote.
ta; u oba slučaja otpuštajući energiju Struktura koja se pojavljuje na neuobi-
koja se koristi za pokretanje biolo- čajenim mestima, npr. izdanci iz ko-
4
aerobe agar
rena ili listova, i embrioni od bilo ko- affinity tag An amino acid sequence
je ćelije osim zigota. that has been engineered into a pro-
aerobe A micro-organism that grows tein to make its purification easier.
in the presence of oxygen. Opposite: The tag could be another protein or a
anaerobe. short amino acid sequence, allowing
Mikroorganizam koji raste u prisustvu purification by affinity chromato-
kiseonika. Suprotno: anaerobe. graphy. Synonym: purification tag.
aerobic Active in the presence of free Aminokiselinska sekvenca koja je inže-
oxygen, e.g. aerobic bacteria that can njeringom ubačena u protein, da bi
live in the presence of oxygen. olakšala njegovo prečišćavanje. Do-
Aktivan u prisustvu kiseonika, npr. dat bi mogao biti drugi protein ili
aerobna bakterija koja može da živi u kratka sekvenca aminokiseline, omo-
prisustvu kiseonika. gućavajući prećišćavanje putem afi-
aerobic respiration A type of respira- nitetne hromatografije. Sinonim : pu-
tion in which foodstuffs are comple- rification tag.
tely oxidized to carbon dioxide and aflatoxins A group of toxic compounds,
water, with the release of chemical produced by Aspergillus flavus, that
energy, in a process requiring at- bind to DNA and prevent replica-
mospheric oxygen. tion and transcription. Aflatoxins
Tip disanja, pri kojem su hraniva potpu-
can cause acute liver damage and
no oksidisana u ugljen dioksid i vo-
cancer. A health hazard in certain sto-
du, sa otpuštanjem hemijske energije
red foods or feed.
u procesu koji zahteva atmosferski
kiseonik. Grupa toksičnih jedinjenja, proizvede-
affinity chromatography A method for nih od Aspergillus flavus-a, koja se
purifying specific components in a vezuje za DNK i sprečava replikaciju
solution by exploiting their specific i transkripciju. Aflatoksini mogu iza-
binding to known molecule(s). The zvati akutno oštećenje jetre i rak.
mixed solution is passed through a Zdravstvena opasnost u izvesnim
column containing a solid medium to skladištenim hranivima ili stočnom
which the binding molecule is cova- hranivu.
lently attached. See: immunoaffi- AFLP Abbreviation for amplified frag-
nity chromatography; metal affi- ment length polymorphism.
nity chromatography; pseudo-affi- Skraćenica za amplified fragment length
nity chromatography. polymorphism.
Metod prečišćavanja specifičnih kom- Ag Abbreviation for antigen.
poneneta u rastvoru putem korišće- Skraćenica za antigen.
nja njihovih specifičnih veza za po- agar A polysaccharide gelifying agent
znate molekule. Mešani rastvor se used in nutrient media preparations
propušta kroz stub koji sadrži čvrsti and obtained from Rhodophyta (red
medium, za koji je vezujući molekul algae). Both the type of agar and its
kovalentno dodat. Vidi: immunoaffi- concentration can affect the growth
nity chromatography; metal affinity and appearance of cultured explants.
chromatography; pseudo-affinity Polisaharid, agens za gel korišćen u
chromatography. hranljivim medijima, a dobijen od
5
agarose Agrobacterium tumefaciens
6
Agrobacterium algal biomass
7
alginate allergen
8
allogenic allosteric site
Antigen koji izaziva imuno reagovanje. allosome Synonym for sex chromoso-
allogamy Cross fertilization in plants. me.
See: fertilization. Sinonim za polni hromozom.
Stranooplodnja u biljaka. Vidi: fertiliza- allosteric control See: allosteric regu-
tion. lation.
allogenic Differing at one or more loci, Vidi: allosteric regulation.
although belonging to the same spe- allosteric enzyme An enzyme that has
cies. Thus an organ transplant from two structurally distinct forms, one
one human donor to another is allo- of which is active and the other inac-
geneic, whereas a transplant from a tive. Active forms tend to catalyse
baboon to a human would be xeno- the initial step in a pathway leading
geneic. to the synthesis of molecules. The
Različit na jednom ili više lokusa, iako end product of this synthesis can act
pripadajući istoj vrsti. Tako je jedan as a feedback inhibitor, converting
transplant organa od jednog ljudskog the enzyme to the inactive form, thus
donora na drugi alogeničan, dok bi controlling the amount of product
transplant od babuna na čoveka bio synthesized. Synonym: allozyme.
ksenogeničan. Enzim koji ima dva, strukturno posebna
allometric When the growth rate of oblika, od kojih je jedan aktivan a
one part of an organism differs from drugi neaktivan. Aktivni oblici imaju
tendenciju da katalizuju početni ko-
that of another part or of the rest of
rak u putanji koja vodi sintezi mole-
the body.
kula. Krajnji proizvod ove sinteze
Kada je brzina rasta jednog dela organi-
može delovati kao inhibitor povrat-
zma različit od drugog dela ili ostat-
nog procesa, pretvarajući enzim u
ka tela.
neaktivni oblik, tako suzbijajući ko-
allopatric In the context of natural po- ličinu sintetizovanog proizvoda. Si-
pulations of animals or plants, inha- nonim allozyme.
biting distinct and separate areas. allosteric regulation A catalysis-regu-
U kontekstu prirodnih populacija životi- lating process in which the binding
nja ili biljaka, nastanjivati odredjene of a small effector molecule to one
ili posebne oblasti. site on an enzyme affects the activity
allopatric speciation Speciation occur- at another site.
ring at least in part because of geo- Proces regulisanja katalize, u kojem ve-
graphic isolation. zivanje malog efektor molekula za
Formiranje vrsta, koje nastaje bar deli- jedno mesto na enzimu utiče na ak-
mično zbog geografske udaljenosti. tivnost na drugom mestu.
allopolyploid A polyploid organism allosteric site That part of an enzyme
with sets of chromosomes derived molecule where the non-covalent
from different species. Opposite: binding of an effector molecule can
autopolyploid. affect the enzyme’s catalytic activity.
Poliploidni organizam sa nizovima hro- See: conformation, ligand.
mozoma nastalih od različitih vrsta. Deo enzimskog molekula gde nekova-
Suprotno: autopolyploid. lentno vezivanje efektor molekula
9
allosteric transition amitosis
10
amniocentesis amplification
the nucleus) that occurs without AMP Abbreviation for adenosine mo-
chromosome differentiation as in nophosphate.
mitosis. The mechanism whereby Skraćenica za adenosine monophospha-
the genetic integrity is maintained te.
during amitosis is uncertain. amphidiploid A plant derived from do-
Deoba ćelije (uključujući deobu jedra ubling the chromosome number of
putem skupljanja jedra), što se deša- an interspecific F1 hybrid. Naturally
va bez diferencijacije hromozoma found hybrids of this sort are referred
kao u mitoze. Mehanizam kojim se to as allopolyploid.
genetički integritet održava tokom Biljka dobijena udvostručavanjem broja
amitoze je neizvestan. hromozoma jednog interspecijes F1
amniocentesis A procedure for obtai- hibrida. Hibridi ove vrste se nazivju
ning foetal cells for prenatal diagno- spontani allopoliploidi.
sis by sampling the amniotic fluid amphimixis True sexual reproduction
from a pregnant mammal. Cells are involving the fusion of male and fe-
cultured, and the karyotype is chec- male gametes and the formation of a
ked for known irregularities (e.g. zygote.
Down’s syndrome and spina bifida in Stvarna polna reprodukcija, uključujući
humans). fuziju muških i ženskih gameta i for-
Postupak za dobijanje fetalnih ćelija za miranje zigota.
prenatalnu dijagnozu putem uzorko-
ampicillin A penicillin-type antibiotic
vanja amnionske tečnosti od breme-
that prevents bacterial growth by in-
nite ženke sisara. Ćelije se kultivišu,
terfering with synthesis of the cell
i kariotip se pregleda zbog poznatih
wall. Commonly used as a selectable
nepravilnosti (npr. Down-ov sindrom
i spina bifida u ljudi). marker in the creation of transgenic
amnion The thin membrane that lines plants.
the fluid-filled sac in which the em- Antibiotik tipa penicilina koji sprečava
bryo develops in higher vertebrates, rast posredstvonm bakterija u sintezi
reptiles and birds. ćelijskog zida. Obično korišćen kao
Tanka membrana koja okružuje kesu na- selektivni marker u stvaranju tran-
punjenu tečnošću u kojoj se razvija sgenih biljaka.
embrion u viših kičmenjaka, reptila i amplicon The product of a DNA ampli-
ptica. fication reaction. See: polymerase
amniotic fluid Liquid contents of the chain reaction.
amniotic sac of higher vertebrates, Produkat reakcije amplifikacije DNK.
containing foetal, but not maternal Vidi: polymerase chain reaction.
cells. amplification 1. Creation of many copi-
Tečnost, sadržana u amnionskoj kesi vi- es of a segment of DNA by the
ših kičmenjaka, koja sadrži fetalne, polymerase chain reaction. 2. Tre-
ali ne majčinske ćelije. atment (e.g. use of chloramphenicol)
amorph A mutation that abolishes gene designed to increase the proportion
function. Synonym: null mutation. of plasmid DNA relative to that of
Mutacija koja uklanja funkciju gena. Si- bacterial (host) DNA. 3. Evolutio-
nonim: null mutation. nary expansion in copy number of a
11
amplified anaerobe
12
anaerobic aneuploid
anaerobic An environment or condition anchor gene A gene that has been posi-
in which molecular oxygen is not tioned on both the physical map and
available for chemical, physical or the linkage map of a chromosome,
biological processes. and thereby allows their mutual alig-
Sredina ili stanje u kojem molekularni nment.
kiseonik nije dostupan za hemijske, Gen koji je postavljen, kako u fizičkoj
fizičke ili biološke procese. mapi, tako i linkage mapi hromozo-
anaerobic digestion Digestion of mate- ma, i time omogućava njihovu zajed-
rials in the absence of oxygen. See: ničku postrojenost.
anaerobic respiration. androgen Any hormone that stimulates
Svarljivost materijala u odsustvu azota. the development of male secondary
Vidi: anaerobic respiration. sexual characteristics, and contribu-
anaerobic respiration Respiration in tes to the control of sexual activity in
which foodstuffs are partially oxidi- vertebrate animals. Usually synthesi-
zed, with the release of chemical zed in the testis.
energy, in a process not involving at- Bilo koji hormon koji stimuliše razvoj
mospheric oxygen. A notable exam- muških sekundarnih polnih karekter-
ple is in alcoholic fermentation, whe- stika, i doprinosi kontroli seksualne
re sugar is metabolized into ethanol. aktivnosti u kičmenjaka. Obično se
Disanje pri kojem se hraniva delom ok- sintetizuje u testisu.
siduju otpuštanjem hemijske energi- androgenesis Male parthenogenesis,
je, u procesu koji isključuje atmos- i.e. the development of a haploid em-
ferski kiseonik. Izraziti primer je u bryo from a male nucleus. The ma-
alkoholnoj fermentaciji, gde se šećer ternal nucleus is eliminated or inacti-
metaboliše u etanol. vated subsequent to fertilization of
analogous Features of organisms or mo- the ovum, and the haploid individual
lecules that are superficially or fun- (referred to as androgenetic) contains
ctionally similar but have evolved in in its cells the genome of the male
a different way or contain different gamete only. See: anther culture;
compounds. gynogenesis.
Odlike organizama ili molekula da su Muška partenogeneza, t.j. razviće haplo-
površinski ili funkcionalno slični, ali idnog embriona od muškog nukleu-
su se razvili na različit način, ili sadr- sa. Majčinski nukleus je eliminisan
že različita jedinjenja. ili neaktiviran posle oplodnje jajne
anaphase The stage of mitosis or meio- ćelije, i haploidna individua (označe-
sis during which the daughter chro- na kao androgenetička) sadrži u svo-
mosomes migrate to opposite poles jim ćelijama genom samo muškog
of the cell (toward the ends of the gameta. Vidi: anther culture; gynoge-
spindle). Anaphase follows metap- nesis.
hase and precedes telophase. aneuploid An organism or cell having a
Stanje mitoze ili mejoze tokom kojeg chromosome number other than the
ćerke hromozomi idu ka suprotnim normal somatic number. Aneuploid
polovima ćelije (prema krajevima gametes have a chromosome num-
vretena). Anafaza sledi metafazu a ber other than the normal haploid
prethodi telofazi. number. The condition is aneuploidy.
13
angiogenesis annual
Organizam ili ćelija koja ima hromo- natural product or genetically engi-
zomski broj različit od normalnog so- neered protein. Animal cells have
matskog broja. Aneuploidne gamete the advantage that they already pro-
imaju hromozomski broj različit od duce many proteins of pharmacolo-
normalnog haploidnog broja. Stanje gical interest, and that genetically en-
je aneuploidija. gineered proteins are produced by
angiogenesis The formation and deve- them with the post-translation modi-
lopment of new blood vessels in the fications normal to animals. Howe-
body, stimulated by growth factors, ver, because animal cells are much
such as angiogenin. The process is more fragile than bacterial ones, they
required for the spread of malignant cannot tolerate a commercial fer-
tumours. mentation process.
Formiranje i razviće novih krvnih sudo- Hvatanjem u klopku životinjskih ćelija
va u telu, stimulisano faktorima ra- u nekom čvrstom materijalu, da bi se
sta, kao što je angiogenin. Proces je proizveo neki prirodan produkt ili
potreban za širenje malignih tumora. genetički izgradjen protein. Životinj-
angiogenin One of the human angioge- ske ćelije imaju prednost da one već
nic growth factors. In addition to sti- proizvode mnoge proteine od farma-
mulating (normal) blood vessel for- kološkog interesa, i da su genetički
mation, angiogenin levels are corre- izgradjeni proteini, proizvedeni od
lated with placenta formation and tu- njih sa posleprenosnim modifikacija-
mour growth. ma, normalnim životinjama. Medju-
Jedan od ljudskih angiogeničnih faktora tim, pošto su životinjske ćelije mno-
rasta. Dodavši stimuliranju (normal- go nežnije nego bakterijske, one ne
nog) formiranja krvnog suda, nivoi mogu tolerisati komercijalni procas
angiogena su povezani sa formira- fermentacije.
njem placente i rastom tumora. animal cloning See: cloning.
angiosperm A division of the plant Vidi: cloning.
kingdom that includes all flowering anneal The pairing of complementary
plants, i.e. vascular plants in which DNA or RNA sequences, via hydro-
double fertilization occurs resulting gen bonding, to form a double-stran-
in development of fruit containing ded polynucleotide. Opposite: de-
seeds. Divided into two major gro- nature.
ups, monocotyledons and dicotyle- Sparivanje komplementarnih sekvenci
dons. See: gymnosperm DNK ili RNK, putem vodonikovog
Podela biljnog sveta koji uključuje sve vezivanja, da se formira dvo-lančani
biljke cvetnice tj. vaskularne biljke, polinukleotid. Suprotno: denature.
u kojih se dešava dvostruka oplodnja annual 1. (adj:) Taking one year, or oc-
što dovodi do ploda koji sadrži seme. curring at intervals of one year. 2. A
Podeljena u dve glavne grupe, mono- plant that completes its life cycle
kotile i dikotile. Vidi: gymnosperm. within one year. See biennial, peren-
animal cell immobilization Entrap- nial.
ment of animal cells in some solid 1. (adj:) Godišnji, ili nastao u intervali-
material in order to produce some ma od jedne godine. 2. Biljka koja
14
anonymous antibiotic
završava svoj životni ciklus za godi- anthesis The period during which ant-
nu dana. Vidi:biennial, perennial. hers bear mature and functional pol-
anonymous DNA marker A DNA len.
marker detectable by virtue of vari- Period tokom kojeg prašnici nose zreo i
ation in its sequence. The function (if funkcionalni polen.
any) of the sequence is unknown. anthocyanin A water-soluble blue, pur-
Microsatellites and AFLPs are typi- ple or red flavonoid pigments found
cal anonymous DNA markers. in vacuoles of cells of certain plants.
DNK marker koji se može otkriti putem Vodorastvorljivi plavi, purpurni ili crve-
osobine varijacije u svojoj sekvenci. ni flavonoidni pigmenti, nadjeni u
Funkcija (ako ima) sekvence nije po- vakuolama ćelija nekih biljaka.
znata. Mikrosateliti i AFLP su tipični antiauxin A chemical that interferes
nepoznati markeri DNK. with the auxin response, sometimes
antagonism An interaction between by the prevention of auxin transport.
two organisms (e.g. moulds or bacte- Some antiauxins may promote
ria) in which the growth of one is in- morphogenesis in vitro (e.g. 2,3,5-
hibited by the other. Opposite: tri-iodobenzoate (TIBA) and 2,4,5-
synergism. trichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4,5-T))
Interakcija izmedju dva organizma (na and are therefore used to stimulate
pr. plesni ili bakterije) pri kojoj je the growth of some cultures.
rast jednog inhibiran drugim. Suprot- Hemikalija koja se meša sa reagova-
no: synergism. njem auksina, ponekad putem spre-
antagonist A compound that inhibits čavanja transporta auksina. Neki an-
the effect of an agonist in such a way tiauksini mogu potpomoći morfoge-
that the combined biological effect of nezu in vitro (npr. 2, 3, 5, -tri-jodo-
the two becomes smaller than the benzoat (TIBA) i 2, 4, 5-trihlorofe-
sum of their individual effects. noksiacetat (2, ,4, 5-T), i zbog toga
Jedinjenje koje inhibira efekt nekog se koriste da stimulišu rast nekih kul-
agonista na takav način, da kombino- tura.
vani biološki efekt ova dva postaje antibiosis The prevention of growth or
manji nego suma njihovih individu- development of an organism by a
alnih efekata. substance or another organism.
anther The upper part of a stamen, con- Sprečavanje rasta ili razvića nekog orga-
taining pollen sacs within which the nizma putem neke supstance ili dru-
pollen develops and matures. gog organizma.
Gornji deo prašnika, koji sadrži poleno- antibiotic A class of natural and synthe-
ve kesice u kojima se polen razvija i tic compounds that inhibit the
sazreva. growth of, or kill some micro-orga-
anther culture The aseptic culture of nisms. Antibiotics are widely used
immature anthers to generate ha- medicinally to control bacterial pat-
ploid plants from microspores via hogens, but resistance in bacteria to
androgenesis. particular antibiotics is often rapidly
Aseptična kultura nezrelih prašnika, da acquired through mutation.
bi se putem androgeneze stvorile ha- Grupa prirodnih ili sintetičkih jedinjenja
ploidne biljke od mikrospora. koja inhibira rast, ili ubija neke mi-
15
antibiotic resistance antibody structure
16
antibody antigenic determinant
binding sites. Each chain consists of Triplet tRNK nukleotida koji je komple-
a constant region which is the same mentaran sa komplementarnim ko-
between antibodies of the same class donom u molekulu mRNK tokom
and sub-class, and a variable region translacije.
that is antibody-specific. antigen (Abbreviation: Ag). A macro-
Opisuje molekularnu arhitekturu nekog molecule (usually a protein foreign
antitela, koja se sastoji od dva iden- to the organism), which elicits an im-
tična „laka“ lanca, i dva identična mune response on first exposure to
„teška“ lanca, a ima dva mesta koja the immune system by stimulating
se vezuju za antigen. Svaki lanac sa- the production of antibodies specific
stoji se od stalnog regiona koji je isti to its various antigenic determi-
izmedju antitela iste klase i podklase, nants. During subsequent exposures,
i različitog regiona, koji je antitelo- the antigen is bound and inactivated
specifičan. by these antibodies. Synonym: im-
antibody-mediated immune response munogen.
The synthesis of antibodies by B (Skraćenica:Ag) Makromolekul (obično
cells in response to an encounter of protein stran za organizam) koji ot-
the cells of the immune system with kriva imunoreakciju pri prvom izla-
a foreign antigen. Synonym: humo- ganju imunom sistemu putem stimu-
ral immune response. lacije proizvodnje antitela specifično
Sinteza antitela pomoću B ćelija, u od-
njihovim različitim antigenim deter-
govoru na susret ćelija imunog siste-
minantama. Tokom sledećih izlaga-
ma sa stranim antigenom. Sinonim:
nja, antigen je vezan i neaktiviran
humoral immune response.
tim antitelima. Sinonim: immuno-
anticlinal The orientation of cell wall or
plane of cell division perpendicular gen.
to the surface. Opposite: periclinal. antigenic determinant The individual
Orijentacija ćelijskog zida ili ravni deo- surface feature of an antigen, that
be ćelije, uspravna na površinu. Su- elicits the production of a specific
protno: periclinal. antibody in the course of the immu-
anticoding strand The DNA strand ne response. Each antigenic determi-
used as template for transcription. nant, typically a few amino acids in
The resulting mRNA is complemen- size, causes the synthesis of a diffe-
tary in sequence to that of the antico- rent antibody and thus exposure to a
ding strand. Synonym: template single antigen may result in the ex-
strand. pression of a number of antibodies.
Lanac DNK, korišćen kao model za See: monoclonal antibody, polyclo-
transkripciju. Nastala mRNK je nal antibody. Synonym: epitope.
komplementarna u sekvenci sa onom Individualna površinska karakteristika
u antikodnom lancu. Sinonim: tem- nekog antigena, koja otkriva proiz-
plate strand. vodnju specifičnog antitela u toku
anticodon A triplet of tRNA nucleoti- imunoreakcije. Svaka antigenska de-
des that corresponds to a comple- terminanta, sa malim brojem amino
mentary codon in an mRNA mole- kiselina, uzrokuje sintezu različitih
cule during translation. antitela, i to izlaganje jednom antige-
17
antigenic switching antiparallel orientation
nu može dovesti do ispoljavanja jed- nom mestu antitela, koje stvara taj
nog broja antitela. Vidi: monoclonal organizam protiv stranog antigena.
antibody, polyclonal antibody. Sino- Uključeno u regulisanju imunoreak-
nim: epitope. cije. Neka alergijska reagovanja su
antigenic switching The altering of a delom usled prekida ove vrste regu-
micro-organism’s surface antigens lacije.
through genetic re-arrangement, to antimicrobial agent Any chemical or
elude detection by the host’s immune biological agent that inhibits the
system. growth and/or survival of micro-or-
Promena antigena površine mikroorga- ganisms. See: antibiotic.
nizma putem genetičkog ponovnog Bilo koji hemijski ili biološki agens koji
aranžmana, da se izbegne otkrivanje inhibira rast i/ili preživljavanje mi-
putem imunog sistema domaćina. kroorganizama.Vidi: antibiotic.
antihaemophilic factor VIII See: anti- antinutrient Compounds that inhibit
haemophilic globulin. the normal uptake or utilization of
Vidi: antihaemophilic globulin. nutrients.
antihaemophilic globulin (Abbrevia- Jedinjenja koja inhibiraju usvajanje ili
tion AHG). One of the blood clotting iskorišćavanje hranljivih materija.
factors, a soluble protein that causes anti-oncogene A gene whose product
prevents the normal growth of tissue.
the fibrin matrix of a blood clot to
Gen čiji produkt sprečava normalan rast
form. Used as a treatment for hae-
tkiva.
mophilia, AHG is usually obtained
antioxidant Compounds that slow the
from genetically engineered cell cul- rate of oxidation reactions.
tures. Synonym: antihaemophilic fac- Jedinjenja koja usporavaju stepen oksi-
tor VIII. dacionih reakcija.
(Skraćenica: AHG) Jedan od faktora antiparallel orientation The normal ar-
zgrušavanja krvi, rastvorljivi protein rangement of the two strands of a do-
koji izaziva formiranje matrica krv- uble-stranded DNA molecule, and
nog ugruška. Korišćen kao način le- of other nucleic-acid duplexes
čenja hemofilije, AHG se obično do- (DNA-RNA, RNA-RNA), in which
bija iz genetički proizvedenih ćelij- the two strands are oriented in oppo-
skih kultura. Sinonim: antihemofilič- site directions so that the 5’-phosp-
ki faktor VIII. hate end of one strand is aligned with
anti-idiotype antibody An antibody, the 3’-hydroxyl end of the comple-
produced by an organism, which spe- mentary strand.
cifically binds to the binding site of Pravilan raspored dva lanca, dvostrukih
an antibody developed by that orga- upletenih DNK molekula, i drugih
nism against a foreign antigen. In- nukleinsko-kiselinskih dupleksa
volved with the regulation of the im- (DNK-RNK, RNK-RNK), u kojih su
mune response. Some allergic re- dva lanca orijentisana u suprotnim
sponses are in part due to the break- pravcima, tako da je 5’ fosfatni kraj
down of this sort of regulation. jednog lanca doveden u pravu liniju
Antitelo, koje proizvodi neki organizam sa 3’ hidroksilnim krajem dopunskog
koje se specifično vezuje na veziv- lanca.
18
antisense antitranspirant
antisense DNA One of the two strands or an RNA sequence that is comple-
of double-stranded DNA, usually mentary to a specific mRNA.
that which is complementary (hence In vivo lečenje genetičke bolesti putem
„anti“) to the mRNA, i.e. the non- blokiranja translacije proteina sa se-
transcribed strand. However, there is kvencom DNK ili RNK, koja je
not universal agreement on this con- komplementarna specifičnoj mRNK.
vention, and the preferred designati- antiseptic Any substance that kills or
ons are coding strand for the strand inhibits the growth of disease-cau-
whose sequence matches that of the sing micro-organism (a micro-orga-
mRNA, and non-coding strand or nism capable of causing sepsis), but
template strand for the complemen- is essentially non-toxic to cells of the
tary strand (i.e. the transcription tem- body.
plate). Bilo koja supstanca koja ubija ili inhibi-
Jedan od dva dvostruka lanca DNK, ra rast mikroorganizama izazivača
obično onaj koji je dopunski (dakle bolesti (mikroorganizma u stanju da
„anti“) prema mRNK, tj. ne-transkri- izazove sepsu), ali je netoksična za
bovanom lancu. Medjutim, nema op- telesne ćelije.
šte saglasnosti o tom sporazumu, i antiserum The fluid portion of the
prihvaćene oznake su kodirajući la- blood of an immunized animal (after
nac za lanac čija sekvenca odgovara coagulation of the blood), which re-
onoj od mRNK, i nekodirajući lanac tains any antibodies.
ili model lanac za dopunski lanac (tj. Tečni deo krvi neke imunizovane životi-
transkipcioni model). nje (posle koagulacije krvi), koji za-
antisense gene A gene that produces an država bilo koja antitela.
mRNA complementary to the tran- anti-terminator A protein which ena-
script of a normal gene (usually con- bles RNA polymerase to ignore cer-
structed by inverting the coding re- tain transcriptional stop or termina-
gion relative to the promoter). tion signals and thereby produce
Gen koji proizvodi mRNK, koji je kom- longer than normal transcripts.
plementaran transkriptu normalnog Protein koji omogućava RNK polimera-
gena (nastao obrtanjem regiona kodi- zi da ignoriše neki transkripcioni za-
ranja u odnosu na promoter). stoj ili završne signale, i time proiz-
antisense RNA An RNA sequence that vodi transkripte duže od normalnih.
is complementary to all or part of a antitranspirant A compound designed
functional mRNA molecule, to to reduce plant transpiration. Applied
which it binds, blocking its transla- to the leaves of newly transplanted
tion. trees, shrubs etc., or cuttings in lieu
RNK sekvenca koja je komplementarna of misting. Can interfere with pho-
celoj ili delu funkcionalne mRNK tosynthesis and respiration if the co-
molekule, za koju se vezuje, blokira- ating is too thick or is unbroken.
jući translaciju. Jedinjenje koje smanjuje transpiraciju
antisense therapy The in vivo treatment biljke. Primenjeno na listovima novo
of a genetic disease by blocking presadjenih drveća, žbunja itd., ili na
translation of a protein with a DNA mestu sečenja. Može se ometati foto-
19
antixenosis apoptosis
sintezom i respiracijom, ako je sloj corpus, where the cells divide in all
suviše debeo ili neisprekidan. directions, and increase in volume.
antixenosis The modification of the be- Region vrha svakog izdanka i korena
haviour of an organism by a substan- biljke, u kojem se deoba ćelija stalno
ce or another organism. Particularly odvija, da proizveda novo tkivo sta-
used in the context of a plant’s appa- bla, odnosno korena. Dva regiona su
rent resistance against insect feeding, vidljiva u vršnom meristemu. Na
when the insects are presented with a spoljnom 1–4 položenom regionu (tu-
choice of plant genotypes. nica) , gde su deljenja ćelija sa suprot-
Promena ponašanja nekog organizma nim nagibom; i ispod tunike, (ii) cor-
pod uticajem drugog organizma. Po- pusa, gde se ćelije dele u svim pravci-
sebno očigledno u kontekstu biljne ma, i zapreminski se povećavaju.
otpornosti različitih genotipova bilja- apoenzyme Inactive enzyme that has to
ka u ishrani fitofagnih insekata. be associated with a co-enzyme in
apex The portion of a root or shoot con- order to function. The apo-
taining the primary or apical meri- enzyme/co-enzyme complex is cal-
stem. led a holoenzyme.
Deo korena ili izdanka koji sadrži pri- Neaktivni enzim, koji treba da bude po-
marni ili vršni meristem. vezan sa koenzimom da bi funkcio-
apical cell A meristematic initial in the nisao. Kompleks apoenzim/koenzim
apical meristem of shoots or roots of naziva se holoenzim.
plants. apomixis The production of an embryo
Meristemski začetak na vršnom delu iz- in the absence of meiosis. Apomictic
danaka ili korena biljaka. higher plants produce asexual seeds,
apical dominance The phenomenon derived only from maternal tissue.
where growth of lateral (axillary) See: parthenogenesis.
buds in a plant is inhibited by the Proizvodnja embriona u odsustvu mejo-
presence of the terminal (apical) bud ze. Apomiktične više biljke stvaraju
on the branch. Explained by the ex- seme bez oplodnje, koje je poreklom
port of auxins from the apical bud. samo od majčinskog tkiva. Vidi: par-
Fenomen gde je rast lateralnih (pazu- tenogenesis.
šnih) pupoljaka inhibiran prisustvom apoptosis The process of programmed
terminalnog (vršnog) pupoljka na cell death, which occurs naturally as
grani. Objašnjen ispuštanjem auksi- a part of normal development, main-
na iz vršnog pupoljka. tenance and renewal of tissue. Dif-
apical meristem A region of the tip of fers from necrosis, in which cell de-
each shoot and root of a plant in ath is caused by external factors
which cell division is continually oc- (stress or toxin).
curring to produce new stem and root Proces programirane smrti ćelije, koji se
tissue, respectively. Two regions are prirodno dešava kao deo normalnog
visible in the apical meristem: An razvića, održavanja i obnove tkiva.
outer 1-4-cell layered region (the tu- Razlikuje se od nekroze, kod koje je
nica), where cell divisions are antic- smrt ćelije izazvana spoljnim faktori-
linal; and below the tunica, (ii) the ma (stresom ili toksinom).
20
AP-PCR artificial inembryonation
21
artificial insemination asexual reproduction
22
A-site attenuation
rent sexes or mating types. It occurs ili hemijskim trentmanom, ili se mo-
mainly in lower animals, micro-orga- že desiti spontano.
nisms and plants. In plants, asexual asynapsis The failure or partial failure
reproduction is by vegetative propa- in the pairing of homologous chro-
gation (e.g. bulbs, tubers, corms) and mosomes during the first meiotic
by formation of spores. prophase.
Reprodukcija koja ne uključuje formira- Odsustvo ili delimično odsustvo parenja
nje i sjedinjavanje gameta različitih homolognih hromozoma tokom prve
polova ili tipova parenja. Dešava se mejotičke profaze.
uglavnom u nižih životinja, mikroor- ATP Abbreviation for adenosine trip-
ganizama i biljaka. U biljkama, asek- hosphate.
sualna reprodukcija se odvija putem Skraćenica za adenosine triphosphate.
vegetativne propagacije (na pr. luko- ATP-ase An enzyme that brings about
vice, krtole, izdanci) i formiranjem the hydrolysis of adenosine trip-
spora. hosphate, by the cleavage of either
A-site Abbreviation for aminoacyl site. one phosphate groups with the for-
Skraćenica za aminoacyl site. mation of ADP and inorganic phosp-
assay 1. To test or evaluate. 2. The pro- hate, or of two phosphate groups,
cedure for measuring the quantity of with the formation of AMP and
a given substance in a sample (che- pyrophosphate.
mically or by other means). Enzim koji dovodi do hidrolize adeno-
1. Testirati ili oceniti. 2. Postupak mere- zin trifosfata, putem hidrolize, bilo
nja količine date supstance u uzorku jedne fosfatne grupe sa formiranjem
(hemijski ili drugim sredstvima). ADP i neorganskog fosfata, ili dve
assortative mating Mating in which the fosfatne grupe, sa formiranjem AMP
partners are chosen on the basis of i pirofosfata.
phenotypic similarity. attenuated vaccine A virulent organism
Parenje, pri kojem se partneri biraju na that has been modified to produce a
bazi fenotipske sličnosti. less virulent form, but nevertheless
assortment See: segregation. retains the ability to elicit antibodies
Vidi: segregation. against the virulent form. See: inacti-
asymmetric hybrid A hybrid formed, vated agent.
usually via protoplast fusion, bet- Virulentan organizam koji je modifiko-
ween two donors, where the chro- van da proizvede manje virulentni
mosome complement of one of the oblik, ali zadržava sposobnost da iz-
donors is incomplete. This chromo- mami antitela protiv virulentnog ob-
some loss can be induced by irradia- lika. Vidi: inactivating agent.
tion or chemical treatment, or can attenuation A mechanism for control-
occur naturally. ling gene expression in prokaryotes
Hibrid, obično nastao fuzijom protopla- that involves premature termination
sta, izmedju dva donora, gde je hro- of transcription.
mozomska dopuna jednog od donora Mehanizam za kontrolu ekspresije gena
nekomplentna. Taj gubitak hromozo- u prokariotima, što izaziva prerani
ma može se izazvati putem zračenja prestanak transkripcije.
23
attenuator autonomous
24
autonomous(ly) autotrophic
own, i.e. without the help of another njene plodnosti, tako da neke stvore-
unit, such as a transposable element ne autotetraploidne vrste koje se pol-
that encodes an enzyme for its own no razmnožavaju imaju ograničeno
transposition. formiranje kvadrivalenata.
Izraz, primenjen na bilo koju biološku autoradiograph A technique for visua-
jedinicu koja može da funkcioniše lizing the presence, location and in-
autonomno, tj. bez pomoći druge je- tensity of radioactivity in histologi-
dinke, kao element koji prenosi en- cal preparations, paper chromato-
zim za sopstveno premeštanje. grams or electrophoretic gel separati-
autonomous(ly) replicating segment ons, obtained by overlaying the sur-
(or sequence) (Abbreviation: ARS). face with X-ray film and allowing
Any eukaryotic DNA sequence that the radiation to form an image on the
initiates and supports chromosomal film.
replication; they have been isolated Tehnika za ocenu prisustva, lokacije, i
in yeast cells. inteziteta radioaktivnosti u histolo-
(Skraćenica: ARS) Bilo koja DNK se- škim preparatima, papirnim hroma-
kvenca eukariota koja započinje i togramima ili razdvajanja gel elek-
podstiče replikaciju hromozoma; troforezom, dobijenim prevlačenjem
izolovane su iz ćelija kvasca. površine sa filmom X-zraka i omo-
autopolyploid A polyploid whose con- gućavanjem da formira sliku na fil-
stituent genomes are derived from mu zračenjem.
the same or nearly the same progeni- autosome Any of the chromosomes ex-
tor. In an autotetraploid, each chro- cept the sex chromosomes.
mosome is present in four copies, so Bilo koji od hromozoma izuzev polnih
meiotic configurations may include hromozoma.
many (or exclusively) quadrivalents autotroph Organism capable of self-no-
(four paired chromosomes), and the urishment utilizing carbon dioxide or
inheritance of alleles will be qua- carbonates as the sole source of car-
druplex. Quadrivalents do not al- bon and obtaining energy from radi-
ways segregate normaly at meiosis, ant energy or from the oxidation of
resulting in lowered fertility, so some inorganic elements, or compounds
established autotetraploid species such as iron, sulphur, hydrogen, am-
that reproduce sexually have restric- monium and nitrites. Opposite: hete-
ted quadrivalent formation. rotroph.
Poliploid čiji su genomi nastali iz istog Organizam, sposoban za samoishranu,
ili skoro istog predaka. U autotetra- koristeći ugljen-dioksid ili karbonate
ploidu, svaki hromozom je prisutan u kao jedini izvor ugljenika i dobijaju-
četiri kopije, tako da mejotičke kon- ći energiju iz energije zračenja, ili od
figuracije mogu da uključe mnoge oksidacije neorganskih elemenata, ili
(ili isključivo) kvadrivalente (četiri jedinjenja, kao što su gvoždje, sum-
naparena hromozoma), a nasledjiva- por, vodonik, amonijak i nitrit. Su-
nje alela će biti kvadrupleks. Kvadri- protno: heterotroph.
valenti se ne razdvajaju uvek nor- autotrophic (adj.) See: autotroph.
malno pri mejozi, dovodeći do sma- Vidi: autotroph.
25
auxin axenic culture
26
axillary bud axillary bud proliferation
27
B
lymphocytes that mature in bone mar- B lymphocyte See: B cell.
row (in mammals) and the Bursa of Vidi:B cell.
Fabricius (in birds) and produce an- BABS Abbreviation for biosynthetic
tibodies. Largely responsible for the antibody binding sites.
antibody-mediated or humoral im- Skraćenica za biosynthetic antibody
mune response, giving rise to the an- binding sites.
tibody-producing plasma cells and BAC Abbreviation for bacterial artifi-
some other cells of the immune cial chromosome.
system. Synonym: B lymphocyte. Skraćenica za bacterial artificial chro-
Važna klasa limfocita, koja sazreva u mosome
koštanoj srži (u sisara) i Bursa Fa- bacillus A rod-shaped bacterium.
bricius-u (u ptica), i proizvodi antite- Štapićasta bakterija.
la. Uveliko odgovorna za reagova- Bacillus thuringiensis (Abbreviation:
nja, posredstvom antitela, ili humo- Bt). A bacterium that produces a to-
ralno imunoreagovanje, delujući na xin against certain insects, particu-
povećanje broja plazma ćelija koje
larly Coloeoptera and Lepidoptera; a
proizvode antitela, i nekih drugih će-
major means of insecticide for orga-
lija imunog sistema. Sinonim: B
lymphocyte. nic farming. Some of the toxin genes
B chromosome A supernumerary chro- are important for transgenic appro-
mosome present in some individuals aches to crop protection.
(both plant and animal). They are (Skraćenica Bt) Bakterija koja proizvodi
smaller than the normal chromoso- toksin protiv nekih insekata, posebno
mes, behave abnormally in both mi- Coleoptera i Lepidoptera; glavno
tosis and meiosis, can vary in num- sredstvo insekticida za organsku po-
ber between somatic cells and are not ljoprivredu. Neki od gena koji izazi-
thought to have any significant gene vaju toksičnost su važni za transgene
content. pristupe u zaštiti useva.
Prekobrojni hromozom, prisutan u ne- back mutation A second mutation at
kim individuama (kako biljkama ta- the same site in a gene as the original
ko i životinjama). Manji su od nor- mutation. The second mutation resto-
malnih hromozoma, ponašaju se ab- res the wild-type protein sequence.
normalno u mitozi i mejozi, njihov Sekundarna mutacija na istom mestu u
broj varira izmedju somatskih ćelija, genu kao originalna mutacija. Se-
i ne smatraju se da imaju bilo koji kundarna mutacija obnavlja protein-
signifikantan sadržaj gena. sku sekvencu divljeg tipa.
28
backcross baculovirus
29
baculovirus expression vector basal
30
base bench-scale process
31
beta-DNA binding
32
bio- bioavailability
33
biocatalysis biodiversity
34
bio-energetics bioleaching
35
biolistics biological oxygen demand
pre nego hemijskog ili fizičkog tret- tory. For higher organisms (plants
mana. Na primer, Thiobacillus ferro- and animals), it is more possible to
xidans je korišćen za ekstrakciju zla- ensure that the outside environment
ta iz teško topivih ruda.Vidi: bioreco- is unsuited to growth, spread and re-
very. production.
biolistics A technique to generate tran- Ograničavanje kretanja organizama iz
sgenic cells, in which DNA-coated laboratorije. Može imati dva oblika:
small metal particles (tungsten or čineći organizam nesposobnim da
gold) are propelled by various means preživi u spoljnoj sredini, ili čineći
fast enough to puncture target cells. spoljnu sredinu negostoprimljivom
Provided that the cell is not irretrie- za organizam. Za mikroorganizme,
vably damaged, the DNA is frequ- povoljan pristup je stvarati organi-
ently taken up by the cell. The tec- zme da zahtevaju obezbedjenje spe-
hnique has been successfully used to cifične hranljive materije, koja je
transform animal, plant and fungal obično na raspolaganju samo u labo-
cells, and even mitochondria inside ratoriji. Za više organizme (biljke i
cells. Synonym: microprojectile životinje) je uglavnom moguće da se
bombardment. obezbedi da spoljna sredina nije po-
Tehnika za stvaranje transgenih ćelija, u godna za rast, širenje i reprodukciju.
kojima se mali metalni delići pokri- biological control See: biocontrol.
veni sa DNK ( tungsten ili zlato ) tre- Vidi: biocontrol.
tiraju različitim sredstvima dovoljno biological diversity See: biodiversity.
brzo da probiju odabrane ćelije. Vidi: biodiversity.
Obezbedjujući da ćelija nije nepo- biological oxygen demand (Abbrevia-
vratno oštećena, DNK je često usvo- tion: BOD). The dissolved oxygen
jena od strane ćelije. Tehnika je required for the respiration of a po-
uspešno korišćena za transformaciju pulation of aerobic organisms pre-
životinjskih, biljnih i gljivičnih ćeli- sent in water. Expressed in terms of
ja, i čak mitohondrija unutar ćelija. the oxygen consumed in water at a
Sinonim: microprojectile bombard- temperature of 20°C per unit time.
ment. The BOD is used as an indication of
biological ageing See: senescence. the degree to which the sample of
Vidi: senescence. water is polluted, particularly by
biological containment Restricting the inorganic nutrients for plants.
movement of organisms from the la- (Skraćenica: BOD) Rastvoren kiseonik,
boratory. Can take two forms: ma- potreban za disanje populacije aerob-
king the organism unable to survive nih organizama prisutnih u vodi. Iz-
in the outside environment, or ma- ražen kiseonikom konzumiranim u
king the outside environment inho- vodi, na temperaturi od 20%C po je-
spitable to the organism. For micro- dinici vremena. BOD se koristi kao
organisms, the favoured approach is indikacija stepena do kojeg je uzorak
to engineer organisms to require a vode zagadjen, posebno neorgan-
supply of a specific nutrient that is skim hranljivim materijama za bilj-
usually available only in the labora- ke.
36
biologics biopesticide
biologics Agents, such as vaccines, that ding over a large geographical area
give immunity to diseases or harmful and characterized by a dominant type
biotic stresses. of vegetation.
Sredstva, kao što su vakcine, koje daju Glavna ekološka zajednica ili kompleks
imunitet na bolesti, ili štetne biotičke zajednica, pružajući se u velikoj geo-
stresove. grafskoj oblasti, koja se karakteriše
bioluminescence The enzyme-catalyzed dominantnim tipom vegetacije.
production of light by a number of di- biometry The application of statistical
verse organisms (e.g. fireflies and methods to the analysis of continuo-
many deep ocean marine organisms). us variation in biological systems.
Utilized as a reporter gene in plant Synonym: biometrics.
transgenesis, and for the detection of Primena statističkih metoda za analizu
food-borne pathogenic bacteria. stalne varijacije u biološkim sistemi-
Enzimski-katalizovana proizvodnja sve- ma. Sinonim: biometrika.
tlosti od jednog broja različitih orga- biomimetic materials Employed to de-
nizama (na pr. svitci i mnogi morski scribe synthetic analogues of natural
organizmi iz dubine okeana). Kori- materials with advantageous proper-
šćeni kao reporter gen u transgenezi ties. For instance, some synthetic
biljaka, i za otkrivanje patogenih molecules act chemically like natural
bakterija poreklom iz hrane. proteins, but are not as easily degra-
biomagnification See: bio-accumula- ded by the digestive system. Other
tion. systems such as reverse micelles
Vidi: bio-accumulation.
and/or liposomes exhibit certain pro-
biomass 1. The cell mass produced by a
perties that mimic certain aspects of
population of living organisms. 2.
living systems.
The organic matter that can be used
either as a source of energy or for its Upotrebljen da opiše sintetičke analoge
chemical components. 3. All the or- prirodnih materijala, sa poboljšanim
ganic matter that derives from the svojstvima. Na primer, neki sintetič-
photosynthetic conversion of solar ki molekuli hemijski deluju kao pri-
energy. rodni proteini, ali nisu lako razgradi-
1. Ćelijska masa, koju proizvodi popula- vi od strane digestivnog sistema.
cija živih organizama. 2. Organska Drugi sistemi, kao što su obrnute mi-
materija koja se može koristiti, bilo cele i/ili lipozomi, ispoljavaju izve-
kao izvor energije, ili za njene hemij- sne osobine koje pokreću neke
ske komponente. 3. Sva organska aspekte živih sistema.
materija koja postaje od fotosintetič- biopesticide A compound that kills or-
ke konverzije solarne energije. ganisms by virtue of specific biologi-
biomass concentration The amount of cal effects rather than as a broader
biological material in a specific volu- chemical poison. Differ from bio-
me. control agents in being passive
Količina biološkog materijala u speci- agents, whereas biocontrol agents ac-
fičnoj zapremini. tively seek the pest. The rationale be-
biome A major ecological community hind replacing conventional pestici-
or complex of communities, exten- des with biopesticides is that the lat-
37
biopharming biosafety
ter are more likely to be selective and bioprocess Any process that uses com-
biodegradable. plete living cells or their components
Jedinjenje koje ubija organizme dej- (e.g. enzymes, chloroplasts) to ef-
stvom specifičnih bioloških efekata, fect desired physical or chemical
pre nego kao širi hemijski otrov. changes.
Razlikuje se od biokontrolnih agena- Bilo koji proces koji koristi žive ćelije
sa, budući da su pasivna sredstva, ili njihove komponente (na pr. enzi-
pošto biokontrolni agensi aktivno me, hloroplaste), da ostvari poželjne
pronalaze štetočinu. Razložna po- fizičke ili hemijske promene.
stavka iza zamene konvencionalnih bioreactor A tank in which cells, cell
pesticida biopesticidima je, da su ovi extracts or enzymes carry out a bio-
verovatno selektivni i biorazgradivi. logical reaction. Often refers to a fer-
biopharming The use of genetically mentation vessel for cells or micro-
transformed crop plants and live- organisms.
stock animals to produce valuable Tank u kojem ćelije, ćelijski ekstrakti, ili
compounds, especially pharmaceuti- enzimi izvode biološku reakciju. Če-
cals. Synonym: molecular pharming. sto se odnosi na fermentacionu posu-
Korišćenje genetički transformisanih du za ćelije ili mikroorganizme.
useva i domaćih životinja za proiz- biorecovery The use of micro-orga-
vodnju značajnih jedinjenja, naročito nisms for the recovery of valuable
farmaceutskih.Sinonim: molecular materials (metals or particular orga-
farming nic compounds) from complex mix-
biopiracy The patenting of genetic tures. See: biodesulphurization, bi-
stocks, and the subsequent privatiza- oleaching.
tion of genetic resources collections. Korišćenje mikroorganizama za obna-
The term implies a lack of consent on vljanje vrednih materijala (metala ili
the part of the originator. pojedinih organskih jedinjenja) iz
Patentiranje genetičkih rodova, i potonja kompleksnih smeša. Vidi: biodesulp-
privatizacija kolekcija genetičkih re- hurization, bioleaching.
sursa. Izraz znači nedostatak sagla- bioremediation A process that uses li-
snosti od strane autora. ving organisms to remove contami-
biopolymer Any large polymer (pro- nants, pollutants or unwanted sub-
tein, nucleic acid, polysaccharide) stances from soil or water. See: re-
produced by a living organism. In- mediation, bio-accumulation, bio-
cludes some materials (such as augmentation.
polyhydroxybutyrate) suitable for Postupak koji koristi žive organizme da
use as plastics. Synonym: biological odstrani zagadjivače, polutante ili
polymer. neželjene supstance iz zemljišta ili
Bilo koji veliki polimer (protein, nuklein- vode. Vidi: remediation, bio-accu-
ska kiselina, polisaharid), koju proiz- mulation, bio-augmentation.
vedi živi organizam. Uključuje neke biosafety Referring to the avoidance of
materijale (kao što je polihidroksibu- risk to human health and safety, and
tirat), pogodne za korišćenje kao pla- to the conservation of the environ-
stike. Sinonim:biological polymer. ment, as a result of the use for rese-
38
biosafety protocol biotechnology
39
biotic factor biotransformation
40
bivalent blot
41
blunt end bovine spongiform enecelophalopathy
42
bp broad-sense heritability
43
broodstock budding
which results from genetic variation putem vazduha koji se uzdiže, a koji
or interaction between the genotype je uveden u osnovu posude.
and the environment. bud A region of meristematic tissue
Proporcija ukupne fenotipske varijacije, with the potential for developing into
koja nastaje od genetičke varijacije, leaves, shoots, flowers or combinati-
ili interakcije izmedju genotipa i ons of these; generally protected by
spoljne sredine. modified scale leaves.
broodstock The group of males and fe- Region meristemskog tkiva, sa moguć-
males from which fish are bred. nošću za razviće u lišće, izdanke,
Grupa mužjaka i ženki koji se koriste za cvetove, ili kombinaciju istih; uopšte
gajenje riba. zaštićen modifikovanim zaštitnim li-
browning Discolouration of freshly cut stovima.
surfaces of plant tissue due to pheno- bud sport A somatic mutation arising
lic oxidation. In plant tissue culture, in a bud, generating a genetically dif-
it may indicate a nutritional or patho- ferent shoot. Includes changes due to
genic problem, generally leading to gene mutation, chromosomal muta-
necrosis. tion or polyploidy.
