Cr,4rpxauue 7
/Xaparrep Ha apxnreKrypara
Cr,4rpxanue
Ilpe4ronop........ . ............ 5
Tepunnn........... .............8
Br,seAelue '.. ...... ... ... l1
Apxnrexrypara Karo aBToHoMeH rlpoqec
Apxurerrypa: 3aucuMocr u aeronoum.... 14
pea B xu3ueHoro trpocrpaHcrBo... ... .... 16
- /Tnuo:rom II: xunrluHa crpaAa
- raroo6eu .................18
Karo 3acrpoeno npocrpaHcrBo .......'...... 20
raro o6eu u npocrpaHcmo I ................ Zz
- rato o6eu u npocrpaHcrBo 2 ... -..-... ....24
- Karo paBHoBecne Ha cware ....-.....-.......26
CrpoHrerxn ereMeHTtr
I
CrpomerHrl eJIeMeHru VCresa .......... .... 28
- IllCresa? ... .. ....... ... 30
III/Cresa 3 ........................................... 32
IV/flosnopu I .............................. ......... 34
V/floruopu 2 ........................ ...... ... .... 36
Vl/floxplrc 1 .......................................... 38
- Erer/Tlrpnu eaponeiicru \usuJruzaqau.-.. l2'l
VII/TIorpun 2 ...................... .............. - 40
- V[I/IIorpun 3........................................ 42
I)VCsol I .........."......44
X/Csoa 2....................... ........................ 46
- XI/Cgor 3 ....................... ....... ......... ..48
XII/flpocrpaucmeHl{ Hoceulu
KoHcrpyKqru .............50
- XIII/Cru6u 1............................ .. .. .. 52
XIY I Crt'rr6n 2......................... ...... ...... 54
XV/Crur6n 3 .,........................ ....... ..... 56
Crpagara Raro oPraHIr3l'M
Crpaqara xaro opraHlt3bM I/lpagcra
xrIr1a sa seueAereq e ,{o,rua Carconu-fl.. 58
- II /Xpau Ha A$afut ua ocrpoe Errma.... 60
- III /,,Cs. Co$m" n Koscrasrusonol .. . 62
-- IV/KareapalataeAMues... ..........'...... 64
V/Malra omunlrficra cnoPrua :ala
e Tor{o ............. ... .....66
Apxnrexrypara Karo trcroPUqecKtr
o6yc,ronexa r[oprua ....'.'....... ---...,...'.. 7 I
XpouoloruuHa ra6luqa: Or xaueuuara
Xpouorornuua ra6nilua: PaHHff
aHTuqHocr........ ........ ..... 7 6
rluBunu3allnu I4
l{unrlu:aquu/OcHoBu.............. .. ........ .. . 7tt
Meconoratltus
Meconorauuq/Haqaro Ha apxHTeKrypara.. 79
- /I{unmu:auHu (rapra) .................... .. . 80
- /XpouolorHvtrara61uqa........... ..... . lJI
/Crpoure,rHu r}opuu....... . .... .. .. ...... lJ2
/Tnnororrs I: piltttlu Nuttrlttlttu dxlpvl ll4
- /Tuno,corus Il: rpa;loyctlloiicltxt I .. . 116
/TunororHq III: rpalloycrpoiic'rrro 2.. ... llll
/Tunorornr IV: 71tnpcr1 I .... .. . .. ... .. 90
/Tunorolur V: 7ltropct1 ?....... .- -- .. ... 92
/Tuttottot ur Vl: xpitu I ...... . ... .. . .. . 94
/Tnlolot rr VII: xptru 1 .. . ... ... .. . 96
/Turortot ltr VIll: tuny;lltt ... .. . .. .. 911
/ VIJI: o6uecrseHu crpanu 2 178
ilpil lpeBHu re uilBxJlx3aul'iH...... . 100
Eruner
Emler/Ourogu ua Kynrypara .. . ....... ... .
- /Enoxa ua t[apaonnre (xapra) ........ ....
- /XponororuuHa ra6nuua......... .. .........
/Crpor.rreruu tlopMu I......... ........ .......
/Crpoureruu tpopuu II ............. .. .......
- /Tulonorm I: rpagoycrpoicmo ....... .
u cerufiIe ......... ........ 110
- /Tunorornq III: geopqu .......... ...'....... 1 12
- /Tunororu.t IV: cnermuua .... ........... 114
- /Tunororul V: xpalroee ...................... 1 16
- /Tuno:rorm Vl: xpau u rnopeu .......... 1 18
Tunorotnr VII: cxuHa rPo6Hrua
tr Bb3troMeHareJleH xpaM ............... .....' - 120
/Tunororm VIII: uacra6a u nupavuga )'22
/Turo:rorm IX: ntrpaMugtr .................. 124
/Peruruo3su ocHoBx Ha apxtlrexrypara 126
Erer
- /PasHa enoxa (rapra) ..... .... ............... 128
- /Xpono:romvHa ra6nuqa.. ..... ........-....