Gubljenje boje sveže presečenih površi- Somatska mutacija koja se pojavljuje u
na biljnog tkiva usled oksidacije fe- pupoljku, dajući genetički različit iz-
nola. U kulturi biljnog tkiva, to može danak. Uključuje promene usled mu-
ukazati na ishrambeni ili patogeni tacije gena, hromozomske mutacije
problem, koji dovodi do nekroze. ili poliploidije.
BSA Abbreviation for bovine serum al- budding 1. A method of asexual repro-
bumin. duction in which a new individual is
Skraćenica za bovine serum albumin. derived from an outgrowth (bud) that
BSE Abbreviation for bovine spongi- becomes detached from the body of
form encephalopathy. See proteina- the parent. 2. Among fungi, budding
ceous infectious particle. is characteristic of the brewers yeast
Skraćenica za bovine spongiformnu en- Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 3. A form
cephalopathy. Vidi: proteinaceosus of graft in which a single vegetative
infection particle. bud is taken from one plant and in-
BST Abbreviation for bovine somato- serted into stem tissue of another
trophin. plant so that the two will grow toget-
Skraćenica za bovine somatotrophin. her. The inserted bud develops into a
Bt Abbreviation for Bacillus thuringi- new shoot.
ensis. 1. Metod aseksualne reprodukcije, u ko-
Skraćenica za Bacillus thuringiensis. jem se nova individua dobije iz izra-
bubble column fermenter A bioreac- sline (pupoljka) koji postaje odvojen
tor in which the cells or micro-orga- od tela roditelja. 2. Medju gljivama,
nisms are kept suspended in a tall pupljenje je karakteristika pivskog
cylinder by rising air, which is intro- kvasca Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 3.
duced at the base of the vessel. Oblik kalema, u kojem je jedan vege-
Bioreaktor u kojem se ćelije mikroorga- tativni pupoljak uzet sa jedne biljke i
nizama čuvaju u visokom cilindru ubačen u tkivo stabla druge biljke,
44
bulked segregant analysis buoyant density
tako da će oboje rasti zajedno. Uba- stveni za jedan pul, postaju kandidati
čeni pupoljak razvije se u nov izda- za marker, povezan za gen koji kon-
nak. troliše odredjeu osobinu.
bulked segregant analysis A method to buoyant density The intrinsic density
obtain markers linked to a target which a molecule, virus or sub-cellu-
trait, in which DNA samples, prepa- lar particle has when suspended in an
red from a number of individuals of aqueous solution of a salt, such as
each of two contrasting phenotypes, CsCl, or a sugar, such as sucrose.
are separately pooled and used to ge- DNA from different species has dif-
nerate contrasting DNA finger- ferent characteristic buoyant densiti-
prints. DNA fragments unique to es, determined largely by the relative
one pool become candidates for a proportion of the base-pairs G+C, to
marker linked to the gene controlling A+T.
the trait. Unutrašnja gustina koju ima molekul,
Metod dobijanja markera vezanih za virus ili subcelularni delić, kada leb-
ciljnu osobinu, u kojima su uzorci di u vodenom rastvoru soli kao što je
DNK, pripremljeni od jednog broja CsCl, ili šećera, kao što je saharoza.
individua dva različita genotipa, po- DNK različitih vrsta ima različite ka-
sebno spojeni i korišćeni da stvore rakteristike unutrašnjih gustina, od-
različite DNK metodom otiska prsta redjenih putem relativne proporcije
(fingerprint). DNK fragmenti, jedin- baznih parova G+C, do A+T.
45
C
C Abbreviation for cytosine. develops over a cut or damaged plant
Skraćenica za cytosine. surface. 2. Mass of undifferentia-
CAAT box A conserved DNA sequence ted, thin-walled parenchyma cells
found within the promoter region of induced by hormone treatment. 3.
the protein-encoding genes of many Actively dividing non-organized
eukaryotic organisms. So-called be- masses of undifferentiated and diffe-
cause of its consensus sequence rentiated cells often developing from
GGCCAATCT, it occurs around 75 injury (wounding) or in tissue cultu-
bases prior to the transcription initi- re in the presence of growth regula-
ation site; and is one of several sites tors.
for the recognition and binding of Zaštitno tkivo, koje se sastoji od paren-
transcription factors. Synonym: himnih ćelija, koje se razvija iznad
CAT box. posekotine, ili oštećene biljne povr-
Konzervisana DNK sekvenca, nadjena šine. 2. Masa nadiferenciranih tanko-
unutar promoter regiona protein-en- zidnih parenhimnih ćelija podstaknu-
kodiranih gena mnogih eukariotičnih tih hormonalnim tretmanom. 3. Ak-
organizama. Tako nazvana zbog nje- tivnodeleće neorganizovane mase
ne sekvence GGCCAATCT, to se de- nediferenciranih i diferenciranih će-
šava oko 75 baza pre transkripcij- lija, često nastale od rane (povrede)
skog mesta uvođenja; a to je jedno ili u kulturi tkiva, u prisustvu regula-
od nekoliko mesta za prepoznavanje tora rasta.
i vezivanje transkripcionih faktora. callus culture A technique of plant tis-
Sinonim: CAT box. sue culture, usually on solidified me-
cabinet See: growth cabinet. dium and initiated by inoculation of
Vidi: growth cabinet. small explants. Used as the basis for
callipyge An inherited trait in livestock organogenic (shoot or root forming)
(e.g. sheep) that results in thicker, cultures, cell cultures or prolifera-
meatier hind-quarters, and hence a tion of embryoids. Callus cultures
higher meat yield per animal. can be indefinitely maintained thro-
Nasledna osobina u stoke (npr. ovaca) ugh regular sub-culturing.
koja dovodi do debljih, mesnatijih Tehnika kulture biljnog tkiva, obično na
zadnjih četvrti, dakle većeg prinosa očvrslom medijumu, i začeta putem
mesa po grlu. inokulacije malih eksplantata. Kori-
callus (pl.: calli) A protective tissue, šćena kao osnova organogene kultu-
consisting of parenchyma cells, that re (izdanka ili formiranja korena)
46
cambial zone cap site
kulture, kulture ćelija ili proliferaciju Gen čija funkcija (na bazi sekvence
embrioida. Kalusne kulture mogu se DNK) sugeriše da može biti uključen
neograničeno održavati putem re- u genetičku kontrolu jednog aspekta
dovnog podkultiviranja. fenotipa.
cambial zone Region in stems and roots candidate-gene strategy An experi-
consisting of the cambium and its re- mental approach in which knowled-
cent derivatives. ge of the biochemistry and/or physi-
Region stabala i korena koji se sastoji od ology of a trait is used to identify
kambijuma i njegovih derivata. candidate genes. Synonym: functio-
cambium (pl.: cambia) A one or two nal gene cloning.
cells thick layer of plant meristema- Eksperimentalni pristup u kojem se zna-
tic tissue, between the xylem and nje biohemije i/ili fiziologije osobine
phloem tissues, which gives rise to koristi za identifikaciju kandidatskih
secondary tissues, thus resulting in gena. Sinonim: functional gene clo-
an increase in the diameter of the ning.
stem or root. The two most important canola A specific subgroup of oilseed
cambia are the vascular (fascicular) rape cultivars; canola oil is the
cambium and the cork cambium. highly mono-unsaturated fatty acid
Jednoćelijski ili dvoćelijski debeli sloj and low in erucic acid product pro-
biljnog meristematičnog tkiva, izme- duced in the seed of these cultivars.
dju tkiva ksilema i floema, koja utiču
Specifična podgrupa sorata uljane repi-
na povećanje sekundarnih tkiva, tako
ce; kanola ulje je visoko mononeza-
dovodeći do povećanja prečnika sta-
sićena masna kiselina, siromašna u
bla ili korena. Dva najvažnija kambi-
eruka kiselini, koju proizvodi seme
juma su vaskularni (fascikularni)
kambijum i kambijum plute. tih sorti.
cAMP Abbreviation for cyclic adenosi- cap The structure found on the 5´-end of
ne monophosphate. eukaryotic mRNA, and consisting of
Skraćenica za cyclic adenosine monop- an inverted, methylated guanosine
hosphate. residue. See G cap, cap site.
CaMV Abbreviation for cauliflower Struktura nadjena na 5’-kraju eukario-
mosaic virus. tične mRNK, i sadrži invertirani, me-
Skraćenica za cauliflower mosaic virus. tilirani ostatak guanozina. Vidi: G
CaMV 35S Abbreviation for cauliflo- cap, cap site.
wer mosaic virus 35S ribosomal CAP Abbreviation for catabolite acti-
DNA promoter. See: cauliflower vator protein.
mosaic virus. Skraćenica za katabolički aktivator pro-
Skraćenica za mozaik virus 35S karfio- tein.
la, ribozomalni promoter DNK. Vidi: cap site The site on a DNA template
cauliflower mosaic virus. where transcription begins. It corre-
candidate gene A gene whose deduced sponds to the nucleotide at the 5’ end
function (on the basis of DNA sequ- of the RNA transcript which ac-
ence) suggests that it may be invol- cepts the G cap.
ved in the genetic control of an Mesto na DNK kalupu gde počinje tran-
aspect of phenotype. skripcija. Ono je saobrazno sa nukle-
47
capacitation carotenoid
48
carpel carrier molecule
49
Cartagena protocol catalytic antibody
50
catalytic RNA cDNA library
51
CDR cell fusion
52
cell generation time cell strain
različitih vrsta. U hibridnoj ćeliji, nu- sion. The cell plate develops in the
kleusi donora mogu ostati posebno, region of the equatorial plate and
ili se mogu spojiti, ali tokom uza- arises from membranes in the cyto-
stopnih ćelijskih deoba, formirano je plasm.
jedno vreteno, tako da svaka ćelija Prekursor ćelijskog zida, formiran na
ćerka ima jedan nukleus koji sadrži početku deobe ćelija. Ćelijska ploča
kompletan ili nekompletan set hro- razvija se u regionu ekvatorijalne
mozoma od svake roditeljske linije. ravni, i nastaje od membrana u cito-
Sinonim: cell hybridization. plazmi.
cell generation time The interval bet- cell sap Water and dissolved substances,
ween the beginning of consecutive sugar, amino acids, waste substan-
divisions of a cell, equivalent to the ces, etc., in the plant cell vacuole.
time that it takes for a population of Voda i rastvorene materije, šećer, ami-
single-celled organisms to double its nokiseline, otpadne supstance, itd., u
cell number. vakuoli biljne ćelije.
Interval izmedju početka uzastopnih de- cell selection The process of selecting
oba ćelije, ekvivalentan vremenu ko- cells exhibiting specific traits within
je je potrebno za populaciju jednoće- a group of genetically different cells.
lijskih organizama da udvostruči Selected cells are often sub-cultured
svoj broj ćelija. onto fresh medium for continued se-
cell hybridization See: cell fusion. lection and exposed to an increased
Vidi: cell fusion.
level of the selection agent to elimi-
cell line 1. A cell lineage that can be ma-
nate false positives.
intained in vitro. Significant genetic
Proces izbora ćelija koje ispoljavaju
changes can occur during lengthy pe-
riods in culture, so that the genotype specifične osobine sa grupom gene-
of long-term cell lines may not be the tički različitih ćelija. Izabrane ćelije
same as that of the starter cell. 2. A su često podkultivisane na svežem
cell lineage that can be recognized in medijumu za stalnu selekciju, i izlo-
vivo. žene povećanom nivou selekcije radi
1.Ćelijsko poreklo koje se može održa- eliminisanja pogrešno odredjenih.
vati in vitro. Signifikantne genetičke cell sorter See: fluorescence-activated
promene mogu nastati tokom dugih cell sorting, flow cytometry.
perioda u kulturi, tako da genotip du- Vidi: fluorescence-activated cell sorting,
gotrajnih ćelijskih linija ne može biti flow cytometry.
isti kao onaj od početne ćelije. 2.Će- cell strain An in vitro culture initiated
lijsko poreklo koje može biti prepo- by asexual reproduction from a sin-
znato in vivo. gle cell. Such cell lines should repre-
cell membrane See: plasmalemma. sent a population of genetically ho-
Vidi: plasmalemma. mogenous cells. Strains are defined
cell number The number of cells per by specific properties or markers
unit volume of a culture. used for their selection. Synonym:
Broj ćelija po jedinici zapremine kulture. single-cell line.
cell plate The precursor of the cell wall, In vitro kultura, započeta aseksualnom
formed at the beginning of cell divi- reprodukcijom od jedne ćelije. Takve
53
cell suspension central mother cell
54
centre of origin chain terminator
55
Chakrabarty decision chemostat
56
chemotaxis chimeric selectable marker gene
57
chip chloroplast transit peptide
58
chlorosis chromomeres
59
chromonema chromosome
60
chromosome aberration chromosome walking
61
chymosin class switching
the same fragment (BAC clone) that ces a molecule in the form of a cova-
are adjacent to the starting point, and lently-closed circle. Plastid DNA
these are then used to identify diffe- and plasmids are examples of natu-
rent restriction fragments (BAC clo- rally circularized DNA.
nes) overlapping the one selected as Samovezivanje linearnog fragmenta
the starting point. The procedure is DNK koji ima komplementarne kra-
used repetitively, working away from jeve, nastalo putem reakcije sa re-
the starting point. strikcionom endonukleazom. Uspe-
Stategija za mapiranje ili sekvenciranje šno vezivanje proizvodi molekul u
hromozomskog segmenta, i za pozi- obliku kovalentno-zatvorenog kruga.
ciono kloniranje. Veliki restrikcioni Plastidna DNK i plazmidi su primeri
fragmenti (ili BAC clonovi) se stva- prirodno okružene DNK.
raju i, posle provere, se identifikuje cis configuration See: coupling.
odredjena startna tačka. Nove prove- Vidi: coupling.
re se sintetizuju dopunski do sekven- cis heterozygote A double heterozygote
ci istog fragmenta (BAC klona) koje that contains two mutations arranged
su granične startnoj tački, i one se za- in a cis configuration (e.g. a+ b+ / a b).
tim koriste da identifikuju različite Dvostruki heterozigot, koji sadrži dve
restrikcione fragmente (BAC klono- mutacije postavljene u cis konfigura-
va), preklapajući jednog odabranog ciji (na pr. a+b+ /ab).
kao startnu tačku. Postupak se koristi cis-acting protein A protein with the
ponavljajući, dalje od startne tačke. particular property of acting only on
chymosin An enzyme that clots milk, the molecule of DNA from which it
used in the manufacture of cheese. was expressed.
Enzim koji zgrušava mleko, koristi se u Protein sa posebnim delovanjem, samo
proizvodnji sira. na molekul DNK od kojeg je istisnut.
ciliate (adj.) See cilium. cis-acting sequence A nucleotide sequ-
Vidi: cilium. ence that only affects the expression
cilium (pl.: cilia) Hairlike locomotor of genes located on the same chro-
structure on certain cells; a locomo- mosome.
tor structure on a ciliate protozoan. Sekvenca nukleotida koja utiče samo na
Lokomotorna struktura na nekim ćelija- ispoljavanje gena lociranih na istom
ma; slična vlati lokomotorna struktu- hromozomu.
ra na bičastoj protozoi. cistron A DNA sequence that codes for
circadian Of physiological activity, a specific polypeptide; a gene.
etc.: recurring at approximately 24- DNK sekvenca koja kodira specifičan
hour intervals. polipeptid; gen.
Od fiziološke aktivnosti, itd.: vraćajući class switching The process during
se u intervalima od približno 24 časa. which a plasma cell stops producing
circularization The self-ligation of a li- antibodies of one class and begins
near DNA fragment having comple- producing antibodies of another
mentary ends, generally generated by class.
digestion with a restriction endo- Proces tokom kojeg ćelija plazme pre-
nuclease. Successful ligation produ- staje da proizvodi antitela jedne kla-
62
cleave clone
se, i počinje proizvodnju antitela dru- Varijacija u jednoj ili više fenotipskih
ge klase. osobina ili učestalosti alela preko ge-
cleave To break phosphodiester bonds ografskog gradijenta.
of double-stranded DNA, usually clonal propagation Asexual propaga-
with a type II restriction endonucle- tion of many new plants (ramets)
ase. Synonyms: cut; digest. from an individual (ortet); all have
Raskinuti fosfodiesterske veze dvostru- the same genotype.
kog lanca DNK, obično sa tipom II Aseksualno razmnožavanje mnogih no-
restrictione endonuklease. Sinonim: vih biljaka (rameta) od individualne
(orteta); sve imaju isti genotip.
cut; digest.
clonal selection The production of a po-
cleaved amplified polymorphic sequ-
pulation of plasma cells all produ-
ence A segment of DNA that can be cing the same antibody in response
amplified by polymerase chain re- to the interaction between a B
action (PCR) and which contains a lymphocyte producing that specific
DNA sequence polymorphism. Fol- antibody and the antigen bound by
lowing PCR amplification of a locus, that antibody. See: primary immune
the amplicon is treated with a re- response, secondary immune re-
striction endonuclease. If the re- sponse.
cognition site for this enzyme is pre- Prioizvodnja populacije plazma ćelija,
sent in the amplicon, two or more re- koje sve proizvode isto antitelo u re-
striction fragments are generated. agovanju na interakciju izmedju B
Thus sequence variation between in- limfocita, koji proizvodi to specifič-
dividuals at the recognition site(s) no antitelo, i antigena, vezanog za to
can be detected by electrophoresis. antitelo. Vidi: primary immune re-
See also: restriction fragment sponse, secondary immune response.
length polymorphism. clone 1. A group of cells or individuals
Segment DNK se umnožava putem re- that are genetically identical as a re-
akcije polimeraznog lanca (PCR), i sult of asexual reproduction, bree-
koji sadrži polimorfizam sekvence ding of completely inbred organisms,
or forming genetically identical or-
DNK. Sledeći PCR amplifikaciju lo-
ganisms by nuclear transplantation.
kusa, amplikon se tretira restrikcio- 2. Group of plants genetically identi-
nom endonukleazom. Ako je mesto cal in which all are derived from one
prepoznavanja za taj enzim prisutno selected individual by vegetative
u amplikonu, stvaraju se dva ili više propagation. 3. Verb: to clone. To in-
restrikcionih fragmenata. Tako vari- sert a DNA segment into a vector or
jacija sekvence izmedju individua na host chromosome.
mestu prepoznavanja može biti otkri- 1.Grupa ćelija ili individua koje su ge-
vena putem elektroforeze. Vidi tako- netički identične kao rezultat aseksu-
dje: restriction fragment length alne reprodukcije, gajenje potpuno
polymorphism. inbred organizama, ili formiranje ge-
cline Variation in one or more phe- netički identičnih organizama putem
notypic characters or allele frequen- nuklearne transplantacije. 2. Grupa
cies across a geographical gradient. biljaka koje su genetički identične, u
63
clone bank co-culture
64
Codex Alimentarius Commission codon
65
codon optimization co-integrate vector system
66
colchicine colony hybridization
67
combinatorial library competent
nu bakterijsku koloniju koja nosi po- kely location of many genes can be
sebno ubačenu DNK. predicted from model system data.
combinatorial library The many novel Comparisons across wider phyloge-
combinations (consisting of one he- netic distances reveal increasing loss
avy and one light immunoglobulin of synteny.
chain coding region) that are genera- Uporedjenje mape lokacija gena i mar-
ted when a heavy-chain library is kera izmedju različith vrsta. U upore-
combined by random pairing with a djenjima izmedju usko povezanih vr-
light-chain library. These constructs sta, to će obično otkriti visok stepen
are propagated in a vector, and their konzervacije sintenije i kolinearno-
gene products screened for novel af- sti. U tim slučajevima, verovatna lo-
finity properties. kacija mnogih gena se pretpostavlja
Mnoge nove kombinacije (sastoje se od na osnovu podataka model sistema.
jednog teškog i jednog lakog imuno- Uporedjenja ukrštenih širih filoge-
globulinskog lančanog regiona kodi- netskih distanci otkrivaju povećani
ranja) koje su stvorene kada je bibli- gubitak sintenije.
oteka teškog lanca kombinovana slu- comparative positional candidate ge-
čajnim sparivanjem sa bibliotekom ne Relates to an indirect means of as-
lakog lanca. Ovi sklopovi se umno- signing function to a QTL. Where a
žavaju u vektoru, i njihovi genski QTL has been linked to a marker in
produkti su sačuvani za nove osobine one species, and that same marker is
afiniteta. linked to a known gene in a model
combining site See: antibody binding system, inferences may be drawn as
site. to the nature of the QTL.
Vidi: antibody binding site. Odnosi se na indirektan nači odredjiva-
commensalism The interaction of two nja funkcije prema QTL-u. Gde je
or more dissimilar organisms where QTL bio vezan za marker u jedne vr-
the association is advantageous to ste, a da je isti marker povezan sa po-
one without affecting the other(s). znatim genom u model sistemu, za-
Interakcija dva, ili više različitih organi- ključci se mogu dobijati po prirodi
zama, gde je asocijacija od koristi QTL-a.
jednom bez uticaja na druge. competent 1. Bacterial cells able to take
companion cell A living cell associated up foreign DNA molecules and the-
with the sieve cell of phloem tissue reby become genetically transfor-
in vascular plants. med. Can be genetically determined,
Živa ćelija, povezana sa ćelijom sita flo- or induced by physical treatment. 2.
em tkiva u vaskularnih biljaka. A competent cell is capable of deve-
comparative mapping The comparison loping into a fully functional em-
of map locations of genes and mar- bryo.
kers between species. In compari- 1. Bakterijske ćelije, u stanju da usvoje
sons between closely related species, molekule strane DNK i time postanu
this will usually uncover a high de- genetički transformisane. Mogu biti
gree of conservation of synteny and genetički određene, ili proizvedene
co-linearity. In these cases, the li- fizičkim tretmanom. 2.Kompetentna
68
complement proteins Proteins complementary genes
69
complementary homopolymeric tailing concatemer
the dominant allele from either gene non-allelic. The phenotype of the
can only produce an effect on the former will be mutant, but that of the
phenotype of an organism if the do- latter will be wild type (normal).
minant allele from the other gene is Synonym: trans test.
also present; in the case of recessive Genetički metod za testiranje, da li su ili
complementarity, only double ho- nisu nezavisne mutacije alelne. U
mozygous recessive individuals meleza izmedju dve mutantne indivi-
show the effect. due, genotip će biti m1m2 ako su mu-
Dva ili više medjusobno zavisnih gena, tacije alelne, a m1 +/+ m2 ako nisu
tako da (u slučaju dominantne kom- alelne. Fenotip prve biće mutant, ali
plementarnosti) dominantan alel od druge divlji tip (normalan). Sinonim:
bilo kojeg gena može jedino proizve- trans test.
sti fenotip nekog organizma ako je complete digest The treatment of a
dominantan alel iz drugog gena tako- DNA preparation with a restriction
dje prisutan; u slučaju recesivne endonuclease for sufficient time for
komplementar-nosti, samo dvostru- all of the potential target sites within
ko homozigotne recesivne individue that DNA to have been cleaved. Op-
pokazuju efekt.
posite: partial digest.
complementary homopolymeric tai-
Tretman pripreme DNK restrikcionom
ling The process of adding comple-
mentary nucleotide extensions to endonukleazom sa dovoljno vremena
DNA molecules, (e.g. deoxyguanosi- za sva ciljna mesta koja treba da bu-
ne) to the 3’ end of one DNA mole- du razdvojena u okviru te DNK. Su-
cule and deoxycytidine to the 5’ end protno: partial digest.
of another DNA molecule) to facili- composite transposon A transposon
tate the ligation of the two DNA mo- formed when two identical or nearly
lecules. Synonyms: dA - dT tailing, identical transposons insert on either
dG - dC tailing. side of a non-transposable segment
Proces dodavanja komplementarnih nu- of DNA.
kleotidnih nastavaka molekulama Transpozon koji se obrazuje kada se dva
DNK (npr. deoksiguanozina) na 3’ identična ili skoro identična transpo-
kraju jedne DNK molekule, a deoksi- zona umetnu na bilo koju stranu ne-
citidina na 5’ kraj druge DNK mole- prenosivog segmenta DNK.
kule, kako bi olakšali vezivanje dva compound chromosome A chromoso-
molekula DNK. Sinonimi: dA-dT na- me formed by the fusion of two sepa-
stavak, dG-dC otpadak. rate chromosomes, as in attached-X
complementation See: genetic comple- chromosomes or attached-X-Y chro-
mentation. mosomes.
Vidi: genetic complementation. Hromozom nastao putem spajanja dva
complementation test A genetic met- zasebna hromozoma, kao u vezanim-
hod to test whether or not indepen- X hromozomima, ili vezanim-X-Y
dent mutations are allelic. In a cross hromozomima.
between the two mutant individuals, concatemer A DNA segment made up
the genotype will be m1m2 if the mu- of repeated sequences linked head to
tations are allelic and m1 +/+ m2 if tail.
70
concordance conidium
71
conjugation constitutive promoter
72
constitutive synthesis continuous variation
73
controlled environment corpus
74
correlation cot curve
75
co-transfection cpDNA
76
cross cry proteins
77
cryobiological preservation cryptic
corn borers, corn rootworms, mosqu- zing and thawing processes. Cryop-
itoes, black flies, armyworms, tobac- rotectants are agents with high water
co hornworms, some types of bee- solubility and low toxicity. Two
tles, etc.), but are harmless to mam- types commonly used: permeating
mals and most beneficial insects. (glycerol and DMSO) and non-per-
Synonym: delta endotoxins. meating (sugars, dextran, ethylene
Klasa kristalnih proteina, koje proizvo- glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone and
de sojevi Bacillus thuringiensis, hydroxyethyl starch).
ugradjeni su u useve da uticu na rezi- Jedinjenje koje sprečava oštećenje ćelije
stentnost prema štetnim insektima. tokom sukcesivnih procesa zamrza-
Ovi proteini su toksični za izvesne vanja i otapanja. Krioprotektanti su
kategorije insekata (na pr.kukuru- agensi sa visokom vodenom stabil-
znog moljca, kukuruzne zlatice, ko- nošću i niskom toksičnošću. Dva tipa
maraca, simulida, sovica, rožastog koji se uobičajeno koriste: prožima-
crva duvana, neki tipovi buba,itd.), jući (glicerol i DMSO) i neprožima-
ali su bezopasni za sisare i većinu ko- jući (šećeri, dekstran, etilen glikol,
risnih insekata. Sinonim: delta endo- polivinilpirolidon i hidroksietil
toxins. skrob).
cryobiological preservation The pre- cryptic Anything hidden. 1. Structurally
servation of germplasm resources in heterozygous individuals that are
a dormant state by storage at ultra- not identifiable as they do not show
low temperatures, often in liquid ni- abnormal meiotic chromosome pai-
trogen. Currently applied to storage ring configurations (‘cryptic structu-
of plant seeds and pollen, micro-or- ral hybrids’). 2. A form of polymorp-
ganisms, animal sperm, and tissue hism controlled by recessive genes
culture cell lines. Synonyms: (‘cryptic polymorphism’). 3. Any
cryopreservation, freeze preserva- mutation which is exposed by a sen-
tion. sitizing mutation and otherwise po-
Konzervisanje izvora germaplazme u orly detected (such mutations pro-
dormantnom stanju skladištenjem pri bably escape detection because of
ultra-niskim temperaturama, često u the plasticity of composition of the
tečnom azotu. Primenjuje se za skla- corresponding polypeptide). 4. Phe-
dištenje biljnih semena i polena, mi- notypically very similar species
kroorganizama, životinjske sperme i (cryptic species) which do not hybri-
ćeliskih linija kulture tkiva. Sinonim: dize under normal conditions. 5.
cryopreservation, freeze preserva- Cryptic genetic variation refers to the
tion. existence of, for example, alleles
cryogenic At very low temperature. conferring high performance for a
Pri vrlo niskoj temperaturi. trait, in a breed that has low perfor-
cryopreservation See: cryobiological mance for that trait.
preservation. Bilo šta skriveno. 1. Strukturno hetero-
Vidi: cryobiological preservation. zigotne individue koje se ne mogu
cryoprotectant Compound preventing identifikovati, pošto ne pokazuju ab-
cell damage during successive free- normalno parenje hromozoma u me-
78
CTP curing
79
cut cytochrome
80
cytochrome p450 cytokinin
81
cytology cytotype
cytology The study of the structure and Genetički defekt usled lošeg funkcioni-
function of cells. sanja mitohondrija u razviću polena,
Proučavanje strukture i funkcija ćelija. sprečavajući formiranje funkcional-
cytolysis Cell disintegration. nog polena. Obično se nalazi ili pro-
Ćelijska dezintegracija. izvodi u mnogim biljnim vrstama, i
cytoplasm The living material of the koristi se u programima stvaranja ne-
cell, exclusive of the nucleus, consi- kih F1 hibrida.
sting of a complex protein matrix or cytoplasmic organelles Discrete sub-
gel, and where essential membranes cellular structures located in the
and cellular organelles (mitochon- cytoplasm of cells - mitochondria,
dria, plastids, etc.) reside. plastids and lysosomes.
Živi materijal ćelije, izuzev jedra, sasto- Subćelijske strukture locirane u citopla-
ji se od kompleksne proteinske ma- zmi ćelija-mitohondrije, plastidi i li-
trice ili gela, u kojoj se nalaze bitne zosomi.
membrane i ćelijske organele (mito- cytosine (Abbreviation: C). One the ba-
hondrije, plastidi, itd.). ses found in DNA and RNA. See:
cytoplasmic genes Genes located on cytidine.
DNA outside the nucleus, i.e. on pla- (Skraćenica: C) Jedna baza, nadjena u
stids. DNK i RNK. Vidi: cytidine.
Geni locirani u DNK izvan nukleusa, t.j. cytosol The fluid portion of the cyto-
u plastidima. plasm, i.e. the cytoplasm minus its
cytoplasmic inheritance Hereditary organelles.
transmission dependent on cytopla- Tečni deo citoplazme, t.j.citoplazma is-
smic genes. ključujući njene organele.
Nasledjivanje, zavisno od citoplazmič- cytotoxic T cell See: killer T cell.
nih gena. Vidi: killer T cell.
cytoplasmic male sterility Genetic de- cytotoxicity Poisoning of the cell.
fect due to faulty functioning of mi- Trovanje ćelije.
tochondria in pollen development, cytotype A maternally inherited cellular
preventing the formation of viable condition in Drosophila-e that regu-
pollen. Commonly found or induci- lates the activity of transposable P
ble in many plant species and exploi- elements.
ted for some F1 hybrid seed pro- Nasledjivanje po majci u Drosophila
grammes. koje reguliše aktivnost prenosivih P
elemenata.
82
D
D loop Abbreviation for displacement dva) proteinskim lancem, postala od
loop. Formed when a short stretch of samo jedne od dve oblasti normalne
RNA is paired with one strand of strukture antitela. Koristi nalaz, da se
DNA. This displaces the original za neka antitela pola molekula vezu-
partner DNA; also the displacement je za svoj ciljni antigen, skoro isto ta-
of a region of one strand of duplex ko uspešno kao ceo molekul. Glavna
DNA by a single-stranded invader in prednost dAbs-a nad drugim antiteli-
the reaction catalyzed by recA. ma je da oni mogu da se kloniraju i
Skraćenica za premeštajuću petlju. For- brzo otpreme u bakterije, tako da se
mirana kada se kratak lanac RNK pa- veliki broj antitela može stvoriti i pa-
ri sa jednim lancem DNK. To izbacu- ralelno zaštititi.
je originalnog partnera DNK; tako- DAF See: DNA amplification finger-
dje izbacivanje regiona jednog lanca printing.
dvostruke DNK sa jednostrukim na- Vidi: DNA amplification fingerprinting.
padačem u reakciji katalizovanoj sa Dalton (Abbreviation: Da). A unit of
recA. atomic mass roughly equivalent to
dA - dT tailing See complementary the mass of a hydrogen atom. Used
homopolymeric tailing. as to express molecular weight,
Vidi: complementary homopolymeric which for biological macromolecu-
tailing. les is usually in the range kilo- (kDa)
dAb (Full term: single domain anti-
to megaDaltons (MDa).
body). Antibodies with only one (in-
(Skraćenica: Da) Jedinica atomske ma-
stead of two) protein chain derived
from only one of the two domains of se, ekvivalent prema masi atoma vo-
the normal antibody structure. Ex- donika. Korišćena da izrazi moleku-
ploits the finding that for some anti- larnu težinu, koji je za biološke ma-
bodies, half of the molecule binds to kromolekule obično u rasponu kilo-
its target antigen almost as well as (kDa) do megaDaltona (MDA).
the whole molecule. The major DAMD See: directed amplification of
advantage of dAbs over other antibo- minisatellite DNA.
dies is that they can be cloned and Vidi: directed amplification of minisa-
expressed into bacteria, so that large tellite DNK.
numbers of antibodies can be genera- Darwinian cloning Selection of a clone
ted and screened in parallel. from a large number of essentially
(Puni izraz: single domain antibody) random starting points, rather than
Antitela sa samo jednim (umesto isolating a natural gene or making a
83
dATP defective virus
carefully designed artificial one. Mo- death phase The final growth phase of
lecules which are more similar to cell culture, during which nutrients
those needed are selected, mutated to have been depleted and cell number
generate new variants, and re-selec- decreases.
ted. The cycle proceeds until the re- Konačna faza rasta kulture ćelija, tokom
quired molecule is found. The advan- koje su hranljive materije iscrpljene,
tage of the system is that the selec- i broj ćelija se smanjuje.
tion is from a vast number of possibi- deceleration phase The phase of decli-
lities. ning growth rate, following the line-
Izbor klona iz velikog broja bitnih slu- ar phase and preceding the statio-
čajnih početnih tačaka, pre nego izo- nary phase in most batch-suspen-
lovanjem prirodnog gena, ili proiz- sion cultures. See: growth phase.
vodnjom brižljivo stvorenog veštač- Faza opadanja brzine rasta, sledeći line-
kog gena. Molekule koje su sličnije arnu fazu i predhodeći stacioniranoj
onima koje treba da se izaberu, muti- fazi u većine količinski prekinutih
rane da stvore nove varijante, i pono- kultura. Vidi: growth phase.
vo selekcionisane. Ciklus se produ- de-differentiation The process, in re-
žuje dok se ne nadje potreban mole- sponse to wounding and in tissue
kul. Prednost sistema je, da je selek- cultures, by which plant cells can be-
cija moguća iz velikog broja moguć- come unspecialized and start to pro-
nosti. liferate by cell division to form a
dATP Abbreviation for deoxyadenosine mass of undifferentiated cells (or
5’-triphosphate. dATP is required for callus) which, in response to appro-
DNA synthesis since it is a direct priate stimuli, may later differentiate
precursor molecule. See: adenosine, again to form either the same cell
adenylic acid. type or a different one.
Skraćenica za deoksiadenozin 5’-trifos- Proces u reagovanju na ranjavanje i u
fat. dATP je potreban za sintezu kulturi tkiva, putem kojeg biljne ćeli-
DNK, pošto je isti direktan molekul je mogu da postanu nespecijalizova-
prekursor. Vidi: adenosine, adenylic ne i počnu da se razmnožavaju će-
acid. lijskm deobom tako da formiraju ma-
dCTP Abbreviation for deoxycytidine su nediferenciranih ćelija (ili kalusa)
5’-triphosphate. dCTP is required for koje, u reagovanju na odgovarajuće
DNA synthesis since it is a direct stimuluse, mogu kasnije da se pono-
precursor molecule. See: cytidine, vo diferenciraju, da formiraju isti, ili
cytidylic acid. drugačiji tip ćelija.
Skraćenica za deoxycytidine 5’ trip- defective virus A virus that, by itself, is
hosphate. dCTR je potreban za sinte- unable to reproduce when infecting its
zu DNK, pošto je isti direktan mole- host cell, but that can grow in the pre-
kul prekursor. Vidi: cytidine, sence of another virus. This other vi-
citydylic acid. rus provides the necessary molecular
ddNTP Abbreviation for di-deoxynuc- machinery that the first virus lacks.
leotide. Virus koji, sam po sebi, nije u stanju da
Skraćenica za di-deoxynucleotide. se reprodukuje kada inficira ćeliju
84
deficiency delta endotoxins
85
deme dendrimer
deme A group of organisms in the same red DNA, denatured proteins are
taxon. seldom able to be renatured.
Grupa organizama koja pripada istom Menjanje in vivo konformacije proteina
taksonu. putem toplote, ili tretmanom sa solju,
demineralize To remove the mineral time razarajući njegovu biološku ak-
content (salts, ions) from a substan- tivnost. Za razliku od denaturisane
ce, especially water. Removal met- DNK, denaturisani proteini su retko
hods include distillation, electro- sposobni da se renaturišu.
dialysis and ion exchange. See: de- denaturing gradient gel electrophore-
ionized water. sis (Abbreviation: DGGE). An elec-
Odstraniti mineralni sadržaj (soli, jone) trophoresis method for separating
iz supstance, naročito vode. Metode similar sized DNA fragments on the
odstranjivanja uključuju: destilaciju, basis of their sequence, by applying
elektrodijalizu i izmenu jona. Vidi: across the gel a gradient of increa-
deionized water. singly denaturing conditions (usually
denature To disrupt the normal in vivo by increasing the concentration of a
conformation of a nucleic acid or denaturing chemical, such as forma-
(more usually) a protein by physical mide or urea). As the double-stran-
or chemical means, usually accom- ded molecules denature into a parti-
panied by the loss of activity. See: ally and eventually a fully single-
denatured DNA, denatured pro- stranded state, their electrophoretic
tein. mobility changes.
Uništiti normalnu in vivo konformaciju (Skraćenica: DGGE) Metod elektrofore-
nukleinske kiseline ili (više uobičaje- ze za izdvajanje fragmenata DNK
no) proteina, fizičkim ili hemijskim slične veličine na bazi njihove se-
sredstvima, obično praćeno gubit- kvence, primenom gel uspon poveća-
kom aktivnosti. Vidi: denatured vajućih uslova denaturisanja (obično
DNK, denatured protein. putem povećanja koncentracije he-
denatured DNA Double-stranded DNA mikalije za denaturisanje, kao što su
that has been converted to single formamid ili urea). Kako se moleku-
strands by breaking the hydrogen le sa dva lanca denaturišu u parcijal-
bonds linking complementary nuc- no ili eventualno puno jednolančano
leotide pairs. Often reversible. Usu- stanje, njihova elektroforetiska mo-
ally achieved by heating. bilnost se menja.
Dvolančana DNK koja je pretvorena u dendrimer A polymer that repeatedly
jednolančanu, putem prekida vodo- branches until stopped by the physi-
nikovih mostova, vezujući komple- cal constraint of having formed a
mentarne parove nukleotida. Često complete, hollow sphere. These
povratno. Obično se postiže zagreva- structures possess sites on their exte-
njem. rior surface to which DNA fragments
denatured protein Altering the in vivo can be attached, and are thus useful
conformation of a protein by heat as carriers of DNA for transgenesis.
or salt treatment, thereby destroying Polimer koji se ponovljivo grana dok ne
its biological activity. Unlike denatu- bude zaustavljen fizičkom prisilom,
86
denitrification desoxyribonucleic acid
87
desulphurization diagnostic procedure
88
diakinesis didN
nizma, ili promene sekvence nukle- gans of a flower (or certain hermap-
inske kiseline, itd. hroditic animals) mature at different
diakinesis A stage of meiosis at the end times, thereby making self-fertiliza-
of prophase I, in which the contrac- tion improbable or impossible.
tion of the chromosomes is almost at Stanje u kojem muški i ženski reproduk-
a maximum, pairing configurations tivni organi cveta (ili izvesnih her-
are well defined, the nucleolus nor- mafroditskih životinja) sazrevaju u
mally disappears and the nuclear en- različito vreme, time sprečavaju sa-
velope is disrupted. mooplodnju.
Stadijum mejoze na kraju profaze I, u dicot See: dicotyledon.
kojem su hromozomi maksimalno Vidi: dicotyledon.
kontrahovani, konfiguracije parenja dicotyledon (Abbreviation: dicot). A
su dobro definisane, nukleolus nor- plant with two cotyledons. One of
malno isčezava, a nuklearna mem- the two major classes of flowering
brana je uništena. plants (along with the monocotyle-
dialysis A biochemical technique by dons). Examples include many crop
which large molecules such as prote- plants (potato, pea, beans), ornamen-
ins in solution are separated from tals (rose, ivy) and timber trees (oak,
smaller species such as salts. The beech, lime).
technique is based on the properties (Skraćenica: dicot) Biljka sa dva kotile-
dona. Jedna od dve glavne klase
of certain membrane structures,
cvetnica (uz monokotiledone). Pri-
which selectively only allow the pas-
meri uključuju mnoge useve (krom-
sage of the smaller molecules. A fre-
pir, grašak, pasulj), ornamentalne
quently used method for the purifica- biljke (ruža, bršljan) i drveće (hrast,
tion of proteins. bukva, lipa).
Biohemijska tehnika, putem koje se ve- di-deoxynucleotide (Abbreviations:
like molekule, kao što je protein, u ddNTP,didN). A synthetic deoxynu-
rastvoru odvajaju od sličnih , kao što cleotide that lacks a 3’-hydroxyl gro-
su soli. Tehnika je zasnovana na oso- up, and is thus unable to form the
binama izvesnih membranskih struk- 3’?5’ phosphodiester bond neces-
tura, koje samo selektivno omoguća- sary for chain elongation. Used as
vaju prolaz manjih molekula. Često strand terminators in the Sanger
korišćen metod za prečišćavanje pro- DNA sequencing reaction and in the
teina. treatment of some viral diseases.
diazotroph An organism that can fix at- (Skraćenica: ddNTP, didN) Sintetički
mospheric nitrogen. deoksinukleotid kojem nedostaje 3’-
Organizam koji može da fiksira atmos- hidroksilna grupa, i tako nije u stanju
ferski azot. da formira 3’?5’ fosfordiestersku ve-
dicentric chromosome A chromosome zu, potrebnu za elongaciju lanca. Ko-
having two active centromeres. riste se kao terminatori lanca u San-
Hromozom koji ima dve aktivne centro- ger DNK reakciji sekvenciranja,kao i
mere. u lečenju nekih virusnih bolesti.
dichogamy The condition in which the didN See: di-deoxynucleotide.
male and the female reproductive or- Vidi: di-deoxynucleotide.
89
differential centrifugation digest
90
dihaploid diplonema
Tretirati molekule DNK sa jednim ili vi- risa, boje ili toksičnosti u čistom sta-
še restrikcionih endonukleaza, da bi nju. Upotrebljava se u malim količi-
ih podelili na manje fragmente. nama da rastvori organske supstance
dihaploid An individual which arises u medijumu kulture tkiva i koristi se
from a doubled haploid. kao kriozaštitnik i u pomaganju pro-
Individua koja nastaje od udvostručenog laza hemikalija kroz kožu.
haploida. dimorphism The existence of two dis-
dihybrid An individual that is hete- tinctly different types of individuals
rozygous for two pairs of alleles; the within a species. An obvious exam-
progeny of a cross between ho- ple is sexual dimorphism in mam-
mozygous parents differing at two mals.
loci. Postojanje dva striktno različita tipa in-
Individua koja je heterozigotna za dva dividua u okviru vrste. Očigledan
para alela; potomstvo ukrštanja iz- primer je seksualni dimorfizam u si-
medju homozigotnih roditelja koji se sara.
razlikuju na dva lokusa. dinucleotide A nucleotide dimer.
dimer 1. A molecule formed by the co- Nukleotidni polimer od dva monomera.
valent combination of two mono- dioecious A plant species in which male
mers, generally accompanied by eli- and female flowers form on different
mination of water. 2. The reversible plants.
association of two similar (or nearly Biljna vrsta u kojoj se muški i ženski
similar) molecules. The active form cvetovi formiraju na različitim bilj-
of many enzymes is as a dimer bet- kama.
ween two non-active monomeric su-
diplochromosome See: endoredupli-
bunits.
cation.
1. Molekul formiran kovalentnom kom-
Vidi: endoreduplication.
binacijom dva monomera, praćenih
eliminacijom vode. 2. Povratno uje- diploid The status of having two com-
dinjavanje dva slična (ili skoro slič- plete sets of chromosomes, most
na) molekula. Aktivni oblik mnogih commonly one set of paternal origin
enzima je kao dimer (molekula dva and the other of maternal origin. So-
monomera) između dve neaktivne matic tissues of higher plants and
monomerne podjedinice. animals are ordinarily diploid in
dimethyl sulphoxide (Abbreviation: chromosome constitution, in contrast
DMSO). A highly hygroscopic liquid with the haploid gametes.
and powerful solvent with little odo- Pojava dva kompletna seta hromozoma,
ur, colour or toxicity when pure. It is uobičajeno jedan set poreklom od
employed in small quantities to dis- oca a drugi poreklom od majke. So-
solve organic substances in tissue matska tkiva viših biljaka i životinja
culture media preparation and has su obično diploidna u hromozomskoj
uses as a cryoprotectant and in pro- konstituciji, nasuprot haploidnim ga-
moting the passage of chemicals metama.
through skin. diplonema Stage in prophase I of mei-
(Skraćenica: DMSO) Visoko higroskop- osis following the pachytene stage,
na tečnost i jak rastvarač sa malo mi- but preceding diakinesis, in which
91
diplotene directional cloning
92
disaccharide disinfestation
93
disjunction dizygotic twins
disjunction Separation of homologous from the less volatile parts, and then
chromosomes during anaphase I of condensing fractions of the resulting
meiosis, or of sister chromatids du- vapour so as to produce a more ne-
ring anaphase of mitosis and anapha- arly pure or refined substance.
se II of meiosis. Proces zagrevanja smeše, da se izdvoje
Izdvajanje homolognih hromozoma to- isparljiviji od manje isparljivih delo-
kom anafaze I mejoze, ili sestrinskih va, a zatim kondezovanje frakcija od
hromatida tokom anafaze mitoze i nastale pare, tako da se proizvede vi-
anafaze II mejoze. še čiste ili rafinisane supstance.
disomic (adj.) See disomy. disulphide bond See: disulphide brid-
Vidi: disomy. ge.
disomy The presence of a pair of a spe- Vidi: disulphide bridge.
cific homologous chromosomes. disulphide bridge A chemical bond bet-
This is the norm for diploids. ween pairs of sulphur atoms that sta-
Prisustvo para specifičnih homolognih bilizes the three-dimensional structu-
hromozoma. To je pravilo za diploi- re of proteins, and hence the pro-
de. tein’s normal function. These form
dispense The transfer of a measured vo- particularly readily between cysteine
lume of a solution. residues in the same or different
Transfer merene zapremine rastvora. peptide molecules. Synonym: di-
disrupter gene Used to enforce the ste- sulphide bond.
rility of seed saved from a geneti- Hemijska veza između parova atoma
cally engineered crop. See: genetic sumpora koja stabilizuje trodimenzi-
use restriction technology. onalnu strukturu proteina, i normal-
Korišćen da pojača sterilnost semena sa- nu funkciju proteina. One se formira-
čuvanog od genetički stvorenog use- ju posebno lako između rezidua ci-
va. Vidi: genetic use restriction tec- steina u istim ili različitim peptidnim
hnology. molekulima. Sinonim: disulphide
dissecting microscope A microscope bond.
with a magnifying power of about ditype In fungi, a tetrad that contains
50x, used as an aid in the manipula- two kinds of meiotic products (spo-
tion of small objects, e.g. excision of res), e.g. 2AB and 2ab.
embryos from young zygotes. U gljiva, tetrada koja sadrži dve vrste
Mikroskop sa uvećanjem od oko 50x, mejotičkih produkata (spora), na
korišćen kao pomoć u manipulaciji pr.2AB i 2ab.
malih objekata, na pr.isečaka embri- diurnal An event that occurs repetiti-
ona od mladih zigota. vely on a daily basis, generally du-
dissection Separation of a tissue by cut- ring daylight hours.
ting into components, for analysis or Pojava koja se dešava ponavljajući se
observation. dnevno, tokom časova dnevne sve-
Odvajanje tkiva sečenjem na kompo- tlosti.
nente, za analizu ili posmatranje. dizygotic twins Two-egg twins, i.e. a
distillation The process of heating a pair of individuals that shared the sa-
mixture to separate the more volatile me uterus at the same time, but
94
DMSO DNA fingerprin
which arose from separate and inde- primed polymerase chain reaction
pendent fertilization of two ova. technique for obtaining molecular
Dvojajčani blizanci, tj. par individua ko- markers using very short (5–8 bp)
ji deli isti uterus u isto vreme, ali ko- primers.
ji nastaju od posebnog i nezavisnog (Skraćanica: DAF) Proizvoljno tehnika
oplođenja dve jajne ćelije. lančane reakcije polimeraze za dobi-
DMSO See: dimethyl sulphoxide. janje molekularnih markera, koriste-
Vidi: dimethyl sulphoxide. ći vrlo kratke (5–8 bp) prajmere.
DNA Abbreviation for deoxyribonucle- DNA chip See: micro-array.
ic acid, former spelling desoxyribo- Vidi: micro-array.
nucleic acid. A long chain polymer of DNA cloning See: gene cloning.
deoxyribonucleotides. DNA consti- Vidi: gene cloning.
tutes the genetic material of most DNA construct A chimeric DNA mole-
known organisms and organelles, cule, carrying all the genetic infor-
and usually is in the form of a double mation necessary for its transgenic
helix, although some viral genomes expression in a host cell.
consist of a single strand of DNA, Himerna molekula DNK koja nosi sve
and others of a single- or a double- genetičke informacije potrebne ze
stranded RNA. See: base pair, gene- njegovo transgeno ispoljavanje u će-
tic code. liji domaćinu.
Skraćenica za deoksiribobukleinsku ki- DNA delivery system A generic term
selinu, raniji termin dezoksiribonu- for any procedure that transports
kleinska kiselina. Polimer dugog lan- DNA into a recipient cell.
ca od deoksiribonukleotida. DNK sa- Opšti izraz za bilo koji postupak koji
drži genetički materijal najpoznatijih transportuje DNK u ćeliju recipijen-
organizama i organela, i obično je u ta.
obliku dvostruke spirale, iako se neki DNA diagnostics The use of DNA
virusni genomi sastoje od jednostru- polymorphisms to detect the presen-
kog lanca DNK, a drugi od jedno- ce of a specific sequence, which co-
strukog ili dvostrukog lanca RNK. uld indicate the presence of a conta-
Vidi: bazni par, genetički kod. minant, of a pathogen, or of a parti-
DNA amplification Many-fold multi- cular allele at a target gene. Most
plication of a particular DNA sequ- commonly utilises the polymerase
ence either in vivo in a plasmid, chain reaction.
phage or other vector; or in vitro Korišćenje polimorfizama DNK za ot-
using, most commonly, the polyme- krivanje prisustva specifične sekven-
rase chain reaction. ce, koja bi mogla da ukaže na prisu-
Višestruko umnožavanje posebne se- stvo zagađivača, patogena ili poseb-
kvence DNK bilo in vivo u plazmidu, nog alela na određenom genu. Najče-
fagi ili drugom vektoru, ili in vitro , šće koristi lančanu reakciju polime-
koristeći najčešće lančanu reakciju raze.
polimeraze. DNA fingerprint A description of the
DNA amplification fingerprinting genotype of an individual from the
(Abbreviation: DAF). A arbitrarily pattern of DNA fragments obtained
95
DNA fingerprinting DNA primase
96
DNA probe DNAse
97
Dolly dominant marker selection
98
dominant selectable marker double fertilization
99
double helix downstream
ses with the two polar nuclei to form (Skraćenica: dsDNK) Dva komplemen-
a triploid nucleus that develops into tarna lanca DNK, uvijena u obliku
the endosperm. dvostruke spirale. Sinonim: duplex
Proces, jedinstven za biljke cvetnice, u DNK.
kojima se dva muška nukleusa, koji doubling time See: cell generation ti-
su putovali duž cevi polena, posebno me.
spoje sa različitim ženskim nukleusi- Vidi: cell generation time.
ma u embrionoj kesi. Prvi muški nu- down promoter mutation A mutation
kleus spoji se sa jajnom ćelijom, that decreases the frequency of initi-
obrazuje zigot; drugi muški nukleus ation of transcription. This leads to
spaja se sa dva polarna nukleusa, da a fall in the level of mRNA compa-
formira triploidni nukleus koji se red to the wild type state.
razvija u endosperm. Mutacija koja smanjuje učestalost inici-
double helix Describes the coiling of jacije transkripcije. To vodi padu u
the two strands of the double-stran- nivou mRNK, u poređenju sa sta-
ded DNA molecule, resembling a njem divljim tipom.
spiral staircase in which the base pa- down-regulate To induce genetically a
irs form the steps and the sugar- reduction in the level of a gene’s ex-
phosphate backbones form the rails pression.
on each side. One strand runs 3’?5’, Genetički izazvati smanjenje u nivou is-
while the complementary one runs
poljavanja gena.
5’?3’
downstream 1. With respect to DNA, the
Opisuje uvijanje dva lanca dvostruke
nucleotides that lie in the 3’ direction
DNK molekule, podsećajući na spi-
from the point of reference, which is
ralne stepenice, u kojima bazni paro-
vi formiraju stepenice, a šećerno-fos- frequently the site at which tran-
fatne komponente formiraju pruge na scription is initiated. This is generally
svakoj strani. Jedan lanac ide 3“?5’, designated +1, with downstream nuc-
dok onaj dopunski ide 5“?3’. leotides numbered +2, +10 etc. 2. In
double recessive An organism ho- chemical engineering, those phases of
mozygous for a recessive allele at a manufacturing process that follow
each of two loci. the biotransformation stage. Usually
Organizam homozigotan za recesivan refers to the recovery and purification
alel na svakom od dva lokusa. of the product of a fermentation pro-
double-stranded complementary DNA cess. See: downstream processing.
(Abbreviation: dscDNA). A double- 1.U odnosu na DNK, nukleotidi koji se
stranded DNA molecule created from nalaze u 3’pravcu od repera, što je
a cDNA template. često mesto na kojem se započinje
(Skraćenica: dscDNK) Molekul DNK sa transkripcija. To je uopšte označeno
dva lanca, stvoren od cDNK kalupa. sa +1, sa donjim tokom nukleotida
double-stranded DNA (Abbreviation: numerisanim +2, +10 itd. 2.U hemij-
dsDNA). Two complementary skom inženjerstvu, one faze proiz-
strands of DNA annealed in the form vodnog procesa koje slede biotran-
of a double helix. Synonym: duplex sformacioni stadijum. Obično se od-
DNA. nosi na oporavak i prečišćavanje pro-
100
downstream processing dTTP
101
dual culture duplication
102
E
E site See: exit site. loška jedinica u prirodi. Vidi: abiotic;
Vidi: exit site. biotic factors.
E. coli See: Escherichia coli. ecotype A population or a strain of an
Vidi: Ecsherichia coli. organism that is adapted to a particu-
EBV See: estimated breeding value. lar habitat.
Vidi: estimated breeding value. Populacija ili soj nekog organizma koji
EC See: Enzyme Commission num- je adaptiran na posebno stanište.
ber. ectopic Anomalous situation or relation,
Vidi: Enzyme Commission number. particularly with respect to preg-
ecdysone A steroid hormone in insects nancy, where the foetus is implanted
stimulating the synthesis of proteins outside the uterus.
involved in moulting and metamorp- Nenormalna situacija ili odnos, posebno
hosis. u vezi sa bremenitošću, gde je fetus
Steriodni hormon u insekata koji stimu- usađen izvan uterusa.
liše sintezu proteina uključenih u mi- edible vaccine Edible antigen-contai-
tarenje i metamorfozu. ning material, that activates the im-
eclosion 1. Emergence of an adult insect mune system via gut-associated
from the pupal stage. 2. Initial phase
lymphoid tissues. A preferred route
of germination of fungal spores.
for vaccine administration, particu-
1. Pojavljivanje odraslog insekta iz sta-
dijuma lutke. 2. Početna faza klijanja larly in areas where the technological
gljivičnih spora. infrastructure needed for maintenan-
ecological diversity See: biodiversity. ce of vaccines is absent. The vaccine
Vidi: biodiversity. is synthesized in vivo in the edible
economic trait locus (Abbreviation: parts of transgenic plants (e.g. gra-
ETL). A locus influencing a trait that ins, tubers, fruits, etc.) or eggs.
contributes to producer’s income. Jestivi materijal koji sadrži antigen, koji
(Skraćenica: ETL) Lokus koji utiče na aktivira imuni sistem preko limfoid-
osobinu koja doprinosi dohotku pro- nih tkiva povezanih sa alimentarnim
izvođača. kanalom. Poželjan put za davanje
ecosystem The complex of a living vakcine, posebno u oblastima gde je
community and its environment, fun- tehnološka infrastruktura potrebna za
ctioning as an ecological unit in na- održavanje vakcina odsutna. Vakcina
ture. See: abiotic; biotic factors. je sintetisana in vivo u jestivim delo-
Kompleks žive zajednice i njene spoljne vima transgeničnih biljaka (t.j.zrna,
sredine, funkcionišući kao jedna eko- krtole, plodovi, itd.) ili jaja.
103
editing electrophoresis
editing See: splicing (1). from a gel, in which they have been
Vidi: splicing (1). separated, to a support matrix, such
EDTA See: ethylenediamine tetraace- as nitrocellulose. A transfer techni-
tic acid. que employed in Southern and nort-
Vidi: ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. hern blotting.
EDV Abbreviation for essential deriva- Elektroforetski transfer DNK, RNK, ili
tion of varieties. proteina iz gela u kojem su bili iz-
Skraćenica za essential derivation of va- dvojeni, da podrže matricu, kao što
rieties. je nitroceluloza. Tehnika transfera
effector cells Cells of the immune primenjena u southern i nothern blo-
system that are responsible for the ting-u.
production of cell-mediated cytoto- electrochemical sensor Biosensors,
xicity. such as an enzyme electrode, in
Ćelije imunog sistema koje su odgovor- which a biological process is harnes-
ne za prozvodnju citotoksiciteta po- sed to an electrical sensor system.
sredstvom ćelija. Other types couple a biological event
effector molecule A molecule that influ- to an electrical one via a range of
ences the behaviour of a regulatory mechanisms, including the reduction
molecule, such as a repressor pro- of oxygen or pH change.
tein, thereby influencing gene ex-
Biosenzori, kao što je enzimska elektro-
pression.
da u kojoj je biološki proces povezan
Molekul koji utiče na ponašanje regula-
tornog molekula, kao što je represor za električni senzorski sistem. Ostali
protein, time utičuće na ekspresiju tipovi spajaju biološki događaj za
gena. električni preko raspona mehaniza-
egg 1. The fertilized zygote in egg- ma, uključujući redukciju kiseonika
laying animals. 2. The mature female ili promenu pH.
reproductive cell in animals and electron microscope (Abbreviation:
plants. EM). A microscope that uses an elec-
1. Oplođeni zigot u životinja nosilja. 2. tron beam focussed by magnetic
Reproduktivna ćelija odrasle ženke u ‘lenses’. See: scanning electron
životinja i biljaka. microscope.
EGS See: external guide sequence. (Skraćenica: EM) Mikroskop koji kori-
Vidi: external guide sequence. sti elektronsku struju dovedenu pu-
EIA See: enzyme immunoassay, ELI- tem magnetskih „sočiva“. Vidi: scan-
SA. ning electron microscope.
Vidi: enzyme immunoassay, ELISA. electrophoresis A ubiquitous molecular
elastin A fibrous protein that is the ma- biology technique, with many vari-
jor constituent of the yellow elastic ants, used to resolve complex mixtu-
fibres of animal connective tissue. res of macromolecules into their
Fibrozni protein koji je glavni sastojak components. Its principle is to su-
žutih elastičnih vlakana životinjskog bject samples to an electric field ap-
vezivnog tkiva. plied across a porous matrix. Mole-
electro-blotting The electrophoretic cules will migrate under these condi-
transfer of DNA, RNA or protein tions at a rate dependent on their net
104
electroporation elongation factors
105
embryo embryo sexing
106
embryo splitting emission wavelength
embryo splitting The splitting of young the zygote. Somatic cell embryoge-
embryos into several sections, each nesis is an alteRNAtive technique.
of which develops into an animal. A The generation of embryos has two
form of animal cloning, i.e. of produ- stages: initiation and maturation. Initi-
cing animals that are genetically ation needs a high level of the group
identical. In practice, the number of of plant hormones called auxins; ma-
animals that can be produced from a turation needs a lower level.
single embryo is less than 10. 1. (Opšte) Razviće embriona. 2. (U bi-
Podela mladih embriona na nekoliko de- ljaka) In vitro formiranje biljaka iz
lova od kojih se svaki razvije u živo- biljnih tkiva, kroz putanju koja je ve-
tinju. Oblik životinjskog kloniranja, oma nalik na normalnu embriogeniju
t.j.proizvodnje životinja koje su ge- iz zigota. Somatska ćelijska embrio-
netički identične. U praksi, broj živo- geneza je alternativna tehnika. Stva-
tinja koji se može proizvesti od jed- ranje embriona ima dva stadijuma:
nog embriona je manji od 10. začetak i sazrevanje. Začetak zahteva
embryo storage Cryogenic preserva- visoki nivo grupe biljnih hormona,
tion of animal embryos, allowing zvanih auksina; sazrevanje treba niži
inembryonation or other manipula- nivo.
embryoid Plant biotechnology term no
tions long after embryo formation.
longer commonly used. An embryo-
Kriogena konzervacija životinjskih em-
like body developing in vitro, for-
briona, omogućavajući dugo posle
ming a complete, self-contained
formiranja embriona inembrionaciju plantlet with no vascular connection
ili druge manipulacije. with the callus.
embryo technology Generic name for Izraz biljne biotehnologije koji se obič-
any modification of mammalian em- no više ne koristi. Telo slično embri-
bryos. It encompasses embryo clo- onu koje se razvija in vitro , formira-
ning, embryo splitting, embryo jući kompletnu, samostalnu biljčicu
storage, and in vitro fertilization. bez vaskularne veze sa kalusom.
Opšti naziv za bilo kakvu modifikaciju embryonic stem cells (Abbreviation:
embriona sisara. Obuhvata kloniranje ES cells). Cells of the early embryo
embriona, podelu embriona, skladi- that can give rise to all differentiated
štenje embriona, i in vitro oplođenje. cells, including germ line cells.
embryo transfer (Abbreviation: ET). (Skraćenica: ES cells) Embrionalne ma-
See: embryo multiplication and tične ćelije.Ćelije ranog embriona
transfer, multiple ovulation and koje mogu da pruže uspon svim dife-
embryo transfer. renciranim ćelijama, uključiv klicine
(Skraćenica: ET) Vidi: embryo multipli- ćelije.
cation and transfer, multiple ovula- emission wavelength The specific wa-
tion and embryo transfer. velength of light emitted by a fluore-
embryogenesis 1. (General) Develop- scent molecule, such as a labelled
ment of an embryo. 2. (In plants) In probe, upon absorption of light at
vitro formation of plants from plant the (higher) excitation wavelength.
tissues, through a pathway closely re- Specifična talasna dužina svetlosti, emi-
sembling normal embryogeny from tovana od fluorescentnog molekula,
107
EMT endocrine interference
kao što je obeležena proba, posle ap- Produkt gena, specifikovan putem po-
sorpcije svetlosti pri (višoj) eksitaci- sebne sekvence nukleinske kiseline.
onoj talasnoj dužini. Vidi: genetic code.
EMT See: embryo multiplication and endangered species A plant or animal
transfer. species in immediate danger of ex-
Vidi: embryo multiplication and tran- tinction because its population num-
sfer. ber has reached a critical level, or its
encapsidation The process by which habitat has been drastically reduced.
the nucleic acid of a virus is enclo- Biljna ili životinjska vrsta u neposrednoj
sed in a capsid. opasnosti od izumiranja, zbog veliči-
Proces, kojim se nukleinska kiselina vi- ne populacije koji je dostigao kriti-
rusa zatvara u omotač. čan nivo, ili je njeno stanište drastič-
encapsulating agents Anything which no smanjeno.
forms a shell around an enzyme or endemic Describing an organism, often
bacterium, common agents being a disease or pest, that is always pre-
polysaccharides such as alginate or sent in a stated area.
agar. The agents are inert and allow Opisujući neki organizam, često bolest
nutrients and oxygen to diffuse rea- ili štetočinu, koji su uvek prisutni u
dily into and out of the sphere, and određenoj oblasti.
are easy to convert from gel (solid) to end-labelling The introduction of a rea-
sol (liquid) or solution form by alte- dily-visualized tag at the end of a
ring the temperature or the concen- DNA or RNA molecule. A com-
monly used method is to introduce a
tration of ions. 32P atom onto the end of a DNA mo-
Bilo šta što obrazuje školjku oko enzima
lecule by means of the enzyme T4
ili bakterije, obični agensi bivajući
polynucleotide kinase.
polisaharidi, kao što je alginat ili Uvođenje lako vidljivog priveska na
agar. Agensi su inerntni i omoguća- kraju DNK ili RNK molekula. Uobi-
vaju hranljivim materijama i kiseoni- čajeno korišćen metod je da se uvede
ku da lako difunduju u, i iz sfere, i la- jedan 32P atom na kraj molekule
ko se prevode od gela (čvrstog) do DNK, putem enzima T4 polinukleo-
sola (tečnog), ili oblika rastvaranja, tidne kinaze.
menjajući temperaturu ili koncentra- endocrine gland Any gland in an ani-
ciju jona. mal that manufactures hormones and
encapsulation Any method packaging secretes them directly into the blood-
an enzyme or bacterium and mainta- stream to act at distant sites in the
ining its normal functions. Used to body, known as target organs or
immobilize cells in a bioreactor. cells.
Bilo koji metod pakovanja nekog enzi- Bilo koja žlezda u životinje koja proizvo-
ma ili bakterije i održavanja njihovih di hormone i luči ih direktno u krvo-
normalnih funkcija. Korišćen da tok, da deluje na daleka mesta u telu,
imobiliše ćelije u bioreaktoru. poznata kao ciljni organi ili ćelije.
encode The gene product specified by a endocrine interference Interference
particular nucleic acid sequence. with the normal balance of hormones.
See: genetic code. Remećenje normalnog bilansa hormona.
108
endocytosis endopolyploidy
endocytosis The process by which ma- endogenous Derived from within; from
terials enter a cell without passing the same cell type or organism. Op-
through the cell membrane. The posite: exogenous.
membrane folds around material out- Nastao iznutra; od istog tipa ćelije ili or-
side the cell, resulting in the forma- ganizma. Suprotno: exogenous.
tion of a sac-like vesicle inside endomitosis Duplication of chromoso-
which the material is entrapped. This mes without division of the nucleus,
vesicle is then pinched off from the resulting in a doubling (or more) in
cell surface so that it lies within the the chromosome number within a
cell. See: phagocytosis, pinocytosis. cell.
Proces kojim materijali ulaze u ćeliju Udvostručavanje hromozoma bez pode-
bez prolaska kroz ćelijsku membra- le nukleusa, dovodeći do udvostruča-
nu. Membrana se savija oko materi- vanja (ili više) u broju hromozoma u
jala izvan ćelije, dovodeći do formi- okviru ćelije.
ranja kesastog mehurića, unutar ko- endonuclease An enzyme that cleaves a
jeg je materijal uhvaćen u klopku. phosphodiester bond within a DNA
Mehurić je zatim otkinut od površine strand, forming two smaller strands.
ćelije, tako da leži u okviru ćelije. Vi- See: exonuclease, restriction endo-
di: phagocytosis, pinocytosis. nuclease.
Enzim koji raskida fosfodiestersku vezu
endoderm The internal layer of cells of
u lancu DNK, formirajući dva manja
the gastrula, which develops into the
lanca. Vidi: exonuclease, restriction
alimentary canal (gut) and digestive
endonuclease.
glands of the adult.
endophyte An organism that lives insi-
Unutrašnji sloj ćelija gastrule, koja se de a plant.
razvija u alimentarnom kanalu i di- Organizam koji živi unutar biljke.
gestivnim žlezdama odraslih. endoplasmic reticulum (Abbreviation:
endodermis The layer of living cells, ER). A cytoplasmic net of membra-
with various characteristically thic- nes, adjacent to the nucleus, visible
kened walls and no intercellular spa- under the electron microscope. The
ces, which surrounds the vascular sites of protein synthesis.
tissue of certain plants and occurs in (Skraćenica: ER) Citoplazmatična mre-
nearly all roots and certain stems and ža membrana, granična sa nukleu-
leaves. It separates the cortical cells som, vidljiva pod elektronskim mi-
from cells of the pericycle. kroskopom. Mesta sinteze proteina.
Sloj živih ćelija, sa različitim karakteri- endopolyploidy The net result of endo-
stično zadebljanim zidovima i bez mitoses. The somatic chromosome
interćelijskih prostora, koji okružuje number has doubled (or more), for-
vaskularno tkivo izvesnih biljaka, i ming a polyploid cell line. If these
nastaje u skoro svim korenjima i sta- differentiate into a germ line, then
blima i listovima. Odvaja ćelije kore the gametic number will have also
od ćelija pericikla. increased proportionately, giving rise
endogamy See: inbreeding. to homogeneously polyploid indivi-
Vidi: inbreeding. duals, termed endopolyploids.
109
endoprotease enhancer
Neto rezultat endomitoza. Broj somat- cell from which the endosperm de-
skih hromozoma se udvostručio (ili velops.
više), formirajući poliploidnu ćelij- Jedna od sedam ćelija embrionove kese
sku liniju. Ako se one diferenciraju u zrele biljke, koja sadrži dva polarna
klicinu liniju, tada će gametski broj nukleusa, i koja posle oplođenja daje
takođe proporcialno da se poveća, uspon primarnoj ćeliji endosperma
dajući izvor homogeno poliploidnim od koje se endosperm razvije.
individuama, nazvanim endopoliplo- endotoxin A component of the cell wall
idima. of gram-negative bacteria that elicits,
endoprotease An enzyme that cleaves in mammals, an inflammatory re-
internal peptide bonds within a sponse and fever.
polypeptide molecule. Site of clea- Komponenta ćelijskog zida gram-nega-
vage is usually specific to certain tivnih bakterija, koja u sisara izaziva
amino acid residues. zapaljivo reagovanje i groznicu.
Enzim koji prekida unutrašnje peptidne end-product inhibition The inhibition
veze u okviru polipeptidnog moleku- of an enzyme by a metabolite. Typi-
la. Mesto prekida je obično specifič- cally, the enzyme is the first enzyme
no za izvesne rezidue aminokiselina. in a biosynthetic pathway, and the
Endoreduplication Chromosome re- metabolite the product of the last
production during interphase. Four- step in the pathway. See: feedback
chromatid chromosomes (diplochro- inhibition.
mosomes) are seen during this phase. Suzbijanje nekog enzima putem meta-
Reprodukcija hromozoma tokom među- bolita. Karakteristično, enzim je prvi
faze. Hromozomi sa četiri hromatida enzim u biosintezi a metabolit je pro-
(diplohromozomi) vide se tokom te dukt poslednjeg koraka u putanji. Vi-
faze. di: feedback inhibition.
endosperm The nutritive tissue that de- enhancer 1. A substance or object that
velops in the seed of most angio- increases a chemical activity or a
sperms, containing varying proporti- physiological process. 2. A
ons of carbohydrate (usually eukaryotic DNA sequence (also fo-
starch), protein and lipid. In most di- und in some eukaryotic viruses)
ploid plants, the endosperm is tri- which increases the transcription of
ploid. a gene. Located up to several kbp,
Hranljivo tkivo koje se razvije u semenu usually (but not exclusively) upstre-
većine angiospermi, sadržavajući am of the gene in question. In some
različite proporcije ugljenih hidrata cases can activate transcription of a
(obično skroba), proteina i lipida. U gene with no (known) promoter.
većini diploidnih biljaka, endosperm Synonyms: enhancer element; en-
je triploid. hancer sequence. 3. A major or mo-
endosperm mother cell One of the se- difier gene that increases the rate of a
ven cells of the mature plant embryo physiological process.
sac, containing the two polar nuclei 1. Supstanca ili objekt, koji povećava he-
and, which, following fertilization, mijsku aktivnost ili fiziološki proces.
gives rise to the primary endosperm 2. Eukariotska sekvenca DNK (tako-
110
enhancer element Enzyme Commission number
đe nađena u nekih eukariotskih viru- enucleated ovum Egg cell from which
sa) koja povaćava transkripciju gena. the nucleus has been removed, usu-
Locirana na nekoliko kbp, obično (ali ally as a preparatory step for nuclear
ne isključivo) podstiče određene ge- transfer.
ne. U nekim slučajevima može da ak- Jajna ćelija iz koje je nukleus odstra-
tivira transkripciju gena bez (pozna- njen, obično kao pripremni korak za
tog) promotera. Sinonimi: enhancer transfer nukleusa.
element, enhancer sequence. 3. Glav- enzyme A protein which, even in very
ni ili modifikujući gen koji povećava low concentration, catalyses specific
stepen fiziološkog procesa. chemical reactions but is not used up
enhancer element See: enhancer. in the reaction. Enzymes are classi-
Vidi: enhancer. fied into six major groups (1–6), ac-
enhancer sequence See: enhancer. cording to the type of reaction they
Vidi: enhancer. catalyse: 1. oxidoreductases; 2. tran-
enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate sferases; 3. hydrolases; 4. lyases; 5.
synthase (Abbreviation EPSP isomerases; 6. ligases. Generally
synthase or EPSPS). An enzyme pro- enzymes are named by the addition
duced by virtually all plants, which is of the suffix -ase to the name of their
essential for normal metabolism, and substrate, and are classified by a
for the biosynthesis of aromatic ami-
standard numerical system: the
no acids. Glyphosate- and sulfosate-
Enzyme Commission (EC) num-
containing herbicides act by inhibi-
ber.
ting EPSP synthase activity, but be-
cause strain CP4 of Agrobacterium Protein, koji, čak i u vrlo niskoj koncen-
sp. is unaffected by glyphosate, the traciji, katalizuje specifične hemijske
introduction of the CP4 EPSPS gene reakcije, ali nije iscrpen u reakciji.
into crop plants generates a tolerance Enzimi su klasifikovani u šest glav-
of glyphosate-containing herbicides. nih grupa (1–6), prema tipu reakcije
(Skraćenica: EPSP synthase ili EPSPS) koju katalizuju; 1. oksidoreduktaze;
Enzim, proizveden od gotovo svih bi- 2. transferaze; 3. hidrolaze; 4. liaze;
ljaka, koji je bitan za normalan meta- 5. izomeraze; 6. ligaze. Enzimi su
bolizam, i za biosintezu aromatičnih nazvani dodavanjem nastavka -aze
aminokiselina. Glifosat-i sulfosat sa- imenu njihovih supstrata, a klasifiko-
državajući herbicidi, deluju putem vani su putem standardnog numerič-
sprečavanja aktivnosti EPSP sintaze, kog sistema: Enzyme Commission
ali pošto je soj CP4 Agrobacterium-a (EC) number.
sp.van uticaja glifosata, uvođenje enzyme bioreactor A reactor in which a
CP4 EPSP gena u useve izaziva tole- chemical conversion reaction is ca-
rantnost herbicida koji sadrže glifosat. talysed by an enzyme.
enterotoxin A bacterial protein that, Reaktor u kojem je hemijska reakcija
following release into the intestine, konverzije katalizovana putem ne-
causes cramps, diarrhoea and nausea. kog enzima.
Bakterijski protein koji, sledeći otpušta- Enzyme Commission number (Abbre-
nje u creva, izaziva grčeve, diareju i viation: EC number). Systematic la-
muku. bel which identifies an enzyme in the
111
enzyme electrode enzyme stabilization
technical literature. Consists of four de. Kada enzim katalizuje njenu re-
numbers separated by dots: the first akciju, elektroni se prenose od reak-
classifies the enzyme into one of the tanta do elektrode, i tako je stvorena
six broad enzyme groups (see: struja. Ima dva tipa enzimskih elek-
enzymes); each group is subdivided troda: 1. Ampometički (mereći tok
into sub-groups, each sub-group into struje) gde se elektroda drži što je
sub-sub-groups, and the last number moguće bliže nultoj voltaži. Kada
is specific for the enzyme, e.g. EC enzim katalizuje njenu reakciju,
3.1.21.1 is deoxyribonuclease I. elektroni se pomere u elektrodu i ta-
(Skraćenica: EC number) sistematička ko teče struja. 2. Potenciomertički
oznaka koja identifikuje neki enzim (mereći promene u električnom po-
u tehničkoj literaturi. Sastoji se od tencijalu) kada se elektroda drži na
četiri broja razdvojena tačkama: prvi voltaži koja umanjuje voltažu odre-
klasifikuje enzim u jednu od 6 širo- đenu tendencijom enzima da prenese
kih enzimskih grupa (Vidi enzymes); elektrone u nju. Obično enzimi pre-
svaka grupa je ponovo podeljena u nose neefikasno njihove elektrone na
podgrupe, svaka podgrupa podpod- elektrodu, tako da je medijatorsko je-
grupe, a poslednji broj je specifičan dinjenje na elektrodi pokriveno da
za enzim, na pr.EC 3.1.21.1 je deok- pomogne prenos.
siribonukleaza I. enzyme immunoassay A range of im-
enzyme electrode A type of biosensor, munoassay techniques employing
in which an enzyme is immobilized enzymes, which includes ELISA.
onto the surface of an electrode. Raspon tehnika imunoprobe koristeći
When the enzyme catalyses its reac- enzime, koje uključuju ELISA.
tion, electrons are transferred from enzyme kinetics The quantitative cha-
the reactant to the electrode, and so a racteristics of enzyme reactions.
current is generated. There are two Kvantitativna karakteristika enzimskih
types of enzyme electrodes: 1. Am- reakcija.
pometric (measuring current flow)
enzyme stabilization Maintaining the
where the electrode is kept as near
active conformation of an enzyme.
zero voltage as possible. When the
enzyme catalyses its reaction, elec- This can be achieved in vitro by pro-
trons move into the electrode, and so viding the appropriate chemical en-
a current flows; 2. Potentiometric vironment and cofactors. In some ca-
(measuring changes in electrical po- ses the criticality of these factors can
tential) when the electrode is held at be reduced by binding an antibody
a voltage which counteracts the vol- to the enzyme, in such a way that the
tage determined by the enzyme’s ten- active site of the enzyme is left un-
dency to push electrons into it. Usu- blocked.
ally enzymes transfer their electrons Održavanje aktivne konformacije nekog
inefficiently to the electrode, so a enzima. To se može postići in vitro,
mediator compound is coated onto obezbeđujući odgovarajuću hemij-
the electrode to help the transfer. sku sredinu i kofaktore. U nekim slu-
Tip biosenzora, u kojem je neki enzim čajevima kritičnost tih faktora može
imobilisan na površini neke elektro- biti smanjena vezivanjem nekog an-
112
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay epinasty
titela za enzim, na takav način da se lije koje formiraju stromu, ili dlake
aktivno mesto enzima ostavi deblo- različitih tipova. U drvenastih bilja-
kirano. ka, funkcije epidermisa su preuzete
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay od tkiva periderma i u starih koreno-
See: ELISA. va epiderm je pomeren i zamenjen
Vidi: ELISA. hipodermisom.
EPD See: expected progeny differen- epigenesis Describes the developmental
ce. process whereby each successive sta-
Vidi: expected progeny difference. ge of normal development is built up
epicotyl The upper portion of the axis of on the foundations created by the
a plant embryo or seedling, above preceding stages of development; an
the cotyledons. embryo is built up from a zygote, a
Gornji deo biljnog embriona ili klijanca, seedling from an embryo, and so on.
iznad kotiledona. Opisuje razvojni proces kojim je svaki
epidermis 1. The outmost layer of cells sukcesivni stadijum normalnog raz-
of the body of an animal. In inverte- vića ugrađen na osnove stvorene
prethodnim stadijumima razvića;
brates the epidermis is normally only
embrion je izgrađen od zigota, klija-
one cell thick and is covered by an
nac od embriona itd.
impermeable cuticle. In vertebrates epigenetic variation Non-hereditary
the epidermis is the thinner of the and reversible variation; often the re-
two layers of skin. 2. The outermost sult of a change in gene expression
layer of cells covering a plant. It is due to methylation of DNA.
overlaid by a cuticle and its functions Nenasledna i povratna varijacija; često
are principally to protect the plant rezultat promene u ekspresiji gena
from injury and to reduce water loss. usled metilacije DNK.
Some epidermal cells are modified to epinasty A process by which the growth
form guard cells or hairs of various of branches or petioles is abnormally
types. In woody plants the functions pointing downward. This phenome-
of the shoot epidermis are taken over non is caused by the more rapid
by the periderm tissues and in mature growth of the upper side. Epinasty
roots the epidermis is sloughed off may result from either nutritional de-
and replaced by the hypodermis. ficiencies or irregularities at the plant
1. Spoljnji sloj ćelija tela neke životinje. growth regulator level. Not to be
U beskičmenjaka, epiderm je nor- confused with wilting, as epinastic
malno samo jedna ćelija, debela i po- tissues are turgid.
krivena nepropusnom kutikulom. U Proces kojim je rast grana ili lisnih drški
kičmenjaka, epiderm je tanji i sastoji abnormalno usmeren na dole. Ovaj
se od dva sloja kože. 2. Krajnji spo- fenomen je izazvan bržim rastom
ljašnji sloj ćelija koji pokriva biljku. gornje strane. Epinastija može nasta-
On je prekriven kutikulom i njene ti bilo deficitarnošću u ishani ili ne-
funkcije su uglavnom da zaštite bilj- pravilnostima na nivou regulatora ra-
ku od povrede, i da smanje gubitak sta biljke. Ne treba mešati sa venje-
vode. Neke ćelije epiderma su izme- njem, pošto su epinastička tkiva sa
njene kako bi formirale kontrolne će- visokim turgorom.
113
epiphyte Erlenmeyer flask
epiphyte A plant that grows upon anot- Bolest koja simultano napada veliki broj
her plant, but is neither parasitic on it životinja.
nor rooted in the ground. EPSP synthase Abbreviation for
Biljka koja raste nad drugom biljkom enolpyruvyl-shikimate 3-phospha-
ali, niti je parazitna, niti ukorenjena u te synthase.
zemljištu. Skraćenica za enolpyruvyl-shikimate 3-
episome A genetic extrachromosomal phosphate synthase.
element (e.g. the F factor in Esche- EPSPS Abbreviation for enolpyruvyl-
richia coli) which replicates within a shikimate 3-phosphate synthase.
cell independently of the chromoso- Skraćenica za enolpyruvyl-shikimate 3-
me and is able to integrate into the phosphate synthase.
host chromosome. The step of inte- equational division A chromosome di-
gration may be governed by a variety vision in which the two chromatids
of factors and so the term episome of each duplicated chromosome se-
has lost favour and been superseded parate longitudinally, prior to being
by the wider term plasmid. incorporated into two daughter nuc-
Genetički element izvan hromozoma lei. Seen at the mitotic-type second
(na pr.F faktor u Escherichia coli), division of meiosis; also in somatic
koji se umnožava u okviru ćelije, ne- mitosis and the non-reductional divi-
zavisno od hromozoma, i u stanju je sion of meiosis. The number of chro-
da se integriše u hromozom domaći- mosomes is the same at the end of
na. Na integraciju mogu uticati razni the division as at the beginning.
faktori, i tako je izraz epizom zame- Podela hromozoma, u kojoj se dve hro-
njen širim izrazom plazmid. matide od svakog udvostručenog
epistasis Interaction between genes at hromozoma podele po dužini, pre ne-
different loci, e.g. one gene suppres- go što se pripoje u dva nukleusa ćer-
ses the effect of another gene that is ki. Vidljiva je u drugoj mejotičkoj
situated at a different locus. Domi- deobi, takođe u somatskoj mitozi i
nance is associated with members of neredukcionoj deobi mejoze. Broj
allelic pairs, whereas epistasis de- hromozoma je na kraju deobe isti
scribes an interaction among pro- kao na početku.
ducts of non-alleles. equilibrium density gradient centrifu-
Interakcija između gena na različitim lo- gation A procedure used to separate
kusima, na pr.jedan gen suzbija efekt macromolecules based on their den-
drugog gena koji se nalazi na različi- sity (mass per unit volume).
tom lokusu. Dominantnost je pove- Postupak, korišćen za razdvajanje ma-
zana sa alelnim parovima, dok epi- kromolekula, zasnovan na njihovoj
staza opisuje interakciju između nea- gustini (masi po jedinici zapremine).
lela. ER See: endoplasmic reticulum.
epitope Synonym for antigenic deter- Vidi: endoplasmic reticulum.
minant. Erlenmeyer flask A conical flat-botto-
Sinonim za antigenic determinant. med laboratory flask with a narrow
epizootic A disease simultaneously af- neck, widely used for culturing mic-
fecting a large number of animals. ro-organisms.
114
ES cells established culture
115
estimated breeding value ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
116
euchromatin euploid
117
evapotranspiration excrete
118
exit site exotoxin
exit site (Abbreviation: E site). The ri- molekulu. Mnogi eukarotski geni se
bosome binding site that contains the sastoje od mozaika egzona i introna.
free tRNA prior to its release. exon amplification A procedure that is
(Skraćenica: E site) Mesto vezivanja ri- used to amplify exons.
bozoma koje sadrži slobodnu tRNK Postupak koji je korišćen za umnožava-
pre njenog otpuštanja. nje egzona.
exo III See: exonuclease III. exonuclease An enzyme that digests
Vidi: exonuclease III. DNA or RNA, beginning at the end
exocrine gland An animal gland that of a strand. It therefore requires a
secretes through a duct. free end in order to begin the degra-
Životinjska žlezda koja luči sadržaj kroz dation. 5’-exonucleases require a
kanal. free 5’ end and degrade the molecule
exodeoxyribonuclease III See: exo- in the 5’?3’ direction. 3’-exonuclea-
nuclease III. ses require a free 3’ end and degrade
Vidi: exonuclease III. in the opposite direction.
exogamy See: outbreeding. Enzim koji razgrađuje DNK ili RNK,
Vidi: outbreeding. počev od kraja lanca. On zbog toga
exogenous Produced outside of; origi- treba da ima slobodan kraj da bi po-
nating from, or due to, external cau- čeo razgradnju. 5’ egzonukleaze zah-
ses. Opposite: endogenous. tevaju slobodan 5’kraj i razgrađuju
Priozveden izvan; poreklom od, ili usled molekul u smeru 5“?3’. 3’-egzonu-
spoljašnjih uzoraka. Suprotno: endo- kleaze zahtevaju slobodan 3’kraj i
genous. razgrađuju u suprotnom smeru.
exogenous DNA DNA that has been de- exonuclease III (Abbreviation: exo III).
rived from one organism, and is to be An Escherichia coli enzyme that re-
introduced into a cell a different spe- moves nucleotides from the 3’
cies. Also referred to as foreign hydroxyl ends of double-stranded
DNA or heterologous DNA. DNA. Synonym: exodeoxyribonucle-
DNK koja je poreklom od jednog orga- ase III.
nizma, i može biti uvedena u ćeliju (Skraćenica: exo III) Enzim Escherichia
različitih vrsta. Takođe se spominje coli , koji odstranjuje nukleotide od
kao strana DNK ili heterologous 3’ hidroksilnih krajeva od dvolanča-
DNK. ne DNK. Sinonim: exodeoxyribo-
exon A segment of a eukaryotic gene nuclease III.
that is transcribed as part of the pri- exopolysaccharide A polysaccharide
mary transcript and is retained, after that is secreted by a micro-organism
processing, with other exons to form into the surrounding environment.
a functional mRNA molecule. Many Polisaharid kojeg luče mikroorganizmi
eukaryotic genes are composed of a u okolnu sredinu.
mosaic of exons and introns. exotoxin A toxin released by a bacteri-
Segment gena eukariota koji je transkri- um into the medium in which it
bovan kao deo primarnog transkrip- grows.
ta, i posle obrade je sa drugim egzo- Toksin koju otpušta bakterija u medijum
nima obrazuje funkcionalnu mRNK u kojem raste.
119
expected progeny difference expressed sequence tag
expected progeny difference (Abbrevi- explant donor The plant from which an
ation: EPD). The predicted perfor- explant has been taken.
mance of the future offspring of an Biljka od koje je uzet neki eksplant.
individual for a particular trait, cal- explantation The removal of cells, tis-
culated from measurement(s) of the sues or organs of animals and plants
individual’s own performance and/or for observation of their growth and
the performance of one or more of its development in appropriate culture
relatives, for the trait in question media.
and/or for one or more correlated tra- Odstranjenje ćelija, tkiva ili organa ži-
its. Typically, the prediction is ex- votinja i biljaka, za posmatranje nji-
pressed as a deviation from a well- hovog rasta i razvića u odgovaraju-
defined base population, assuming ćem medijumu kulture.
the individual in question is mated to explosion method A technique for the
a sample of individuals whose avera- genetic transformation of cells, in
ge genetic merit equals that of the ba- which the transgene is driven into
se population. The predicted perfor- the target (plant) cells by the sudden
mance of the offspring of the mating vaporization (effected by the appli-
between any two individuals is the cation of a pulse of high voltage) of a
sum of their EPDs. water droplet containing the DNA
and gold particles.
(Skraćenica: EPD) Predviđena perfor-
Tehnika za genetičku transformaciju će-
mansa budućeg potomstva neke indi-
lija, u kojima je transgen upućen u
vidue za određenu osobinu, izračuna-
ciljne (biljne) ćelije putem iznenad-
ta iz merenja individuine sopstvene
nog isparavanja (pod uticajem pri-
performanse i/ili performanse jednog mene impulsa visoke voltaže) vode-
ili više njenih srodnika, za osobinu nih kapljica koje sadrže DNK i parti-
koja je u pitanju, i/ili za jednu ili više kule zlata.
osobina koje su u korelaciji. Karakte- exponential phase See: logarithmic
ristično, predviđanje je izraženo kao phase.
devijacija od dobro definisane Vidi: logarithmic phase.
osnovne populacije, podrazumevaju- export The removal of a compound
ći da je individua koja je u pitanju from a cell by active transport.
parena sa uzorkom individua čija je Odstranjenje jedinjenja iz ćelije putem
prosečna genetička sposobnost jed- aktivnog transporta.
naka onoj u baznoj populaciji. Pred- express To transcribe and translate a ge-
viđena performansa potomstva pare- ne.
nja između bilo koje dve individue ja Opisati i prevesti gen.
zbir njihovih EPD-ova. expressed sequence tag (Abbreviation:
explant A portion of a plant aseptically EST). Partially sequenced cDNA
excised and prepared for culture in a clone. Because the read length of a
nutrient medium. standard DNA sequencing reaction
Deo biljke aseptički isečene i pripre- is shorter than the majority of cDNA
mljene za kulturu u medijumu hran- clones, full length sequence can only
ljivih materija. be obtained by further manipulati-
120
expression library extension
ons. For the purposes of (1) assig- that, after insertion of a DNA mole-
ning putative function to a cDNA cule, its coding sequence is properly
and (2) designing PCR primers to transcribed and the mRNA is tran-
extract the genomic DNA equivalent slated. The cloned gene is put under
to the cDNA, full length sequence is the control of a promoter sequence
usually unnecessary. By restricting for the initiation of transcription, and
sequencing to a single run, large often also has a transcription termi-
numbers of cDNAs can be characte- nation sequence at its end.
rized at the EST level. Vektor kloniranja koji je konstruisan na
(Skraćenica: EST) Delimično sekvenci- takav način, da je posle ubacivanja u
onirani cDNK klon. Pošto je dužina DNK molekul, njegova sekvenca ko-
očitavanju standardne reakcije se- diranja ispravno transkribovana, i
kvenciranja DNK kraća nego većine mRNK prevedena. Kloniraani gen je
cDNK klonova, puna dužina sekven- stavljen pod kontrolu sekvence pro-
ce može se jedino dobiti daljim ma- motera za početak transkripcije, i če-
nipulacijama. Za (1) proveravanje sto ima sekvencu terminacije tran-
pretpostavljene funkcije cDNK i (2) skripcije na svom kraju.
skiciranja PCR primera u cilju eks- expressivity Degree of expression of a
trahovanja genomski ekvivalentne trait controlled by a particular gene.
DNK u cDNK, sekvenca cele dužine The gene may show different degrees
je obično nepotrebna. Ograničavaju- of expression in different individu-
ći sekvenciranje na jedan tok, veliki als. See: variable expressivity.
broj cDNK-ova mogu se karakterisa- Stepen ispoljavanja osobine kontrolisan
ti na EST nivou. naročitim genom. Gen može pokazi-
expression library A cDNA library vati različite stepene ekspresije kod
that has been inserted into a bacterial različitih individua. Vidi: variable
host cell engineered to express tran- expressivity.
sgenes. See: library. extension The short single-stranded
cDNK biblioteka, koja je bila ubačena u stretch of nucleotides remaining on a
bakterijsku ćeliju, kao domaćina pro- double-stranded DNA molecule,
izvedenu da ispolji transgene. Vidi: following treatment with a restric-
library. tion endonuclease which makes a
expression system Combination of host staggered cut. The presence of these
and vector which provides a genetic unpaired regions make the molecule
context for making a cloned gene more easily ligatable, and are thus
functional, i.e. produce peptide, in important in gene cloning. Syno-
the host cell. nyms: protruding end; sticky end;
Kombinacija domaćina i vektora koja overhang; cohesive end.
obezbeđuje genetički kontekst da Kratko jednolančano proširenje nukleo-
klonirani gen učini funkcionalnim, tida ostalih na molekuli dvolančanog
t.j.proizvodi pepide, u ćeliji domaći- DNK, sledeći tretman sa restrikcio-
na. nom endonukleazom, što čini raspo-
expression vector A cloning vector that ređeni odsečak. Prisustvo tih nenapa-
has been constructed in such a way renih regiona čini molekul lakšim za
121
external guide sequence exude
122
F
F factor Abbreviation for fertility factor. FACS See: fluorescence-activated cell
A bacterial plasmid that confers the sorting.
ability to function as a genetic donor Vidi: fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
in conjugation. See: Hfr. factorial mating A mating scheme in
Skraćenica za faktor plodnosti. Bakterij- which each male parent is mated
ski plazmid koji prenosi sposobnost with each female parent. Made possi-
za funkcionisanje kao genetički do- ble in animals by means of in vitro
nor u konjugaciji. Vidi: Hfr. embryo production. Such a mating
F1 Abbreviation for filial generation 1. scheme substantially reduces the rate
The initial hybrid generation resul- of inbreeding in a selection pro-
ting from a cross between two pa- gramme.
rents. See Fn. Šema parenja u kojoj se svaki muški ro-
Skraćenica za filijalnu genericiju 1.Po- ditelj pari sa svakim ženskim rodite-
četna hibridna generacija koja nasta- ljem. Moguća u životinja putem pro-
je iz ukrštanja između dva roditelja. izvodnje embriona in vitro. Takva še-
Vidi: Fn. ma parenja znatno smanjuje stepen
F2 The second hybrid generation, pro- inbridinga u programu selekcije.
duced either by intercrossing two F1 facultative anaerobe An organism that
individuals, or by self-fertilizing an will grow under either aerobic or
F1 individual. See Fn. anaerobic conditions.
Druga hibridna generacija, nastala bilo Organizam koji će rasti pod bilo aerob-
putem međusobnog ukrštanja dve F1 nim ili anaerobnim uslovima.
individue, ili putem samooplodnjom FAD See: flavin adenine dinucleotide.
F1 individue. Vidi: Fn. Vidi: flavin adenine dinucleotide.
Fab A product of hydrolysis of an IgG false fruit See: pseudocarp.
antibody, consisting of the variable Vidi: pseudocarp.
region with some of the constant re- false negative A negative assay result
gion of a heavy chain, and an entire that should have been positive.
light chain. Contains a single anti- Negativan rezultat ogleda, koji je treba-
gen-binding site. lo da bude pozitivan.
Produkt hidrolize jednog IgG antitela, false positive A positive assay result
koji se sastoji od varijabilnog regio- that should have been negative.
na, sa nekim od konstantnih regiona Pozitivan rezultat ogleda, koji bi trebao
u teškom lancu, i u potpuno lakom da bude negativan.
lancu. Sadrži jedno mesto za veziva- farm animal genetic resources Those
nje antigena. animal species that are used, or may
123
farmers’ privilege feedback inhibition
be used, for the production of food Agriculture’ that resulted from the
and agriculture, and the populations renegotiations of the Undertaking
within each of them. Within each makes provision for the Farmers’
species, these populations can be Rights in Article 9.
classified as wild and feral populati- Prava, najpre priznata Rezolucijom 5 od
ons, landraces and primary populati- 1989. FAO Konferencije, kao „prava
ons, standardized breeds, selected li- nastala iz prošlih, sadašnjih i budućih
nes, and any conserved genetic mate- doprinosa farmera u konzervisanju,
rial. unapređenju i stavljanju na raspola-
Životinjske vrste koje se koriste, ili mo- ganje biljnih genetičkih resursa“; ta
gu biti korišćene, za proizvodnju hra- stavka je postala dodatak „Međuna-
ne i poljoprivredu, i populacije u rodnom preuzimanju biljnih genetič-
okviru istih. U okviru svake vrste, te kih resursa“. Obaveza „Međunarodni
populacije mogu biti klasifikovane sporazum biljnih genetičkih resursa
kao prirodne (divlje) i nepripitomlje- za hranu i poljoprivredu“ koja je na-
ne populacije, lokalne populacije i stala od ponovnih pregovaranja čini
primarne populacije, standardizova- pripremu za Prava farmera u članu 9.
ne rase, selekcionisane linije, i bilo fascicle See: vascular bundle.
koji konzervisani genetički materijal. Vidi: vascular bundle.
farmers’ privilege Rights to hold ger- Fc A product of hydrolysis of an IgG
mplasm, covered by plant variety antibody, consisting of parts of the
protection, as a seed source for sub- constant regions of two heavy chains
sequent seasons. Considered as opti- held together by a disulphide brid-
onal for governments to include in ge, but excluding the antigen-bin-
their legislation. Synonym: farmer- ding regions, and also excluding the
saved seed. light chains.