/Crpourerut $opulr I......... ................
- 130
/CrpotnerHu Sopuu II .............. ... .....
/Tunororm I: :ra6nprur u r'terapon ....
/Tllroloruq II: rPagoYcrPofi crao
Ha ocrpoB Kpnr ..................... .............
- /Tuno:rorm III: xu,ruqutl crPagrl
Ha ocrpoB Kpm .................................... 138
/Tunororu.fl IV: ullHoficru Asopeq 1 .. 140
- r
' /Tunorom V: unuoiicru gaopeu2 ....142
/Tuno:rom VI: yrtpeleHu rPaAoBe B
xosrlrsesra-nsa IbpIIm ........... ... ........
- /Tunoloru VII: ulrrescru rpenocru.. 146
/Tuno:ror[q VIII: rynolnu rpo6suqn..
- 148
- /fl:spaara enponeicra apxurerrypa.. . 150
Era.qa
Eraga/llorurruec(a u KYrryPHa
crpyKrypa............................. ........ ......
/TepuropuueH o6xnar xa rPtqxara
auruuuocr (rapra) .............,... ........... .
- /XpoxorornHa ra6:ruua'........ ...........
- /Crpome.nuu $opw I:
gopuficru opAep I ................. ........... .
- /Crpoure:lru $oplru II:
AoptriicKn opaep 2 ................................
/Crpoureluu tfoPuu III:
gopuiicru oprep 3 ................................ 158
- /Crpoureruu Qopuu IV:
fiouuiicxu op,uep 1 ................................ I 60
/CrpourerHu tfoPult V:
iiosr.rficru opqep 2 .............. .................. 162
- /Tr4no:roru-fI: rpaaoycrpoiicrno 1 ...... 164
- /Tunororm II: rpagoycrpoficreo 2 ....
/Tnnororm III: rpaaoycrpoicmo 3....
-- /Tzno:roru-s IV: rpa,uoycrpoficreo 4....
/Tunororu-fl V: rparoycrpoficmo 5 ....
- /Tunororm VI: xuuuuu crpauu ...... 174
- /Tnnonorm VII: o6trlecrneru crpalu I 176
l rrro:roruq - lTunotorw XII: repuu I .................... 234
lrrroLroruq IX: csermuua 1 .............. 180
/ - /Tuno:rorm XIII: repuu 2 ..................236
/ l rrro:roruq X: cserunrlua 2..,............. 182 - /TunororuXIV: reamp .................... 238
/ l rrrtlrurus XI: xpau 1........................ 184 - /Tunotorw XV: auSHreamp... ........... 240
101 /'l rrrrorrorus XII: xpau 2 ...................... 186 /Tuno:rorfis XVI: crpaArr 3a raproBm
102 / l rrro;rorus XIII: xpau 3 .................... 188 v3anaqru ..................242
103 / lrrrrrlrorus XIV: xpar'a 4 .................... 190 . /Tunororur XVII: unxeuepHu crpoerve244
I04 /'l'rlrorrorHg XV: xpaM 5 ..........-........... 192 - /Turororm XVIII: cserlaurqa. ........... 246
106 / l rrloJrorus XVI: xpau 6 .................... 194 /Tunolom XIX: xpauore .................. 248
108 / I rrrrorrorrs XVII: trponfiroH ...........--. 196 - /TutotomXX: qeurpuuua crpa1al 250
/'l rrrrturorrrq XVIII: omapu.................. 198 /Tunororu XXI: qenrpuuta crpaya2 252
/ lrrrrrlrorm XIX: reamp .................... 200
PaHno xpucrurncrno
,rl'rlrr ronnngoctu u BJTI.IfHI{e Ha
lil Pauno xpucmucreo/I4:rouua puucxa
r l) r,rlKr apxuTeKT,'pa..,,....,.... 202
uunepua rpu lOcrmuau (rapra)... .......254
I'nu /Krcsa aHrlrqsocr u paHHo
l'rr u/l lrerrarr:;uosucrmHa rloJrltrrr(a, xpucrcHcrBo........................................ 255
Jiluuq J qlewJtv3ary......,....,...,.. 203 /Crpolnenuu $opuu ............................ 25 6
r r r
r ) i r r r l
|
,'l'rrucra uvlepm (rapra) .................... 204
- /Turorom I: panuu $opuu Ha
/ \ l)r rrr(xrorucHa ra6m4a,,,.,,,...,......-.... 205 xplrcrmHcru crpanlr ............................ 25 8