Prava za čuvanje genomplazme, pokri- Produkt hidrolize IgG antitela, koje se
vena zaštitom biljnog varijeteta kao sastoji od delova konstantnih regiona
semenskog izvora za naredne sezone. dva teška lanca koja se drže zajedno
Smatra se kao neobaveznim da ga putem disulfidnog mosta, ali isklju-
vlade uključe u svoje zakonodav- čujući antigenske-vezujuće regione,
stvo. Sinonim: farmer-saved seed. a takođe isključujući i lake lance.
farmers’ rights Rights first recognized fed-batch fermentation Culture of
by Resolution 5 of the 1989 FAO cells or micro-organisms where nu-
Conference as „rights arising from trients are added periodically to the
the past, present and future contribu- bioreactor.
tions of farmers in the conservation, Kultura ćelija mikroorganizama gde su
improvement and the making availa- hranljive materije dodate povremeno
ble of plant genetic resources“; this bioreaktoru.
item became an attachment to the feedback inhibition The process by
‘International Undertaking on which the accumulated end product
Plant Genetic Resources’. The bin- of a biochemical pathway stops
ding ‘International Treaty of Plant synthesis of that product. The effect
Genetic Resources for Food and is that a late metabolite of a synthe-
124
fermentation fertilizer
125
fetus filtration
Bilo koja supstanca koja se dodaje ze- filter bioreactor A cell culture system,
mljištu da bi povećala njegovu pro- in which cells are grown on a fine
duktivnost. Đubriva mogu biti biolo- mesh of an inert material, which al-
škog porekla (na pr.komposti), ili lows the culture medium to flow past
mogu da budu sintetička (veštačko it but retains the cells. This is similar
đubrivo). in idea to membrane and hollow fi-
fetus See: foetus. bre reactors, but can be much easier
Vidi: foetus. to set up, being similar to conventio-
Feulgen staining A histochemical stain nal tower bioreactors, but with the
by which the distribution of DNA in mesh replacing the central reactor
the chromosomes of dividing cell space. Synonym: mesh bioreactor.
nuclei can be observed. Sistem ćelijske kulture, u kojem se ćeli-
Histiohemijska boja, putem koje se mo- je gaje na finoj mreži inertnog mate-
že posmatrati distribucija DNK u rijala, koji omogućuje medijumu
hromozomima nukleusa ćelija koje kulture da protiče, ali zadržava ćeli-
se dele. je. To je slično po ideji membrane i
FIA Abbreviation for fluorescence im-
reaktora šupljih vlakana, ali može da
munoassay.
bude mnogo lakše održavanje, budu-
Skraćenica za fluorescence immunoas-
say. ći sličan je običnim bioreaktorima, u
fibril A microscopic to sub-microscopic vidu kule ali sa mrežom koja zame-
cellulose thread that is part of the cel- njuje centralni prostor reaktora. Sino-
lulose matrix of plant cell walls. nim: mesh bioreactor.
Mikroskopsko, do submikroskopsko ce- filter sterilization Process of removing
lulozno vlakno koje je deo celulozne microbial contaminants from a liquid
matrice ćelijskih zidova biljke. by passing through a filter with pores
fibroblasts Irregularly shaped, branching too small to allow the passage of
cells distributed throughout vertebrate micro-organisms and spores.
connective tissue. A cell type which is Proces odstranjivanja mikrobioloških
readily cultured in vitro. kontaminanata iz tečnosti propušta-
Nepravilno oblikovane, granajuće ćeli- njem kroz filter sa porama suviše
je, raspoređene u celom vezivnom malim za prolaz mikroorganizama i
tkivu kičmenjaka. Ćelijski tip koji se spora.
lako kultiviše in vitro. filtration 1. Separation of solids from
fibrous root Root system in which both liquids by using a porous material
primary and lateral roots have appro- that only allows passage of the liquid
ximately equal diameters. Opposite: or of solids smaller than the pore size
tap root. of the filter. The material passing the
Korenov sistem kod kojeg primarni i se- filter forms the filtrate. 2. Removal
kundarni korenovi, imaju približno of cell aggregates to obtain a filtrate
jednake prečnike. Suprotno: tap root. of single cells that can be utilized as
field gene bank See: gene bank (2). plating inocula.
Vidi: gene bank (2). 1. Odvajanje čvrstih materijala od teč-
filial generation See: F1, F2, Fn. nosti korišćenjem poroznog materi-
Vidi: F1, F2, Fn. jala koji jedino omogućava prolaz
126
fingerprinting flavin adenine dinucleotide
tečnosti ili čvrstih materija manjih od selekcije gde alel ispoljava veći nivo
veličine pora filtera.Materijal koji preživljavanja; zbog indirektne se-
prođe kroz filter formira filtrat. 2. lekcije, gde je lokus vezan za gen ko-
Odstranjenje ćelijskih agregata radi ji je subjekt direktne selekcije; ili
formiranja filtrata od pojedinih ćelija zbog genetičkog razilaženja.
koji se može koristiti kao inokulum FLAG See affinity tag.
stavljen u posudu. Vidi: affinity tag.
fingerprinting See: DNA fingerprin- flaming A technique for sterilizing in-
ting. struments, to remove live micro-or-
Vidi: DNK fingerprintnig. ganism contaminants. The instru-
FISH See: fluorescence in situ hybri- ment is dipped in alcohol, and the al-
dization. cohol remaining on the instrument is
Vidi: fluoroscence in situ hybridization. ignited, thereby heat-sterilizing the
fission Asexual reproduction involving surface.
the division of a single-celled indivi- Tehnika sterilizacije instrumenata, da se
dual into two daughter single-celled odstrane kontaminanti živih organi-
individuals of approximately equal zama. Instrument se potapa u alko-
size. hol, a alkohol koji je ostao na instru-
Aseksualna reprodukcija, uključujući de- mentu je spaljen, time sterilizujući
obu jednoćelijske individue na dve površinu.
kćeri ćelije približno jednake veličine. flanking region The DNA sequences
fitness The survival value and the repro- extending either side of a specific se-
ductive capability of an individual, quence.
compared to that of competitor indi- Sekvence DNK koje se pružaju na bilo
viduals of the same or other species koju stranu specifične sekvence.
within a population or an environ- flavin adenine dinucleotide (Abbrevia-
ment. tion: FAD). A co-enzyme important
Vrednost preživljavanja i reproduktivne in various biochemical reactions. It
sposobnosti neke individue, u pore- comprises a phosphorylated vitamin
đenju sa kompetitivnim individuama B2 (riboflavin) molecule linked to
iste ili druge vrste u okviru jedne po- AMP, and functions as a hydrogen
pulacije ili spoljne sredine. acceptor in dehydrogenation reacti-
fixation The situation in which only one ons. The reduced form is oxidized
allele for a given gene/locus is pre- back to FAD by the electron tran-
sent in a population. This can occur sport chain, generating two molecu-
as a result of direct selection where les of ATP per molecule of reduced
the allele delivers a greater level of FADH.
fitness; because of indirect selection, (Skraćenica: FAD) Koenzim, važan u
where the locus is linked to a gene različitim biohemijskim reakcijama.
that is subject to direct selection; or Sadrži fosforiliran molekul vitamina
because of genetic drift. B2 (riboflavina) vezanog za AMP, i
Situacija u kojoj je prisutan samo jedan funkcioniše kao akceptor vodonika u
alel za dati gen/lokus u populaciji. reakcijama dehidrogenacije. Reduko-
Može nastati kao rezultat direktne vani oblik se ponovo oksiduje sa FAD
127
flocculant fluorescent probe
128
flush end follicle stimulating hormone
the signal emitted can be captured by and then allowed to re-anneal at low
photometric methods. DNA concentrations. Under these
Proba koja je obeležena fluorescentnom conditions, the repeated sequence
bojom, tako da emitovani signal mo- self-anneals to form a double-stran-
že da bude registrovan fotometrič- ded region within each of the separa-
kim metodama. ted strands of the original molecule.
flush end See: blunt end. Struktura dvostrukog lanca DNK mole-
Vidi: blunt end. kule formiranog kada se molekul ko-
flush-end cut See: blunt-end cut. ji sadrži invertiranu ponovljenu se-
Vidi: blunt-end cut. kvencu denaturiše, a zatim dopusti
F1, F2, Fn Subsequent hybrid generati- da ojača pri niskim koncenrtacijama
ons, counting from the F1. Thus, for DNK. Pod tim uslovima ponovljena
example, F4 describes the progeny sekvenca se ojača da formira region
of the F3, which is the progeny of the sa dva lanca u okviru svakog od
F2 generation, where all progeny are odvojenih lanaca originalnog mole-
derived from intercrossing or self- kula.
fertilization. folded genome The condensed state of
Sukcesivne hibridne generacije, računa- the chromosomal DNA of a bacteri-
jući od F1. Tako, na primer F4 opisu- um. The DNA is segregated into do-
je potomstvo od F3, koja je potom- mains, and each domain is indepen-
stvo od F2 generacije, gde svo po- dently negatively supercoiled.
tomstvo potiče od stranooplodnje ili Kondezovano stanje hromozomske
samooplodnje. DNK bakterije. DNK je odvojena u
foetus Pre-natal stage of a viviparous područja, i svako područje je nezavi-
animal, between the embryonic stage sno negativno superspiralizovano.
and birth. AlteRNAtive spelling: fe- follicle An enclosing cluster of cells that
tus. See: embryo. protects and nourishes a cell or struc-
Prenatalni stadijum životinje koja rađa ture within. Thus a follicle in the
mladunce, između embrionog stadi- ovary contains a developing egg
juma i rođenja. Alternativna ortogra- cell, while a hair follicle envelops the
fija: fetus. Vidi: embryo. root of hair.
fog Fine particles of liquid suspended in Okružujući skup ćelija koji štiti i hrani
the air, such as of water in a fog ćeliju ili strukturu u okviru istih. Ta-
chamber used for acclimatizing re- ko, folikul u ovarijumu sadrži razvoj-
cent ex vitro transplants. See: mist nu ćeliju jejeta, dok folikul dlake
propagation. obavija njen koren.
Fini delići tečnosti koji lebde u vazduhu, follicle stimulating hormone (Abbrevi-
kao kad se voda u maglenoj komori ation: FSH). A hormone, secreted by
koristi za aklimatizaciju ex vitro tran- the anterior pituitary gland in mam-
splanata. Vidi: mist propagation. mals, that stimulates the ripening of
fold-back The structure of a double- the specialized structures in the
stranded DNA molecule formed ovary (Graafian follicles) that pro-
when a molecule containing an in- duce ova in female mammals; and in
verted repeat sequence is denatured males, the formation of sperm in the
129
food processing enzyme founder principle
130
four-base cutter freeze-dry
Mogućnost da nova, izolovana populaci- Mutacija koja menja okvir DNK, bilo
ja, inicirana malim brojem individua putem ubacivanja ili delecije (gubi-
uzetih iz roditeljske populacije, može tak) nukleotida. Zbog tripleta baza
da bude genetički različita od roditelj- koje čine kodon, to se dešava ako
ske populacije, pošto osnivačke indi- broj uključenih nukleotida nije mul-
vidue ne bi mogle da budu tipični pri- tipli od tri.
merci roditeljske populacije. Vidi: ge- free water The cellular water released
netic drift. into the intercellular spaces when tis-
four-base cutter A type II restriction sue is frozen and thawed. Opposite:
endonuclease with a four-nucleotide bound water.
recognition site. Because any particu- Ćelijska voda koja ulazi u međućelijske
lar sequence of four bases occurs mo- prostore kada se tkivo zamrzava i
re frequently by chance than one of otapano. Suprotno: bound water.
six bases, four-base cutters cleave free-living conditions Natural or green-
more frequently than six-base cut- house conditions experienced by
ters, and therefore generate, on avera- plantlets upon transfer from in vitro
ge, smaller restriction fragments. conditions to soil. Prior to transfer,
Synonyms: four-base-pair-cutter, four- nutrients were supplied by the cultu-
cutter. re medium, but following transfer,
Tip II restrikcione endonukleaze sa četiri plantlets must take up nutrients from
nukleotidna prepoznatljiva mesta. Po- soil and synthesize their own food
što se bilo koja posebna sekvenca če- supply.
tiri baze dešava slučajno češće nego Prirodni ili uslovi u stakleniku koju ko-
ona od šest baza, četvorobazni sekači riste mlade biljčice posle transfera iz
seku češće nego šestobazni sekači, i in vitro uslova u zemljištu. Pre pre-
na taj način stvaraju, u proseku, manje nosa, obezbeđuju se hranljive materi-
restrikcione fragmente. Sinonimi: fo- je putem medijuma kulture, ali posle
ur-base-pair-cutter, four cutter. transfera, biljčice moraju uzimati
fractionation The separation in compo- hranljive materije iz zemljišta i sinte-
nents of a complex mixture of mole- tizovati sopstvenu hranu.
cules. Freeze preservation See: cryobiologi-
Odvajanje u komponentama od kom- cal preservation.
pleksne smeše molekula. Vidi: cryobiological preservation.
fragment Partial structure. See: restric- freeze-dry The removal of water as va-
tion fragment. pour from frozen material under va-
Parcijalna struktura. Vidi: restriction frag- cuum. Used to measure water con-
ment. tent and to preserve samples, particu-
frameshift mutation A mutation that larly spores. Unlike oven-drying, bo-
changes the reading frame of a und water remains associated with
DNA, either by the insertion or the the specimen. Synonym: lyophilize.
deletion of nucleotides. Because of Odstranjenje vode u obliku pare iz za-
the triplet nature of codons, this oc- mrznutog materijala pod vakumom.
curs if the number of nucleotides in- Koristi se za merenje sadržaja vode i
volved is not a multiple of three. za konzervisanje uzoraka, posebno
131
fresh weight Fusarium spp
132
fusion biopharmaceuticals fusogenic agent
133
G
G Abbreviation for guanine. nose units with 1?4 linkages. The ra-
Skraćenica za guanin. tio of galactose to mannose is 1:2.
G cap The 5’-terminal methylated gua- Smola u kojoj se strukturni lanac sastoji
nine nucleoside that is present on od jedinica D-manoze sa vezama 1:4.
many eukaryotic mRNAs. It is joi- Odnos galaktoze i manoze je 1:2.
ned to the mRNA, via a 5’?5’ phosp- gall A tumorous growth in plants. See:
hodiester bond, after transcription. crown gall.
See: cap site. Tumorozni rast u biljaka. Vidi: crown
5’terminalni metilirani guanin nukleo- gall.
zid, koji je prisutan u mnogim gamete A mature reproductive cell
mRNK eukariota. Spojen je sa which is capable of fusing with a cell
mRNK, preko 5’?5’fosfordiester- of similar origin but of opposite sex
skom vezom posle transkripcije. Vi- to form a zygote from which a new
di: cap site. organism can develop. Gametes nor-
G protein Proteins found on the inner mally have a haploid chromosome
surface of the plasma membrane, content. In animals, a gamete is a
sperm or egg; in plants, it is pollen,
which bind to the guanine nucleoti-
spermatic nucleus, or ovum.
des, GTP and GDP. They transmit
Zrela reproduktivna ćelija, koja je spo-
signals from outside the membrane, sobna za spajanje sa ćelijom sličnog
via trans-membrane (G-protein-cou- porekla, ali suprotnog pola, da bi for-
pled) receptors, to adenylate cyclase, mirala zigot iz kojeg se može razviti
which catalyses the formation of the novi organizam. Gamete normalno
second messenger, cyclic AMP, insi- imaju haploidni broj hromozoma. U
de the cell životinja, gameta je spermatozoid ili
Proteini, nađeni na unutrašnjoj površini jajna ćelija u biljaka, to je polen,
plazmine membrane, koji vezuju za spermatički nukleus, ili jajna ćelija.
nukleotide guanina GTP i GDP. Oni gamete and embryo storage Storage of
prenose signale iz spoljašnjosti ova, sperm or fertilized embryos
membrane, preko trans-membran- outside their original source. Almost
skih (G-proteinvezanih udvojenih) invariably this means cryopreserva-
receptora, do adenilat ciklaze, koja tion.
katalizuje formiranje drugog mesen- Skladištenje jajnih ćelija, sperme ili
džera, cikličnog AMP, unutar ćelije. oplođenih embriona izvan njihovih
galactomannan A gum in which the originalnih izvora. Skoro nepromen-
structural chain is made up of D-man- ljivo, to znači kriokonzervacija.
134
gametic (phase) disequilibrium gas transfer
gametic (phase) disequilibrium In rela- tophyte and the embryo sac is the fe-
tion to any two loci, the occurrence of male gametophyte.
haplotypes (gametes) at a frequency Faza životnog ciklusa biljaka koja ima
other than that predicted from the pro- organe u kojima se stvaraju gamete.
duct of the respective allele frequenci- U cvetnica polenovo zrno je muški
es. Opposite: gametic (phase) equili- gametofit, a embrionova kesa je žen-
brium. ski gametofit.
U odnosu na bilo koja dva lokusa, nasta- gametophytic incompatibility A phe-
nak haplotipova (gameta) u drugači- nomenon in plants, in which a pollen
joj učestalosti od one koja je očeki- grain is genetically incapable of fer-
vana od produkta učestalosti tih ale- tilizing a particular egg, because both
la. Suprotno: gametic (phase) equili- gametes carry the identical allele at
brium. an incompatibility locus (usually
gametic (phase) equilibrium In rela- denoted S). This is a mechanism for
tion to any two loci, the occurrence forcing crossfertilization.
of haplotypes (gametes) at a frequ- Fenomen u biljaka, u kojima je poleno-
ency equal to the product of the fre- vo zrno genetički nesposobno za
quency of the two relevant alleles. oplođenje određene jajne ćelije, po-
For example, A and B are in gametic što obe gamete nose identičan alel na
equilibrium if the frequency of AiBi lokusu inkompatibilnosti (obično
gametes equals the product of the obeležen S). To je mehanizam za pri-
frequencies of alleles Ai and Bi. Op- nudu stranooplodnje.
posite: gametic (phase) disequili- gap A missing section on one of the
brium. strands of double-stranded DNA.
U odnosu na bilo koja dva lokusa, nasta- The DNA will therefore have a sin-
nak haplotipova (gameta) u učestalo- gle-stranded region.
sti jednakoj produktu učestalosti dva Nedostajući deo na jednom od dva lanca
relevantna alela. Na primer A i B su u dvostruke DNK. DNK će zbog toga
gametskom ekvilibrijumu ako je uče- imati region sa jednim lancem.
stalost AiBi gameta jednak produktu gapped DNA A double-stranded DNA
učetalosti alela Ai i Bi . Suprotno: ga- molecule with one or more internal
metic (phase) disequilibrium. single-stranded regions.
gametoclone A plant regenerated from a Molekul dvostrukog lanca DNK, sa jed-
tissue culture originating from ga- nim ili više unutarnjih regiona sa jed-
metic tissue. nim lancem.
Biljka, regenerisana iz kulture tkiva, ko- gas transfer The rate at which gases are
ja potiče od tkiva gamete. transferred from gas into solution, an
Gametogenesis The process of the for- important parameter in fermenta-
mation of gametes. tion systems because it controls the
Proces obrazovanja gameta. rate at which the organism can meta-
gametophyte The phase of the plant life bolize. Efficient gas transfer can be
cycle that carries the gamete produ- achieved in several ways, including
cing organs. In flowering plants, the the use of small bubbles, from which
pollen grain is the male game- gas dissolves faster than from larger
135
gastrula GelriteTM
136
GEM gene cloning
137
gene construct gene pool
138
gene probe generally regarded as safe
139
generation time genetic distance
lest kod ljudi, čak iako formalno te- Sličnost između niza od 64 moguća tri-
stiranje toksičnosti možda nije ni pleta nukleotida i aminokiselina i
sprovedeno. Organizmi domaćini za krajnjih kodona koji ih karakterišu.
ispitivanje rekombinantne DNK ne- Vidi: annex 3.
davno su dobili takav status. genetic complementation When two
generation time See: cell generation DNA molecules that are in the same
time. cell together produce a function that
Vidi: cell generation time. neither DNA molecule can supply on
generative See: germ line. its own.
Vidi: germ line. Kada dva molekula DNK koji su u istoj
generative nucleus In many flowering ćeliji zajedno proizvedu funkciju ko-
plants, shed pollen is two-celled (in ju nijedan DNK molekul ne može da
others it is three-celled or has a vari- proizvede sam.
able number). Before pollen is shed, genetic disease A disease caused by an
the male gametophyte divides mito- abnormality in the genetic material,
tically to give a generative and a ve- which could be at the level of DNA
getative nucleus. The former is the sequence at a locus, or at the level of
progenitor of the sperm cells. karyotype. Usually refers to inheri-
U mnogih cvetnica, polen je dvoćelijski ted diseases, although somatic muta-
(u drugih je troćelijski ili ima različit tions can also cause disease without
broj). Pre nego što je polen izbačen, being inherited.
muški gemetofit se deli mitozom i Bolest izazvana abnormalnošću u gene-
daje generativno i vegetativno jedro. tičkom materijalu, koja bi mogla da
Prvi je progenitor ćelija sperme. bude na nivou sekvence DNK u loku-
genet The individual(s) descended ve- su, ili na nivou kariotipa. Obično se
getatively from a single sexually pro- odnosi na nasledne bolesti, iako so-
duced zygote, including all entities matske mutacije mogu takođe da iza-
derived from it. All these individuals zovu bolest, a da ne budu nasleđene.
are genetically identical to one anot- genetic distance A measure of the gene-
her (barring mutation). tic similarity between any pair of po-
Individua vegetativnog porekla nastala pulations. This is measured on the
od seksualno proizvedenog zigota. basis of variation in a combination
Te sve individue su genetčki identič- of phenotypic traits, allele frequenci-
ne (izuzimajuća mutacija). es or DNA sequences. For example,
genetic assimilation Eventual extinction the genetic distance between two po-
of a natural species as massive gene pulations having the same allele fre-
flow occurs from a related species. quencies at a particular locus, and
Moguće izumiranje prirodne vrste kada based solely on that locus, is zero.
nastane veliki tok gena srodnih vrsta. Mera genetičke sličnosti između bilo
genetic code The correspondence bet- koje dve populacije. Meri se na bazi
ween the set of 64 possible nucleoti- varijacije kombinacije fenotipskih
de triplets and the amino acids and osobina, učestalosti alela ili sekvenci
stop codons that they specify. See DNK. Na primer, genetička distanca
annex 3. između dve populacije koje imaju
140
genetic distancing genetic immunization
141
genetic information genetic use restriction technology
142
genetic variation genotype
143
genus germ line gene therapy
144
germicide gland
nekim nukleusima ćelija u odrasle ili kulturu, u in situ ili ex situ kolek-
individue, uključujući i reproduktiv- ciji. 2. Originalno značenje, nije više
ne ćelije, i menja fenotip individue u upotrebi: genetički materijal koji
koji se razvija. formira fizičku osnovu nasleđa, i ko-
germicide Any chemical agent used to ji je prenet iz jedne generacije do sle-
control or kill any pathogenic and deće putem ćelija klice.
non-pathogenic micro-organisms. gestation The period between concep-
Bilo koje hemijsko sredstvo, korišćeno tion (fertilization of the egg) to par-
za suzbijanje ili ubijanje bilo kojih turition (birth) spent in utero by the
patogenih, ili nepatogenih mikroor- foetus of viviparous animals.
ganizama. Period između koncepcije (oplođenja ja-
germinal epithelium 1. A layer of epit- jeta) do porađanja (rođenja), prove-
helial cells on the surface of the ovary den in utero od strane fetusa kod vi-
that are continuous with the mesothe- viparnih životinja.
lium. 2. The layer of epithelial cells li- GFP Abbreviation for green fluore-
ning the seminiferous tubules of the scent protein.
Skraćenica za green fluorescent protein.
testis, which gives rise to spermatogo-
GH Abbreviation for growth hormone.
nia. See: spermatogenesis.
Skraćenica za growth hormone.
1.Sloj epitelijalnih ćelija na površini gibberellins A class of plant growth
ovarijuma, koje su povezane sa me- regulators which are active in the
zotelijumom. 2. Sloj epitelijelnih će- elongation, enhancement of flower,
lija koji okružuje cevčice u kojima se fruit and leaf size, germination, ver-
formira sperma u testisu, koji daje nalization and other physiological
pojavu spermatogonije. Vidi: sper- processes.
matogenesis. Grupa regulatora rasta biljaka, koji su
germination 1. The initial stages in the aktivni u elongaciji, povećanju cveta,
growth of a seed to form a seedling. ploda i veličine lista, klijanju, verna-
2. The growth of spores (fungal or al- lizaciji, i u drugim fiziološkim proce-
gal) and pollen grains. sima.
1. Početni stadijumi rasta semena radi for- gland A specialized group of cells or a
miranja izdanka. 2. Rast spora (gljivič- single cell in animals or plants that
nih ili od algi) i polenovih zrna. secretes a specific substance. The
germplasm 1. An individual, group of two types of animal glands are: en-
individuals or a clone representing a docrine, which secrete directly into
genotype, variety, species or culture, the blood vessels; and exocrine,
held in an in situ or ex situ collection. which secrete through a duct or net-
2. Original meaning, now no longer work of ducts into a body cavity or
in use: the genetic material that onto the body surface.
forms the physical basis of inheri- Specijalizovana grupa ćelija, ili jedne
tance and which is transmitted from ćelije, u životinja ili biljaka, koja luči
one generation to the next by means specifičnu supstancu. Dva tipa živo-
of the germ cells tinjskih žlezda su: endokrine, koje
1. Individua, grupa individua, ili klon, luče direktno u krvne sudove; i egzo-
koji predstavlja genotip, sortu, vrstu krine, koje luče kroz kanal ili mrežu
145
glaucous gluten
kanala u telesnu šupljinu ili na povr- enzyme will end up almost entirely
šinu tela. as fructose.
glaucous A surface with a waxy, white Enzim koji katalizuje međusobnu kon-
coating. In most cases, this waxy co- verziju dva šećera, glukoze i frukto-
vering can be rubbed off. ze. Kako je fruktoza slabije energet-
Površina sa voštanom belim slojem. U sko jedinjenje u poređenju sa gluko-
većini slučajeva, taj voštani sloj se zom, smeše glukoze i fruktoze sa en-
može otrti. zimom će se završiti skoro potpuno
globulins Common class of proteins in kao fruktoza.
blood, eggs and milk, and seeds. glucosinolates A class of molecules
Characterized by their slight solubi- produced in the seeds and green tis-
lity in water but are freely soluble in sue of a range of plants, in particular
dilute salt solutions. Gamma- globu- brassicas. Their natural role is tho-
lins are defined further by their elec- ught to be involved in plant-insect
trophoretic behaviour, and include interactions. Their importance in
the immunoglobulins. plant breeding is largely because of
Zajedničke klasa proteina u krvi, jajima, their negative influence on taste and
mleku i semenima. Karakteriše se their positive effect on the prevention
slabom rastvorljivošću u vodi, ali su
of cancers of the alimentary tract.
rastvorljivi u razblaženim slanim ras-
Grupa molekula proizvedenih u semeni-
tvorima. Gamaglobulini su dalje de-
finisani putem njihovog elektrofore- ma i zelenom tkivu niza biljaka, po-
tičkog ponašanja, i uključuju imuno- sebno kupusnjača. Njihova prirodna
globuline. uloga je da je uključena u interakcije
GLP Abbreviation for good laboratory biljka-insekt. Njihova važnost u ga-
practice. jenju biljaka je uglavnom zbog nji-
Skraćenica za good laboratory practice. hovog negativnog uticaja na ukus, i
glucocorticoid A steroid hormone that pozitivnog efekta na sprečavanju ra-
regulates gene expression in higher ka alimentarnog kanala.
animals. glucuronidase See: beta-glucuronida-
Steroidni hormon, koji reguliše ispolja- se.
vanje gena u viših životinja. Vidi: beta-glucuronidase.
glucose invertase An enzyme that ca- gluten A mixture of two seed storage
talyses the hydrolysis of sucrose into protein classes, gliadin and glutenin,
its component monosaccharides, glu- found in the endosperm of cereal
cose and fructose. (particularly wheat) grain. High le-
Enzim koji katalizuje hidrolizu saharoze vels of gluten impart elasticity to do-
u njene komponente monosaharide, ugh, and thus the composition of
glukozu i fruktozu. wheat glutens largely determines
glucose isomerase An enzyme that ca- whether a specific flour is suitable
talyses the interconversion of the two for biscuit or bread making. Sensiti-
sugars, glucose and fructose. As vity of the lining of the intestine to
fructose is a lower energy compound gluten in some humans results in co-
compared with glucose, a mixture of eliac disease, a condition that requi-
glucose and fructose with the res a gluten-free diet.
146
glycoalkaloids glyphosate
Smeša dve proteinske grupe rezervnih Sekvenca reakcija koje pretvaraju glu-
proteina, gliadina i glutenina, nađe- koze u piruvat, uz istovremenu proiz-
nih u endospermu zrna žitarica (po- vodnju ATP.
sebno pšenice). Visoki nivoi glutena glycoprotein A protein molecule modi-
daju elastičnost testu, i tako sastav fied by the addition of one or several
pšeničnih glutena uveliko određuje oligosaccharide groups.
da li je specifično brašno pogodno za Molekul proteina, modifikovan dodava-
proizvodnju keksa ili hleba. Osetlji- njem jedne ili nekoliko grupa oligo-
vost obloge creva na gluten u nekih saharida.
ljudi dovodi do bolesti debelog cre- glycoprotein remodelling The use of
va, stanja koje zahteva hranu bez restriction endoglycosidases to
glutena. enzymatically remove oligosaccha-
glycoalkaloids A group of modified al- ride branches from glycoprotein
kaloids, including solanine and to- molecules. Removal of one or more
matine, having a range of toxic ef- oligosaccharide branches can lessen
fects in humans and other species. or abolish the antigenicity of the
They are of particular significance in glycoprotein, so allowing its injec-
food plants from the Solanaceae. tion for pharmaceutical purposes
Grupa modifikovanih alkaloida, uklju- without incurring an unwanted im-
čujući solanin i tomatin, koji imaju mune response. See: glycoform.
toksične efekte u ljudi i drugih vrsta. Korišćenje restrikcionih endoglikozida-
Oni su od posebnog značaja u biljka- za da se enzimatski odstrane grane
ma za ishranu iz familije Solanaceae oligosaharida od glikoproteiskih mo-
glycoform One of several structures lekula. Odstranjenje jedne ili više
possible for a given glycoprotein, oligosaharidnih grana može smanjiti
determined by the type and position ili ukloniti antigeničnost glikoprotei-
of attachment of the component oli- na,i tako omogućavaju njegovo in-
gosaccharide(s). Certain glycoforms jektiranje u farmaceutske svrhe, bez
may exhibit different biological acti- neželjenog imunog reagovanja. Vidi:
vities from one another because the glycoform.
oligosaccharide units mediate inter- glycosylation The covalent addition of
actions with other cell components. sugar or sugar-related molecules to
Jedna od nekoliko mogućih struktura other classes of molecule, including
glikoproteina, određen tipom i polo- proteins or nucleic acids.
žajem vezivanja komponente oligo- Kovalentno dodavanje šećera, ili mole-
saharida. Izvesni glikoforme mogu kula sličnih šećeru, drugim moleku-
da ispolje različite biološke aktivno- lima, uključujući proteine ili nukle-
sti , pošto jedinice oligosaharida po- inske kiseline.
sreduju u interakcijama sa drugim glyphosate An active ingredient in some
ćelijskim komponentama. herbicides, killing plants by inhibiting
glycolysis The sequence of reactions the activity of plant enolpyruvyl-shi-
that converts glucose into pyruvate, kimate 3-phosphate synthase.
with the concomitant production of Aktivni sastojak u nekim herbicidima,
ATP. koji ubijaju biljke inhibiranjem ak-
147
glyphosate oxidase Golgi apparatus
148
gonad graft inoculation test
skih ćelija, koje transportuju proiz- izvodnih problema, koji bi mogli ne-
vode lučenja, (kao što su enzimi i gativno da utiču na proizvedeni pro-
hormoni) i imaju ulogu u formiranju dukt.
ćelijskog zida (gde je prisutan). G-protein coupled receptor See: G pro-
gonad One of the (usually paired) ani- tein.
mal organs that produce reproductive Vidi: G protein.
cells (gametes). The most important graft 1. Verb. To place a detached
gonads are the male testis, which branch or bud (scion) in close cam-
produces spermatozoa, and the fema- bial contact with a rooted stem (ro-
le ovary, which produces ova (egg otstock) in such a manner that scion
cells). The gonads also produce hor- and rootstock unite to form a single
mones that control secondary sexual plant. 2. Noun. Colloquial synonym
characteristics. for scion. See: grafting, graft chi-
Jedan od (obično parnih) životinjskih mera, graft hybrid.
organa koji proizvodi reproduktivne 1. Glagol-Postaviti skinutu granu ili pu-
ćelije (gamete). Najvažnije gonade poljak (kalem) u bliski kambijalni
su muški testis, koji proizvodi sper- kontakt sa podlogom, na takav način,
matozoide, i ženski ovarijum, koji da se kalem grančica i podloga sjedi-
proizvodi jajne ćelije. Gonade , tako- ne i formiraju jednu biljku. 2. Imeni-
đe, proizvode hormone koji kontroli- ca. Sinonim za kalem. Vidi: grafting,
šu sekundarne polne odlike. graft chimera, graft hybrid.
good laboratory practice (Abbrevia- graft chimera A plant which is a mosa-
tion: GLP). Written codes of practice ic of two sorts of tissue differing in
designed to reduce to a minimum the genetic constitution and assumed to
chance of procedural or instrument have arisen as the result of a nuclear
problems which could adversely af- fusion following grafting. See: graft
fect a research project or other labo- hybrid.
ratory work. Biljka koja je mozaik dve vrste tkiva,
(Skraćenica: GLP) Propisi prakse, sasta- koje se razlikuju u genetičkoj konsti-
vljeni da svedu na minimum šanse tuciji, i smatra se da je nastala kao re-
proceduralnih ili instrumentalnih zultat fuzije nukleusa posle kalemlje-
problema, koji bi mogli štetno da uti- nja. Vidi: graft hybrid.
ču na istrživački projekt ili drugi la- graft hybrid An individual formed
boratorijski rad. from graft (2) and stock showing the
good manufacturing practice (Abbre- characteristics of both progenitors.
viation: GMP). Codes of practice de- See: graft chimera.
signed to reduce to a minimum the Individua postala od kalema (2) i podlo-
chance of procedural or instru- ge, pokazujući karakteristike oba
ment/manufacturing plant problems progenitora. Vidi: graft chimera.
which could adversely affect a manu- graft inoculation test A test based on
factured product. the use of a suspected viral carrier
(Skraćenica: GMP) Propisi prakse, sa- which is grafted to an indicator plant.
stavljeni da svedu na minimum šanse If symptoms appear in the indicator
proceduralnih ili instrumentalno/pro- plant, the viral assay is positive.
149
graft union green revolution
Test, zasnovan na korišćenju sumnjivog granum (pl.: grana) Structure within the
virusnog nosioca koji je kalemljen na chloroplasts, appear as green granu-
biljku indikatora. Ako se na indikator les with the light microscope and as a
biljci pojave simptomi, virusni test je series of parallel lamellae with the
pozitivan. electron microscope. They contain
graft union The point at which a scion the chlorophyll and carotenoid pig-
from one plant is joined to a root- ments directly involved in pho-
stock from another plant. tosynthesis.
Tačka u kojoj se kalem od jedne biljke Struktura u okviru hloroplasta, izgleda
spaja sa podlogom druge biljke. kao zelene granule pod svetlosnim
grafting The process of making a graft mikroskopom, i kao serije paralelnih
(1). lamela pod elektronskim mikrosko-
Proces pravljena kalema (1). pom. One sadrže hlorofil i karotinoi-
graft-versus-host disease The rejection de koji su direktno uključeni u foto-
of transplanted organs by the recipi- sintezu.
ent’s immune system, due to attack GRAS Abbreviation for generally re-
of the recipient’s T lymphocytes on garded as safe.
the transplanted organ caused by dif- Skraćenica za generally regarded as sa-
ferences in major histocompatibi- fe.
lity complex proteins. gratuitous inducer A substance that
can induce transcription of a gene
Odbacivanje transplantiranog organa
or genes, but is not a substrate for
putem imunog sistema recipijenta,
the induced enzyme(s).
usled napada recipijentovih T limfo-
Supstanca koja može da dovede do tran-
cita na preneti organ, izazvano razli-
skripcije jednog ili više gena, ali nije
kama u proteinima glavnog kom- supstrat za enzim (e).
pleksa histokompatibilnosti. gravitropism See: geotropism.
Gram staining A technique to distingu- Vidi: geotropism.
ish between two major bacterial gro- green fluorescent protein (Abbrevia-
ups, based on whether or not their tion: GFP). A protein derived from a
cell wall retains the Gram stain. species of jelly fish, that fluoresces
Gram-positive bacteria are stained when exposed to ultra violet light. Its
dark purple, while Gram-negative encoding gene has been isolated and
bacteria are only faintly coloured. is replacing GUS as a reporter gene
Stain retention is determined by the in plant transgenesis, since it can be
structure of the cell wall. assayed non-destructively in real time.
Tehnika za odredjivanje razlika između (Skraćenica: GFP) Protein, nastao od vr-
dve glavne bakterijske grupe, zasno- ste meduze, koji svetluca kada je iz-
vana na tome da li njihov ćelijski zid ložen ultra violetnoj svetlosti. Nje-
sadrži ili ne Gram-ovu obojenost. gov enkodirani gen je izolovan, i za-
Gram-pozitivne bakterije su obojeno menjuje GUS kao reporter gen u bilj-
tamnopurpurno, dok su Gram-nega- noj transgenezi, pošto može biti neu-
tivne bakterije slabo obojene. Zadr- ništivo ispitan u realnom vremenu.
žavanje boje se odredjuje putem green revolution Name given to the
strukture ćelijskog zida. dramatic increase in crop producti-
150
Gro-luxä growth phase
vity during the third quarter of the growth hormone (Abbreviation: GH).
20th century, as a result of integrated A group of hormones, secreted by the
advances in genetics and plant bree- mammalian pituitary gland, that sti-
ding, agronomy, and pest and disease mulates protein synthesis and
control. growth of the long bones in the legs
Ime dato velikom povećanju produktiv- and arms. They also promote the bre-
nosti useva tokom treće četvrtine XX akdown and use of fats as an energy
veka, kao rezultat integrisanih napre- source, rather than glucose. Syno-
daka u genetici i oplemenjivanju bi- nym: somatotropin.
ljaka, agronomiji i suzbijanju štetoči- (Skraćenica: GH) Grupa hormona, koje
na i bolesti. luči hipofiza sisara, koja stimuliše
Gro-luxä A wide-spectrum fluorescent sintezu proteina i rast dugih kostiju u
lamp suitable for artificial light for nogu i ruku, odnosno ekstremitetima
plant growth. životinja. Oni takođe izazivaju razla-
Fluorescentna lampa širokog spektra, ganje i korišćenje masti kao energet-
pogodna za veštačko osvetljenje za ski izvor, pre nego glukoze. Sinonim:
rast biljaka. somatotropin.
growth cabinet An enclosed space in growth inhibitor Any substance inhibi-
which environmental conditions can ting the growth of an organism. The
be controlled. The degree of control inhibitory effect can range from mild
over temperature, light and humidity inhibition (growth retardation) to se-
is a function of the quality of the ca- vere inhibition or death (toxic reac-
binet. tion). The concentration of the inhi-
Zatvoreni prostor u kojem se mogu kon- bitor, the length of exposure to it, and
trolisati uslovi spoljne sredine. Ste- the relative susceptibility of the orga-
pen kontrole temperature, svetlosti i nisms exposed to the inhibitor, are all
vlažnosti je funkcija kvaliteta kabi- important factors which determine
neta. the extent of the inhibitory effect.
growth curve See: growth phase. Bilo koja supstanca koja inhibira rast
Vidi: growth phase. nekog organizma. Inhibicija može da
growth factor Any of various chemi- se kreće od blagog usporavanja (re-
cals, particularly polypeptides, that tardacije rasta) do jake inhibicije ili
have a variety of important roles in smrti (toksična reakcija). Koncentra-
the stimulation of new cell growth cija inhibitora, trajanje izlaganja
and cell maintenance. They bind to istom, i relativne podložnosti organi-
the cell surface on receptors. Specific zama izloženih inhibitoru, su važni
growth factors can cause new cell faktori koji određuju obim efekta in-
proliferation. hibicije.
Bilo koja od različitih jedinjenja, poseb- growth phase Each of the characteristic
no polipeptidi koji imaju razne važne periods in the growth curve of a
uloge u stimulaciji rasta i održavanja bacterial culture, as indicated by the
ćelije. Oni se vezuju za površinu će- shape of a graph of viable cell num-
lije receptora. Specifični faktori rasta ber versus time, namely: lag phase;
mogu izazvati novo umnožavanje će- logarithmic phase; stationary pha-
lija. se; death phase.
151
growth rate guanylic acid
Svaki od karakterističnih perioda u krivi to other regions, where they take ef-
rasta bakterijske kulture, kako je po- fect.
kazano oblikom grafikona broja ži- Bilo koja organska supstanca, sem hran-
vih ćelija u vremenu, naime: spora ljive materije, koju sintetišu biljake i
faza, logaritamska faza, stacionarna ona reguliše rast i razviće. One se
faza, faza uginuća(smrti). obično proizvode u određenom regi-
growth rate Change in an organism’s onu, kao što je vrh izdanka, i tran-
mass per unit of time. sportuju u ostale regione, gde ispo-
Promena u masi organizma po jedinici ljavaju svoj efekat.
vremena. GTP Abbreviation for guanosine 5’-
growth regulator A synthetic or natural triphosphate, a nucleotide which is
compound that at low concentrations important as a ligand for G proteins
elicits and controls growth responses and as a direct precursor molecule
in a manner similar to hormones. for RNA synthesis. See: guanylic
Sintetičko ili prirodno jedinjenje, koje acid.
pri niskim koncentracijama izvodi i Skraćenica za guanozin 5’trifosfat, nu-
kontroliše rast, na način sličan hor- kleotid koji je važan kao ligand za G
monima. proteine i kao direktan prekursor za
growth retardant A chemical that se- sintezu RNK. Vidi: guanylic acid.
lectively interferes with normal hor- guanine (Abbreviation: G). One of the
monal promotion of growth and ot- bases found in DNA and RNA. See:
her physiological processes, but wit- guanosine.
hout appreciable toxic effects. (Skraćenica: G) Jedna od baza, koja ula-
Jedinjenje, koje selektivno posreduje sa zi u sastav DNK i RNK. Vidi: guano-
normalnim hormonalnim podsticajem sine.
rasta i drugim fiziološkim procesima, guanosine The (ribo)nucleoside resul-
ali bez znatnih toksičnih efekata. ting from the combination of the ba-
growth ring Rings visible in a cross- se guanine (G) and a D-ribose sugar.
section of a woody stem, such as a The corresponding deoxyribonucle-
tree trunk. Each ring represents the oside is called deoxyguanosine. See:
xylem formed in one year as a result GTP, dGTP, guanylic acid.
of fluctuating activity of the vascu- (Ribo)nukleozid, nastao kombinova-
lar cambium. njem baze guanina (G) i šećera D-ri-
Krugovi, vidljivi na preseku drvenog boze. Odgovarajući deoksiribonukle-
stabla, kao što je stablo drveta. Svaki ozid se zove deoksiguanozin. Vidi:
god predstavlja ksilem, formiran u GTP, dGTP, guanylic acid.
jednoj godini, kao rezultat kolebljive guanosine triphosphate (guanosine 5-
aktivnosti vaskularnog kambijuma. triphosphate) Abbreviation: GTP.
growth substance Any organic substan- See: guanylic acid.
ce, other than a nutrient, that is Skraćenica: GTP. Vidi: guanylic acid.
synthesized by plants and regulates guanylic acid Synonym for guanosine
growth and development. They are monophosphate (abbreviation:
usually made in a particular region, GMP), a (ribo)nucleotide containing
such as the shoot tip, and transported the nucleoside guanosine. The cor-
152
guard cell gyrase
153
H
h Prefix used to designate the human long time for the blood to clot and
form of an enzyme. For example, abnormal bleeding occurs. This dise-
hGH is human growth hormone. ase affects mostly males.
Predmetak korišćen da obeleži oblik en- Poremećaj naslednog krvarenja vezanog
zima u humanoj populaciji. Na pri- za pol,pri čemu je potrebno dugo
mer, hGH je hormon rasta ljudi. vreme za zgrušavanje krvi, i nastaje
habituation The phenomenon whereby, abnormalno krvarenje. Ta bolest ve-
after a number of sub-cultures, cells ćinom se javlja kod muških osoba.
can grow without the addition to the hairpin loop A region in one strand of a
tissue culture medium of previously polynucleotide which, due to an in-
obligatory factors. Such cells are verted repeat in the sequence, may
then autonomous. under appropriate conditions fold
Fenomen kojim, posle jednog broja sub- back on itself and form a limited seg-
kultura, ćelije mogu da rastu bez do- ment of double-stranded DNA with
davanja medijumu kulture tkiva pret- a loop at one end.
hodno obaveznih činilaca. Takve će- Region na jednom lancu polinukleotida
lije su autonomne. koji, usled obrnutog ponavljanja se-
HAC Abbreviation for human artifi- kvence, može, pod odgovarajućim
cial chromosome. uslovima, da se preokreće i formira
Skraćenica za human artificial chromo- ograničeni segment dvostruke DNK,
some. sa lupom(petljom), na jednom kraju.
haemoglobin Protein containing iron, hairy root culture A culture consisting
located in erythrocytes of vertebra- of highly branched roots of a plant. A
tes; important for the transportation plant tissue is treated with the bacteri-
of oxygen to the cells of the body. um Agrobacterium rhizogenes conta-
Protein koji sadrži gvožđe, lociran u eri- ining the Ri plasmid, which causes
trocitima kičmenjaka; važan za tran- the explant to grow highly branched
sport kiseonika u telesnim ćelijama. roots from the sites of infection.
haemolymph The mixture of blood and Transgenes engineered into the pla-
other fluids in the body cavity of an smid can be expressed in these cultu-
invertebrate. res.
Smeša krvi i drugih tečnosti u telesnoj Kultura koja se sastoji od visoko razgra-
šupljini beskičmenjaka. natih korenova biljke. Tkivo biljke
haemophilia A sex-linked hereditary tretirano bakterijom Agrobacterium
bleeding disorder in which it takes a rhizogenes, koja sadrži Ri plazmid
154
hairy root disease Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
155
harvesting hemicellulose
156
hemizygous heterochromatin
157
heteroduplex heterokaryon
These regions have a high content of lity tends to be reduced as the amo-
repetitive DNA, and a low content unt of sequence divergence increa-
of genes; thus they are for the most ses, because the effective size of a
part genetically inactive. Opposite: fully complementary pair of strands
euchromatin. is smaller than that of a partially
Regioni hromozoma, koji ostanu kontra- complementary structure.
hirani (spiralizovani) tokom interfa- Korišćenje elektroforetske mobilnosti
ze, i zbog toga se intezivnije boje u heterodupleksa DNK za izračunava-
citološkim preparatima. Ti regioni nje stepena nehomolognosti između
imaju visoki sadržaj ponovljive sekvenci dva lanca. Mobilnost gela
DNK, i nizak sadržaj gena; tako da ima tendenciju sa povećanjem diver-
su oni u najvećem delu genetički ne- gencije sekvenci, pošto je, zbog
aktivni. Suprotno: euchromatin. efektivne veličine potpuno komple-
heteroduplex A double-stranded DNA mentarnog para lanaca manja od one
molecule or DNA-RNA hybrid, u parcijalno komplementarnoj struk-
where each strand is of a different turi.
origin. Where the two DNAs differ heterogametic Producing unlike game-
significantly in sequence, single- tes with regard to the sex chromoso-
stranded regions will be revealed mes. In mammals, the XY male is
when the heteroduplex is observed heterogametic, and the XX female is
under the electron microscope. A homogametic.
map of homologous and non-homo- Proizvodeći različite gamete u vezi sa
logous regions of the two molecules polnim hromozomima. U sisara, XY
may thereby be constructed (hetero- mužjak je heterogametan, a XX žen-
duplex mapping). Synonym: hybrid ka homogametan.
DNA (DNA/RNA). See: heterodu- heterogeneity See: genetic heterogene-
plex analysis. ity.
Dvolančani molekul DNK, ili DNK- Vidi: genetic heterogeneity.
RNK hibrid, gde je svaki lanac razli- heterogeneous nuclear RNA (Abbrevi-
čitog porekla. Gde se dve DNK signi- ation: hnRNA). Large RNA molecu-
fikantno razlikuju u sekvenci, jedno- les, which are found in the nucleus
lančani regioni biće otkriveni kada se of a eukaryotic cell and the precur-
heterodupleks može videti pod elek- sors of mRNA and other RNA mole-
tronskim mikroskopom. Mapa homo- cules.
lognih i nehomolognih regiona od dva (Skraćenica: hnRNK) Veliki RNK mole-
molekula, može tako da bude konstru- kuli, koji su nađeni u nukleusu euka-
isana (heteroduplex mapping). Sino- riotske ćelije i prekursorima mRNK i
nim: hybrid DNK (DNK/RNK). Vidi: drugih RNK molekula.
heteroduplex analysis. heterokaryon A cell with two or more
heteroduplex analysis The use of the different nuclei as a result of cell fu-
electrophoretic mobility of hetero- sion. See: synkaryon.
duplex DNA to estimate the degree Ćelija sa dva ili više različitih nukleusa
of non-homology between the sequ- kao rezultat ćelijske fuzije. Vidi:
ences of the two strands. Gel mobi- synkaryon.
158
heterologous high throughput screening
159
histocompatibility homeobox
160
homeodomain homogametic
161
homogenotization homoozygous
162
homozygote hybrid
163
hybrid arrested translation hybrid vigour
1. Potomstvo dva genetički različita ro- xed mRNA sample, so that only mR-
ditelja. 2. Od DNK molekula. Vidi: NA sequences homologous to the
heteroduplex. cloned DNA will be retained. These
hybrid arrested translation A method mRNA molecules are subsequently
used to identify what protein(s) are removed and translated in vitro. See:
encoded by a particular cloned DNA hybrid arrested translation.
sequence. A total mRNA prepara- Metod korišćen za identifikaciju pro-
tion, which contains many different dukta kloniranog gena. Klonirana
mRNAs, is hybridized with cloned DNK se imobiliše i hibridizuje sa
DNA, so that those mRNA molecu- mešanim uzorkom mRNK, tako da
les homologous to the cloned DNA će samo sekvence mRNK homolog-
will anneal to give DNA/RNA hete- ne sa kloniranom DNK biti zadržane.
roduplexes. The non-annealed mR- Ti molekuli mRNK se potom odstra-
NA molecules can be translated in njuju i sintetizuju in vitro. Vidi:
vitro and this is then compared to hybrid arrested translation.
translation products from the untrea- hybrid seed 1. Seed produced by cros-
ted mRNAs. See: hybrid released sing genetically dissimilar parents. 2.
translation. In plant breeding, used colloquially
Metod korišćen da identifikuje koji pro- for seed produced by specific crosses
of selected pure lines, such that the
tein(i) su enkodirani putem određene
F1 crop is genetically uniform and
klonirane sekvence DNK. Ukupna
displays hybrid vigour. As the F1
mRNK, koja sadrži mnogo različitih plants are heterozygous with respect
mRNK koja je hibridizovana sa klo- to many genes, the crop does not
niranom DNK, tako da će mRNK breed true and so new seed must be
molekuli, homologni sa kloniranom purchased each season.
DNK dati DNK/RNK heteroduplek- 1. Seme proizvedeno ukrštanjem gene-
se. Nesvrstane molekule mRNK mo- tički različitih roditelja. 2. U gajenju
gu biti sintetisane in vitro, i to je za- bilja, obično korišćeno za seme pro-
tim upoređeno sa produktima tran- izvedeno putem ukrštanja selekcioni-
slacije iz netretiranih mRNK. Vidi: sanih čistih linija, tako da je F1 po-
hybrid released translation. tomstvo genetički ujednačeno i ispo-
hybrid cell See: synkaryon. ljava hibridnu snagu. Pošto su F1
Vidi: synkaryon. biljke heterozigotne u na mnoge ge-
hybrid dysgenesis Infertility and an in- ne, tako da se svake sezone mora ku-
creased incidence of chromosome piti novo seme.
mutations thought to be caused by hybrid selection The process of choo-
the activation of transposons. sing individuals possessing desired
Neplodnost i povećana pojava mutacija characteristics from among a hybrid
hromozoma izazvanih aktiviranjem population.
prenosnika. Proces izbora individua koje poseduju
hybrid released translation A method željene osobine od hibridne popula-
used to identify the gene product of a cije.
cloned gene. The cloned DNA is im- hybrid vigour The extent to which a
mobilized and hybridized with a mi- hybrid individual outperforms both
164
hybridization hydrophobic interaction
its parents with respect to one or Sintetička hibridna ćelija, nastala fuzi-
many traits. The genetic basis of jom B limfocita sa ćelijom tumora.
hybrid vigour is not well understood, Prvi luči jedno antitelo, dok naredni
but the phenomenon is widespread, prenosi svojstvo neodređenog rasta u
particularly in inbreeding plant spe- kulturi tkiva. Temeljna tehnologija
cies. Synonym: heterosis. iza monoklonalnog antitela.
Obim do kojeg hibridna individua pre- hydrogen-uptake positive (Abbrevia-
vazilazi oba roditelja u odnosu na tion: Hup+). A term describing a
jednu ili više osobina. Genetička micro-organism that is capable of
osnova hibridne snage nije dovoljno assimilating (or taking up) hydrogen
objašnjena, ali je fenomen široko ras- gas.
prostranjen, posebno u biljnih vrsta (Skraćenica: Hup+) Izraz, koji opisuje
koje se uzgajaju u srodstvu (inbridin- mikroorganizam koji je sposoban da
gu). Sinonim: heterosis. asimiluje (ili primi) vodonikov gas.
hybridization 1. The process of for- hydrolysis A chemical reaction in which
ming a hybrid by cross pollination water is added across a covalent
of plants or by mating animals of dif- bond, often cleaving the molecule in-
ferent types. 2. The production of to two. Occurs for example when
offspring of genetically different pa- polynucleotides, polypeptides, and
rents, normally from sexual repro- polysaccharides are broken into their
duction, but also asexually by the fu-
component monomers. Thus sucrose
sion of protoplasts or by transfor-
can be hydrolysed to glucose and
mation. 3. The pairing of two DNA
fructose; and proteins to individual
strands, often from different sources,
amino acids.
by hydrogen bonding between com-
plementary nucleotides. Hemijska reakcija, u kojoj se voda do-
1. Proces formiranja hibrida putem stra- daje preko kovalentne veze, često ce-
nooplodnje biljaka, ili parenja životi- pajući molekul na dvoje. Nastaje na
nja različitih tipova. 2. Proizvodnja primer kada se polinukleotidi, poli-
potomstva od genetički različitih rodi- peptidi i polisaharidi razlažu na svoje
telja, normalno seksualnom reproduk- komponente monomere. Tako, saha-
cijom, ali takođe aseksualno, fuzijom roza može biti hidrolizovana na glu-
protoplasta, ili putem transformacije. kozu i fruktozu; a proteini na pojedi-
3. Sparivanje dva lanca DNK, često iz ne aminokiseline.
različitog porekla, vezivanjem vodo- hydrophobic interaction An interac-
nikovim mostom između komple- tion between a hydrophobic (‘water-
mentarnih nukleotida. hating’) part of a molecule and an
hybridoma A synthetic hybrid cell, de- aqueous environment. Particularly
rived by fusing a B lymphocyte with significant in establishing the con-
a tumour cell. The former secretes a formation of molecules in solution,
single antibody, while the latter con- and thus their biological activity.
fers the property of growing indefini- Many enzymes have a structure whe-
tely in tissue culture. The underlying re the polypeptide chain is folded to
technology behind the monoclonal form a hydrophobic core and a hyd-
antibody. rophilic (‘water-loving’) surface.
165
hydroponics hypocotyl
Interakcija između hidrofobnog dela mo- 1. Specifična reakcija biljke na napad pa-
lekula i vodene sredine. Posebno sig- togena. Biljne ćelije koje okružuju
nifikantna u zasnivanju konformacije tačku infekcije brzo izumiru i suše se,
molekula u rastvoru, a time i njihove tako da se sprečava širenje patogena u
biološke aktivnosti. Mnogi enzimi biljci. Često povezana sa interakcijom
imaju strukturu gde je polipeptidni la- rasno specifičnim R genima sa uskla-
nac savijen da formira hidrofobno je- đenom avirulencijom patogena. 2.
zgro i hidrofilnu površinu. Abnormalno reagovanje životinje na
hydroponics The growing of plants wit- prisustvo pojedinog antigena.
hout soil. Plants are fed with an aera- hypersensitive site Regions in the DNA
ted solution of nutrients, and the ro- that are highly susceptible to dige-
ots are either supported within an stion with restriction endonuclea-
inert matrix, or are freely floating in ses.
the nutrient solution. Regioni u DNK koji su visoko podložni
Rast biljaka bez zemljišta. Biljke se hrane razlaganju restrikcionim endonukle-
sa provetrenim rastvorom hranljivih azama.
materija, a koreni su, bilo drže unutar Hypertonic A solution with an osmotic
inertne matrice, ili slobodno plivaju u potential greater than that of living
rastvoru hranljivih materija. cells. Treatment with such solutions
hygromycin An antibiotic used as se- leads to the plasmolysis of cells. Op-
lective agent in bacterial and tran- posite: hypotonic.
sgenic plant cell cultures. Rastvor sa osmotskim potencijalom koji
Antibiotik korišćen kao selektivno sred- je veći od onog u živim ćelijama.
stvo u bakterijskim i transgenim kul- Tretman sa takvim rastvorima vodi
turama biljne ćelije. plazmolizi ćelija. Suprotno: hypoto-
hyperploid The situation in which a nic.
particular chromosome or chromo- hypervariable region The parts of both
some segment is present in more the heavy and light chains of an anti-
than the normal number. Opposite: body molecule that enable it to bind
hypoploid. to a specific site on an antigen.
Situacija, u kojoj je poseban hromozom, Delovi teških i lakih lanaca molekula
ili hromozomski segment prisutan antitela koji im omogućuju da se ve-
više puta u odnosu na normalan broj. zuju na specifično mesto antigena.
Suprotno: hypoploid. hypervariable segment A region of a
hypersensitive response 1. A specific protein that varies considerably bet-
reaction of a plant to attack by a pat- ween strains or individuals.
hogen. The plant cells surrounding Region proteina koji znatno varira izme-
the point of infection rapidly die and đu sojeva ili individua.
dry out, so that pathogen spread wit- hypocotyl The portion of an embryo or
hin the plant is prevented. Often as- seedling below the cotyledons. A
sociated with the interaction of race- transitional area between stem and
specific R genes with a matching root.
pathogen avirulence. 2. The abnor- Deo embriona ili izdanka ispod kotile-
mal response of an animal to the pre- dona. Prelazna oblast između stabla i
sence of a particular antigen. korena.
166
hypomorph hypotonic
167
I
I/E region Abbreviation for integra- Skraćenica za 1. internal guide sequen-
tion-excision region. ce. 2. intergenic spacer.
Skraćenica za integration-excision re- imaginal disc A mass of cells in the lar-
gion. vae of Drosophila melanogaster and
ICSI See: intracytoplasmic sperm other holometabolous insects that
injection. gives rise to particular adult organs,
Vidi: intracytoplasmic sperm injection. such as antennae, eyes or wings.
identical twin See: monozygotic twin. Masa ćelija u larvama Drosophila mela-
Vidi: monozygotic twin. nogaster, i drugim insektima sa pot-
idiogram See: karyogram. punom metarmofozom, koje utiču na
Vidi: karyogram. pojavu posebnih organa odraslih in-
idiotype An identifying property or cha- dividua, kao što su antene (pipci), oči
racteristic of an item or system. 1. A ili krila.
plant form expected on physiological imbibition 1. The absorption of liquids
grounds to represent an optimal type or vapours into the ultramicroscopic
for the environment in which the spaces or pores found in materials. 2.
plant is to be grown. 2. A classifica-
The initial water uptake by seeds pri-
tion of antibody molecules accor-
or to germination.
ding to the antigenicity of the varia-
1. Apsorpcija tečnosti ili para u ultrami-
ble regions. Each idiotype is unique
to a particular immunoglobulin rai- kroskopske prostore ili pore, nađene
sed to a particular antigen. u materijalima. 2. Početno preuzima-
Identifikujuća osobina ili karakteristika nje vode od strane semena pre klija-
nekog predmeta ili sistema. 1. Oblik nja.
biljke, koji na fiziološkim osnovama immediate early gene A viral gene that
predstavlja optimalni tip za sredinu u is expressed promptly after infection.
kojoj će ona da raste. 2. Klasifikacija Virusni gen, koji se ispoljava odmah po-
molekula antitela prema antigenično- sle infekcije.
sti različitih regiona. Svaki idiotip je immobilized cells Cells entrapped in
jedinstven za pojedini imunoglobu- matrices such as alginate, polyacry-
lin, izazvan za poseban antigen. lamide and agarose, for use in mem-
IgA/Igd/IgG/IgE/IgM See: antibody brane and filter bioreactors.
class. Ćelije, uklopljene u matrice kao što su
Vidi: antibody class. alginat, poliakrilamid i agaroza, za
IGS Abbreviation for 1. internal guide korišćenje u membranskim i filter-
sequence. 2. intergenic spacer. skim bioreaktorima.
168
immortalization immunogenicity
immortalization The genetic transfor- nih bakterija, virusa ili njihovih tok-
mation of a cell type into a cell line sina, tako da se stimuliše proizvodnja
which can proliferate indefinitely. antitela. Vidi: passive immunity.
Genetička transformacija ćelijskog tipa immunoaffinity chromatography A
u ćelijsku liniju, koja može besko- purification technique in which an
načno da se umnožava. antibody is bound to a matrix and is
immortalizing oncogene A gene that, used to isolate a protein from a com-
upon transfection, enables a pri- plex mixture. See: affinity chroma-
mary cell to grow indefinitely in cul- tography.
ture. Tehnika prečišćavanja, u kojoj je antite-
Gen koji, posle transfekcije, omogućava lo vezano za matricu i korišćeno da
primarnoj ćeliji da neograničeno ra- izoluje protein iz komleksne smeše.
ste u kulturi. Vidi: affinity chromatography.
immune response The processes, inclu- immunoassay An detection system for
ding the synthesis of antibodies, that a particular molecule, which exploits
are used by vertebrates to respond to the specific binding of an antibody
the presence of a foreign antigen. raised against it. For measurement,
See: primary immune response; se- the antibody can incorporate a radi-
condary immune response. oactive or fluorescent label, or be
Procesi, uključujući sintezu antitela, ko- linked to an enzyme which catalyses
ji se koriste kod kičmenjaka da odgo- an easily monitored reaction such as
vore na prisustvo stranog antigena. a change in colour (see: ELISA).
Vidi: primary immune response, se- Synonym: immunodiagnostics.
condary immune response. Sistem otkrivanja za pojedini molekul,
immunity The lack of susceptibility of koji koristi specifično vezivanje anti-
an animal or plant to infection by a tela uvedenog protiv istog. Za mere-
particular pathogen, or to the har- nje, antitelo može da prisajedini radi-
mful effects of their toxins. oaktivno ili fluorescentno obeležje,
Nedostatak podložnosti životinje ili bilj- ili da bude vezano za enzim koji ka-
ke na infekciju putem pojedinog pa- talizuje lako praćenu reakciju, kao
togena, ili na štetne efekte njihovih što je promena boje (Vidi: ELISA).
toksina. Sinonim: immunodiagnostics.
immunization The production of im- immunochemical control See: immu-
munity in an individual by artificial notherapy.
means. Active immunization invol- Vidi: immunotherapy.
ves the introduction, either orally or immunodiagnostics See: immunoas-
by infection, of specially treated bac- say.
teria, viruses or their toxins so as to Vidi: immunoassay.
stimulate the production of antibodi- immunogen See: antigen.
es. See: passive immunity. Vidi: antigen.
Proizvodnja imuniteta u neke individue immunogenicity The ability to elicit an
veštačkim putem. Aktivna imuniza- immune response.
cija uključuje uvođenje, bilo oralno Sposobnost da izazove imuno reagova-
ili putem infekcije, specijalno tretira- nje.
169
immunoglobulin in silico
170
in situ in vitro embryo production
171
in vitro fertilization inbreeding
172
inbreeding depression incubation
173
incubator inducible
174
inducible enzyme initial
Gen, ili genski produkt, čija je transkrip- 1. Medijumi, koji se koriste da izazovu
cija ili sinteza povećana izlaganjem formiranje organa ili drugih struktu-
ćelija izazivaču ili nekom stanju, na ra. 2. Medijumi koji izazivaju varija-
pr. toploti. Suprotno: constitutive. ciju ili mutaciju u tkivima koja su joj
inducible enzyme An enzyme that is izložena.
synthesized only in the presence of inembryonation See: artificial inem-
the substrate that acts as an inducer. bryonation.
Enzim koji se sintetizuje samo u prisu- Vidi: artifical inembryonation.
stvu supstrata koji dejstvuje kao iza- infection The successful colonization of
zivač. any living organism by a pathogen.
inducible gene A gene that is expressed Uspečna kolonizacija bilo kojih živih
only in the presence of a specific me- organizama od strane patogena.
tabolite, the inducer. infectious agent Synonym of patho-
Gen koji se ispoljava samo u prisustvu gen.
specifičnog metabolita, izazivača. Sinonim: patogen.
inducible promoter The activation of a infiltrate The entry of liquid into pores
promoter in response to either the or other spaces.
presence of a particular compound, Ulaz tečnosti u pore ili druge prostore.
i.e. the inducer, or to a defined ex- inflorescence The flowers of a plant, and
ternal condition, e.g. elevated tempe- the way those flowers are arranged.
Cvetovi biljaka, i način na koji su ti cve-
rature.
tovi postavljeni.
Aktiviranje promotera u reagovanju na,
inheritance The transmission of genes
bilo prisustvo određenog jedinjenja,
and phenotypes from generation to
t.j. izazivača, ili definisanom spolj-
generation.
nom uslovu, na pr. povećanom tem- Prenos gena i fenotipova iz jedne do
peraturom. druge generacije.
induction The act or process of causing inhibitor 1. Any substance or object
some specific effect to occur; for that retards a chemical reaction. 2. A
example the transcription of a spe- metabolite or modifier gene that in-
cific gene or operon, or the produc- terferes with a reaction or with the
tion of a protein by an organism af- expression of another gene.
ter it is exposed to a specific stimu- 1. Bilo koja supstanca ili objekt, koji za-
lus. država hemijsku reakciju. 2. Metabo-
Čin ili proces, koji izaziva pojavu nekog lit, ili gen modifikator koji se meša
specifičnog efekta; na primer tran- sa reakcijom, ili ekspresijom drugog
skripcija specifičnog gena ili opero- gena.
na, ili proizvodnja proteina od nekog initial Cells in a meristem that remain
organizma, pošto je izložen specifič- permanently capable of differentia-
nom stimulansu. tion, and which develop into tissues
induction media 1. Media used to indu- of particular structure and function.
ce the formation of organs or other Ćelije u kambijumu koje su stalno spo-
structures. 2. Media causing varia- sobne za diferencijaciju, i koje se
tion or mutation in the tissues expo- razvijaju u tkiva posebne strukture i
sed to it. funkcije.
175
initiation inositol
176
inositol lipid integrating vector
177
integration intercalary growth
178
intercalating agent interleukin
179
internal guide sequence internode
180
interphase introgression
interphase The stage in the cell cycle tion of a single sperm into the cyto-
when the cell is not dividing and du- plasm of a mature oocyte.
ring part of which DNA replication (Skraćenica: ICSI) Mikro-injekcija po-
occurs; it follows telophase of one jedine sperme u citoplazmu zrele
mitotic division and extends to the oocite.
beginning of prophase in the next intrageneric Within a genus, such as an
division. intrageneric cross, or intrageneric
Stadijum u ćelijskom ciklusu, kada se variation.
ćelija ne deli i kada se dešava pona- U okviru roda, kao intragenerično ukr-
vljanje DNK; to sledi telofazu mitot- štanje, ili intragenerična varijacija.
ske deobe i traje do početka profaze intrageneric cross A hybrid made bet-
u sledećoj deobi. ween parents belonging to two speci-
intersex Synonym of hermaphrodite. es in the same genus. See: intraspe-
Sinonim od hermaphrodite. cific cross, interspecific cross.
inter-simple sequence repeat (Abbre- Hibrid, nastao ukrštanjem roditelja koji
viation: ISSR). A PCR-based mole- pripadaju različitim vrstama istog ro-
cular marker assay of genomic sequ- da. Vidi: intraspecific cross, interspe-
ence lying between adjacent micro- cific cross.
satellites. Primers carrying, at their intragenic complementation Occurs
3’-end, sequence complementary to when wild type phenotype is restored
the repeat unit of the microsatellite in an F1 individual made by crossing
will amplify this genomic DNA. two independent mutants, carrying
(Skraćenica: ISSR) Molekularni mar- different heteroalleles.
kerski test, zasnovan na PCR-u, ge- Nastaje kada se divlji tip fenotipa pojavi
nomske sekvence koja se nalazi iz- u uspostavljen u F1 individui nasta-
među susednih mikrosatelita. Praj- loj ukrštanjem dva nezavisna mutan-
meri koji na 3’-kraju nose, sekvencu ta, noseći različite heteroalele.
komplementarnu sa ponovljenom je- intraspecific Within a species, such as
dinicom mikrosatelita, koji će umno- an intraspecific cross, or intraspeci-
žiti tu genomsku DNK. fic variation.
interspecific cross A hybrid made bet- U okviru vrste, kao jedno intraspecifič-
ween parents belonging to two diffe- no ukrštanje, ili intracpecifična vari-
rent species. See: intrageneric jacija.
cross, intraspecific cross. intraspecific cross A hybrid made bet-
Hibrid, nastao ukrštanjem roditelja koji ween parents belonging to the same
pripadaju dvema različitim vrstama. species. See: intrageneric cross, in-
Vidi: intrageneric cross, intraspecific terspecific cross.
cross. Hibrid, nastao ukrštanjem roditelja koji
intervening sequence See: intron. pripadaju istoj vrsti. Vidi: intragene-
Vidi: intron. ric cross, intraspecific cross.
intracellular Occurring within a cell. introgression The introduction of new
Što se dešava unutar ćelije. alleles or gene(s) into a population
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (Ab- from an exotic source, usually another
breviation: ICSI). The micro-injec- species. This is achieved by repeated
181
intron IPTG
182
irradiation iso-electric focusing gel
183
isoenzyme isotonic
184
isotope IVM
isotope One of two or more forms of an kao rezultat manjih razlika u njiho-
element that differ in the number of voj sekvenci aminokiselina. Elektro-
neutrons carried by the nucleus. Ra- foretsko izdvajanje izozima korišće-
dioactive isotopes (radio-isotopes) no je za ocenu razlike između indivi-
are used as probes in many bioche- dua i varijeteta.
mical analyses. ISSR Abbreviation for inter-simple se-
Jedan od dva ili više oblika elementa ko- quence repeat.
ji se razlikuje u broju neutrona koje Skraćenica za inter-simple sequence re-
nosi nukleus. Radioaktivni izotopi peat.
(radioizotopi) se koriste kao probe u ITS Abbreviation for internal transcri-
mnogim biohemijskim analizama. bed spacer.
isozyme A genetic variant of an enzy- Skraćenica za internal transcribed spa-
me. Isozymes for a given enzyme cer.
share the same function, but may dif- IVEP Abbreviation for in vitro embryo
fer in level of activity, as a result of production.
minor differences in their amino Skraćenica za in vitro embryo produc-
acid sequence. Electrophoretic sepa- tion.
ration of isozymes has been used to IVF Abbreviation for in vitro fertiliza-
distinguish between individuals and tion.
varieties. Skraćenica za in vitro fertilization.
Genetička varijanta enzima. Izozimi za IVM Abbreviation for in vitro matura-
dati enzim imaju istu funkciju, ali se tion.
mogu razlikovati u nivou aktivnosti, Skraćenica za in vitro maturation.
185
J
J See: joining segment. junk DNA See: repetitive DNA.
Vidi: joining segment. Vidi: repetitive DNK.
Jiffy potä Pots made from wood pulp juvenile hormone A hormone secreted
and peat, commonly used for tran- by insects from a pair of endocrine
splanting tissue culture-derived glands close to the brain. Its function
plants into soil medium. is to inhibit metamorphosis so main-
Posude napravljene od drvene pulpe i taining the larval features.
treseta, obično se koriste za presađi- Hormon, koji luče insekati iz para endo-
vanje biljaka proizvedenih kulturom krinih žlezda blizu mozga. Njegova
tkiva, u zemljani medijum. funkcija je da inhibira metarmofozu,
JIVET Abbreviation for juvenile in vi- tako održavajući odlike larve.
tro embryo technology. juvenile in vitro embryo technology
Skraćenica za juvenile in vitro embryo (Abbreviation: JIVT or JIVET). A
technology. technology involving collection of
JIVT Abbreviation for juvenile in vitro immature eggs from young animals,
embryo technology. their in vitro maturation and fertili-
Skraćenica za juvenile in vitro embryo zation, and the transfer of the resul-
technology. tant embryos into recipient females.
joining segment (Abbreviation: J). A The method is designed to achieve
rapid generation turnover.
small DNA segment that links genes
(Skraćenice: JIVT ili JIVET) Tehnologi-
in order to yield a functional gene
ja koja uključuje sakupljanje nezrelih
encoding an immunoglobulin. jaja od mladih životinja, njihovo in
(Skraćenica: J) Mali segment DNK koji vitro sazrevanje i oplođenje, i tran-
vezuje gene da bi dali funkcionalni sfer nastalih embriona u ženke reci-
gen koji enkodira imunoglobulin. pijente. Metod je projektovan da po-
jumping gene See: transposable ele- stigne brz obrt generacija.
ment. juvenility Early phase of development
Vidi: transposable element. in which an organism is incapable of
jumping library See: chromosome sexual reproduction.
jumping. Rana faza razvića u kojoj organizam ni-
Vidi: chromosome jumping. je sposoban za polnu reprodukciju.
186
K
kanamycin An antibiotic of the ami- karyotype The chromosome constitu-
noglycoside family that inhibits tion of a cell, an individual, or of a
translation by binding to the riboso- related group of individuals, as defi-
mes. Important as a substrate for se- ned both by the number and the
lection of plant transformants. morphology of the chromosomes,
Antibiotik iz grupe aminoglikozida koji usually in mitotic metaphase; chro-
inhibira sintezu vezivanjem za ribo- mosomes arranged in order of length
zome. Važan kao supstrat za selekci- and according to position of centro-
ju biljnih transformanata. mere; also, the abbreviated formula
kanr Kanamycin-resistance gene. See: for the chromosome constitution,
neor, selectable marker. such as 47, + 21 for human trisomy-
Kanamicin-rezistentni gen. Vidi: neo r, 21 (Down’s syndrome).
selectable marker. Hromozomska konstitucija individue, ili
kappa chain One of two classes of anti- srodne grupe individua, koja defini-
body light chains. The other is a sana, brojem tako i morfologijom
lambda chain. hromozoma, obično u metafazi mito-
Jedna od dve klase lakih lanaca antitela. ze poređani po dužini i prema polo-
Druga je lambda lanac. žaju centromere; takođe, skraćena
karyogamy The fusion of nuclei or nuc- formula za hromozomsku konstituci-
lear material that occurs at fertiliza- ju, kao 47, +21 za humanu trisomiju-
tion during sexual reproduction. 21 (Down-ov sindrom).
Fuzija nukleusa ili nuklearnog materija- kb Abbreviation for kilobase (of single-
la koja se dešava pri oplođavanju to- stranded nucleic acid).
kom seksualne reprodukcije. Skraćenica za kilobazu (jednolančane
karyogram A diagrammatic representa- nukleinske kiseline).
tion of the full chromosome set of a kbp Abbreviation for kilobase pairs (of
species, highlighting characteristic double-stranded DNA).
physical features of individual chro- Skraćenica za kilobazne parove (dvo-
mosomes. lančane DNK).
Šematski prikaz hromozoma neke vrste, kcat The catalytic rate constant that cha-
ističući karakteristične fizičke odlike racterizes an enzyme-catalysed reac-
pojedinih hromozoma. tion. The larger the kcat value, the
karyokinesis The division of a cell nuc- faster the conversion of substrate in-
leus. See: meiosis; mitosis. to product.
Deoba ćelijskog nukleusa. Vidi: meio- Konstanta katalitičkog stepena, koja ka-
sis; mitosis. rakteriše enzimski katalizovanu re-
187
kcat /Km kinetosome
akciju. Što je veća vrednost kcat , br- (Skraćenica: kbp) Dužina dvostrukog
ža je konverzija supstrata u produkt. lanca DNK sastavljenog od 1000 ba-
kcat /Km The catalytic efficiency of an znih parova.
enzyme-catalysed reaction. The gre- kinase An enzyme that catalyses the
ater the value of kcat/Km, the more transfer of a phosphate group from a
rapidly and efficiently the substrate high energy state (as in ATP) to anot-
is converted into product. her molecule.
Katalitička efikasnost jedne enzimski Enzim koji katalizuje transfer fosfatne
katalizovane reakcije. Što je veća grupe, od visoko energetskog stanja,
vrednost kcat / Km, supstrat se brže i (kao u ATP) do drugog molekula.
efikasnije pretvara u produkt. kinetics Dynamic processes involving
Kd Abbreviation for dissociation con- motion. Often used as a suffix to in-
stant. Describes the strength of bin- dicate studies involving movement
ding (or affinity) between molecules or rates of reactions. See: pharma-
and their ligands. See: avidity. cokinetics, enzyme kinetics
Skraćenica za konstantu disocijacije. Dinamični proces koji uključuje kreta-
Opisuje jačinu vezivanja (ili afinite- nje. Često korišćeni kao sufiks da po-
ta) molekula i njihovih liganda. Vidi: kaže istraživanja koja uključuju ste-
avidity. pene reakcija. Vidi: pharmacokine-
kDa Abbreviation for kiloDalton. A unit tics, enzyme kinetics.
of molecular mass equal to 1000 kinetin A cytokinin.
Dalton. Citokinin.
Skraćenica za kiloDalton. Jedinica mo- kinetochore Structure at the centrome-
lekularne mase jednake 1000 Dalto- re of eukaryotic chromosomes. The
na. kinetochore consists of inner and
killer T cell T cells that kill cells dis- outer electron dense plates and a cen-
playing recognized antigens. tral zone containing repetitive DNA
T ćelije koje ubijaju ćelije koje pokazuju elements. Kinetochores are involved
prepoznate antigene. in the control of chromosome move-
kilobase (Abbreviation: kb). A length of ment in cell division.
single-stranded nucleic acid compo- Struktura na centromeri eukariotskih hro-
sed of 1000 bases. One kilobase of mozoma. Kinotohora se sastoji od
single-stranded DNA has a mass of unutrašnjih i spoljašnjih elektronskih
about 330 kiloDalton (exact mass de- gustih ploča, i centralne zone koja sa-
pends on base composition). država elemente repetitivne DNK. Ki-
(Skraćenica: kb) Dužina jednolančane netohore su uključene u kontrolu kre-
nukleinske kiseline sastavljene od tanja hromozoma u deobi ćelije.
1000 baza. Jedna kilobaza jednolan- kinetosome Granular cytoplasmic
čane DNK ima masu od oko 330 ki- structure which forms the base of a
loDaltona (tačna masa zavisi od ba- cilium or flagellum. Synonym: basal
znog sastava). body.
kilobase pairs (Abbreviation: kbp). A Granularna citoplazmička struktura, ko-
length of double-stranded DNA ja formira bazu cilijuma ili flagelu-
composed of 1000 base pairs. ma. Sinonim: basal body.
188
kinin knockout
189
L
label A compound or atom that is attac- 1.Stanje očevidne inaktivacije, koja
hed to, or incorporated into, another prethodi reagovanju na tretman; ta-
molecule in order to allow detection kođe nazvana latentna faza. 2.Počet-
of the latter’s presence. Commonly, na faza rasta, tokom koje broj ćelija
labels exploit radioactivity, fluore- ostaje relativno konstantan, pre po-
scence or antigenicity. Synonym: tag. četka brze deobe ćelija.
Jedinjenje ili atom koji je dodat, ili lagging strand The strand of DNA that
uključen u drugi molekul, da bi omo- is synthesized discontinuously du-
gućio otkrivanje prisutnosti poto- ring replication (because DNA
njeg. Obično, naznake koriste radio- synthesis can proceed only in the
aktivnost, fluorescenciju ili antige- 5’?3’ direction). See: Okazaki frag-
ničnost. Sinonim: tag. ment.
labelling The process of attaching or in- Lanac DNK, koji se diskontinuirano sin-
serting a label into a molecule. Most tetizuje tokom replikacije (pošto sin-
often in the context of nucleic acids teza DNK može da se odvija samo u
or proteins. smeru 5’?3’). Vidi: Okazaki frag-
ment.
Proces priključenja ili ubacivanja na-
lambda chain One of two classes of an-
znake u molekul. Najčešće u kontek-
tibody light chains. The other is a
stu nukleinskih kiselina ili proteina.
kappa chain.
lac repressor-lac promoter system Jedna od dve klase lakih lanaca antitela.
See: IPTG. Druga je kappa lanac.
lac promoter system. Vidi: IPTG. lambda phage A bacteriophage that
lactose A disaccharide sugar produced infects E. coli, commonly used as a
in milk, composed of one unit each cloning vector. See: integration-ex-
of glucose and galactose. cision region.
Disaharidni šećer, proizveden u mleku, Bakteriofag, koji inficira E. coli, obično
sastavljen od jedne jedinice glukoze i korišćena kao vektor pri kloniranju.
galaktoze. Vidi:integration-excision region.
lag phase 1. The state of apparent inac- lamella A structure, plate or vesicle that
tivity preceding a response to a treat- is formed by two membranes lying
ment; also called a latent phase. 2. parallel to each other.
The initial growth phase, during Struktura, ploča ili mehurić, formirani
which cell number remains relati- sa dve membrane, koje su paralelne.
vely constant, prior to the onset of ra- lamina Blade or expanded part of a leaf.
pid cell division. Liska, ili rašireni deo lista.
190
laminar air-flow cabinet LD50
laminar air-flow cabinet Cabinet de- Patogen, obično virus, prisutan u organi-
signed for cell or tissue culture ma- zmu domaćina bez proizvodnje bilo
nipulations requiring a sterile envi- kakvih simptoma.
ronment. Achieved by a continuous, latent bud An inactive bud not held
non-turbulent flow of filter-sterilized back by rest or dormant period, but
air over the working area. Synonym: which may start growth if stimulated.
laminar air-flow hood. Neaktivan pupoljak, periodom mirova-
Orman, konstruisan za manipulacije ili u nja, ali koji može početi da raste ako
kulturi ćelija ili tkiva koje zahtevaju je stimulisan.
sterilnu sredinu. Postignuta kontinui- latent phase See: lag phase.
ranim, neturbulentnim tokom vazdu- Vidi: lag phase.
ha, sterilisanog filterom iznad radne lateral bud See: axillary bud.
površine. Sinonim: laminar air-flow Vidi: axillary bud.
hood. lateral meristem A meristem giving ri-
laminarin A storage polysaccharide of se to secondary plant tissues, such as
the brown algae. the vascular and cork cambia.
Skladište polisaharida mrke alge. Meristem koji obezbeđuje rast sekun-
lampbrush chromosome Large diplo- darnih biljnih tkiva, kao što su va-
tene chromosomes present in oocyte skularna i kambijumi kore.
lawn A uniform and uninterrupted layer
nuclei, and particularly conspicuous
of bacterial growth, typically on
in amphibians. These chromosomes
agar medium, in which individual
have extended regions called loops,
colonies cannot be observed.
which are active sites of transcrip-
Ujednačen i kontinuiran sloj bakterij-
tion. See: diplonema. skog rasta, tipično na medijumu aga-
Veliki hromozomi u diplotonu, prisutni ra, u kojem se ne mogu videti indivi-
u nukleusima oocita, i posebno upa- dualne kolonije.
dljivi u amfibija. Ti hromozomi ima- layering A technique for vegetative pro-
ju proširene regione zvane lupe (pe- pagation, in which new plants produ-
tlje), koje su aktivna mesta transkrip- ce adventitious roots before being
cije. Vidi: diplonema. severed from the parent plant.
landrace In plant genetic resources, an Tehnika za vegetativno razmnožavanje,
early, cultivated form of a crop speci- u kojoj nove biljke proizvode adven-
es, evolved from a wild population, tivne korene, dok još nisu rastavljene
and generally composed of a hetero- od roditeljske biljke.
geneous mixture of genotypes. LCR Abbreviation for ligase chain re-
U biljnim genetičkim resursima, rana, action.
kultivisana forma vrste, poreklom od Skraćenica za ligase chain reaction.
prirodne populacije, i uopšte sasta- LD50 Abbreviation for lethal dose50%.
vljena od heterogene smeše genoti- The amount of a substance required
pova. to kill 50% of the test population.
latent agent A pathogen, usually a vi- The higher the LD50, the lower the
rus, present in a host organism wit- toxicity of the chemical in that speci-
hout producing any symptoms. fic test.
191
lead compound lethal allele
192
lethal gene ligase chain reaction
Mutantni oblik gena, koji je u homozi- neration to the same stage in the fol-
gotnom stanju letalan. lowing generation. In sexually repro-
lethal gene See: lethal allele. duced organisms, the starting point is
Vidi: lethal allele. the fusion of gametes to form the
lethal mutation See: lethal allele. zygote.
Vidi: lethal allele. Redosled događaja, od određenog stadi-
leukocyte White blood cell, up to 0.02 juma razvića u jednoj generaciji, do
mm in diameter, of which there are istog stadijuma u narednoj generaci-
normally 4–11 million per millilitre ji. U organizmima koji se polno raz-
of human blood. There are several množavaju, polazna tačka je fuzija
kinds, all involved in the body’s de- gameta u cilju stvaranja zigota.
fence mechanisms. Granulocytes ha- ligand A small molecule (e.g. activators,
ve granules in their cytoplasm; mo- substrates and inhibitors of enzyme
nocytes ingest and feed on bacteria activity) bound to a protein by non-
and other micro-organisms that cau- covalent forces; an ion or a molecule
se infection; lymphocytes include that binds to another chemical entity
the B cells that are involved with the to form a larger complex.
production of antibodies. Mali molekul (na pr. aktivatori, supstrati
Bela krvna zrnca, prečnika do 0.02 mm, i inhibitori enzimske aktivnosti) ve-
od kojih ima normalno 4–11 miliona zan za protein putem nekovalentnih
po mililitru u krvi ljudi. Ima nekoliko veza; jon ili molekul koji se vezuje
vrsta, a svi su uključeni u odbrambe- za drugi hemijski entitet da bi formi-
ne mehanizme tela. Granulociti ima- rao veći kompleks.
ju granule u svojoj citoplazmi; mo- ligase See: DNA ligase.
nociti unose hranu i hrane se bakteri- Vidi: DNK ligase.
jama i drugim mikroorganizmima ligase chain reaction (Abbreviation:
koji izazivaju infekciju; limfociti LCR). A technique for the detection
uključuju B ćelije koje su uključene and amplification of target DNA se-
u proizvodnju antitela. quences. Two oligonucleotides are
library A collection of cells, usually synthesized which between them are
bacteria or yeast, that have been complementary to the entire target
transformed with recombinant vec- sequence, one to the 5’-side and one
tors carrying DNA derived from an to the 3’-side. If the target sequence
unrelated organism. See: cDNA li- is present in the DNA sample under
brary, expression library, genomic examination, the oligonucleotides
library. will bind to it with their ends abut-
Skup ćelija, obično bakterija ili kvasaca, ting in the centre, and a heat-stable
koje su transformisane rekombinant- ligase will join them into a complete
nim vektorima koji nose DNK pore- polynucleotide. No ligation occurs if
klom od nesrodnog organizma. Vidi: the target sequence is absent or if the
cDNK library, expression library, ge- match between synthetic oligonucle-
nomic library. otides and target sequence is imper-
life cycle The sequence of events from a fect in the region where they abut. At
given developmental stage in one ge- a high temperature, the new polynuc-
193
ligate, ligation linearized vector
194
linkage lipofection
Kovalentno zatvoren kružni vektor DNK Gen ili marker koji je vezan za drugi gen
(obično plazmid), koji je bio sečen ili marker.
putem restrikcionog razlaganja da ga linker A synthetic double-stranded oli-
pretvori u linearni molekul. U mole- gonucleotide that carries the recog-
kularnom kloniranju, DNK koja će se nition sequence for one or more re-
klonirati se meša sa linearizovanim striction endonucleases. The liga-
vektorom i tretira ligazom, da spoji i tion of a linker to each end of a DNA
recirkuliše nastali hibridni molekul. fragment facilitates the preparation
linkage The tendency of a set of genes of the fragment for cloning into a
to be inherited together more often vector. See: polylinker.
than would be expected if they were Sintetički, dvolančani oligonukleotid,
assorting independently. exists bet- koji nosi sekvencu prepoznavanja za
ween two genes when they are loca- jednu ili više restrikcionih endonu-
ted sufficiently close to one another kleaza. Ligacija vezivača za svaki
on the same chromosome that a pro- kraj fragmenta DNK olakšava pri-
portion of gametes is produced wit- premu fragmenta za klonoranje u
hout crossing-over occurring betwe- vektor. Vidi: polylinker.
en them. lipase A class of enzymes which break
Tendencija niza gena da se nasleđuje ve- down lipids into their component
zano, češće nego što bi se očekivalo fatty acids and glycerol. Lipases used
ako bi bili raspoređeni nezavisno.
in biotechnology are generally dige-
Nastaje između dva gena kada su lo-
stive, with a role in the break-down
cirana dovoljno blizu jedan do dru-
of fats in food into their components,
gog na istom hromozomu tako da se
so that these can be used to make ot-
pojavljuje proporcija gameta bez po-
jave krosing-overa. her materials.
linkage disequilibrium See: gametic Grupa enzima koji razlažu lipide na nji-
phase disequilibrium. hove komponente, masne kiseline i
Vidi: gametic phase disequilibrium. glicerol. Lipaze korišćene u bioteh-
linkage equilibrium See: gametic pha- nologiji su opšte uzev digestivne, sa
se equilibrium. ulogom u razlaganju masti u hrani na
Vidi: gametic phase equilibrium. njihove komponente, tako da mogu
linkage map A linear or circular dia- da se koriste za pravljenje drugih je-
gram that shows the relative positi- dinjenja.
ons of genes on a chromosome as lipid Any of a group of fats or fat-like
determined by recombination frac- compounds insoluble in water and
tion. See: genetic map. soluble in fat solvents.
Linearni ili kružni dijagram, koji poka- Bilo koja od grupe masti ili mastima
zuje relativni raspored gena na hro- sličnih jedinjenja nerastvorljivih u
mozomu, tako kako su utvrđeni pu- vodi a rastvorljivih u rastvaračima
tem frakcije rekombinacije. Vidi: ge- masti.
netic map. lipofection Delivery into eukaryotic
linked gene, linked marker A gene or cells of DNA, RNA or other compo-
marker that is linked to another gene unds that have been encapsulated in
or marker. liposomes.
195
lipopolysaccharide live recombinant vaccine
196
live vaccine long terminal repeat
197
long-day plant lymphoma
198
lyophilize lytic cycle
Rak, poreklom od limfnih čvorova, slezi- for the digestion of material in food
ne i drugih limfo-retikularnih mesta. vacuoles, the dissolution of foreign
lyophilize See: freeze-drying. particles entering the cell and, on the
Vidi: freeze-drying. death of the cell, the breaking down
lysis The destruction or breakage of of all cell structures. The digestive
cells either by viruses or by chemical system of the cell.
or physical treatment. Membranski vezana kesa u okviru cito-
Destrukcija ili razgradnja ćelija, putem plazme životinjskih ćelija koja sadrži
virusa, ili hemijskog ili fizičkog tret- enzime, odgovorne za digestiju ma-
mana. terija u vakuolama za hranu, rastva-
lysogen A bacterial cell whose chromo- ranje stranih partikula koje ulaze u
some contains integrated bacteriop- ćeliju, i posle smrti ćelije, razlaganje
hage DNA. svih ćelijskih struktura. Digestivni
Bakterijska ćelija, čiji hromozom sadrži sistem ćelije.
integrisane DNK bakteriofaga. lysozyme A naturally occurring enzyme
lysogenic Bacteria or bacteriophages extracted from egg white protein
undergoing lysogeny. and other animal and plant sources,
Bakterije, ili bakteriofage, koji se pod- which attacks the cell wall of gram-
vrgavaju lizogeniji. positive bacteria leading to cell lysis
lysogenic bacterium Bacterium harbo- and death.
uring temperate (non-virulent, lyso- Prirodno nastali enzim, ekstrahovan iz
genic) bacteriophages. proteina belanca jajeta i drugih živo-
Bakterija koja skriva umerene (neviru- tinjskih i biljnih resursa, koji napada
lentne) lizogene bakteriofage. ćelijski zid gram-pozitivnih bakterija
lysogeny A condition in which a bacte- i dovodi do lizije ćelija i do smrti.
riophage genome (pro-phage) sur- lytic A phase of the virus life cycle du-
vives within a host bacterium, either ring which the virus replicates wit-
as part of the host chromosome or as hin the host cell, releasing a new ge-
part of an extrachromosomal ele- neration of viruses when the infected
ment, and does not initiate lysis. cell undergoes lysis.
Stanje, u kojem genom bakteriofage Faza životnog ciklusa virusa tokom kog
(pro-phage) preživljava u okviru se virus umnožava u okviru ćelije
bakterije domaćina, bilo kao deo hro- domaćina, otpuštajući novu genera-
mozoma domaćina, ili kao deo eks- ciju virusa kada inficirana ćelija bu-
trahromozomskog elementa, i ne do- de podvrgnuta lizi.
vodi do lizije. lytic cycle The steps in viral production
lysosome A membrane-bound sac wit- that lead to cell lysis.
hin the cytoplasm of animal cells Ciklus u proizvodnji virusa koji dovodi
that contains enzymes responsible do lizije ćelija.
199
M
M13 A single-stranded DNA bacteriop- red in concentrations above 0.5 milli-
hage used as a vector for DNA sequ- mole/litre.
encing. Glavni hemijski element bitan za nor-
Molekul jednostrukog DNK lanca bak- malan rast i razviće. U medijumima
teriofaga koji sekoristi kao vektor za kulture tkiva, makronutrijenti su oni
sekvenciranje DNK. koji su potrebni u koncentracijama
M13 strand The single-stranded DNA iznad 0,5 milimola/litru.
molecule that is present in the infec- macrophage Large white blood cells
tive form of bacteriophage M13. that ingest foreign substances and
Jednolančani molekul DNK, koji je pri- display on their surfaces antigens
sutan u infektivnom obliku bakterio- which are recognized by other cells
faga M13. of the immune system.
MAAP Abbreviation for multiple arbi- Velike bele krvne ćelije, koje unose u
trary amplicon profiling. sebe strane supstance i na svojim po-
Skraćenica za multiple arbitrary ampli- vršinama ispoljavaju imaju antigene
con profiling.
koji se prepoznaju od drugih ćelija
mAb Abbreviation for monoclonal an-
imunog sistema.
tibody.
Skraćenica za monoclonal antibody. macropropagation Production of plant
macerate To disintegrate tissue to dis- clones from growing parts.
rupt cells. Commonly achieved via Proizvodnja klonova biljaka od delova u
mechanical shearing, plasmolysis or porastu.
enzymatic cell wall degradation. macrospore See: megaspore.
Razoriti tkivo, da se unište ćelije. Obič- Vidi: megaspore.
no se postiže putem mehaničkog sec- mad cow disease Colloquial term for
kanja, plazmolize, ili enzimske raz- bovine spongiform encephalo-
gradnje ćelijskih zidova. pathy. See proteinaceous infectious
macromolecule Any high molecular particle
weight molecule. Often used as a Popularni izraz za bovinu spongiformnu
synonym for polymers. encefalopatiju. Vidi: proteinaceous
Bilo koji molekul velike molekulske infectious particle.
mase. Često korišćen kao sinonim za MADS box A highly conserved DNA
polimere. sequence motif found in a large fa-
macronutrient A major chemical ele- mily of transcription factors, most
ment essential for normal growth and of which play important roles in de-
development. In tissue culture me- velopmental processes. Most promi-
dia, macronutrients are those requi- nently, the MADS box genes known
200
magenta map
201
map distance marker-assisted introgression
ci. Physical maps are obtained com- generally, determining the location
monly by the use of in situ hybridiza- of a locus (gene or genetic marker)
tion of cloned DNA fragments to on a chromosome.
metaphase chromosomes, or by so- Konstrukcija lokalizovane (oko gena),
matic-cell hybrids or radiation ili široko bazirane (ceo genom) gene-
hybrids. 2. noun: a diagram showing tičke mape. Više uopšteno, određiva-
the relative position of, and distances nje lokacije lokusa (gena ili genetič-
between, loci on a chromosome. kog markera) na hromozomu.
1. glagol: Odrediti relativne položaje lo- mapping function A mathematical ex-
kusa (gena ili sekvenci DNK) na hro- pression relating observed recombi-
mozomu. Mape vezanih gena dobija- nation fraction to map distance.
ju se u zavisnosti od učestalosti re- Matematički izraz koji se odnosi na vi-
kombinacije između lokusa. Fizičke đenu rekombinacionu frakciju do
mape se dobijaju obično korišćenjem distantne mape.
in situ hibridizacije kloniranih frag- mariculture See: aquaculture.
menata DNK od metafaznih hromo- Vidi: aquaculture.
zoma, ili putem somatsko-ćelijskih marker An identifiable DNA sequence
hibrida ili radijacionih hibrida. 2. ime: that is inherited in Mendelian fas-
dijagram koji pokazuje relativan polo- hion, and which facilitates the study
of inheritance of a trait or a linked
žaj, i distance između, lokusa na hro-
gene.
mozomu.
Identifikujuća DNK sekvenca koja se
map distance The standard measure of
nasleđuje na Mendelovski način, i
genetic distance between loci, ex- koja olakšava proučavanje nasleđi-
pressed in centiMorgans (cM) or vanja osobine ili vezanog gena.
map units. Estimated from recom- marker gene A gene of known function
bination fraction via a mapping or known location, used for marker-
function. For small recombination assisted selection or genetic studies.
fractions, map distance in cM equals Gen poznate funkcije ili poznate lokaci-
the recombination fraction in %. je, korišćen za selekciju primenom
Standardna mera genetičke distance iz- markera, ili genetičkih proučavanja.
među lokusa, izražene u centiMorga- marker peptide A portion of fusion
nima (cM) ili jedinicama mape. Izra- protein that facilitates its identifica-
čunata preko frakcije rekombinacije i tion or purification.
funkcije mapiranja. Za male rekombi- Deo fuzionog proteina koji olakšava nje-
nacione frakcije, distanca mape u cM govu identifikaciju ili prečišćavanje.
jednaka je frakciji rekombinacije u %. marker-assisted introgression The use
map unit One centiMorgan (1 cM) of DNA markers to increase the
See: map distance; crossing-over speed and efficiency of introgres-
unit. sion of a new allele(s) or gene(s) into
Jedan centiMorgan (1cM). Vidi: map a breeding population. The markers
distance; crossing-over unit. will be closely linked to the gene(s)
mapping The construction of a locali- in question.
zed (around a gene), or broad-based Korišćenje markera DNK za povećanje
(whole genome) genetic map. More brzine i efikasnosti uvođenja novog
202
marker-assisted selection medium
(ih) alela ili gena u populaciji. Mar- roplasta), koji se prenose samo kroz
keri će biti usko, vezani sa genima žensku liniju.
koji su u pitanju. matric potential A water potential
marker-assisted selection (Abbrevia- component, always of negative va-
tion: MAS). The use of DNA mar- lue, resulting from the presence of
kers to improve response to selection solid (often finely divided) surfaces;
in a population. The markers will be primarily responsible for water upta-
closely linked to one or more target ke by a dry seed prior to germina-
loci, which may often be quantitati- tion.
ve trait loci. Komponenta vodnog potencijala, uvek
(Skraćenica: MAS) Korišćenje markera sa negativnom vrednosti, nastala od
DNK za poboljšanje reagovanja na prisustva čvrstih (često fino podelje-
selekciju u nekoj populaciji. Markeri nih) površina; prvenstveno odgovor-
će biti usko povezani za jedan ili više na za upijanje suvog semena pre kli-
ciljnih lokusa, koji često mogu biti janja.
lokusi za kvantitativne osobine. maturation The formation of gametes
MAS Abbreviation for marker-assisted or spores.
selection. Forrmiranje gameta ili spora.
Skraćenica za marker-assisted selection. MCS Abbreviation for multiple clo-
mass selection As practised in plant and ning site. See: polylinker.
animal breeding, the selection of a Skraćenica za multiple cloning site. Vi-
number of individuals, on the basis di: polylinker.
of their individual phenotypes, to in- MDA Abbreviation for multiple drop
terbreed to form the next generation. array. See: microdroplet array.
Kako je praktikovana u gajenju bilja i Skraćenica za multiple drop array. Vidi:
životinja, selekcija broja individua, microdroplet array.
na bazi njihovih individualnih fenoti- mean In statistics, the arithmetic avera-
pova, da bi se parili unutar zatvorene ge; the sum of all measurements or
populacije radi nastanka sledeće ge- values in a sample divided by the
neracije. sample size.
maternal effect An effect attributable to U statistici, aritmetička sredina; suma
a genetic contribution of the female svih merenja ili vrednosti u uzroku
parent of the individual being evalu- podeljena sa veličinom uzorka.
ated. media See: culture medium; medium.
Efekt, koji se pripisuje genetičkom do- Vidi: culture medium; medium.
prinosu ženskog roditelja individue median In a set of measurements, the
koja se ocenjuje. central value above and below which
maternal inheritance Inheritance con- there are an equal number of measu-
trolled by non-nuclear genes (e.g. rements.
mitochrondria, chloroplast) that U nizu merenja, centralna vrednost iz-
are transmitted only through the fe- nad i ispod koje je jednak broj mere-
male line. nja.
Nasledjivanje, kontrolisano od nenukle- medium (pl.: media) 1. In plant tissue
arnih gena (na pr. mitohondrije, hlo- culture, a term for the liquid or solid
203
medium formulation meiotic analysis
formulation upon which plant cells, megabase cloning The cloning of large
tissues or organs develop. See: cultu- DNA fragments of the order of 1Mb.
re medium. 2. In general terms, a Kloniranje velikih fragmenata DNK, ve-
substrate for plant growth, such as ličine od 1Mb.
nutrient solution, soil, sand, etc., e.g. megaDalton (Abbreviation: MDa). One
potting medium. megaDalton is equal to 106 Dalton.
1. U kulturi tkiva biljaka, izraz za tečnu (Skraćenica: Mda) Jedan megaDalton je
ili suvu formulaciju na kojoj se raz- jednak 106 Daltona.
vijaju biljne ćelije, tkiva ili organi. megagametophyte The female game-
Vidi: culture medium. 2. U opštim iz- tophyte; the plant that develops from
razima, supstrat za rast biljke, kao a megaspore.
što je hranljivi rastvor, zemljište, pe- Ženski gametofit; biljka koja se razvija
sak itd., na pr. medijum za presađiva- iz megaspore.
nje u posude. megaspore The female gametophyte in
medium formulation In tissue culture, heterosporous plants. Synonym:
the particular constituents for the macrospore.
culture medium, commonly compri- Ženski gametofit u heterospornih biljka-
sing macro- and micro-elements, vi- ka. Sinonim: macrospore.
tamins, plant hormones, and a car- meiosis The two-stage process in sexual
bohydrate source. Some formulati- reproduction by which the chromoso-
ons are very specific to the kind of me number is reduced from the so-
explant or plant species that can be matic to the haploid number. The
maintained; some are very general. first division, in which homologous
U kulturi tkiva, posebni sastojci za me- chromosomes pair and exchange ge-
dijum kulture, obično koji sadrži ma- netic material, is followed by amitotic
kro- i mikroelemente, vitamine, bilj- division. The nucleus divides twice,
ne hormone i izvor ugljenih hidrata. but the chromosomes only once, ge-
Neke recepture su veoma specifične nerating haploid nuclei, which deve-
u odnosu na vrstu i eksponat biljne lop into the gametes (egg and sperm
vrste, koji može da se održava; neke in animals; egg and s in plants).
su vrlo opšte. Dvostadijumski proces u seksualnoj re-
mega yeast artificial chromosome A produkciji putem kojeg se broj hro-
yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) mozoma smanjuje od somatskog(di-
which can carry particularly large in- ploidnog) do haploidnog broja. Prva
serts (up to 1Mbp) – standard YACs podela, u kojoj se homologni hromo-
typically carry inserts of up to zomi pare i razmenjuju genetički ma-
500kbp. terijal, praćena je amitotičkom deo-
Veštački hromozom kvasca (YAC) koji bom. Nukleus se deli dva puta, ali
može da nosi posebno velike inserte hromozomi samo jednom, dajući ha-
(do 1 Mbp) – standardni YAC-ovi ploidne nukleuse, koji se razviju u
obično nose inserte od do 500 kbp. gamete (jaja i spermu u životinja; ja-
megabase (Abbreviation: Mb). A length ja i s u biljaka).
of DNA consisting of 106 bases. meiotic analysis The use of patterns of
(Skraćenica: Mb) Dužina DNK koja se chromosome pairing at meiotic
sastoji od 106 baza. prophase and metaphase to detect
204
meiotic drive Mendelian population
205
Mendelian segregation merozygote
206
mesh bioreactor metaphase
207
metastasis microbody
208
micro-carrier micronucleus
209
micronutrient microtuber
210
microtubule minisatellite
211
minituber mitochondrion
212
mitogen modification
mitogen A substance that can cause Geni plazmida koji mu daju sposobnost
cells to initiate mitosis. da olakša transfer, bilo nespojivog,
Supstanca, koja može izazvati da ćelije ili spojivog plazmida, od jedne do
započnu mitozu. druge bakterije.
mitosis Splitting of replicated chromo- mode In a frequency distribution, the
somes, and the division of the cyto- class having the greatest frequency.
plasm to produce two genetically U distribuciji učestalosti, klasa koja ima
identical daughter cells. On the basis najveću učestalost.
of the appearance of the chromoso- model 1. A mathematical description of
mes, it is separated into five stages: a biological phenomenon. 2. A sim-
interphase, prophase, metaphase, plified biological system used to test
anaphase and telophase. hypotheses (e.g. Arabidopsis thalia-
Deoba repliciranih hromozoma, i podela na as a model plant).
citoplazme, da se proizvodu dve ge- 1. Matematički opis biološkog fenome-
netički identične kćeri ćelije, ćerke. na. 2. Uprošćen biološki sistem, kori-
Na bazi izgleda hromozoma, se sa- šćen za testiranje hipoteza (na pr.
stoji u od pet stadijuma: interfaza, Arabidopsis thaliana, kao model
profaza, metafaza, anafaza i telofaza. biljku).
mixed bud A bud containing both rudi- modern biotechnology The application
mentary leaves and flowers. of: a. In vitro nucleic acid techniques,
including recombinant deoxyribonuc-
Pupoljak, koji sadrži oboje, rudimentar-
leic acid (DNA) and direct injection
ne listove i cvetove.
of nucleic acid into cells or organel-
mixoploid Groups of cells with variable
les, or b. Fusion of cells beyond the
(a mix of euploid, aneuploid, poly-
taxonomic family, that overcome na-
ploid) chromosome numbers. tural physiological reproductive or re-
Grupe ćelija sa varijabilnim (euploidi, combination barriers and that are not
aneuploidi, poliploidi) brojevima hro- techniques used in traditional bree-
mozoma. ding and selection (Convention on Bi-
mobilization 1. The transfer between ological Diversity).
bacteria of a non-conjugative pla- Primena: a. In vitro tehnike nukleinske
smid by a conjugative plasmid. 2. The kiseline, uključujući i rekombinant-
transfer between bacteria of chromo- nu deoksiribonukleinsku kiselinu
somal genes by a conjugative pla- (DNK), i direktno injektiranje nukle-
smid. inske kiseline u ćelije ili organele, ili
1. Prenos između bakterija nespojivog b. Fuzija ćelija taksonomske famili-
plazmida putem spojivog plazmida. je, koja prevazilazi prirodne fiziolo-
2. Transfer između bakterija hromo- ške reproduktivne i rekombinacione
zomskih gena putem spojivog pla- barijere, a da to nisu tehnike korišće-
zmida. ne u tradicionalnom oplemenjivanju
mobilizing function The genes on a i selekciji (Konvencija o biološkom
plasmid that give it the ability to fa- diverzitetu).
cilitate the transfer of either a non- modification Enzymatic attachment of
conjugative or a conjugative plasmid one or more chemical groups to a
from one bacterium to another. macromolecule, affecting its biologi-
213
modifying gene monogenic
214
monohybrid Heterozygous morphogen
215
morphogenesis multi-locus probe
216
multimer mutagen
217
mutagenesis myo inositol
218
N
naked bud A bud not protected by bud Smrt tkiva, izražena gubitkom boje, de-
scales. hidracijom i gubitkom organizacije.
Pupoljak koji nije zaštićen rudimentar- negative autogenous regulation Inhi-
nim listićima. bition of the expression of a gene or
narrow-host-range plasmid A plasmid set of co-ordinately regulated genes
that can replicate in one, or at most a by the product of the gene or the pro-
few, different bacterial species. duct of one of the genes. Synonym:
Plazmid koji se može replicirati u jed- negative self-regulation.
noj, ili u većini nekoliko različitih Inhibicija ispoljavanja gena ili niza ko-
bakterijskih vrsta. ordinatno regulisanih gena putem
narrow-sense heritability The propor- produkta više gena ili produkta jed-
tion of the phenotypic variance that nog od gena. Sinonim: Negative self-
is due to variation in breeding valu- regulation.
es; the proportion of the phenotypic negative control system A mechanism
variance that is due to additive gene- by which a regulatory protein is re-
tic variance. quired to turn off gene expression.
Proporcija fenotipske varijanse koja je Mehanizam putem kojeg je potreban re-
usled varijacije u oplemenivačkim gulatorni protein da zaustavi ispolja-
vrednostima; proporcija fenotipske vanje gena.
varijanse koja je nastala usled aditiv- negative selection Selection against in-
ne genetičke varijanse. dividuals possessing a certain cha-
native protein The naturally occurring racter. Opposite: positive selection.
form of a protein. Selekcija protiv individua koje poseduju
Prirodno nastala forma proteina. određeno svojstvo. Suprotno: positi-
natural selection The differential survi- ve selection.
val and reproduction of organisms negative self-regulation See: negative
because of differences in characteri- autogenous regulation.
stics that affect their ability to utilize Vidi: negative autogenuos regulation.
environmental resources. nematode Slender, unsegmented
Diferencijalno preživljavanje i reprodik- worms, often parasitic. Also known
cija organizama, zbog razlika u oso- as eelworm, especially when phyto-
binama koje utiču na njihovu spo- parasitic.
sobnost da koriste resurse spoljne Tanke, nesegmentirane gliste, često pa-
sredine. razitske. Takođe poznata kao nema-
necrosis Death of tissue evidenced by toda, naročito kada je fitoparazitska.
discolouration, dehydration and loss neo-formation See: organogenesis.
of organization. Vidi: organogenesis.
219
neomycin phosphotransferase II nicked circle
220
nif gene cluster node
221
nodular nonsense mutation
222
non-target organism nuclease
ložaju gde je tirozin bio uključen u bryo sac develops; Also known as
divlji tip. megasporangium.
non-target organism An organism Tkivo koje formira glavni deo mlade
which is affected by a treatment (e.g. ovule u kojoj se razvija embriona ke-
pesticide application) for which it sa; takođe poznato kao megasporan-
was not the intended recipient. gium.
Organizam koji je pod uticajem tretma- nuclear transfer A technology by
na (na pr. primena pesticida) za koji which novel animals are generated
nije bio predviđen kao recipijent. by cloning a single diploid somatic
non-template strand The non-transcri- cell. It involves inserting a single di-
bed strand of DNA. Synonyms: sense ploid cell from a culture of cells into
strand, coding strand an enucleated ovum. The resultant
Netranskribovani lanac DNK. Sinonimi: diploid ovum develops into an em-
sense strand, coding strand. bryo that is placed in a recipient fe-
non-virulent agent See: attenuated male, which gives birth to the cloned
vaccine. animal in the normal manner. Note
Vidi: attenuated vaccine. that the term is somewhat of a mi-
NOR Abbreviation for nucleolar orga- snomer, since it is a whole cell that is
nizer region. transferred, not just the nucleus.
Skraćenica za nucleolar organizer re- Tehnologija putem koje se nove životi-
gion. nje stvaraju kloniranjem jedne diplo-
northern blot A technique analogous to idne somatske ćelije. To uključuje
Southern blotting, but involving the ubacivanje jedne diploidne ćelije iz
transfer of RNA from an agarose gel kulture ćelija u jedno enukleisano ja-
to a membrane, prior to probing. je. Nastalo diploidno jaje razvije se u
Tehnika analogna southern prenosu embrion koji je postavljen u ženku
blotting-u, ali uključujući transfer recipijenta, koja rađa kloniranu živo-
RNK od agaroznog gela do membra- tinju na normalan način. Zapazite, da
ne, pre probe. je izraz od pogrešnog naziva, pošto
npt-II Abbreviation for neomycin je to cela ćelija koja je preneta a ne
phosphotransferase II. samo nukleus.
Skraćenica za neomycin phophotransfe- nuclease A class of largely bacterial
rase II. enzymes that degrade DNA or RNA
nucellar embryo An embryo which has molecules by catalysing the cleavage
developed vegetatively from somatic of the phosphodiester bonds that
tissue surrounding the embryo sac, link adjacent nucleotides. For de-
rather than by fertilization of the oxyribonuclease (DNAse) the sub-
egg cell. strate is DNA, for ribonuclease
Embrion koji se razvio vegetativno iz (RNAse) the substrate is RNA, and
somatskog tkiva koje okružuje em- for S1 nuclease, the substrate is sin-
brionu kesu, pre nego putem oplođe- gle-stranded DNA or RNA. Endo-
nja jajne ćelije. nucleases cleave at internal sites in
nucellus Tissue forming the major part the substrate molecule, while exonuc-
of the young ovule in which the em- leases progressively cleave from the
223
nucleic acid nucleolus
end of the substrate molecule. Nucle- me. This ratio is high in meristematic
ases have varying degrees of base-se- cells and low in differentiated cells.
quence specificity, the most specific U ćeliji, odnos nuklearne prema citopla-
being the restriction endonucleases. zmičnoj zapremini. Taj odnos je vi-
Grupa bakterijskih enzima koji degradi- sok u meristematskim ćelijama, a ni-
raju DNK ili RNK molekule, katali- zak u diferenciranih ćelija.
zujući cepanje fosfodiesterskih veza nucleolar organizer (Abbreviation:
koje vezuju susedne nukleotide. Za NO). See: nucleolar organizer re-
deoksiribonukleazu (DNKzu) sup- gion.
strat je DNK, za ribinukleazu (RNa- (Skraćenica: NO) Vidi: nucleolar organi-
za) supstrat je RNK, a za S1 nuklea- zer region.
zu, supstrat je DNK ili RNK, sa jed- nucleolar organizer region (Abbrevia-
nim lancem. Endonukleaze se dele tion: NOR). A chromosomal segment
na unutrašnjim mestima u molekulu containing a large array of genes that
supstratu, dok se egzonukleaze pro- encode ribosomal RNA; located at
gresivno dele od kraja molekule sup- the secondary constriction of specific
strata. Nukleaze imaju različite ste- chromosomes.
pene specifičnosti sekvence baza, a (Skraćenica: NOR) Hromozomski seg-
najspecifičnije su restrikcione endo- ment koji sadrži niz gena koji enko-
nukleaze. diraju ribozomnu RNK; lociran na
nucleic acid A macromolecule consi- sekundarnom suženju specifičnih
sting of polymerized nucleotides. hromozoma.
Two forms are found, DNA and nucleolus An RNA-rich nuclear orga-
RNA. Nucleic acids may be linear or nelle in the nucleus of eukaryotic
circularized, and single- or double- cells, produced by a nucleolar orga-
stranded. See: helix. nizer. It represents the storage place
Makromolekul koji se sastoji od polime- for ribosomes and ribosome precur-
rizovanih nukleotida. Dva oblika su sors. The nucleolus consists prima-
nađena, DNK i RNK. Nukleinske ki- rily of ribosomal precursor RNA, ri-
seline mogu da budu linearne ili kru- bosomal RNA, their associated pro-
žne, i sa jednim ili dva lanca. Vidi: teins, and some, perhaps all, of the
helix. enzymatic equipment (RNA polyme-
nucleic acid probe See: DNA probe. rase, RNA methylase, RNA cleavage
Vidi: DNK probe. enzymes) required for synthesis,
nuclein The term used by Friedrich Mi- conversion and assembly of riboso-
escher to describe the nuclear mate- mes. Subsequently the ribosomes are
rial he discovered in 1869, which to- transported to the cytoplasm.
day is known as DNA. Nuklearna organela, bogata u RNK, u
Izraz, koji je koristio Friedrich Miescher nukleusu eukariotskih ćelija, koju
da opiše nuklearni materijal kojeg je stvara nukleolarni organizator. Pred-
on otkrio u 1869., a koji je danas po- stavlja mesto skladištenja za ribozo-
znat kao DNK. me i prekursore ribozoma. Nukleolus
nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio In a cell, the se prvenstveno sastoji od ribozomal-
ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic volu- nog prekursora RNK, ribozomne
224
nucleoplasm nucleotide
RNK, njihovih proteina, i neki, mo- tozni) šećer. Kada je šećer riboza,
žda i svi od enzima (RNK polimera- nukleozid je ribonukleozid; kada je
ze, RNK metilaze, RNK enzima deli- to 2-deoksiriboza, nukleozid je deok-
telja) potrebnih za sintezu, konverzi- siribonukleozid. Vidi: nucleotide.
ju i skup ribozoma. Kasnije se ribo- nucleoside analogue A synthetic mole-
zomi transportuju u citoplazmu. cule that resembles a naturally occur-
nucleoplasm The non-staining or ring nucleoside.
slightly chromophilic, liquid or se- Sintetička molekula koja je nalik na pri-
mi-liquid, ground substance of the rodni nukleozid.
interphase nucleus and which fills nucleosome Spherical sub-units of
the nuclear space around the chro- eukaryotic chromatin that are com-
mosomes and the nucleoli. Little is posed of a core particle consisting of
known of the chemical composition an octamer of histones (two molecu-
of this ground substance, which is les each of histones H2a, H2b, H3
not easily defined. Sometimes called and H4) and 146 bp of DNA.
„karyoplasm“ when it is gel-like, and Sferne podjedinice eukariotskog hroma-
„karyolymph“ when it is a colloidal tina koje su sastavljene od delića je-
fluid. dra koji sadrži oktamer histona (dva
Neobojavajuća, i slabo hromofilna, teč- molekula svaki od histona H2a, H2b,
na ili polutečna osnovna supstanca H3 i H4) i 146 bp od DNK.
međufaznog nukleusa, koja puni nu- nucleotide A nucleoside with one or
klearni prostor oko hromozoma i nu- more phosphate groups linked at the
kleusa. Manje se zna o hemijskom 3’- or 5’-hydroxyl of a pentose sugar.
sastavu ove osnovne supstance, koji When the sugar is ribose, the nucleo-
nije lako definisana. Ponekad nazva- tide is a ribonucleotide; when it is 2-
na „karioplazma“ kada je slična gelu, deoxyribose, the nucleotide is a de-
i „kariolimfa“, kada je to koloidna oxyribonucleotide. RNA and DNA
tečnost. are polymers of, respectively, ribo-
nucleoprotein Conjugated protein com- nucleoside 5’-monophosphates and
posed of nucleic acid and protein; deoxyribonucleoside 5’-monophosp-
the material of which the chromoso- hates. Nucleotides containing the ba-
mes are made. ses adenine, guanine and cytosine
Sjedinjen protein, sastavljen od nuklein- (A, G, C) occur in both DNA and
ske kiseline i proteina; materijal od RNA; thymine (T) occurs only in
kojeg se hromozomi sastoje. DNA, and uracil (U) only in RNA.
nucleoside A base (purine or pyrimidi- Ribonucleoside mono-, di-, and trip-
ne) that is covalently linked to a 5- hosphates for which a specific base
carbon (pentose) sugar. When the su- is not assigned are abbreviated NMP,
gar is ribose, the nucleoside is a ri- NDP, and NTP, while deoxyribonuc-
bonucleoside; when it is 2-deoxyri- leoside mono-, di-, and tri-phospha-
bose, the nucleoside is a deoxyribo- tes are abbreviated dNMP, dNDP,
nucleoside. See: nucleotide. and dNTP. Otherwise, the „N“ is re-
Baza (purin ili pirimidin), koja je kova- placed by the base letter abbrevia-
lentno vezana za 5-ugljenikov (pen- tion. See: base pair.
225
nucleotide sequence nutrient deficiency
226
nutrient film technique nutrient medium
Otsustvo ili insuficijencija nekog bitnog tissue is in contact with the medium.
faktora za normalna rast i razviće. Gradients are less likely to form in li-
nutrient film technique (Abbreviation: quid media than in callus cultures.
NFT). A hydroponic technique used Difuzioni gradient hranljivih materijai
to grow plants. NFT delivers a thin gasova, koji se razvija u tkivima gde
film of water or nutrient solution eit- je samo deo tkiva u kontaktu sa me-
her continuously or through on-off dijumom. Gradijenti se manje vero-
cycles. vatno formiraju u tečnim medijumi-
(Skraćenica: NFT) Tehnika hidropona, ma nego u kalusnim kulturama.
korišćena za gajenje biljaka. NFT iz- nutrient medium (pl.: nutrient media)
daje tanak film vode ili hranljivog A solid, semi-solid or liquid formu-
rastvora, bilo kontinuirano, ili kroz lation for in vitro cell or tissue
cikluse. growth.
nutrient gradient A diffusion gradient Čvrsta, polučvrsta ili tečna formulacija
of nutrients and gases that develops za in vitro ćelijski ili tkivni rast.
in tissues where only a portion of the
227
O
ochre stop codon See: stop codon. nativna ortografija: estrus (pridev:
Vidi: stop codon. estrous)
octoploid. An organism, or a tissue offset Young plant produced at the base
whose cells contain eight haploid of a mature plant.
sets of chromosomes. Mlada biljka, proizvedena na osnovi od-
Organizam, ili tkivo, čije ćelije sadrže rasle biljke.
osam haploidnih setova hromozoma. offshoot Short, usually horizontal, stem
oestrogen The generic term for a group produced near the crown of a plant.
of female sex hormones which con- Kratko, obično horizontalno stablo, pro-
trol the development of sexual cha- izvedeno blizi vrha biljke.
racteristics and control oestrus. Al- offspring New individuals resulting
teRNAtive spelling: estrogen. from sexual or asexual reproduction.
Opšti izraz za grupu ženskih polnih hro- Synonym: progeny.
mozoma koji kontrolišu razviće sek- Nove individue, nastale seksualnom ili
sualnih karakteristika i kontrolišu aseksualnom reprodukcijom. Sino-
estrus. Alternativna ortografija :
nim: progeny.
estrogen.
Okazaki fragment Replicated DNA
oestrous (adj.) See: oestrus.
fragments formed on the lagging
Vidi: oestrus.
strand in DNA synthesis from a dou-
oestrous cycle The cycle of reproducti-
ve activity shown by most sexually ble-stranded template. The fragments
mature non-pregnant female mam- are subsequently joined together by
mals. AlteRNAtive spelling: estrous. DNA ligase. See: primosome.
Ciklus reproduktivne aktivnosti, kod ve- Repliciran fragment DNK, formiran na
ćine seksualno odraslih nebremenitih oblagajućem lancu u sintezi DNK od
ženki sisara. Alternativna ortografija: dvolančanog kalupa. Fragmenti se
estrous. posle toga spajaju putem DNK liga-
oestrus In female mammals, the period ze. Vidi: primosome.
of sexual excitement and acceptance OLA Abbreviation for oligonucleotide
of the male. Synonyms: rut, heat. Al- ligation assay.
teRNAtive spelling: estrus (adj.: estr- Skraćenica za oligonucleotide ligation
ous). assay.
Estrus u ženki sisara, period seksualnog oligomer A molecule formed by the co-
uzbuđenja i prihvatanja mužjaka. Si- valent joining of a small (undefined)
nonimi: polni žar, uspaljenost. Alter- number of monomers. See: polymer.
228
oligonucleotide oocyte
229
oogenesis operator
230
operon organism
regulacionih proteina (represor ili Tkivo, ili grupa tkiva koja čini morfolo-
aktivator) vezuje da kontroliše ispo- ški i funkcionalno određeni deo ne-
ljavanje gena. kog organizma.
operon A functionally integrated gene- organ culture The aseptic culture of
tic unit for the control of gene ex- complete living organs of animals
pression in bacteria. It consists of and plants outside the body in a sui-
one or more genes that encode one or table culture medium. Animal or-
more polypeptide(s) and the adja- gans must be small enough to allow
cent site (promoter and operator) the nutrients in the culture medium
that controls their expression by re- to penetrate all the cells.
gulating the transcription of the Aseptična kultura živih organa životinja
structural genes. i biljaka, izvan tela, u pogodnom me-
Funkcionalno integrisana genetička je- dijumu kulture. Životinjski organi
dinica za kontrolu ispoljavanja gena moraju da budu dovoljno mali da
u bakterija. Sastoji se od jednog ili omoguće hranljivim materijama u
više gena koji enkodiraju jedan ili vi- medijumu kulture da prodru u sve
še polipeptida, i susedno mesto (pro- ćelije.
moter i operator) koje kontroliše nji- organellar gene Genes located on orga-
hovo ispoljavanje regulisanjem tran- nelles outside the nucleus.
skripcije strukturnih gena. Geni, locirani na organelama izvan nu-
opine The condensation product of an kleusa.
amino acid with either a keto-acid or organelle A membrane-bounded specia-
a sugar, produced by the plant host as lized region within a cell, such as the
a result of Agrobacterium infection, mitochondrion or dictyosome, that
and used exclusively by the Agro- carries out a specialized function in
bacterium as a carbon source for the life of a cell.
growth and reproduction within the Membranom vezan specijalizovani re-
plant. gion u okviru ćelije, kao što je mito-
Produkt kondenzacije aminokiseline sa hondrija ili diktiozom, koji nosi spe-
bilo keto-kiselinom ili šećerom, pro- cijalizovanu funkciju u životu ćelije.
izvedenim od biljke domaćina kao organic complex A chemically undefi-
rezultat infekcije Agrobacterium-a i ned compound added to nutrient me-
koristi ga ekskluzivno Agrobacteri- dia to stimulate growth, e.g. coconut
um kao izvor ugljenika za rast i re- milk; malt extract; yeast extract; ca-
produkciju u biljci. sein hydrolysate.
OPU Abbreviation for ovum pickup. Hemijski nedefinisano jedinjenje dodato
Skraćenica za ovum pickup. medijumu hranljivih materija da sti-
ORF Abbreviation for open reading muliše rast, na pr. kokosovo mleko;
frame. ekstrat slada; ekstrat kvasca; kazein-
Skraćenica za open readnig frame. ski hidrolizat.
organ A tissue or group of tissues that organic evolution See: evolution.
constitute a morphologically and Vidi: evolution.
functionally distinct part of an orga- organism An individual living system,
nism. such as animal, plant or micro-orga-
231
organized growth osmotic potential
232
osmoticum ovum pickup
233
oxidative phosphorylation xygen-electrode-based sensor
234
P
p Denotes the shorter of the two chro- Occasionally all four chromatids
mosome arms, e.g. human 14p is the can be recognized.
short arm of human chromosome 14. Stadijum profaze u prvoj mejotičkoj de-
Obeležava kraći od dva hromozomska obi, između zigoneme i diploneme.
kraka, na pr. ljudski 14p je kratki Hromozomi se pojavljuju kao duga,
krak hromozoma 14. naparena vlakna. Povremeno, sve če-
P element A Drosophila transposon. tiri hromatide mogu da se prepozna-
Drosophila transpozon. ju.
P1, P2 Generational symbols for the pachytene (adj.) See: pachynema.
two parents of a given individual. Vidi: pachynema.
Generacijski simboli za dva roditelja da- packaging cell line A cell line designed
te individue. to produce viral particles that do not
p53 gene A human tumour-suppressor contain nucleic acid. After transfec-
transcription factor gene, damage tion of these cells with a full-size vi-
or mutation to which is believed to ral genome, fully infective viral par-
ticles are assembled and released.
be responsible for up to 60% of all
Ćelijska linija, stvorena da proizvodi vi-
human cancer tumours. If, in spite of
rusne deliće koji ne sadrže nuklein-
the presence of p53 protein, a cell sku kiselinu. Posle transfekcije tih
begins to divide uncontrollably follo- ćelija virusnim genomom pune veli-
wing damage to its DNA, the p53 ge- čine, potpuno infektivni delići virusa
ne acts to prevent tumours by trigge- su skupljeni i oslobođeni.
ring apoptosis. packed cell volume (Abbreviation:
Ljudski tumorsko-suzbijajući gen tran- PCV). The proportion of a cell cultu-
skripcionog faktora, oštećenja ili re volume that is occupied by cells.
mutacije, za koji se veruje da je od- Cell volume is determined by sedi-
govoran za do 60% od svih ljudskih menting using low speed centrifuga-
kanceroznih tumora. Ako, uprkos tion.
prisustva p53 proteina, ćelija počinje (Skraćenica: PCV) Proporcija mase će-
da se nekontrolisano deli posle ošte- lijske kulture koja je zauzeta ćelija-
ćenja njene DNK, p53 gen deluje da ma. Ćelijska masa je određena sedi-
spreči tumore zaustavljanjem apop- mentacijom, koristeći centrifugiranje
toze. malom brzinom.
pachynema A mid-prophase stage in PAGE Abbreviation for polyacrylami-
the first meiotic division, between de gel electrophoresis.
zygonema and diplonema. Chromo- Skraćenica za polyacrylamide gel elec-
somes appear as long, paired threads. trophoresis.
235
pairing paper raft technique
236
PAR parasexual cycle
237
parasexual hybridization passage
238
passage number pathotoxin
239
pathovar peptide
240
peptide bond periclinal chimera
241
pericycle PG
242
pH phenolics
243
phenotype phosphorolysis
244
phosphorylation phototropism
245
phylogeny phytosterol
246
pigment plant growth regulator
247
plant hormone plasmid
248
plasmodesma PNA
povremeno različitih vrsta. Geni re- plate 1. Verb: to distribute a thin film of
zistentnosti na antibiotike su često micro-organisms or plant cells onto a
locirani na plazmidima. Plazmidi su solid medium. 2. Noun: refers to the
naročito važni kao vektori za geneti- two segments of a Petri dish or simi-
čki inženjering. lar.
plasmodesma (pl.: plasmodesmata) 1. Glagol: rasporediti tanak film mikro-
Fine protoplasmic thread that conne- organizama ili biljnih ćelija na čvrsti
cts adjacent plant cells by passing medijum. 2. Imenica: odnosi se na
through the plant cell wall. Exploited dva dela Petrijeve posude ili slično.
by viruses as a conduit for cell to cell platform shaker See: shaker.
movement. Vidi: shaker.
Fine protoplazmične niti koje povezuje plating efficiency The percentage of
susedne biljne ćelije prolazeći kroz inoculated cells which give rise to
ćelijski zid biljke. Koristi se od stra- cell colonies when seeded into cultu-
ne virusa kao kanal za kretanje od će- re vessels.
lije do ćelije. Procent inokulisanih ćelija koje omogu-
plasmolysis Shrinkage of protoplasm ćavaju rast kolonijama ćelija kada su
caused by removal of water from a zasejane u posude za gajenje kultura.
cell through osmosis when surro- pleiotropic (adj.) See: pleiotropy.
unded by a hypertonic solution. Vidi: pleiotropy.
Skupljanje protoplazme, izazvano putem pleiotropy The simultaneous effect of a
osmozu odstranjivanjem vode iz će- given gene on more than one appa-
lije kada je okružena hipertoničnim rently unrelated trait.
rastvorom. Pleiotropija. Simultani efekt datog gena
plastid A general term for a number of ili više od jedne prividno nesrodstve-
plant cell organelles which carry ne osobine.
non-nuclear DNA. Includes the pig- ploidy The number of complete sets of
ment-carrying bodies: 1. chloro- chromosomes per cell, e.g. one set:
plasts in leaves, 2. chromoplasts in haploid, two sets: diploid, etc.
flowers, and 3. the starch-synthesi- Broj kompletnih nizova hromozoma po
zing amyloplasts in seeds. ćeliji, na pr. jedan niz: haploidan, dva
Opšti izraz za neke organele biljne ćeli- niza diploidna, itd.
je koje nose nenuklearnu DNK. plumule The first bud of an embryo, or
Uključuje telašca nosioce pigmenta; that portion of the young shoot above
1. hloroplast u listovima, 2. hromo- the cotyledons.
plaste u cvetovima i 3. skrobne sinte- Prvi pupoljak jednog embriona, ili deo
tizujuće amiloplaste u semenu. mladog izdanka iznad kotiledona.
plastoquinone One of a group of com- pluripotent See: totipotent.
pounds involved in the transport of Vidi: totipotent.
electrons as part of the process of plus tree See: elite tree.
photosynthesis. Vidi: elite tree.
Jedno od grupe jedinjenja uključenih u PNA Abbreviation for peptide nucleic
transport elektrona, kao deo procesa acid.
fotosinteze. Skraćenica za peptide nucleic acid.
249
pneumatic reactor pollen culture
pneumatic reactor See: airlift fermen- larly the monocotyledons), the pro-
ter. duct of this fusion develops into the
Vidi: airlift fermenter. endosperm.
point mutation A change in DNA sequ- Dva, centralno locirana nukleusa u em-
ence at a specific locus. The smallest brionalnoj kesi, koji se sjedinjuju sa
change involves the substitution, de- drugom ćelijom sperme u trostrukoj
letion or insertion of a single nucleo- fuziji. U nekih biljnih vrsta (posebno
tide. See: single nucleotide poly- monokotiledonih), kao produkt te fu-
morphism. zije razvija se endosperm.
Promena u sekvenci DNK na specifič- polar transport A directed movement
nom lokusu. Najmanja promena within plants of compounds (usually
uključuje supstituciju, deleciju ili uba- endogenous plant growth regulators)
civanje jednog nukleotida. Vidi: single mostly in one direction; polar tran-
nucleotide polymorphism. sport overcomes the tendency for
polar bodies In female animals, the pro- diffusion in all directions.
Usmereno kretanje jedinjenja u okviru
ducts of a meiotic division that do
biljaka (obično endogenih biljnih re-
not develop into a functional ovum.
gulatora rasta) većinom u jednom
The first polar body comprises one
smeru; polarni transport prevazilazi
of the two products of the first meio- tendenciju za difuziju u svim pravci-
tic divisions, which may fail to divi- ma.
de at the second division. The second polarity The observed differentiation
polar body comprises one of the pro- of an organism, tissue or cell into
ducts of the second division. parts having opposed or contrasted
U ženki životinja, produkti mejotičke properties or form.
deobe koji se ne razvijaju u funkcio- Primećena diferencijacija nekog organi-
nalnu jajnu ćeliju. Prvo polarno tela- zma, tkiva ili ćelije na delove koji
šce sadrži jedan od dva produkta pr- imaju suprotne ili različite osobine ili
ve mejotičke deobe, koji ne moraju oblik.
da se podele u drugoj deobi. Drugo pole cells A group of cells in the posteri-
polarno telačce u jedan od produkata or of Drosophila embryos that are
druge deobe. precursors to the adult germ line.
polar mutation A mutation that influen- Grupa ćelija u zadnjem delu embriona
ces the functioning of genes that are Drosophila-e, koja je prekursor klici-
downstream from the site of muta- ne linije odraslih.
genesis but are in the same tran- pollen Mature microspores of seed
scription unit. plants.
Mutacija koja utiče na funkcionisanje Zrele mikrospore biljaka koje formiraju
gena koji su u smeru mesta mutage- seme.
neze, ali su u istoj jedinici transkrip- pollen culture The in vitro culture and
cije. germination of pollen grains to gene-
polar nuclei Two centrally located nuc- rate haploid plants. See: anther cul-
lei in the embryo sac that unite with ture; microspore culture.
a second sperm cell in a triple fu- In vitro kultura i klijanje polenovih zr-
sion. In some plant species (particu- naca, da bi nastale haploidne biljke.
250
pollen grain polycistronic
251
polyclonal antibody polygenic
252
polyhydroxybutyrate polymerase chain reaction
253
polymerization polyploid
254
polysaccharide population genetics
Organizam, tkivo ili ćelije, koje imaju fully hydrogenated - i.e. of the form -
više od dva kompletna seta hormona. CH=CH-, rather than -CH2-CH2-.
Mnoge biljke su poliploidi, uključu- Ulja u kojima neke od ugljenik-ugljenik
jući hlebnu pšenicu (heksaploid, 6x), veza nisu potpuno hidrogenisani-t.j. od
pamuk i lucerku (tetraploid, 4x) i ba- forme -CH=CH-, pre nego -CH2 -CH2
nanu (triploid, 3x). polyvalent vaccine A recombinant or-
polysaccharide A linear or branched ganism into which antigenic determi-
polymer (e.g. starch, cellulose, etc.) nants have been cloned from a num-
composed of covalently linked mo- ber of pathogens, for use as a vacci-
nosaccharides, including cellulose, ne.
pectin and starch. Synonym: car- Rekombinantni organizam, u kojem su
bohydrate. antigene determinante klonirane od
Linerani ili granati polimer (na pr. jednog broja patogena, za korišćenje
skrob, celuloza, itd.), sastavljeni od kao vakcine.
kovalentno vezanih monosaharida, polyvinylpyrrolidone (Abbreviation:
uključujuću celulozu, pektin i skrob. PVP). An occasional constituent of
Sinonim: ugljeni hidrat. plant tissue culture isolation media.
polysaccharide capsule See: capsule. PVP is of variable molecular weight
Vidi: capsule. and of general formula (C6H9NO)n.
polysome A multi-ribosomal structure Its antioxidant properties are used to
representing a linear array of riboso- prevent oxidative browning of exci-
mes held together by mRNA. sed plant tissues. Less frequently used
Multi-ribozomalna struktura, predsta- as an osmoticum in culture media.
vljajući linerani niz ribozoma veza- (Skraćenica: PVP) Povremeni sastojak
nih putem mRNK. izolacionih medijuma kulture biljnog
polyspermy The entry of several sperm tkiva. PVP je od varijabilne moleku-
nuclei into the egg during fertiliza- larne težine i od opšte formule
tion, although only one actually fuses (C6H9NO)n. Njegova antioksidant-
with the egg nucleus. ska svojstva se koriste da spreče ok-
Ulazak nekoliko nukleusa sperme u jaj- sidativno smeđe obojenje isečenih
nu ćeliju tokom oplođenja, iako se biljnih tkiva. Ređe korišćen kao osmo-
samo jedan stvarno spoji sa nukleu- tikum u medijumima kulture.
som jajne ćelije. population A defined group of interbre-
polytene chromosome Giant chromo- eding organisms.
somes produced by interphase re- Određena grupa organizama, parenih u
plication without division, and con- uskom srodstvu.
sisting of many identical chromatids population density Number of cells or
arranged side by side. individuals per unit. The unit could
Gigantski hromozomi,nastali replikaci- be an area, or a volume of medium.
jom u interfazi bez deobe i sastoje se Broj ćelija ili individua po jedinici. Jedi-
od mnogo identičnih hromatida po- nica bi mogla da bude oblast ili veli-
stavljenih jedna do druge. čina medijuma.
polyunsaturates Oils in which some of population genetics The branch of ge-
the carbon-carbon bonds are not netics that deals with frequencies of
255
porcine endogenous retrovirus post-translational modification
alleles and genotypes in breeding target trait, and then uses chromoso-
populations. me walking to identify, isolate and
Grana genetike koja se bavi sa frekven- characterize the gene(s) responsible
cijama alela i genotipova u gajenim for the trait. The strategy is particu-
populacijama. larly appropriate when the biochemi-
porcine endogenous retrovirus (Ab- cal basis of the target trait is unclear,
breviation: PERV). The provirus of thus precluding the use of a candida-
a porcine retrovirus. The possibility te gene approach.
that PERVs could be activated after Strategija za kloniranje gena, koja se od-
xenotransplantation of pig organs nosi na identifikaciju usko povezanih
into humans has raised concern that markera ka ciljnoj osobini, a zatim
xenotransplantation may result in the koristi hromozomsko premeštanje za
transfer of novel infections to the hu- identifikaciju, izolaciju i karakteriza-
man population. ciju gena, koji su odgovorni za oso-
(Skraćenica: PERV) Provirus svinjskog binu. Strategija je posebno odgovara-
retrovirusa. Mogućnost da bi PERV juća kada biohemijska osnova ciljne
mogao da buda aktiviran posle kse- osobine nije jasna,i tako sprečava ko-
notransplantacije svinjskih organa u rišćenje pristupa kandidat gena.
ljude, tako da ksenotransplantacija positive control system A mechanism
može da dovede do prenosa novih in which a regulatory protein(s) is
zaraza u ljudsku populaciju. required to turn on gene expression.
position effect The influence of the lo- Mehanizam u kojem je potreban regula-
cation of a gene (particularly a tran- cioni protein da se uključi ispoljava-
sgene) on its expression and hence nje gena.
its effect on phenotype. positive selectable marker See: domi-
Uticaj lokacije gena (posebno transge- nant selectable marker.
na) na njegovo ispoljavanje, i otuda Vidi: dominant selectable marker.
njegov efekat na fenotip. positive selection A method by which
positional candidate gene A gene cells that carry a DNA insert inte-
known to be located in the same re- grated at a specific chromosomal lo-
gion as a DNA marker that has been cation can be selected, since this in-
shown to be linked to a single-locus tegration confers a predictable phe-
trait or to a QTL, and whose dedu- notype.
ced function suggests that it could be Metod, putem kojeg ćelije koje nose in-
the source of genetic variation in the sert DNK, integrisane na specifičnoj
trait in question. hromozomskoj lokaciji, mogu, da se
Gen, lociran u istom regionu kao DNK odabiru, pošto se ta integracija pore-
marker, za kojeg se pokazalo da je di sa predviđenim fenotipom.
vezan za jedno - lokusnu osobinu ili post-replication repair A recombina-
za QTL, i čija funkcija ukazuje da bi tion-dependent mechanism for repai-
mogao biti izvor genetičke varijacije ring damaged DNA.
za osobinu koja je u pitanju. Mehanizam, zavisan od rekombinacije
positional cloning A strategy for gene za reparaciju oštećene DNK.
cloning that relies on the identifica- post-translational modification The
tion of closely linked markers to the addition of specific chemical residu-
256
potentiometric primary antibody
es to a protein after it has been tran- pre-filter A coarse filter used to screen
slated. Common residues are phosp- out large particles from a fluid or
hate groups (phosphorylation) and gas, before it is passed through a
sugars (glycosylation). much finer filter.
Dodavanje specifičnih hemijskih rezi- Grub filter, korišćen za izdvajanje većih
dua proteinu, pošto je sintetisan. delova iz tečnosti ili gasa, pre nego
Uobičajene rezidue su fosfatne grupe što oni prođu kroz mnogo finiji filter.
(fosforilacija) i šećeri (glikolizacija). pre-mRNA See: primary transcript.
potentiometric See: enzyme electrode. Vidi: primary transcript.
Vidi: enzyme elestrode. pressure potential The pressure gene-
PPF Abbreviation for photosynthetic rated within a cell, being the net dif-
photon flux. ference between the cell’s osmotic
Skraćenica za photosynthetic photon potential and the water potential of
flux. the external environment.
ppm Abbreviation for parts per mil- Pritisak, nastao u okviru ćelije, koji po-
lion. kazuje neto razliku između osmot-
Skraćenica za parts per million. skog potencijala ćelije i vodnog po-
PR protein Abbreviation for pathoge- tencijala spoljne sredine.
nesis related protein. pre-transplant A stage in micropropa-
Skraćenica za pathogenesis related pro-
gation - the rooting and hardening
tein.
process prior to transfer to soil.
precautionary principle The approach
Stadijum u mikropropagaciji ukorenja-
whereby any possible risk associated
with the introduction of a new tec- vanja i očvršćavanja pre prenosa u
hnology is avoided, until a full un- zemljište.
derstanding of its impact on health, preventive immunization Infection
environment etc. is available. Parti- with an antigen to elicit an antibody
cularly applied to the release of ge- response that will protect the orga-
netically modified organisms, since nism against future infections. Syno-
unlike many technologies, these can- nym: vaccination.
not be recalled if problems arise. Infekcija antigenom, da bi se izvelo rea-
Pristup, pri kojem se izbegava bilo ka- govanje antitela koje će zaštititi orga-
kav mogući rizik povezan uvođe- nizam protiv budućih infekcija. Sino-
njem nove tehnologije, dok nije na nim: vaccination.
potpuno poznat uticaj na zdravlje, Pribnow box Consensus sequence near
sredinu itd. Posebno primenjen na the mRNA start-point of prokaryotic
oslobađanje genetički modifikovanih genes. See: TATA box.
organizama, pošto, za razliku od Sekvanca sadejstva blizu startne tačke
mnogih tehnologija, ove se ne mogu mRNK prokariotsih gena. Vidi: TA-
opozvati ako se pojave problemi. TA box.
precocious germination Early germi- primary First in order of time or deve-
nation of a seed or embryo, prior to lopment.
the full maturation of the embryo. Prvi u redosledu vremena ili razvića.
Rano klijanje semena ili embriona, pre primary antibody In an ELISA or ot-
potpunog sazrevanja embriona. her immunological assay, the anti-
257
primary cell primer walking
body that binds to the target mole- primary meristem Meristem of the
cule. shoot or root tip giving rise to the pri-
U ELIZA, ili drugom imunološkom te- mary plant body.
stu, antitelo koje se vezuje za ciljni Meristem izdanka, ili korenski vrh, da-
molekul. jući rast primarnom delu biljke.
primary cell A cell or cell line taken di- primary structure The linear sequence
rectly from a living organism, which of residues making up a polymer
is not immortalized. such as a nucleic acid, polysacchari-
Ćelija ili ćelijska linija, uzeta direktno sa de or protein. See: secondary struc-
živog organizma koji nije besmrtan. ture, tertiary structure and quater-
primary cell wall The cell wall layer for- nary structure.
med during cell expansion. Plant cells Linerna sekvenca rezidua koja obrazuje
possessing only primary walls may polimer kao što je nukleinska kiseli-
divide or undergo differentiation. na, polisaharid ili protein. Vidi: se-
Sloj ćelijskog zida formiran tokom šire-
condary structure, tertiary structure i
nja ćelije. Biljne ćelije koje poseduju
quaternary structure.
samo primarne zidove mogu da se
dele, ili da se diferenciraju. primary tissue A tissue that has diffe-
primary culture A culture started from rentiated from a primary meristem.
cells, tissues or organs taken directly Tkivo koje se diferenciralo od primar-
from organisms. A primary culture nog meristema.
may be regarded as such until it is primary transcript The RNA molecule
sub-cultured for the first time. It then produced by transcription prior to
becomes a cell line. any post-transcriptional modifica-
Kultura, započeta od ćelija, tkiva ili orga- tions; also called a pre-mRNA in
na, uzetih direktno od organizama. eukaryotes.
Primarna kultura se može smatrati ta- Molekul RNK proizveden putem tran-
kvom dok nije po prvi put subkultivi- skripcije, pre bilo kakvih post-tran-
sana. Ona tada postaje ćelijska linija. skripcionih modifikacija, takođe na-
primary germ layers See: germ layer. zvan pre-mRNK u eukariota.
Vidi: germ layer. primer A short oligonucleotide annea-
primary growth 1. Apical meristem- led to a template of single-stranded
derived growth; the tissues of a DNA, providing a doubled stranded
young plant. 2. Explant growth du- structure from which DNA polyme-
ring the initial culture period. rase will synthesize a new DNA
1.Rast, poreklom od vršnog meristema; strand to produce a duplex molecule.
tkiva mlade biljke. 2.Rast eksplanta- Kratak oligonukleotid, doveden do kalu-
ta tokom početnog perioda kulture. pa jednostrukog lanca DNK, obezbe-
primary immune response The immu- đujući strukturu sa dva lanca od koje
ne response that occurs during the će DNK polimeraza sintetisati nov
first encounter of a mammal with a lanac dvostruke DNK.
given antigen. primer walking A method for sequen-
Imunoregovanje koje nastaje tokom pr- cing long (>1 kbp) cloned pieces of
vog dodira sisara sa datim antige- DNA. The initial sequencing reac-
nom. tion reveals the sequence of the first
258
primordium production environment
259
production traits prokaryote
260
prolactin propagation
261
propagule protein metabolic step
262
protein sequencing protocorm
an organism and dictate the composi- proteolytic Having the ability to degra-
tion of that organism. de protein molecules.
Korak u lancu reakcija koje nastaju u or- Sposobnost razgrađivanja molekula pro-
ganizmu i određuju sastav tog orga- teina.
nizma. proteome The complete complement of
protein sequencing The process of de- proteins made by a given species in
termining the amino acid sequence all its tissues and growth stages.
of a protein. Usually achieved follo- Komlet proteina, sačinjen od datih vrsta
wing initially partial hydrolysis of u svim tkivima i stadijumima rasta.
the protein into smaller peptides by proteomics An approach that seeks to
enzymatic digestion. identify and characterize complete
Proces određivanja sekvence aminoki- sets of protein, and protein-protein
selina proteina. Obično se postiže interactions in a given species. See:
sledeći početnu parcijalnu hidrolizu proteome, genomics.
proteina na manje peptide, putem en- Pristup koji traži da identifikuje i karak-
zimatskog razlaganja. teriše kompletne setove proteina i in-
protein synthesis The creation of pro- terakcije protein-protein u datoj vrsti.
teins from their constituent amino Vidi: proteome, genomics.
acids, in accordance with the enco- protoclone Regenerated plant derived
ding gene DNA sequence. from protoplast culture or a single
Stvaranje proteina iz njihovih sadržanih
colony derived from protoplasts in
aminokiselina, u skladu sa enkodira-
culture.
nom DNK sekvencom.
Regenerisana biljka, poreklom od kultu-
proteinaceous infectious particle Beli-
re protoplasta, ili jedne kolonije na-
eved to be the agent responsible for
the class of diseases called spongi- stale od kulture protoplasta.
form encephalopathies, including protocol The step-by-step experiments
scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform proposed to describe or solve a sci-
encephalopathy (BSE; mad cow di- entific problem, or the defined steps
sease) in cattle and CJD in humans. of a specific procedure.
It is an abnormal form of a brain pro- Korak po korak eksperimenti, predviđe-
tein, and has no detectable nucleic ni da opišu ili reše naučni problem,
acid content. Synonym: prion. ili definisani koraci specifičnog po-
Veruje se da je agens, odgovoran za gru- stupka.
pu bolesti zvanu spongiformne ence- protocorm A tuberous structure, formed
falopatije, uključujuću skrepi kod following the germination of orchid
ovaca, bovinu spongiformnu encefa- seeds, from which develops a com-
lopatiju (BSE; bolest ludih krava) u plete plant. It develops from an unor-
goveda, i CJD kod ljudi. To je abnor- ganized embryo in the seed, compri-
malni oblik proteina mozga, i ne sa- sing only a few hundred cells. In cul-
drži nukleinske kiseline koji se može ture, vegetative explants of several
otkriti. Sinonim: prion. orchid species form round, smooth
proteolysis Enzymatic degradation of a protocorms which can be multiplied
protein. indefinitely or induced to regenerate
Enzimatska razgradnja proteina. into a whole plant.
263
protoderm protozoan
264
protruding end pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
Mikroskopski, jednoćelijski organizam. genes and are most likely cDNA co-
protruding end See: extension. pies synthesized from mRNA by re-
Vidi: extension. verse transcriptase
provenance The geographical and/or Nekompletna ili mutirana kopija gena
genetic origin of an individual. koji nije transkribovan, jer nema
Geografsko i/ili genetičko poreklo indi- kontinuirani otvoreno čitajući okvir.
vidue. Oni koji nemaju introne zovu se ob-
provirus A double stranded DNA copy rađeni pseudogeni, i najverovatnije
of the single RNA strand of a retro- su cDNK kopije, sintetizovane od
virus, which has been integrated into mRNK putem reverzne transkripta-
a host genome. ze.
Kopija dvostrukog lanca DNK, od jed- Pseudomonas spp. A widely distributed
nog RNK lanca retrovirusa, koji je Gram-negative bacterial genus.
integrisan u genom domaćina. Many of the soil forms produce a
pseudo-affinity chromatography A pigment that fluoresces under ultra-
chromatographic technique in which violet light, hence the descriptive
a ligand is immobilized selectively term fluorescent Pseudomonas.
to retain enzymes or other proteins. Široko rasprostranjen Gram-negativni
bakterijski rod. Mnoge od zemljišnih
Hromatografska tehnika, u kojoj je li-
oblika proizvode pigment koji fluo-
gand selektivno imobilisan, da sadrži
rescira pod ultravioletnom svetlošću,
enzime ili druge proteine.
odakle poziče izraz fluorescentan
pseudo-autosomal region A section at Pseudomonas.
one end of the X and Y chromosomes P-site Abbreviation for peptidyl-tRNA
for which there is sufficient homo- binding site.
logy that there is synapsis between Skraćenica za peptidyl-tRNK binding
them during meiosis. site.
Deo na jednom kraju X i Y hromozoma, psychrophile A micro-organism that
za koju ima dovoljno homologije da can grow at temperatures below 30
postoji sinapsis između njih za vre- °C and as low as 0 °C. See: mesophi-
me mejoze. le, thermophile.
pseudocarp A fruit that incorporates, in Mikroorganizam, koji može da raste na
addition to the ovary wall, other temperaturama ispod 30°C, i čak ni-
parts of the flower, such as the re- sko na 0°C. Vidi: mesophile, ther-
ceptacle (e.g. strawberry). Synonym: mophile.
false fruit. PUC A widely used plasmid, containing
Plod koji uključuje, uz zid ovarijuma, as a marker a galactosidase gene.
druge delove cveta, kao što je cveti- Široko korišćen plazmid, koji sadrži kao
šte (na pr. jagode). Sinonim: false marker gen galaktozidaze.
fruit. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (Abbre-
pseudogene An incomplete or mutated viation: PFGE). A procedure used to
copy of a gene which is not transcri- separate very large (50 kbp to several
bed because it lacks a continuous Mbp) DNA molecules by alteRNA-
open reading frame. Those that lack ting the direction of electric current in
introns are called processed pseudo- a pulsed manner across a gel.
265
punctuated equilibrium pyrophosphate
266
Q
q Denotes the longer of the two chro- tičke podele, gde su četiri hromozo-
mosome arms, e.g. human 10q is the ma vezana hiazmama. Može nastati
long arm of human chromosome 10. kod autotetraploida kada se četiri ho-
Označava duži krak hromozoma, na pr. mologna hromozoma sparuju, ili kod
ljudski 10q je dugi krak od ljudskog diploida kao rezultat heterozigotnosti
hromozoma 10. za recipročnu translokaciju između
q-beta replicase A viral RNA polyme- dva nehomologna hromozoma.
rase secreted by a bacteriophage quadruplex The inheritance of alleles
that infects E. coli. It has the property in autotetraploids. A genotype
of being able to copy RNA sequen- AAAa will produce gametes AA, Aa
ces at a rapid rate. in the ratio 3:1.
Virusna RNK polimeraza, koju luči bak- Nasleđivanje alela u autotetraploidima.
teriofag koja inficira E. coli. Ima Genotip AAAa će proizvesi gamete
svojstvo da velikom brzinom kopira AA, Aa u odnosu 3:1.
sekvence RNK. qualitative trait A trait that shows di-
QSAR Abbreviation for quantitative scontinuous variation - i.e. indivi-
structure-activity relationship. duals can be assigned to one of a
Skraćenica za kvantitativan odnos struk- small number of discrete classes.
tura-aktivnost. Osobina koja pokazuje diskontinuiranu
QTL Abbreviation for quantitative varijaciju – t.j. individue mogu da
trait locus. budu grupisane u jednoj od malog
Skraćenica za lokus kvantitativne osobi- broja odvojenih klasa.
ne. quantitative genetics The area of gene-
quadrivalent A chromosome configura- tics concerned with the inheritance
tion visible in late prophase and me- of quantitative traits that show con-
taphase of the first meiotic division, tinuous variation, as opposed to qua-
where four chromosomes are linked litative traits. Since many of the cri-
by chiasmata. Can occur in autote- tical targets in both plant and animal
traploids when four homologous breeding are of this type, most prac-
chromosomes pair, or in diploids as tical improvement programs involve
a result of heterozygosity for a reci- the application of quantitative gene-
procal translocation between two tics.
non-homologous chromosomes. Oblast genetike koja se odnosi na nasle-
Hromozomska konfiguracija, vidljiva u đivanje kvantitativnih osobina, koje
kasnoj profazi i metafazi prve mejo- pokazuju kontinuiranu varijaciju, na-
267
quantitative inheritance quaternary structure
268
quiescent quiescent
269
R
R genes A class of plant genes confer- raceme An inflorescence in which the
ring resistance to a specific strain main axis is elongated but the flo-
(or group of strains) of a particular wers are borne on pedicels that are
pathogen. Their primary function is about equal in length.
to sense the presence of the pathogen Grozdasta cvast u koje je glavna osovina
and to trigger the defence pathways izdužena, ali se cvetovi nalaze na pe-
in the plant. R genes have been clo- teljkama koje su približno jednake
ned from a number of plant species. po dužini.
Grupa biljnih gena koji prenose rezi- rachilla Shortened axis of a spikelet.
stentnost na specifičan soj (ili grupu Skraćena osa klasića.
sojeva) određenog patogena. Njiho- rachis Main axis of a spike; axis of fern
va primarna funkcija je da osete pri- leaf (frond) from which pinnae arise;
sustvo patogena, i da prekidaju puta- in compound leaves, the extension
nje odbrane u biljci. R geni su kloni- of the petiole corresponding to the
rani kod jednog broja biljnih vrsta. midrib of an entire leaf.
R1 The first-generation offspring of a Glavna osa klasa; osa lista paprati, od
koje rastu delovi perastog lišća; u
recombinant (genetically modified)
složenih listova, pružanje lisne drške
organism. Not standard terminology.
u skladu sa centralnim nervom celog
See: T0, T1, and T2.
lista.
Potomstvo prve generacije rekombi- radiation hybrid cell panel (Abbrevia-
nantnog (genetički modifikovanog) tion: RH). A somatic cell hybrid pa-
organizma. Nema standardne termi- nel in which the chromosomes from
nologije. Vidi: T0, T1 i T2. the species of interest have been
race A distinguishable group of orga- fragmented by irradiation prior to
nisms of a particular species. Criteria cell fusion. The resultant small frag-
for distinctness can be one or a com- ments of chromosomes greatly incre-
bination of geographic, ecological, ase the power of physical mapping
physiological, morphological, gene- in the species of interest.
tic and karyotypic factors. (Skraćenica: RH) Hibridni panel somat-
Grupa organizama određene vrste koji ske ćelije u kojem su hromozomi vr-
se jasno razlikuju. Kriterijumi za po- sta od interesa fragmetirani zrače-
sebnost mogu biti jedan, ili kombina- njem pre ćelijske fuzije. Nastali mali
cija geografskih, ekoloških, fiziolo- fragmenti hromozoma jako poveća-
ških, morfoloških, genetičkih i kario- vaju moć fizičkog mapiranja u vrsti
tipskih faktora. koja je od interesa.
270
radicle rational drug design
radicle The portion of the plant embryo random genetic drift See: genetic
which develops into the primary root. drift.
Deo biljnog embriona koji se razvija u Vidi: genetic drift.
primarni koren. random mutagenesis A non-directed
radioimmunoassay (Abbreviation: change of one or more nucleotide
RIA). An assay based on the use of a pairs in a DNA molecule.
radioactively labelled antibody, whe- Neusmerena promena jednog ili više pa-
re the amount of radiation detected rova nukleotida u molekulu DNK.
indicates the amount of target sub- random primer method A method for
stance present in the sample. labelling DNA probes, mainly for
(Skraćenica: RIA) Proba zasnovana na Southern hybridization experi-
korišćenju radioaktivno obeleženog ments. A mixture of short oligonucle-
antitela, gde količina otkrivene radi- otides is hybridized to a single-
jacije pokazuje količinu ciljne sup- stranded DNA probe. In the presen-
stance koja je prisutna u uzorku. ce of DNA polymerase and deoxyri-
radioisotope An unstable isotope that bonucleotides – one of which is la-
emits ionizing radiation. Synonym: belled - DNA synthesis then genera-
radioactive isotope. tes labelled copies of probe DNA.
Nestabilan izotop koji emituje jonizuju- Metod za obeležavanje proba DNK,
će zračenje. Sinonim: radioaktivni uglavnom za eksperimente southern
izotop. hibridizacije. Smeša kratkih oligonu-
raft culture See: nurse culture. kleotida je hibridizovana sa probom
Vidi: nurse culture. jednolančane DNK. U prisustvu
ramet An individual member of a clone, DNK polimeraze i deoksiribonukleo-
descended from the ortet. tida – od kojih je jedan obeležen –
Individualni član klona, poreklom od or- DNK sinteza stvara obeležene kopije
teta. DNK probe.
random amplified polymorphic DNA RAPD Abbreviation for random am-
(Abbreviation: RAPD). A PCR-ba- plified polymorphic DNA.
sed genotyping technique in which Skraćenica za slučajno umnoženu poli-
genomic template is amplified with mofornu DNK.
single, short (usually 10-mer) ran- rate-limiting enzyme The enzyme
domly chosen primers. Typical pat- whose activity controls the output of
terns consist of a small number of final product from a multi-enzyme
amplified products of up to 2 kbp in metabolic pathway.
length, which are separated by elec- Enzim čija aktivnost kontroliše finalni
trophoresis. produkt od multi - enzimske metabo-
(Skraćenica: RAPD) PCR – zasnovana ličke putanje.
tehnika genotipiziranja u kojoj je ge- rational drug design A systematic met-
nomski kalup umnožen pojedinim, hod of creating compounds by
kratkim (obično 10-mer), slučajno analysing their structure, function
izabranim primerima. Tipični tipovi and stereochemical interactions.
sastoje se od malog broja umnoženih Sistematski metod stvaranja jedinjenja
produkata do 2 kbp dužine, koji su putem analize njihove strukture, funk-
razdvojeni elektroforezom. cije i stereohemijskih interakcija.
271
reading frame recessive allele
reading frame The reading frame defi- receptor A trans-membrane protein lo-
nes which sets of three nucleotides cated in the plasma membrane that
are read as triplets, and hence as co- can bind with a ligand on the extra-
dons, in DNA transcription. The cellular surface, as a result of which
start point is usually determined by it induces a change in activity on the
the initiation codon, AUG. Thus the cytoplasmic surface. More generally,
sequence AUGGCAAAA would be a site in a molecule that allows the
read as AUG/GCA/AAA not as binding of a ligand.
A/UGC/CAA/AA. See: open rea- Trans-membranski protein, lociran u
ding frame. membrani plazme koja može da se
Čitajući okvir definiše koji nizovi od tri veže sa ligandom na vanćelijskoj po-
nukleotida se čitaju kao tripleti, tj. vršini, kao rezultat izazvane promene
kao kodoni, u transkripciji DNK. u aktivnosti na citoplazmičnoj povr-
Startna tačka je obično određena po- šini. Više uopšteno, mesto na mole-
četnim kodonom, AUG. Tako, se- kulu koje omogućava vezivanje li-
kvenca AUGGCAAAA bila se čitala ganda.
kao AUG/GCA/AAA, a ne kao receptor-binding screening A biotec-
A/UGC/CAA/AA. Vidi: otvoreni či- hnology-based method for drug di-
tajući okvir. scovery, which relies on the fact that
read-through Transcription or transla- many drugs act by binding to speci-
tion that proceeds beyond the normal fic receptors on or in cells. Since re-
stopping point because of the absen- ceptors in vivo bind to hormones or
ce of the usual transcription or tran- to other cells, and thereby control the
slation termination signal of a gene. cell’s behaviour, a receptor bound
Transkripcija ili sinteza koja se produža- with a drug will likely affect the nor-
va, iza normalne tačke zaustavljanja mal activity of the cell.
zbog otsustva uobičajenog transkrip- Metod zasnovan na biotehnologiji, za
cionog ili terminacionog signala gena. otkrivanje droge, koji se oslanja na
recA A protein, found in most bacteria, činjenicu da mnoge droge deluju ve-
that is essential for DNA repair and zivanjem na specijalne receptore, na,
DNA recombination. ili u ćelijama. Pošto se receptori in
Protein, nađen u većini bakterija, koji je vivo vezuju za hormone ili na druge
bitan za reparaciju DNK i rekombi- ćelije i time kontrolišu ponašanje će-
naciju RNK . lija, receptorska veza sa drogom će
recalcitrant Of seeds, unable to survive verovatno uticati na normalnu aktiv-
drying and subsequent storage at low nost ćelije.
temperature. See: field gene bank. recessive Describing an allele whose ef-
Od semena, nesposobnih da prežive su- fect with respect to a particular trait
šenje i potonje skladištenje na niskoj is not evident in heterozygotes. Op-
temperaturi. Vidi: field gene bank. posite: dominant.
receptacle Enlarged end of the pedicel Opisivanje alela čiji uticaj u vezi sa od-
or peduncle, to which other flower ređenom osobinom nije evidentan u
parts are attached. heterozigota. Suprotno: dominant.
Izduženi kraj peteljke ili cvetne drške, recessive allele Allelic state of a gene,
kojoj su pridodati drugi cvetni delovi. where homozygosity is required for
272
recessive oncogene recombinant human
273
recombinant protein refugium
274
regeneration renaturation
275
rennin replication fork
276
replicative form repressor
277
reproduction restriction endonuclease
278
restriction enzyme retro-element
dom sequence at sites >1kbp from Skraćeni DNK molekul, poreklom od ce-
the recognition sequence, and has panja većeg molekula sa jednom, ili
both restriction and methylation sa više restrikcionih endonukleaza.
activities. II: Cuts within, or near a restriction fragment length polymor-
short, usually palindromic recogni- phism (Abbreviation: RFLP). A
tion sequence. A separate enzyme class of genetic marker based on the
methylates the same recognition se- detection of variation in the length of
quence. III: Cuts 24–26bp downstre- restriction fragments generated
am from a short, asymmetrical re- when DNA is treated with restric-
cognition sequence, requires ATP tion endonucleases. Differences in
and has both restriction and methyla- fragment lengths arise due to genetic
tion activities. Type II enzymes are variation with respect to the presen-
the class used for most molecular bi- ce or absence of specific recognition
ology applications. site(s). RFLPs were initially detected
Grupa enzima koja seče DNK posle pre- by Southern hybridization but are
poznavanja specifične sekvence. Tri now detected by electrophoresis of
tipa restrikcione endonukleaze su: I. digested PCR product.
Gde se sečenje dešava u okviru slu- (Skraćenica: RFLP) Grupa genetičkih
čajne sekvence na mestima >1kbp od markera, zasnovana na otkrivanju
sekvence prepoznavanja, i ima obe, varijacije u dužini restrikcionih frag-
menata, stvorenih kada je DNK treti-
restrikcione i metilacione aktivnosti.
rana restrikcionim endonukleazama.
II. Sečenje u okviru, ili blizu kratke,
Razlike u dužini fragmenata nastaju
obično palindromičke sekvence pre-
usled genetičke varijacije u odnosu
poznavanja. Poseban enzim metilira
na prisustvo ili odsustvo specifičnih
istu sekvencu prepoznavanja. III. mesta prepoznavanja. RFLP-ovi su u
Odsečci 24–26 bp nadole od kratke, početku otkriveni putem southern hi-
asimetrične sekvence prepoznavanja, bridizacije, ali su sada otkriveni i pu-
zahteva ATP i ima obe restrikcione i tem elektroforeze razloženog PCR
metilacione aktivnosti. Tip II enzimi produkta.
se koriste većinom za primenu u mo- restriction map The linear arrangement
lekularnoj biologiji. of restriction endonuclease recogni-
restriction enzyme Synonym of re- tion sites along a DNA molecule.
striction endonuclease. Linerani raspored restrikcionih mesta
Sinonim od restriction endonuclease. prepoznavanja endonukleaze duž
restriction exonuclease A class of molekule DNK.
enzymes that degrade DNA or RNA, restriction site Synonym of recogni-
starting from either the 5’ – or the 3’ – tion site.
end. Sinonim od recognition site.
Enzimi koji degradiraju DNK ili RNK, reticulocyte A slightly immature red
počevši od 5’– ili 3’ – kraja. blood cell.
restriction fragment A shortened DNA Nezrela crvena krvna ćelija.
molecule generated by the cleavage retro-element Any of the integrated re-
of a larger molecule by one or more troviruses or the transposable ele-
restriction endonucleases. ments that resemble them.
279
retroposon rh
280
rhizobacterium ribose
281
ribosomal binding site ribosome-inactivating protein
282
ribozyme risk communication
283
risk management root apex
284
root cap ruminant
Vršni meristem korena; vrlo sličan meri- Zadebljali koren koji skladišti ugljene
stemu vrha izdanka, u kojem on for- hidrate.
mira tri meristemske oblasti: proto- root zone The volume of soil or gro-
derm (razvija se u epidermu); pro- wing medium containing the roots of
kambijum (vaskularni cilindar); i a plant. In soil science, the depth of
meristem rasta (korteks). the soil profile in which roots are
root cap A mass of reinforced cells co- normally found.
vering and protecting the apical me- Masa zemljišta ili medijuma rasta koji
ristem of a root. sadrže korenove biljke. U pedologiji,
Masa ojačalih ćelija koje pokrivaju i šti- dubina zemljišnog profila u kojoj sa
te vršni meristem korena. koren normalno nalazi.
root culture The culture of isolated api- rootstock The trunk or root material to
cal or lateral root tips to produce in which buds or scions are inserted in
vitro root systems with indeterminate grafting. See: stock.
growth habits. Used to study mycorr- Trup korenskog materijala na koji se
hizal, symbiotic and plant-parasitic ubacuju pupoljci ili kalemi pri kale-
relationships. mljenju. Vidi: stock.
Kultura izolovanih vršnih ili bočnih vr- rotary shaker Rotating apparatus with
hova korena, da se proizvedu in vitro a platform on which liquid media or
korenovi sistemi sa neodređenim na- cultures can be continuously shaken.
Rotacioni aparat sa platformom na kojoj
činima rasta. Korišćena za proučava-
tečni medijumi ili kulture mogu stal-
nje mikroriznih, simbiotskih i biljno-
no da se tresu.
parazitskih odnosa.
Roundup-readyä Describing transge-
root cutting Cutting made from secti-
nic crop varieties that carry the bac-
ons of roots alone. terial gene which detoxifies the her-
Deo izdanka, sastavljen od delova kore- bicide glyphosate, thereby making
na. them resistant to its application.
root hairs Outgrowths from epidermal Opisivanje transgene biljne vrste koja
cell walls of the root, specialized for nosi bakterijski gen koji detoksifiku-
water and nutrient absorption. je herbicid glifosat, time ih čineći re-
Izdanci epidermalnih ćelijskih zidova zistentnim na njihovu primenu.
korena, specijalizovani za apsorpciju rRNA Abbreviation for ribosomal
vode i hranljivih materija. RNA.
root nodule A small round mass of cells Skraćenica za ribosomal RNK.
attached to the roots of leguminous RuBP Abbreviation for ribulose bip-
plants, containing symbiotic nitro- hosphate.
gen-fixing bacteroids, particularly Skraćenica za ribulose biophosphate.
Rhizobium spp. ruminant Animal having a rumen – a
Mala, okrugla masa ćelija priljubljenih large digestive sac in which fibrous
na kore liguminoznog bilja, koje sa- plant material is fermented by com-
drže simbiotske bakteroide koji fiksi- mensal microbes, prior to its dige-
raju azot, posebno Rhizobium spp. stion in a „true“ stomach (the abo-
root tuber Thickened root that stores masum). Common farm ruminants
carbohydrates. are cattle and sheep.
285
runner rust
Životinja koja ima burag-veliku dige- stabla, ili vršnih pupoljaka. Sinonim:
stivnu vreću u kojoj se fibrozni biljni stolon.
materijal fermentiše od strane ko- rust A generic descriptor for various se-
mensalnih mikroba, pre njihovog va- rious fungal plant pathogens, which
renja u „stvarnom“ stomaku (aboma- infect the leaves and stems of crops.
zumu). Uobičajeni preživari su gove- The appearance of spores is remini-
da i ovce. scent of metallic rust, although the
runner A lateral stem that grows hori- colour varies, according to species,
zontally along the ground surface from yellow to reddish-brown.
and gives rise to new plants either Opšti deskriptor različite ozbiljne glji-
from axillary or terminal buds. vične biljne patogene, koji inficiraju
Synonym: stolon. listove i stabla useva. Izgled spora
Bočno stablo koje raste horizontalno podseća na rđu metala, iako boja va-
duž površine tla i omogućava rast rira prema vrsti, od žute do crvenka-
novim biljkama, bilo od pupoljka sto-mrke.
286
S
S phase The phase in the cell cycle du- saline resistance Synonym for salt tole-
ring which DNA synthesis occurs. rance.
Faza u ćelijskom ciklusu tokom koje se Sinonim za tolerantnost na soli.
odvija sinteza DNK. Salmonella A genus of rod-shaped,
S1 mapping A method to characterise Gram-negative bacteria that are a
post-transcriptional modifications common cause of food poisoning.
in RNA (removal of introns etc.) by Rod štapićastih, Gram-negativnih bakte-
hybridizing RNA with single-stran- rija koje su obično uzrok trovanja
ded DNA and treating with S1 nuc- hranom.
lease. salt tolerance The ability of a plant in
Metod za karakterisanje post-transkrip- soil or in culture to withstand a con-
cionih modifikacija u RNK (odstra- centration of common salt (sodium
njenje introna, itd.) putem hibridiza- chloride) which is damaging or lethal
cije RNK sa jednolančanom DNK i to most other plants. Breeding and
tretiranjem sa S1 nukleazom. selection for increased tolerance and
S1 nuclease An enzyme obtained from resistance in crop plants is of great
the filamentous fungus Aspergillus current interest. Synonym: saline re-
oryzae which specifically degrades sistance. An organism with extreme
RNA or single-stranded DNA into salt tolerance is a halophyte.
its constituent mononucleotides, and Sposobnost biljke u zemljištu ili u kultu-
cleaves nicked double-stranded ri da izdrži koncentraciju kuhinjske
DNA at the nick. soli (natrijum hlorida) koja je štetna
Enzim, dobijen od filamentozne gljivice ili letalna za većinu drugih biljaka.
Aspergillus oryzae koja specifično Gajenje i selekcija za pojačanu tole-
razlaže RNK ili jednolančane DNK rantnost i rezistentnost useva je od
na njene sastavne mononukleotide i velikog interesa. Sinonim: saline re-
cepa podudarnu DNK sa dva lanca sistance. Organizam se ekstremnom
na mestu podudarnosti. tolerantnošću na soli je halofit.
saccharifaction Following liquefaction, sap Fluid content of the xylem and
the hydrolysis of polysaccharides phloem cells of plants. Fluid content
by glucoamylase to maltose and glu- of the vacuole generally referred to
cose. as cell sap.
Sledeći pretvaranje u tečnost, hidroliza Tečni sadržaj ksilemskih i floemskih će-
polisaharida putem glukoamilaze do lija biljaka. Tečni sadržaj vakuole,
maltoze i glukoze. opšte nazvan kao ćelijski sok.
287
saprophyte SCE
288
scion secondary immune response
scion A twig or bud used for grafting za specifične namene kao za rezi-
onto another plant or rootstock. stentnost na bolesti ili za poboljšanu
Izdanak, ili pupoljak, korišćen za kale- agronomsku performansu kod bilja-
mljenje na drugu biljku ili koren. ka.
scion-stock interaction The effect of a SDS Abbreviation for sodium dodecyl
rootstock on a scion (and vice versa) sulphate.
in which a particular scion grafted Skraćenica za sodium dodecyl sulphate.
onto a specific s performs differently SDS-PAGE Abbreviation for sodium
than it would either on its own roots dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide
or on a different rootstock. gel electrophoresis.
Uticaj korena na izdanak (i vice-versa) u Skraćenica za sodiumdodecyl sulphate
kojem se pojedini izdanak kalemljen polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
na specifičan s ponaša različito, nego secondary antibody In an ELISA or
kada bi bio na sopstvenom ili na raz- other immunological assay system,
ličitom korenu. the antibody designed to bind to the
sclerenchyma A strengthening tissue in primary antibody, and to which a
plants, composed of cells with hea- label is generally attached.
vily lignified cell walls. U ELISA, ili drugom imunološkom si-
stemu, antitelo stvoreno da vezuje
Ojačavajuće tkivo u biljaka, sastavljeno
primarno antitelo, i kojem je oznaka
od ćelija sa jako lignificiranim ćelij-
dodata.
skim zidovima.
secondary cell wall The innermost
SCP Abbreviation for single-cell pro- layer of cell wall, giving rigidity to
tein. the cells. Characterized by its highly
Skraćenica za single-cell protein. organized microfibrillar structure,
scrapie A spongiform encephalopathy and only formed in certain cells after
disease of sheep. See: proteinaceous cell elongation has ceased.
infectious particle. Unutrašnji sloj ćelijskog zida koji daje
Bolest spongiformne encefalopatije u čvrstoću ćelijama. Karakteriše se vi-
ovaca. Vidi: priteinaceous infectious sokom miofibrilarnom strukturom i
particle. formira se u ćelijama pošto je izdu-
screen Preliminary characterization of a ženje ćelija prestalo.
sample collection on the basis of a secondary growth Type of growth cha-
set of simple established criteria (bi- racterized by an increase in the thic-
ochemical, anatomical, physiologi- kness of stem and root, and resulting
cal, etc.). Often applied to the pro- from the formation of secondary vas-
cess of selection for specific purpo- cular tissues by the vascular cambi-
ses, such as for disease resistance or um.
for improved agronomic performan- Tip rasta koji se karakteriše povećanjem
ce in crop plants. debljine stabla i korena, nastale od
Preliminarna karakterizacija kolekcije formiranja sekundarnih vaskularnih
uzoraka na bazi niza jednostavno tkiva od strane vaskularnog kambiju-
ustanovljenih kriterijuma (biohemij- ma.
skih, anatomskih, fizioloških, itd.). secondary immune response The rapid
Često primenjena na proces selekcije immune response that occurs during
289
secondary messenger secondary thickening
the second (and subsequent) encoun- secondary phloem Phloem tissue for-
ters of the immune system of a mam- med by the vascular cambium du-
mal with a specific antigen. See: pri- ring secondary growth in a vascular
mary immune response. plant.
Brzo imunoreagovanje, koje nastaje za Tkivo floema koje formira vaskularni
vreme drugog (i potonjeg) reagova- kambijum tokom sekundarnog rasta
nja imunog sistema sisara sa speci- kod vaskularne biljke.
fičnim antigenom. Vidi: primary im- secondary plant product See: secon-
mune response. dary metabolite.
secondary messenger A chemical com- Vidi: secondary matabolite.
pound within a cell that is responsi- secondary root A branch or lateral root.
ble for initiating the response to a Granati ili bočni koren.
signal from a chemical messenger secondary spermatocyte See: sperma-
(such as a hormone) that cannot enter tocyte.
the target cell itself. Vidi: spermatocyte.
Hemijsko jedinjenje u ćeliji, koje je od- secondary structure Localized three di-
govorno za započinjanje reagovanja mensional conformations adopted by
na signal iz hemijskog mesendžera macromolecules, in particular nucle-
(kao što je hormon) koji ne može da ic acids and polypeptides. These arise
uđe u samu ciljnu ćeliju. as a result of the action of non-cova-
secondary metabolism The production lent forces generated by interactions
by living organisms of substances between residues which are brought
into close contact with one another.
not essential for primary metabolic
Examples are alpha-helix regions and
functions or physiology. Their role is
beta-pleated sheets in proteins, and
associated with interaction with the
hairpin loops in nucleic acids. See:
environment, for example for defen- primary structure, tertiary structu-
ce, as elicitors or as attractants. So- re, quaternary structure.
me of these have useful pharmacolo- Lokalizovane trodimenzionalne konfor-
gical or nutritional properties, while macije prihvaćene od makromoleku-
others are toxic. la, posebno od nukleinskih kiselina i
Proizvodnja supstanci živih organizama polipeptida. One nastaju kao rezultat
koje nisu bitne za primarne metabo- delovanja ne-kovalentnih sila, nasta-
ličke funkcije ili fiziologiju. Njihova lih putem interakcija između rezidua
uloga je povezana sa interakcijom sa koje su dovedene u bliski kontakt
spoljnom sredinom, na primer za od- jedna sa drugom. Primeri su regioni
branu, kao mamci ili atraktanti. Neki alfa-heliksa i beta-nabrani listovi u
od njih imaju korisna farmakološka proteina, i otvori polinukleotida u
ili ishrambena svojstva, dok su drugi nukleinskim kiselinama. Vidi: pri-
toksični. mary structure, tertiary structure, qu-
secondary metabolite Product of se- aternary structure.
condary metabolism. secondary thickening Deposition of se-
Produkt sekundarnog metabolizma. condary cell wall materials which re-
secondary oocyte See: oocyte. sult in an increase in thickness in
Vidi: oocyte. stems and roots.
290
secondary vascular tissue segregation
291
selectable selection response
292
self-incompatibility sense RNA
293
sensitivity serial float culture
294
serology sex duction
295
sex factor shear
sex factor A bacterial episome (e.g. the Ispoljavanje osobine kod samo jednog
F plasmid in E. coli) that enables the pola; na pr. proizvodnja mleka u sisa-
cell to be a donor of genetic material. ra; proizvodnja jaja u živine.
The sex factor may be propagated in sexual reproduction The process whe-
the cytoplasm, or it may be integra- reby two gametes fuse to form one
ted into the bacterial chromosome. fertilized cell (zygote).
Bakterijski epizom (t.j. F plazmid u E. Proces u kojem se dve gamete spajaju da
coli), koji omogućava ćeliji da bude obrazuju jedno oplođeno jaje (zigot).
donor genetičkog materijala. Polni shake culture An agitated suspension in
faktor može se razmnožavati u cito- culture providing adequate aeration
plazmi, ili može da bude integrisan u for cells in the liquid medium. Usu-
bakterijski hromozom. ally achieved using platform sha-
sex hormones Steroid hormones that kers, or by constant stirring with a
control sexual development in ani- magnetic stirrer.
mals. Trešenje suspenzije u kulturi obezbeđu-
Steroidni hormoni koji kontrolišu polno jući adekvatno provetravanje za ćeli-
razviće u životinja. je u tečnom medijumu. Obično se
sex linkage Referring to genes present postize korišćenjem platformske tre-
on one of the sex chromosomes, thus silice, ili stalnim mešanjem magnet-
genetically linked to the sex of the skom mešalicom.
individual. shaker A platform, with set or variable
Odnosi se na gene koji su prisutni u jed- speed control, used to agitate vessels
nom od polnih hromozoma, genetič- containing liquid cell cultures. Also
ki su vezane za pol individue. described as a platform shaker.
sex mosaic Synonym of gynandro- Platforma, sa nizom kontrola različite
morph. brzine, korišćena da trese (meša) po-
Sinonim od gynandromorph. sude koje sadrže tečne ćelijske kultu-
sexed embryos Embryos separated ac- re. Takođe opisana kao platformska
cording to sex. tresilica.
Embrioni, razdvojeni prema polu. shear Literally the sliding of one layer
sex-influenced dominance The ten- across another, with deformation and
dency for gene action to vary betwe- fracturing in the direction parallel to
en the sexes within a species. For the movement. In the present con-
example, the presence of horns in so- text, used to describe 1. the forces
me breeds of sheep appears to be do- that cells are subjected to in a biore-
minant in males but recessive in fe- actor or a mechanical device used for
males. cell breakage. 2. the intentional or
Delovanje gena koje varira između po- unintentional fragmentation of large
lova u okviru vrsta. Na primer, prisu- DNA molecules, achieved commonly
stvo rogova u nekih rasa ovaca izgle- by passing a concentrated DNA solu-
da da je dominantno u mužjaka, a re- tion through a hypodermic needle.
cesivno u ženki. This treatment generates random bre-
sex-limited Expression of a trait in only aks in the DNA, and the average size
one sex; e.g. milk production in mam- of fragments can be manipulated by
mals; egg production in chickens. varying the bore of the needle.
296
Shine-Dalgarno sequence short-day plant
Doslovno, klizanje jednog sloja preko Vršni pupoljak (0,1–1,0 mm) biljke, koji
drugog, sa deformacijom i prelama- se sastoji od vršnog meristema
njem u smeru paralelnom sa kreta- (0,05–0,1 mm) i neposredno okružu-
njem. U sadašnjem kontekstu, kori- jućih lisnih primordija i listova u raz-
šćeno da opiše 1. Sile kojima se ćeli- voju, i susednog tkiva stabljike. Si-
je podvrgavaju u biorektoru, ili me- nonim: shoot apex.
hanički uređaj korišćen za razbijanje shoot-tip graft A shoot tip or meristem
ćelija. 2. Namerna ili nenamerna tip grafted onto a prepared seedling
fragmentacija velikih molekula or micropropagated rootstock in cul-
DNK, postignuta obično propušta- ture. Meristem tip grafting is mainly
njem koncentrovanog rastvora DNK used for in vitro virus elimination
kroz potkožnu iglu. Taj tretman stva- from Citrus spp. and other plants.
ra slučajne prekide u DNK, a proseč- Synonym: micrograft.
na veličina fragmenata može da bude Vršni pupoljak, ili meristemski pupo-
manipulisana variranjem rupe na igli. ljak, nakalemljen na pripremljeni iz-
Shine-Dalgarno sequence A conserved danak ili mikrorazmnoženi potporni
sequence of prokaryotic mRNAs koren u kulturi. Meristemski tip kale-
that is complementary to a sequence mljenja se uglavnom koristi za in vi-
near the 5’ terminus of the 16S ribo- tro eliminaciju virusa iz vrsta Citrusa
somal RNA and is involved in the i drugih biljaka. Sinonim: micrograft.
initiation of translation. See: ribo- short interspersed nuclear element
somal binding site. (Abbreviation: SINE). Families of
Konzervisana sekvenca prokariotske short (150–300 bp), moderately re-
mRNK (a) koja je komplementarna petitive DNA elements of eukaryotic
sekvenci blizu 5’ kraja 16S ribozom- genomes. They appear to be DNA
ne DNK i uključena je u početak sin- copies of certain tRNA molecules,
teze. Vidi: ribosomal binding site. created presumably by the uninten-
shoot apex See: shoot tip. ded action of reverse transcriptase
Vidi: shoot tip. during retroviral infection.
shoot differentiation The development (Skraćenica: SINE) Familije kratkih
of growing points, leaf primordia and (150–300 bp), umereno ponovljivih
finally shoots from a shoot tip, axial DNK elemenata eukariotskih geno-
bud, or callus surface. ma. Izgleda da su kopije izvesnih
Razviće tačaka rasta, lisnih primordija i tRNK molekula, verovatno stvorene
krajnjih izdanaka iz vrha izdanka, nenamernim delovanjem reverzne
aksijalnog pupoljka, ili površine ka- transkriptaze tokom retrovirusne in-
lusa. fekcije.
shoot tip The terminal bud (0.1–1.0 short-day plant A plant which will not
mm) of a plant, which consists of the flower until triggered to do so by ex-
apical meristem (0.05–0.1 mm) and posure to one or a number of dark pe-
the immediately surrounding leaf riods equal to or longer than its criti-
primordia and developing leaves, cal period. Other plant species are
and adjacent stem tissue. Synonym: long-day and some are daylength neu-
shoot apex. tral. Genetic variation for daylength
297
shotgun genome sequencing sieve tube
298
sigma factor single copy
Cevcica u okviru tkiva floema biljke, sa- specific stimulus (activity) is pre-
stavljena od spojenih elemenata sita. sent.
sigma factor The sub-unit of pro- Specifićno proizvedeno reagovanje (sig-
karyotic RNA polymerases respon- nal) upoređeno sa nivoom reagova-
sible for the initiation of transcrip- nja (šumom) ukoliko nije prisutan
tion at specific initiation sequences. specifičan stimulus (aktivnost).
Podjedinica prokariotskih RNK polime- silencing Loss of gene expression eit-
raza, odgovornih za početak tran- her through an alteration in the DNA
skripcije specifičnih inicijalnih se- sequence of a structural gene, or its
kvenci . regulatory region; or because of in-
signal peptide See: signal sequence. teractions between its transcript and
Vidi: signal sequence. other mRNAs present in the cell
signal sequence A stretch of 15–30 ami- (see: antisense RNA).
no acid residues at the N terminus of Gubitak ekspresije gena, bilo kroz izme-
a protein, which is thought to enable nu u sekvenci DNK strukturnog ge-
the protein to be secreted (pass thro- na, ili njegovog regulacionog regio-
ugh a cell membrane). The signal se- na; ili zbog interakcija između njego-
quence is removed as the protein is vog transkripta i drugih mRNK(a)
secreted. Synonyms: signal peptide, prisutnih u ćeliji. (Vidi: antisense
RNK).
leader peptide.
silent mutation See: mutation.
Raspon od 15–30 rezidua aminokielina
Vidi: mutation.
na N terminusu proteina, za koji se
simple sequence repeat (Abbreviation:
smatra da omogućava da se protein SSR). See: microsatellite.
luči (prođe kroz ćelijsku membranu). (Skraćenica: SSR). Vidi: microsatellite.
Signalna sekvenca je odstranjena ka- SINE Abbreviation for short intersper-
da je protein izlučen. Sinonim: signal sed nuclear element.
peptide, leader peptide. Skraćenica za short interspersed nuclear
signal transduction The biochemical element.
events that conduct the signal of a single-cell line See: cell strain.
hormone or growth factor from the Vidi: cell strain.
cell exterior, through the cell mem- single-cell protein (Abbreviation:
brane, and into the cytoplasm. This SCP). Protein produced by micro-
involves a number of molecules, in- organisms, particularly yeast. Used
cluding receptors, ligands and mes- as either a feed or a food additive.
sengers. (Skraćenica: SCP) Protein, proizveden
Biohemijski proces koji vodi signal hor- od mikroorganizama, posebno kva-
mona ili faktora rasta od spoljašnjo- sca. Korišćen kao hrana ili dodatak
sti ćelije, kroz ćelijsku membranu do hrani.
citoplazme. To uključuje jedan broj single copy A gene or DNA sequence
molekula, uključujući receptore, li- which occurs only once per (ha-
gande i mesendžere. ploid) genome. Many structural ge-
signal-to-noise ratio A specifically pro- nes are single copy.
duced response (signal) compared to Gen, ili sekvenca DNK, koja se poja-
the response level (noise) when no vljuje samo jednom po (haploidnom)
299
single domain antibody single-stranded nucleic acid
300
sire small nuclear RNA
301
SNP somatic cell
SNP Abbreviation for single nucleotide bacterial break down of plant organic
polymorphism. matter, to form humus; the release of
Skraćenica za single nucleotide poly- minerals - such as phosphates - to the
morphism. soil, making them available to plants;
snRNA Abbreviation for small nuclear the fixation of nitrogen. Can someti-
RNA. mes include an element of bioreme-
Skraćenica za small nuclear RNK. diation.
snRNP Abbreviation for small nuclear Poboljsanje loših zemljišta. Uključuje
ribonucleoprotein. gljivično i bakterijsko razlaganje
Skraćenica za small nuclear ribonucleo- biljne organske materije, da obrazuje
protein. humus; otpuštanje minerala - kao što
sodium dodecyl sulphate (Abbrevia- su fosfati - u zemljište, čineći ih ras-
tion: SDS). A detergent used to solu- položivim za biljke; fiksiranje azota.
bilize protein and DNA from biolo- Može nekada da uključuje element
gical materials. Specific use in sodi- (bioremedijacije).
um dodecyl sulphate polyacryla- soil-less culture Growing plants in nu-
mide gel electrophoresis. trient solution without soil. Syno-
(Skraćenica: SDS) Deterdžent, korišćen nym: hydroponics.
da rastvori protein i DNK bioloških Gajenje biljaka u hranljivom rastvoru
materijala. Specifično korišćenje u bez zemlje. Sinonim: hydroponics.
natrijum dodecil sulfatnoj poliakrila- solid medium Nutrient medium solidi-
midnoj gel elektroforezi . fied by the addition of a gelling
sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacryla- agent, commonly agar.
mide gel electrophoresis (Abbrevia- Hranljivi medijum, očvršćen dodava-
tion: SDS-PAGE). A widely em- njem sredstva za želiranje, obično
ployed electrophoretic method for agara.
the separation of proteins from bio- somaclonal variation Epigenetic or ge-
logical samples. The sodium do- netic changes induced during the cal-
decyl sulphate gives a uniform char- lus phase of plant cells cultured in vi-
ge density to the surface of proteins tro. Sometimes visible as changed
or nucleic acids, so that their rate of phenotype in plants regenerated
migration through the gel is determi- from culture.
ned largely by their molecular we- Epigenetičke ili genetičke promene, iza-
ight. zvane tokom kalusne faze biljnih će-
(Skraćenica: SDS-PAGE) Široko prime- lija kultivisanih in vitro. Ponekad vi-
njeni metod elektroforeze za izdvaja- dljive kao izmenjeni fenotip u biljaka
nje proteina iz bioloških uzoraka. regenerisanih iz kulture.
Natrijum dodecil sulfat daje ujedna- somatic Referring to cell types, structu-
čenu gustinu šarži na površini protei- res and processes other than those as-
na ili nukleinskih koselina, tako da je sociated with the germ line.
njihov stepen kretanja kroz gel uveli- Koji se odnosi na ćelijske tipove, struk-
ko određen njihovim molekularnim ture i procese, sem onih koji su pove-
težinama. zani sa klicinom linijom.
soil amelioration The improvement of somatic cell Cells not involved in sexu-
poor soils. Includes the fungal and al reproduction, i.e. not germ cells.
302
somatic cell embryogenesis somatic hybridization
Ćelije koje nisu uključene u polnu re- mozoma onih vrsta koje su od intere-
produkciju te- ne klicine ćelije. sa, takve grupe mogu da se koriste za
somatic cell embryogenesis The pro- fizičko mapiranje.
cess of differentiation of somatic somatic cell variant A somatic cell with
embryos either from explant cells unique characters not present in the
(direct embryogenesis), or from cal- other cells, and which could be selec-
lus generated from explants (indirect ted for by an appropriate screen.
embryogenesis). Synonym: asexual Somatska ćelija, sa jedinstvenim osobi-
embryogenesis. nama koje nisu prisutne u drugim će-
Proces diferencijacije somatskih embri- lijama i koje bi mogle da budu oda-
ona, iz ćelija eksplanta (direktna em- brane odgovarajućim sitom.
briogeneza), ili od kalusa, nastalog somatic embryo An organized embryo-
od eksplanta (indirektna embrioge- like structure. Although morphologi-
neza). Sinonim: asexual embryoge- cally similar to a zygotic embryo it is
nesis. initiated from somatic plant cells.
somatic cell gene therapy The delivery Under in vitro conditions, somatic
of a transgene(s) to a somatic tissue embryos go through developmental
in order to correct a physiological processes similar to embryos of
defect. zygotic origin. Each somatic embryo
Dodavanje transgena somatskom tkivu is potentially capable of developing
da bi se korigovao fiziološki defekt. into a normal plantlet.
somatic cell hybrid panel A panel of Organizovana struktura slična embrio-
cells created by cell fusion, typically nu. Iako morfološki slična zigotnom
involving a reference species (e.g. embrionu, ona je inicirana somat-
hamster) and the species of interest skim biljnim ćelijama. U in vitro
(e.g. sheep) with each member of the uslovima, somatski embrioni idu
panel containing a different mixture kroz razvojne procese slične embrio-
of chromosomes from the two speci- nima zigotnog porekla. Svaki somat-
es. By relating the presence or absen- ski embrion je potencijalo sposoban
ce of cloned fragments (via in situ da se razvije u normalnu biljčicu.
hybridization) or PCR products to somatic hybridization Naturally occur-
the presence or absence of particular ring or induced fusion of somatic
chromosomes from the species of in- protoplasts or cells of two geneti-
terest, such panels can be used for cally different parents. The differen-
physical mapping. ce may be as wide as interspecific.
Grupa ćelija stvorena fuzijom ćelija, Wide synthetic hybrids formed in
uključujući referentnu vrstu (na pr. this way (i.e. not via gametic fusion)
hrčka) i vrste od interesa (na pr. ov- are known as cybrids. Not all
cu), sa svakim članom grupe koja se cybrids contain the full genetic in-
sastoji od različite smeše hromozo- formation (nuclear and non-nuclear)
ma dve vrste. Povezujući prisustvo of both parents.
ili odsustvo kloniranih fragmenata Spontana ili inducirana fuzija somatskih
(preko in situ hibridizacije) ili PCR protoplasta ili ćelija dva genetički
produkata na prisustvo posebnih hro- različita roditelja. Razlika može da
303
somatic hypermutation spacer sequence
bude toliko velika, kao međuvrsna. SOS response The synthesis of a whole
Sintetički hibridi formirani na takav set of DNA repair, recombination
način (t.j. ne putem gametske fuzije) and replication proteins in bacteria
su poznati kao cibridi. Svi cibridi ne suffering severe DNA damage (e.g.
sadrže punu genetičku informaciju following exposure to UV light).
(nuklearnu i nenuklearnu) od oba ro- Sinteza niza popravki DNK, rekombina-
ditelja. cija i reprodukcija proteina u bakteri-
somatic hypermutation The high fre- jama cija je DNK jako ostecenja (na
quency of mutation that occurs in pr. posle izlaganja UV svetlu).
the gene segments encoding the vari- source DNA The DNA from an orga-
able regions of immunoglobulins nism that contains a target gene, and
during the differentiation of B used as the starting material in a clo-
lymphocytes into antibody produ- ning experiment.
cing plasma cells. DNK nekog organizma koja sadrži ciljni
Visoka frekvencija mutacije, koja se de- gen i korišćena je kao početni mate-
šava u genskim segmentima enkodi- rijal u eksperimentu kloniranja.
rajući varijabilne regione imunoglo- source organism A bacterium, plant or
bulina tokom diferencijacije B limfo- animal from which DNA is purified
cita u ćelije plazme koje proizvode and used in a cloning experiment.
antitelo. Bakterija, biljka ili životinja, od koje se
somatic reduction Halving of the chro-
DNK prečišćava i koristi u eksperi-
mosomal number of somatic cells; a
mentu kloniranja.
possible method of producing „ha-
Southern blot A nitrocellulose or nylon
ploids“ from somatic cells and calli
membrane to which DNA fragments
by artificial means.
Prepolovljavanje broja hromozoma so- previously separated by gel elec-
matskih ćelija; mogući metod proiz- trophoresis, have been transferred
vodnje „haploida“ od somatskih ćeli- by capillary action. See: blot.
ja i kalusa veštačkim sredstvima. Nitroceluloza ili najlonska membrana,
somatocrinin Growth hormone-relea- na kojoj su DNK fragmenti, prethod-
sing hormone. See: growth hormone. no razdvojeni gel elektroforezom,
Hormon rasta - otpuštajući hormon. Vi- transformisani putem kapilarnog de-
di: growth hormone. lovanja.Vidi: blot
somatostatin Growth hormone-inhibi- Southern hybridization A procedure in
ting hormone. See: growth hormo- which a cloned, labelled segment of
ne. DNA is hybridized to DNA restric-
Hormon rasta - inhibirajući hormon. Vi- tion fragments on a Southern blot.
di: growth hormone. Postupak u kojem je kloniran, obeležen
somatotropin See: growth hormone. segment DNK, hibridizovan sa DNK
Vidi: growth hormone. restrikcionim fragmentima na Sout-
sonication Disruption of cells or DNA hern blot-u.
molecules by high frequency sound spacer sequence A DNA sequence se-
waves. parating neighbouring genes; spacer
Uništenje ćelija ili molekula DNK viso- sequences are not usually transcri-
kofrekventnim zvučnim talasima. bed.
304
SPAR sperm sexing
305
spermatid spike
306
spikelet sporangium
wers are sessile. 2. The deliberate ad- egzoma. Sinonim: editing. 2. U teh-
dition of a known quantity of a nologiji rekombinantne DNK, izraz
known substance to an analytical se odnosi na ligaciju dva fragmenta
sample, used to validate the analyti- DNK.
cal technique. splicing junction The DNA sequence
1. Cvast, u kojoj je glavna osa izdužena, immediately surrounding the boun-
a cvetovi su pričvršćeni direktno na dary between an exon and an intron.
stablo. 2. Promišljeno dodavanje po- There is a degree of sequence con-
znate količine poznate supstance servation in these regions, allowing
analitičkom uzorku, korišćenom za the identification of introns in newly
vrednovanje analitičke tehnike. sequenced genes.
spikelet The unit of inflorescence in DNK sekvenca,neposredno okružavaju-
grasses, made up of a small group of ći granicu između egzona i introna.
florets. Postoji stepen konzervacije sekvence
Jedinica cvetanja u trava, formirana od u tim regionima, koji omogućavaju
male grupe cvetića. identifikaciju introna u novo sekven-
spindle An intracellular fibrous structu- ciranih gena.
re, involved in the control of chro- split gene In eukaryotes, the encoding
mosome movement in mitosis and DNA of many structural genes is ma-
de up of exons and introns. This
meiosis.
commonly found pattern of interrup-
Intraćelijska fibrozna struktura, uključe-
tion in the coding sequence is refer-
na u kontrolu kretanja hromozoma u
red to as a ‘split gene’.
mitozi i mejozi. U eukariota, enkodiranje DNK mnogih
spliceosome A complex of small nucle- strukturnih gena se sastoji od egzona
ar ribonucleoproteins and other i introna. Ovaj zajednički nađen tip
proteins that assemble on an imma- prekidanja u kodirajuće sekvence zo-
ture mRNA and catalyse the excisi- ve se „razdvojeni gen“.
on of an intron. See: splicing. spontaneous mutation A mutation oc-
Komlpeks malih nuklearnih ribonukleo- curring in the absence of any known
proteina i drugih proteina koji se mutagen.
skupljaju na nezreloj mRNK i katali- Mutacija koja nastaje u odsustvu bilo
zuju odsecanje introna. Vidi: spli- kojeg poznatog mutagena.
cing. sporangium (pl.: sporangia) A repro-
splicing 1. During the maturation of ductive structure in plants that pro-
eukaryotic mRNA, the process that duces spores. A megasporangium
removes intron sequences and cova- produces megaspores, which give ri-
lently joins exon sequences. Syno- se to the female gametophyte; in
nym: editing. 2. In recombinant seed plants it is represented by the
DNA technology, the term refers to ovule. A microsporangium produces
the ligation of two fragments of microspores, which give rise to the
DNA together. male gametophyte; it is represented
1.Tokom sazrevanja eukariotske mRNK, in seed plants by the pollen sac.
proces koji odstranjuje sekvence in- Reproduktivna struktura biljaka koje
trona i kovalentno spaja sekvence proizvode spore. Megasporangium
307
spore staggered cuts
308
stamen steady state
309
stele stirred-tank fermenter
310
stock stop codon
Posuda za rast u kojoj se ćelije ili miko- ated pair of guard cells. Synonym:
roorganizmi mešaju pokretačima na stomate. See: stomatal complex.
mehanički pogon. 1. Bilo koji od različitih malih otvora ili
stock The lower portion of a graft. See: pora u životinjskom telu, naročito
rootstock. otvor koji podseća na usta u različitih
Donji deo kalema. Vidi: rootstock. beskičmenjaka. 2.Pora u epidermisu
stock plant The source plant from lista ili stabla biljke, koja omogućuje
which cuttings or explants are obtai- razmenu gasova, uključujući vodenu
ned. Stock plants should be well ma- paru, u, i iz međućelijskih prostora.
intained to optimize explant and cut- Ponekad korišćen slobodno, odnosi
ting quality. se na poru zajedno sa povezanim pa-
Izvorna biljka od koje se dobijaju eks- rom ćelija koje formiraju stomu. Si-
planti ili kalemi. Te biljke bi trebalo nonim: stomate. Vidi: stomatal com-
dobro održavati da se optimizuje plex.
eksplant i kvalitet odrezaka. stomatal complex Includes the stoma,
stock solution Pre-prepared solution of together with its guard cells and,
when present, any related subsidiary
commonly used reagents.
cells.
Prethodno pripremljeni rastvor uobiča-
Uključuje stomu, zajedno sa ćelijana ko-
jeno korišćenih reagenasa.
je je formiraju, i kada su prisutne bi-
stolon A lateral stem that grows hori- lo koje srodne pomoćne ćelije.
zontally along the ground surface. stomatal index A measurement of the
Used by some plant species as a mec- surface density of stomata. This pa-
hanism for dispersal, since stolon no- rameter has been found useful in
des can differentiate into normal comparing leaves of different sizes.
stems and roots, giving rise to a da- Relative humidity and light intensity
ughter plant removed from the pa- during leaf development affect the
rent. value of stomatal index.
Bočno stablo koje raste horizontalno Merenje površinske gustine stoma. Taj
duž površine tla. Neke biljne vrste ga parametar je koristan pri poređenju
koriste kao mehanizam za širenje, listova različite veličine. Relativna
pošto se nodusi stolona mogu dife- vlažnost i intenzitet svetlosti tokom
rencirati u normalna stabla i korene, razvića lista utiču na vrednost stoma-
omogućavajući rast biljki ćerki od- talnog indeksa.
stranjenoj od roditelja. stop codon A set of three nucleotides
stoma (pl.: stomata) 1. Any of various for which there is no corresponding
small openings or pores in an animal tRNA molecule to insert an amino
body, especially an opening resem- acid into the polypeptide chain.
bling a mouth in various invertebra- Protein synthesis is hence termina-
tes. 2. A pore in the epidermis of the ted and the completed polypeptide
leaf or stem of a plant, which allows released from the ribosome. Three
the exchange of gases, including wa- stop codons are known: UAA (oc-
ter vapour, to and from the intercellu- hre), UAG (amber) and UGA (opal).
lar spaces. Sometimes used loosely to Synonyms: chain terminator; non-
refer to the pore along with its associ- sense codon, termination codon.
311
STR structural gene
Tri nukleotida za kojeg nema odgovara- Neoptimalna stanja za rast. Stresovi mo-
jućeg tRNK molekula da ubaci ami- gu da budu izazvani biotičkim (pato-
nokiselinu u polipeptidni lanac. Sin- geni, štetočine) ili abiotičkim fakto-
teza proteina je tada završena i kom- rima (sredina, kao što je toplota, su-
pletan polipeptid se otpušta iz ribo- ša, itd.).
zoma. Tri stop kodona su poznata: stress protein See: heat shock protein.
UAA (žuti), UAG (ćilibarni) i UGA Vidi: heat shock protein.
(opalni). Sinonimi: chain terminator, stringency Reaction conditions (notably
nonsense codon, termination codon. temperature, salt concentration and
STR Abbreviation for sequence tan- pH) that affect the annealing process
dem repeat. See: tandem repeat. of single-stranded DNA or RNA to
Skraćenica za sequence tandem repeat. make double-stranded DNA or
Vidi: tandem repeat. RNA, or DNA/RNA hybrids. At high
strain A group of individuals derived by stringency, duplexes form only bet-
descent from a single individual wit- ween strands with perfect comple-
hin a species. mentarity; lower stringency allows
Grupa individua nastala poreklom od the annealing of strands with some
jedne individue u okviru vrste. degree of mismatch.
stratification Subjection of moist seeds Uslovi reagovanja (najviše temperatura,
to a period of low temperature (+2 to koncentracija soli i pH) koji utiču na
+4 °C) to break dormancy. proces ojačavanja jednolančane
Podvrgavanje vlažnih semena periodu DNK ili RNK da se stvore dvolanča-
niske temperature (+2 do +4°C) da bi ne DNK i RNK, ili hibridi DNK /
se prekinulo mirovanje. RNK. Pri visokom očvršćavanju du-
streptavidin A microbial protein with a pleksi se obrazuju samo između la-
high affinity for the B complex vita- naca sa perfektnom komplementar-
min biotin. The specific interaction nošću; niža stringentnost omogućava
of these two molecules has been ex- ojačavanje lanaca sa izvesnim stepe-
ploited in labelling technology and nom nesaglasnosti.
in applications where a specific mo- stringent plasmid A plasmid that can
lecule needs to be captured or puri- only replicate at the same time as do-
fied. es the main bacterial chromosome,
Mikrobiološki protein sa visokim afini- and is present as a single or, at most,
tetom za B kompleks vitamin biotin. several copies per cell.
Specifična interakcija dva molekula Plazmid koji se može replicirati u isto
je korišćena u tehnologiji obeležava- vreme kao što čini glavni bakterijski
nja, i primenjuje se tamo gde specifi- hromozom, i prisutan je kao jedna, ili
čan molekul treba da se zauzme ili najviše nekoliko kopija po ćeliji.
prečisti. stroma The supporting connective tis-
stress Non-optimal conditions for sue of an organ or plastid.
growth. Stresses may be imposed by Podržavajuće vezivno tkivo nekog orga-
biotic (pathogens, pests) or abiotic na ili plastida.
(environment, such as heat, drought structural gene A gene that encodes a
etc.) factors. polypeptide, with either enzymatic or
312
structure-functionalism substrate
313
sub-unit vaccine supercoiled plasmid
sub-unit vaccine One or more immuno- that declared that genetically engine-
genic proteins, either purified from ered organisms were patentable. See:
the pathogen itself or produced from Chakrabarty decision
a cloned pathogen gene. A vaccine Žargon za posebno stvorenu vrstu Pseu-
composed of a purified antigenic de- domonas-a, u kojoj su razni geni koji
terminant that is separated from the dovode do razgradnje ugljovodoni-
virulent organism. ka, koji vode poreklo od različitih
Jedan ili više imunogenih proteina, bilo plazmida, kombinovani u jedan ge-
pročišćenih od samog patogena ili notip. To je obezbedilo osnovu za ra-
proizvedenih od kloniranog gena pa- nije postavljanje pravne odluke koja
togena. Vakcina, sastavljena od pre- je objavila da su organizmi dobijeni
čišćene antigenske determinante koja genetičkim inženjeringom bili spo-
je razdvojena od virulentnog organi- sobni za patentiranje. Vidi: Chakra-
zma. barty decision.
sucker A shoot that arises from an un- supercoil The conformation of a dou-
derground root or stem. Of particu- ble-stranded DNA molecule placed
lar significance to grafted plants, sin- under torsional stress as a result of
ce the sucker will be genotypically interactions with proteins. The stress
rootstock, rather than scion. is accommodated by a twist imposed
Izdanak koji nastaje od podzemnog ko- on the duplex. A left-handed super-
rena ili stabla. Od posebnog značaja coil favours unwinding of the dou-
za kalemljene biljke, pošto će izda- ble helix; a right-handed supercoil
nak biti genotipski potporni koren, favours tighter winding.
pre nego kalem. Konformacija dvolančanog DNK mole-
suckering Type of vegetative propaga- kula, postavljenog pod torzioni stres,
tion where lateral buds grow out to kao rezultat interakcije sa proteini-
produce an individual that is a clone ma. Stres je podešen putem stavlja-
of the parent. nja spiralizanje na dupleks. Uvrtanje
Tip vegetativnog razmnožavanja, gde spirale na levo utiče na odvijanje
bočni pupoljci izrastaju da proizvedu dvostrukog heliksa; uvijanje spirale
individuu koja je klon roditelja. na desno utiče na jaču spiralizaciju.
sucrose density gradient centrifuga- supercoiled plasmid The predominant
tion A procedure used to fractionate in vivo form of most plasmids, in
nucleic acids on the basis of their size. which the DNA is coiled around hi-
Postupak, korišćen za frakcionisanje nu- stone-like proteins. When supporting
kleinskih kiselina na bazi njihove ve- proteins are stripped away during
ličine. DNA extraction from the bacterial
superbug Jargon for a particular engi- cell, the plasmid molecule also tends
neered strain of Pseudomonas, in to supercoil around itself in vitro.
which various hydrocarbon-degra- Prediminantan in vivo oblik većine pla-
ding genes, derived from different zmida, u kojima je DNK obavijena
plasmids, were combined into one oko proteina sličnih histonu. Kada se
genotype. This provided the basis for podržavajući proteini odstrane tokom
the precedent-setting legal decision ekstrakcije DNK iz bakterijske ćelije,
314
supergene synaptonemal complex
315
synchronous culture synteny
structure formed between paired ho- Jedan od dva haploidna nukleusa na mi-
mologous chromosomes at the end kropilarnom kraju embrionalne kese
of the first meiotic prophase. The u viših biljaka. Treći nukleus je jajna
SC binds the chromatids along their ćelija.
length, and facilitates crossing over. synergism An interaction between two
(Skraćenica: SC) Trakasta proteinadna organisms (e.g. Rhizobium and legu-
struktura koja se formira između ho- mes) in which the growth of one is
molognih hromozoma na kraju pro- helped by the other. Opposite: anta-
faze prve mejotičke deobe. SC vezu- gonism.
je hromatide po dužini, i omogućava Interakcija između dva organizma (na
pojavu krosing-over-a. pr. Rhizobium i leguminoze) u kojoj
synchronous culture A culture in which je rast jednog pomognut drugim. Su-
the cell cycle is synchronized for the protno: antagonizam.
majority of the cells present. Syn- syngamy Synonym of fertilization.
chrony can be induced by the addi- Sinonim za oplođenje.
tion of drugs which arrest the cell synkaryon The initial hybrid nucleus
cycle at specific stages. of the zygote, formed by the fusion
Kultura u kojoj je ćelijski ciklus sinhro- of the gametic nuclei upon fertiliza-
nizovan za većinu prisutnih ćelija. tion. A hybrid nucleus formed by the
Sinhronija može biti izazvana doda- fusion of two different somatic cells
vanjem lekova koji usporavaju ćelij- during somatic cell hybridization is
ski ciklus u specifičnim stadijumima. called a heterokaryon.
syncytium A group of cells in which Početni hibridni nukleus zigota, obrazo-
cytoplasmic continuity is maintained; van putem spajanja nukleusa gameta
the effect is of a multinucleate cell. posle oplođavanja. Hibridni nukleus,
Grupa ćelija u kojoj se održava citopla- formiran fuzijom dve različite so-
zmatski kontinuitet; efekt je višenu- matske ćelije tokom hibridizacije so-
kleatna ćelija. matskih ćelija, zove se heterokarion.
syndrome A group of specific charac- synteny The occurrence of two or more
ters that occur together, and are cha- loci on the same chromosome, wit-
racteristic of a particular disease or hout regard to their genetic linkage.
genetic condition (e.g. Down’s syn- Increasingly used to describe the
drome). conservation of gene order between
Grupa specifičnih osobina koje se ispo- related species.
ljavaju zajedno i karakteristični su za Pojam dva ili više lokusa na istom hro-
određenu bolest ili genetičko stanje mozomu, bez obzira na njihovu ge-
(na pr. Down-ov sindrom). netičku vezanost. Koriste se za opisi-
synergid One of the two haploid nuclei vanje konzervacije rasporeda gena
at the micropylar end of the embryo među srodnim vrstama.
sac of higher plants. The third nucle-
us is the egg.
316
T
T Abbreviation for thymine. plant is T0, its immediate progeny is
Skraćenica za timin. T1, and the progeny of the T1 are T2
T cell Lymphocytes which pass through plants etc. Of particular interest is the
the thymus gland during maturation. stability of transgene expression
Different kinds of T cells play impor- from T0 to T2, and beyond.
tant roles in the immune response. Sukcesivne generacije biljaka, sledeći
Synonym: T lymphocyte. See: T-cell- transformaciju. Roditeljska transfor-
mediated (cellular) immune re- misana biljka je T0, njeno neposred-
sponse. no potomstvo je T1, a potomstvo od
Limfociti koji prolaze kroz timusnu žle- T1 su T2 biljke itd. Od posebnog in-
zdu tokom sazrevanja. Različite vrste teresa je stabilnost transgenog ispo-
T ćelija igraju važnu ulogu u imuno- ljavanja od T0 do T2 i nadalje.
reagovanju. Sinonim: T lymphocite. T4 DNA ligase An enzyme, present in
Vidi: T-cell-mediated (cellular) im- bacteria infected with bacteriophage
mune response. T4, which catalyses the joining (liga-
T cell receptor An antigen-binding tion) of, and repairs nicks in, duplex
protein, located on the surface of
DNA molecules. Ligation activity re-
mammalian killer T cells, which me-
quires that one DNA molecule has a
diates the cellular immune response.
T cell antigen encoding genes are 5’-phosphate group, and that the other
assembled from gene segments by has a free 3’-hydroxyl group.
somatic recombination processes Enzim, prisutan u bakterijama inficira-
that occur during lymphocyte diffe- nim bakteriofagom T4, koji katalizu-
rentiation. je sjedinjavanje (ligaciju) od, i po-
Protein vezan antigenom vezujući pro- pravlja podesnost u molekulima du-
tein, lociran na površini T ćelija ubi- pleksa DNK. Aktivnost ligacije zah-
ca sisara, koje posreduju ćelijskom teva da jedan molekul DNK ima 5’-
imunoreagovanju. T ćelijski antigen fosfatnu grupu, a drugi da ima slo-
enkodirajući geni su sastavljeni od bodnu 3’-hidroksilnu grupu.
genskih segmenata procesom somat- tag See: label.
ske rekombinacije, koji nastaju to- Vidi: label.
kom diferencijacije limfocita. tailing The in vitro addition, to the 3’-
T lymphocyte See: T cell. hydroxyl ends of a double-stranded
Vidi: T cell. DNA molecule, of multiple copies of
T0, T1 and T2 Successive generations a single nucleotide by the enzyme
of plants following a transforma- terminal transferase. Synonym: ho-
tion event. The parent transformed mopolymeric tailing.
317
tandem array targeting vector
318
TATA box telomere
319
telophase terminator
320
terminator codon tetrad
321
tetraploid thermophile
322
thermosensitivity thymidylic acid
323
thymine toxin
thymine (Abbreviation: T). One the ba- ranja vidljivog taloga kada je izazvan
ses found in DNA. See: thymidine. odgovarajućim antigenom.
(Skraćenica: T) Jedna od baza koja se tk Abbreviation for thymidine kinase.
nalazi DNK. Vidi: thymidine. Skraćenica za thymidine kinase.
Ti plasmid Tumour-inducing plasmid. A TMP Abbreviation for the deoxyribo-
large plasmid present in pathogenic nucleotide thymidine 5’-monop-
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, respon- hosphate. See: thymidylic acid.
sible for the induction of tumours in Skraćenica za deoksiribonukleotid
plant with crown gall disease. Engi- thymidine 5’-monophosphate. Vidi:
neered forms of this plasmid are cen- thymidylic acid.
tral to the production of transgenics tolerance Incomplete resistance to a gi-
in many crop species. See: T-DNA. ven biotic or abiotic stress. Tolerant
Plazmid izazivač tumora. Veliki pla- genotypes are less inhibited by the
zmid prisutan u patogenom Agro- stress, but are not immune.
bacterium tumefaciens-u, odgovor- Nepotpuna rezistentnost na dati biotički
nom za indukciju tumora u biljaka ili abiotički stres. Tolerantni genoti-
koje imaju rak. Proizvedeni oblici povi su manje inhibirani stresom, ali
tog plazmida su glavni za proizvod- nisu imuni.
nju transgenika u mnogim prilika- tonoplast The cytoplasmic membrane
ma. Vidi: T-DNK. bordering the vacuole of plant cells.
tissue A group of cells of similar struc- It plays a prominent role in regula-
ture which sometimes performs a ting the osmotic pressure exerted by
special function. the cell sap.
Grupa ćelija slične strukture koje neka- Citoplazmička membrana koja obavija
da obavljaju specijalnu funkciju. vakuole ili biljne ćelije. Igra važnu
tissue culture The in vitro culture of ulogu u regulisanju osmotskog priti-
cells, tissues or organs in a nutrient ska ćelijskog soka.
medium under sterile conditions. topo-isomerase See: DNA topo-isome-
In vitro kultura ćelija, tkiva ili organa u rase.
hranljivom medijumu pod sterilnim Vidi: DNK topo-isomerase.
uslovima. totipotency The ability of a cell or tis-
titre 1. The concentration of infectious sue to be induced to regenerate into a
virus particles present in a suspen- complete organism.
sion. 2. A measure of antibody con- Sposobnost ćelije ili tkiva da se regene-
centration, given by the highest dilu- rišu u kompletan organizam.
tion of the sample that results either in totipotent (adj.) See: totipotency.
a useable immunoassay, or in the for- Vidi: totipotency.
mation of visible precipitate when toxicity The extent to which a toxic
challenged by the appropriate antigen. compound negatively affects a given
1. Koncentracija infektivnih delića viru- trait.
sa, prisutnih u suspenziji. 2. Mera Obim do kojeg toksično jedinjenje ne-
koncentracije antitela, data najvećim gativo utiče na datu osobinu.
razređenjem uzorka, koja dovodi do toxin A compound produced by one or-
korisne imunodijagnostike, ili formi- ganism, which is deleterious to the
324
tracer transcript
325
transcription transformant
326
transformation transient expression
događaja transformacije. Sekundar- ten, but not always, the transgene has
no: potomstvo primarnog transfor- been derived from a different species
manta. than that of the recipient.
transformation 1. The uptake and inte- Izolovana sekvenca gena korišćena da
gration of DNA in a cell, in which transformiše organizam. Često, ali ne
the introduced DNA is intended to uvek, transgen je poreklom od razli-
change the phenotype of the recipi- čitih vrsta u odnosu na recipijenta.
ent organism in a predictable man- transgenesis The introduction of a gene
ner. 2. The conversion, by various or genes into animal or plant cells,
means, of cultured animal cells from which leads to the transmission of
controlled to uncontrolled cell the input gene (transgene) to succes-
growth, typically through infection sive generations.
with a tumour virus or transfection Unošenje gena ili više gena u životinj-
with an oncogene. ske ili biljne ćelije, što vodi prenoše-
1. Usvajanje i integracija DNK u ćeliji, nju input gena (transgena) na sledeće
u kojoj je uvedena DNK namenjena generacije.
da menja fenotip organizma recipi- transgenic An individual in which a
jenta na predvidljiv način. 2. Kon-
transgene has been integrated into its
verzija, različitim načinima, kultivi-
genome. In transgenic eukaryotes, the
sanih životinjskih ćelija od kontroli-
transgene must be transmitted thro-
sanog do nekontrolisanog rasta ćeli-
ja, obično kroz infekciju sa virusom ugh meiosis to allow its inheritance
tumora ili transfekcijom sa onkoge- by the offspring.
nom. Individua u kojoj je transgen integrisan
transformation efficiency or frequ- u njen genom. U transgenih eukario-
ency The fraction of a cell popula- ta transgen mora biti prenet putem
tion that takes up and integrates the mejoze kako bi se omogućilo njego-
introduced transgene; expressed as vo nasleđivanje od strane potomstva.
the number of transformed cells re- transgressive variation The appearan-
covered divided by the total number ce, in a segregating generation, of in-
of cells in a population. dividuals showing expression of a
Frakcija populacije ćelija koja usvaja i trait outside the extremes defined by
integriše uvedene transgene; izraže- the parent of the cross that was used
na kao broj transformisanih ćelija to generate the population.
koji je oporavljen, podeljen sa ukup- Pojava u generaciji razdvajanja od indi-
nim brojem ćelija u populaciji. vidua koje pokazuju ispoljavanje
transforming oncogene A gene that, osobine izvan ekstrema definisanih
upon transfection, converts a previ- od roditelja hibrida, koji je korišćen
ously immortalized cell to the malig- za stvaranje populacije.
nant phenotype. transient expression Short-term acti-
Gen koji, posle transfekcije, pretvara vity of a transgene following its in-
prethodno obesmrćenu ćeliju do ma- troduction into target tissue. Transi-
lignog fenotipa. ent expression usually implies non-
transgene An isolated gene sequence integration of the transgene into the
used to transform an organism. Of- host genome.
327
transition transposition
328
transposon triplet
ween the transposon and the target tribrid protein A fusion protein that
DNA. has three segments, each encoded by
Proces, kojim transpozon ili sekvenca parts of different genes.
insercije se umeće na novo mesto, na Fuzija proteina koji ima tri segmenta, od
istom ili drugom molekulu DNK. Ta- kojih je svaki enkodiran delovima
čan mehanizam nije potpuno razja- različitih gena.
šnjen i različiti transpozoni mogu se trichome A short filament of cells, re-
premeštati različitim mehanizmima. sulting in a hair-like structure.
Premeštanje u bakterija ne zahteva Kratak filament ćelija, nastao u strukturi
obimnu DNK homologiju između sličnoj kosi.
transpozona i ciljne DNK. tri-hybrid The hybrid offspring of a
transposon Synonym of transposable cross between parents carrying con-
genetic element. trasting alleles at three loci.
Sinonim od transposable genetic ele- Hibridno potomstvo nastalo iz ukrštanja
ment. između roditelja koji su nosili razli-
transposon tagging A method of gene čite alele na tri lokusa.
isolation that exploits the disruption trinucleotide repeat Tandem repeats of
of normal gene expression that is the three nucleotides that are present in
result of an insertion of a transposon many genes. Commonly trinucleoti-
within, or close to the target. Since de repeats have undergone variable
expansion in copy number, forming
the sequence of the transposon is
the basis of microsatellite markers,
known, this can be used as a DNA
and occasionally resulting in the for-
probe to define the DNA fragment
mation of alleles giving rise to gene-
containing the target gene. Large-
tic disease.
scale experiments to generate popu- Tandemska ponavljanja tri nukleotida
lations of gene mutations are collo- koji su prisutni u mnogim genima.
quially referred to as gene machines. Obično su trinukleotidna ponavljanja
Metod izolacije gena, koji koristi uništa- podvrgnuta različitoj ekspanziji u
vanje normalnog ispoljavanja gena, broju kopija, formirajući osnovu mi-
koje je rezultat uvođenja transpozona krosatelitskih markera, i povremeno
u njega, ili blisko cilju. Pošto je se- dovodeći do formiranja alela, koji
kvenca transpozona poznata, može utiču na pojavu genetičkih bolesti.
koristiti kao DNK proba da se defini- tripartite mating A process in which co-
še DNK fragment koji sadrži ciljni njugation is used to transfer a pla-
gen. Veliki eksperimenti za stvaranje smid vector to a target cell when the
populacija mutacija gena se zovu plasmid vector is not self-mobiliza-
genske mašine. ble.
transversion The substitution in DNA Proces u kojem se koristi konjugacija za
or RNA of one purine by a pyrimi- prenos plazmidnog vektora na ciljnu
dine or vice versa. See: transition, ćeliju, kada plasmidni vektor nije sa-
base substitution. momobilan.
Zamena u DNK ili RNK jednog purina triplet A sequential group of three nuc-
pirimidinom ili vice versa. Vidi: tran- leotides in DNA or RNA. See: co-
sition, base substitution. don.
329
triploid tumble tube
330
tumor-suppressor gene Twin
331
U
U Abbreviation for uracil. unencapsidated A virus not enclosed
Skraćenica za uracil. by a coat protein or capsid.
ubiquitin A small protein, present in all Virus koji nije okružen zaštitnim protei-
eukaryotic cells, which plays an im- nom ili omotačem.
portant role in tagging proteins de- unequal crossing over Abnormal meio-
stined for proteolytic cleavage (be- tic event, in which one chromatid
cause they are damaged or no longer contains a duplication and the other
needed). a deletion. Often arises in a region
Mali protein, prisutan u svim eukariot-
containing repeated DNA sequences,
skim ćelijama, koji igra važnu ulogu
u obeležavanju proteina namenjenih which can pair out of register.
za proteolitičko razdvajanje (pošto Abnormalna mejoza, u kojoj jedna hro-
su oni oštećeni ili više nisu potrebni). matida sadrži duplikaciju, a drugi de-
ultrasonication See: sonication. liciju. Često se pojavljuje u regionu
Vidi: sonication. koji sadrži ponovljene DNK sekven-
UMP Abbreviation for the (ribo)nucle- ce, koje se mogu pariti neubičajeno.
otide uridine 5’-monophosphate. unicellular Tissues, organs or orga-
See: uridylic acid. nisms consisting of a single cell.
Skraćenica za (ribo)nucleotide uridine Tkiva, organi ili organizmi koji se satoje
5’monophosphate. Vidi: uridylic acid. od jedne ćelije.
understock Host plant for a grafted uniparental inheritance The inheritan-
scion, a branch or shoot from another ce of genes exclusively from one pa-
plant; an understock may be a fully rent, e.g. chloroplast DNA is inheri-
grown tree or a stump with a living ted either maternally (many angio-
root system. sperms) or paternally (most gymno-
Biljka domaćin za kalem izdanak, granu sperms).
ili izdanak od druge biljke; podloga
Nasleđivanje gena isključivo od jednog
može biti potpuno odraslo drvo ili
panj, sa živim korenovim sistemon. roditelja, na pr. DNK hloroplasta se
undifferentiated Undifferentiated cells nasleđuje po majci (mnoge angio-
are those which have not been com- sperme) ili po ocu (većina gimno-
mitted to become part of a speciali- sperme).
zed tissue. unisexual Higher organisms (animals or
Nediferencirane ćelije su one koje nisu plants) possessing either male or fe-
bile predviđene da postanu deo spe- male reproductive organs, but not
cijalizovanog tkiva. both.
332
univalent uridylic acid
Viši organizmi (životinje ili biljke), koji materials for a fermentation pro-
poseduju bilo muške ili ženske re- cess. Also called upstream proces-
produktivne organe, ali ne oba. sing.
univalent An unpaired chromosome at 1. Pružanje DNK koja leži u 5’ smeru od
the first division of meiosis. mesta koje se razmatra. Gde je refe-
Neparni hromozom u prvoj mejotičkoj rencna tačka započinjanje transkrip-
deobi. cije, prva transkribovana baza je
universal donor cell Cells that, after in- označena sa +1, a uzvodni nukleotidi
troduction into a recipient, will not se označavaju sa znacima minus, na
induce an immune response that le- pr. -1, -10; 2.U hemijskom inženje-
ads to their rejection. ringu, one faze proizvodnog procesa
Ćelije koje, posle uvođenja u recipijent, koje prethode koraku biotransforma-
neće izazvati imunoreagovanje koje cije. Odnose se na pripremu sirovina
vodi njihovom odbijanju. za fermentacioni proces. Takođe se
universality Referring to the genetic co- naziva upstream processing.
de, the triplet codons are translated to Upstream processing See: upstream
the same amino acid, with minor ex- (2).
ceptions, in virtually all species. Vidi: upstream (2).
Odnosi se na genetički kod, triplet kodo- uracil (Abbreviation: U). One the bases
ni se sinetizuju u istu aminokiselinu, found in RNA. See: uridine.
sa malim izuzecima, i gotovo u svih (Skraćenica: U) Jedna od baza nađenih u
vrsta. RNK. Vidi: uridine.
unorganized growth In vitro formation uridine The (ribo)nucleoside resulting
of tissues with few differentiated cell from the combination of the base
types and no recognizable structure; uracil (U) and the sugar D-ribose.
typical structure of calli formed in See: uridylic acid, uridine trip-
tissue culture. Opposite: organized hosphate.
growth. (Ribo)nukleozid koji nastje iz kombina-
In vitro formiranje tkiva sa malo dife- cije baze uracila (U) i šećera D-ribo-
renciranim ćelijskim tipovima i bez ze. Vidi: uridylic acid, uridine trip-
prepoznatljive strukture; tipična hosphate.
struktura kalusa formirana u kulturi uridine triphosphate (uridine 5’-trip-
tkiva. Suprotno: organized growth. hosphate) (Abbreviation: UTP). Re-
upstream 1. The stretch of DNA lying quired for RNA synthesis since it is a
in the 5’ direction from the site being direct precursor molecule. See:
considered. Where the reference po- uridylic acid.
int is the initiation of transcription, (Skraćenica: UTP) Potreban za sintezu
the first transcribed base is designa- RNK, pošto je direktan prekursor
ted +1 and upstream nucleotides are molekul. Vidi: uridylic acid.
marked with minus signs, e.g. -1, - uridylic acid Synonym for uridine 5’-
10; 2. In chemical engineering, those monophosphate (abbreviation:
phases of a manufacturing process UMP), a (ribo)nucleotide containing
that precede the biotransformation the base uracil. See: uridine trip-
step. Refers to the preparation of raw hosphate.
333
utilization of farm animal genetic resources UTP
334
V
V region Variable region in antibodies. perimentalno, kao nosač gena za an-
See: CDR. tigenične determinante, klonirane od
Varijabilan region u antitelima. Vidi: drugih organizama bolesti.
CDR. vacuole A fluid-filled membrane-bound
v/v Abbreviation for volume per volu- cavity inside many plant cells, in
me. The relative proportion of each which various plant products and by-
liquid in a mixture. products are stored.
Skraćenica za zapreminu po zapremini. Tečnošću napunjena, šupljina oivičena
Relativna proporcija svake tečnosi u membranom unutar mnogih biljnih
smeši. ćelija, u kojoj su skladišteni različiti
Vaccination See: preventive immuni- produkti.
zation. variable domain Regions of antibody
Vidi: preventive immunization. molecules that have different amino
vaccine A preparation of dead or attenu- acid sequences in different antibody
ated (weakened) pathogens, or of molecules. These regions are respon-
derived antigenic determinants, that sible for the antigen-binding specifi-
can induce the formation of antibodi- city of the antibody.
es in a host, and thereby produce Regioni molekula antitela, koji imaju
host immunity against the pathogen. različite sekvence aminokiselina u
See: sub-unit vaccine, viral vacci- različitim molekulima antitela. Ti re-
ne, DNA vaccine, inoculum. gioni su odgovorni za specifičnost
Preparat mrtvih ili atenuiranih (oslablje- antitela za vezivanja antigena.
nih) patogena, ili antigeničnih deter- variable expressivity Variation in the
minanata, koje mogu da izazovu for- phenotype caused by different alle-
miranje antitela u domaćina, i time les of the same gene and/or by the
proizvedu imunitet domaćina prema action of other genes and/or by the
patogenu. Vidi: sub-unit vaccine, vi- action of non-genetic factors.
ral vaccine, DNK vaccine, inoculum. Varijacija u fenotipu, izazvana različitim
Vaccinia The cowpox virus used to alelima istog gena i/ili delovanjem
vaccinate against smallpox and, ex- drugih gena i/ili dejstvom negenetič-
perimentally, as a carrier of genes kih faktora.
for antigenic determinants cloned variable number tandem repeat (Ab-
from other disease organisms. breviation: VNTR). A DNA sequen-
Virus boginja goveda, korišćen za vak- ce, present as tandem repeats, for
cinaciju protiv malih boginja, i, eks- which the number of copies varies
335
variable surface glycoprotein vascular plant
336
vascular system viability test
337
viable virus-tested
338
vitamin VSG
339
W
w/v Abbreviation for weight per volu- water stress Occurs when plants are
me. The relative proportions of solid unable to absorb enough water to re-
and liquid in a solution. place that lost by transpiration.
Skraćenica za weight per volume. Rela- Short-term water stress leads to tur-
tivne proporcije čvrastih materija i gor loss (wilting). Prolonged stress
tečnosti u rastvoru. leads to cessation of growth, and
walking See: chromosome walking; eventually plant death.
primer walking. Nastaje kada biljke nisu u stanju da ap-
Vidi: chromosome walking; primer wal- sorbuju dovoljno vode, da zamene
king. onu izgubljenu transpiracijom. Krat-
wall pressure Pressure that a cell wall kotrajni vodeni stres vodi gubitku
exerts against the turgor of the cell turgora (venjenju). Produženi stres
contents. Wall pressure is equal and dovodi prestanku rasta, i konačno
opposite to the turgor potential. ugibanju biljke.
Pritisak koji ispoljava ćelijski zid protiv wax Water-insoluble esters of long-
turgora sadržaja ćelije. Pritisak zida chain acids with long-chain alcohols.
je jednak i suprotan potencijalu tur-
Waxes form protective waterproof
gora.
layers on leaves, stems, fruits, animal
wash-out The loss of the slower gro-
fur and integuments of insects.
wing micro-organism when two or-
ganisms are being grown together. Vodno-nerastvorljivi estri kiselina du-
Gubitak mikroorganizma koji sporije ra- gog lanca, sa alkoholima dugog lan-
ste kada dva organizma rastu zajedno. ca. Voskovi formiraju zaštitne nepro-
water potential The pressure gradient močive slojeve na listovima, stabli-
that induces the flow of water, parti- ma, plodovima, životinjskom krznu i
cularly with reference to plant water telesnom zidu insekata.
uptake from the soil, comprising the weed A plant growing where it is not
net effects of suction, solutes and wanted. Generally used to describe
matric forces. plants which colonize readily, and
Gradijent pritiska koji izaziva tok vode, can compete for resources with a
posebno u odnosu na preuzimanje planted crop.
vode iz zemljišta od strane biljke, ob- Biljka koja raste gde nije poželjna. Op-
uhvatajući neto efekte usisavanja, šte uzev, termin korišćen da opiše
rastvora i sila matrice. biljke koje se lako kolonizuju, i mo-
water soaked See: vitrified. gu da se takmiče za resurse sa zaseja-
Vidi: vitrified. nim usevom.
340
weediness wobble hypothesis
weediness The ability of a plant to colo- Najčešći alel ili genotip nađen u prirodi,
nize a disturbed habitat and compete ili specifikovan organizam prema
with cultivated species. kojem su mutanti definisani.
Sposobnost biljke da kolonizuje zapu- wilt Drooping of stems and foliage due
šteno stanište, i da se takmiči sa kul- to loss of cell turgor. May be caused
tivisanim usevima. by water stress or by disease.
western blot A technique whereby a Malaksalost stabljika i listova usled gu-
complex mixture of size-separated bitka ćelijskog turgora. Može biti
proteins is fixed to a solid support, izazvana vodenim stresom ili bole-
and then probed with a labelled anti- šću.
body. Useful, for example, for the wilting point The moisture content of
measurement of levels of production soil at which plants start to wilt, but
of a specific protein in a particular not to the extent that they fail to reco-
tissue or at particular developmental ver when placed in a humid atmosp-
stage. here. See: permanent wilting point.
Tehnika kojom se kompleksna smeša Sadržaj vlage zemljišta pri kojem biljke
odvojenih po veličini proteina vezuje počinju da venu, ali ne do obima da
za čvrstu podlogu, a zatim testira sa ne mogu da se oporave kada se stave
obeleženim antitelom. Korisna, na u humidnu atmosferu. Vidi: perma-
primer, za merenje nivoa proizvod- nent wilting point.
nje specifičnog proteina u posebnom wobble hypothesis An explanation of
tkivu, ili u određenom razvojnom how one tRNA may recognize more
stadijumu. than one codon. The first two bases
wet weight See: fresh weight. of the mRNA codon and anticodon
Vidi: fresh weight. pair properly, but the third base in
wetting agent A substance (usually a the anticodon has some flexibility
detergent) that improves the contact that permits it to pair with either the
of a liquid to a solid surface by redu- expected base or an alternative.
cing its surface tension. Objašnjenje, kako jedna tRNK može da
Supstanca (obično deterdžent) koja po- prepozna više od jednog kodona. Pr-
boljšava kontakt tečnosti sa čvrstom ve dve baze kodona mRNK i antiko-
površinom, smanjujući njen površin- dona naparuje se ispravno, ali treća
ski napon. baza u antikodonu ima nešto fleksi-
wild type The most frequent allele or bilnosti koja joj dopušta da se pari,
genotype found in nature, or a speci- bilo sa očekivanom ili alternativom
fied organism against which mu- bazom.
tants are defined.
341
X
xanthophyll A yellow oxygen-contai- from pigs to humans. Zoonoses are
ning carotenoid, present in chloro- an important issue.
plasts. Transplantacija tkiva ili organa iz jedne
Žuti karotinoid koji sadrži kiseonik, pri- vrste u drugu vrstu, obično od svinja
sutan u hloroplastima. na ljude. Zoonoze su važno sporno
X-chromosome See: sex chromosome. pitanje.
Vidi: sex chromosome. xerophyte A plant very resistant to dro-
xenia The immediate effect of pollen on ught, typically adapted to extremely
some characters of the endosperm. dry environments.
Neposredan uticaj polena na neke osobi- Biljka, veoma otporna na sušu, posebno
ne endosperma. adaptirana na ekstremno suvu spolj-
xenobiotic A chemical compound that is nu sredinu.
not produced by, and often cannot be X-linked The presence of a gene on the
degraded by, living organisms. X-chromosome.
Hemijsko jedinjenje koje nije proizve- Prisustvo gena na X-hromozomu.
deno od, i često ne može biti degradi- X-linked disease A genetic disease cau-
rano od živih organizama. sed by an allele at a locus on the X-
xenogeneic Refers to organs, geneti- chromosome.
cally engineered („humanized“) to- Genetička bolest, izazvana alelom na lo-
decrease the chance of rejection, that kusu X-hromozoma.
have been grown in an animal of xylem A complex tissue specialized for
another species for potential tran- the conduction of water and mineral
splant to humans. nutrients in solution. Xylem may al-
Odnosi se na organe, dobijene genetič- so function as a supporting tissue,
kim inženjeringom („humanizova-
particularly secondary xylem.
nim“) da bi smanjili šansu za odbija-
Komleksno tkivo, specijalizovano za
nje onih, koji su stvoreni u životinji
sporovođenje vode i mineralnih
druge vrste, za potencijalni tran-
splant ljudima. hranljivih materija u rastvoru. Ksi-
xenotransplantation The transplanta- lem može takođe da funkcioniše kao
tion of tissue or organs from one spe- potporno tkivo, posebno sekundarni
cies to another species, typically ksilem.
342
Y
YAC Abbreviation for yeast artificial (Skraćenica: YAC) Vektor koji može da
chromosome. se razmnožava u pupljenom kvascu
Skraćenica za yeast artificial chromozo- (Saccharomyces pombe), koji se sa-
me. stoji od mineralnih elemenata po-
Y-chromosome See: sex chromosome. trebnih za replikaciju hromozoma, i
Vidi: sex chromosome. omogućava kloniranje velikih frag-
yeast A unicellular ascomycete fungus, menata DNK (stotine kilobaznih pa-
commonly found as a contaminant in rova).
plant tissue culture. yeast episomal vector (Abbreviation:
Jednoćelijksa gljiva askomiceta obično YEp). A cloning plasmid vector for
nađena kao zagađivač u kulturi bilj- the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
nog tkiva. maintained as an extrachromoso-
yeast artificial chromosome (Abbrevi- mal nuclear DNA molecule.
ation: YAC). A vector which can be (Skraćenica: YEp) Klonirajući plazmid-
propagated in budding yeast (Sac- ni vektor za kvasac Saccharomyces
charamyces pombe), consisting of cerevisiae, koji se održava kao eks-
the minimal elements required for a trahromozomalni nuklearni DNK
chromosome to replicate, and allo- molekul.
wing for the cloning of large DNA yeast extract A mixture of substances
fragments (hundreds of kilobase pa- from yeast. See: organic complex..
irs). Smeša supstanci od kvasca. Vidi: orga-
nic complex.
343
Z
Z-DNA A form of DNA, in which the zone of elongation The section of the
double helix is wound in a left-hand, young root or shoot just behind the
instead of a right-hand, manner. DNA apical meristem, in which the cells
adopts the Z conformation when puri- are enlarging and elongating rapidly.
nes and pyrimidines alternate on each Deo mladog korena ili izdanka neposred-
strand, e.g. 5’CGCGCGCG 3’ or no iza vršnog meristema, u kojem se
3’GCGCGCGC5’. Synonym: zig-zag ćelije brzo povećavaju i izdužuju.
DNA. zoo blot Hybridization of cloned DNA
Oblik DNK, u kojem je dvostruki heliks from one species to DNA from a ran-
spiralizovan s leve strane umesto sa ge of other organisms to determine
desne strane. DNK usvaja Z konfor- the extent to which the cloned DNA
maciju kada se purini i pirimidini is evolutionarily conserved.
menjeju na svakom lancu, na pr. Hibridizacija klonirane DNK jedne vr-
5’CGCGCGCG 3’ ili 3’GCGCGCGC ste na DNK drugih organizama, da bi
5’. Sinonim: zig-zag DNK. se odredio obim do kojeg je klonira-
zig-zag DNA See: Z-DNA. na DNK evoluciono konzervisana.
Vidi: Z-DNK. zoo FISH Fluorescence in situ hybridi-
zinc finger A DNA-binding protein zation technique, probing metaphase
motif, characterized by two closely chromosomes of one species with
spaced cysteine and two histidine re- DNA from another species. The tec-
sidues that serve as ligands for a sin- hnique allows inferences to be made
gle Zn2+ ion. When bound, the regarding the evolutionary relation-
structure takes on a conformation in ships between species. See: Fluore-
which amino acid side chains pro- scence in situ hybridization.
trude in a way that allows interaction Fluorescentna in situ tehnika hibridiza-
with the DNA major groove. cije, testiranje hromozoma metafaze
DNK vezujući proteinski koji se karak- jedne vrste sa DNK od drugih vrsta.
teriše sa dva blisko rastavljena ciste- Tehnika omogućava da se donose za-
inska i dva histidinska ostatka, koji ključci koji se odnose na evolucione
služe kao ligandi za jedini Zn2+ jon. odnose između vrsta. Vidi: Fluore-
Kada je vezana, struktura uzima kon- scence in situ hybridization.
formaciju u kojoj aminokiselinski zoonosis A disease that is communica-
bočni lanci strče tako da omogućava ble from animals to humans.
ju interakciju sa glavnom brazdom Bolest koja je prenosiva sa životinja na
DNK. ljude.
344
zoospore zygote
zoospore A spore that possesses flagella zygote The diploid cell formed by the
and is therefore motile. fusion of two haploid gametes du-
Spora koja poseduje bičeve (flagele) i ring fertilization in eukaryotic orga-
zbog toga je pokretna. nisms with sexual reproduction.
zygonema Stage of meiotic prophase Diploidna ćelija, formirana spajanjem
during which chromosome synapsis dve haploidne gamete tokom oplođe-
occurs. nja u eukariotskim organizmima sa
Stanje mejotičke profaze tokom kojeg seksualnom reprodukcijom.
nastaje sinapsis hromozoma. zygotene (adj.) See: zygonema.
zygospore A thick-walled resistant spo- Vidi: zygonema.
re developing from a zygote resul- zymogen Inactive enzyme precursor
ting from the fusion of gametes in that after secretion is chemically al-
the course of isogamy. tered to the active form of the
Otporna spora debelog zida koja se raz- enzyme.
vija iz zigota i nastaje fuzijom game- Neaktivni prekursor enzima koji je po-
ta u toku izogamije. sle lučenja hemijski izmenjen u ak-
tivni oblik enzima.
345
Aneks 1
346
Aneks 2
347
Aneks 3
348
Aneks 4
349
FAO STRUČNI RADOVI
FAO ISTRAŽIVAČKI I TEHNOLOŠKI RADOVI
FAO stručni radovi su na raspolaganju kroz ovlašćene FAO prodajne posrednike ili
direktno od Sales and Marketing Group, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla,
00100 Rome, Italy
350
koluna koluna
Izdavač
Partenon
Simina 9a, Beograda
Za izdavača
Momčilo Mitrović
Urednik
Momčilo Mitrović
Recenzent
Prof. dr Marija Kraljević-Balalić
Prevod
M. Plavšić
T. Čobić
S. Stojanović
Tehnički sekretar
Zorica Stojanović
Štampa
Budućnost, Novi Sad
Tiraž
500 primeraka
ISBN 978–7157–355–9
351
Objavljivanje ove knjige pomogli su:
352