1( r
lx)rnclrrlt Sopuu I.............. ............ 206 /T unonorw II : ceermnua ..... -............ 260
r( rl)olrcJtltr t[opulr II ........................ 208 /Tuno:rorus III: 6azma 1 ................ 262
(' r ... /Tunororns IV : 1azmuxa 2 ................ 264
' lxlllcrlril $opuu III ...................... 2 l0
I rrrrorror rq I: rpagoycrpoiicrso I ..-..-212 -_ /Turororu.n V: qeurproa crp4a I .... 266
I rro.ror'ilq ll: rpagoycrpoficrfrso 2 ..214 /Tulo:roruq VI: ueHrptrsHa crpa,qa 2 .. 268
' I rr rrrrrolrr III: rpagoycrpoficrso 3 .... 216
129 - /Tuno:rorru VII: rylolHa 6asrmaxa...l. 270
Irrrro.rrolrrr IV: rpagoycrpoficrgo 4.... 218
I rrrrrlrtrlul V: rpagoycrpoficmo 5 ..-. 220 Puu u BuzawruslHona opraenraqm
132
I rrrrrrlrrrul Vl: xu,rrqHa crpaga 1 .,..222 Ha aHTmHOTO U3Ky CreO,,.,,,,..,.............. 27 2
134
I rrrrrr.rrrrluq VII: muu{sa crpaga 2.--. 224
,'l rrrro.rrrrlug VIII: ama u gnopelq 1 ......226 ,rlnreparypa tr tr3ToqHr{rl[ .................... 27 3
136
I rrrorolxq IX: geopeq 2 ..............-...-.228
Aa6yven noxa3aJreq......... ....................... 277
I rrrrrlrtlul X: 6asmura I ..,,..........-... 230
I r r r ol u g Xl : 6aswuxa 2,..,,,,....,.... 232
r r rr
I44
l5 I
I 52
153
154
156
166
168
170
172
 Tep*runu 9

Ia3eMaT 3arqxreHo or o6crper rouerqeHtre B r(penocr

Tep*ruuu
rruqapufi oTorrJHBaHo noMenleHue B puM. TepMu
(tMnaHma rau6aHapm
riasa6e 6aparu, lanmuonu, uI{BmHo cenxue n3B:bH pItM. BoeHeH narep
a6ar fopHa nr'loqa Ha Kanurejl
(ilHeJrropu BepTuKaJrrru IrojTyKpbrnu ynen B K0JIOHI4 u]u nmacTpll
aropa ruroqa,q 3a cr6paHm u na3ap B rpq. rpaAoBe
(lItrUTen fopHa qacT Ha KonoHa ltr]racTbp Mex,qy troalopaTa u ToBapa
HellocrbnHo noMeilIeHlte B xpaMJ qecTo cBerat cBerI'Ix
loHa Ha r iaBHufi xpav 'Iill
aAmoH (no e.lHoxMeHHffi puv. xtlv)
r(ilnnTorl
AeKoparilBeH ereMeHT, uano4o6*aaIq rntpAllre u ocrptr nllcra leBecrula
Ha
AKAHTOBtr NUCTA
(rp,qc, yjruua c nocoKa ceBep-rof Ha pIrM. KacrpyM
areeAyKr BO[OnpoBo,[
(aceTa sgrrr6uaro, qecro yxpaceHo none Ha raBaH
aKponon BUCOqtrHHa KpenocT
i(acrpa, KacTpyM pI.tM. BOeHeH narep
ila Kpmo Ha crpaAa, Hafi-neqe crpaHllqHo Kpuro Ha arpuyM
IMI]OCT roHa ruI)4 crpo[TeneH eneMeHT. roiiro noeva flerara Ha cBotr r{Jtff
fuTTUC cBer[ell nec, cBetrIeHa 3oHa
apI(a
AMBOH u3AilrHaro Mqgro 3a IlponoBe!
riltMa. (uMaTlIoH opHaueureH npo$b'I c JrltcroBunHu BbnHu
aut[unpocrm xpaM c or(pt{Ta KoroHaaa KbM ABere SpoHroHnu creuu puM. aTpuyM c HaK.JroHeH HaBbrpe noKpuB
ronruryeufi, KoMmyBuyM
AHTEMUOH $plrs, yrpaceH c KJIoHKU tl nilMertr i(0I{30n4 r43.qaAeH cTpouTeneH eIeMeI{T 3a troeMaHe Ha rpe,{u, KopHu3u, cBo,qoBe,
anrc$uxc leKopamBHa npeaHa moca; qenHa KepeMu.[a IIJIaCTUKU U Ap.
AI{TU u3AaAeHlt crpaHl{qHu cTeHu (Pennna Ha,q3eMHacGflaroBulllta ocHoBa Ha xpaM
aHyril nprcreuu ua gopHiic(trf KanHTen (ptrnTa noA3eMeH ropugop, rpo6uuqa, troA3eMHa qbprea
au$u.naua penuqa oT cTaI{ c BpaTtr B e,[,Ha oc rLy6ury,ryu cnanM B pxM. nbxla
anogurepuii cr6reralu a puucn{Te rePMff r il3eHa T.fcHa u mocKa BepTuKaJ'IHa jreHTa oT 3uAaptr 3a pa3ueMBaHe Ha moc-
ancnaa npilcrpoeHa Kt,M rnaBuoro noMerueHne uafi-qecro fionynpbrna HI{Itra 3a KOCT
rpu6yna, rpoH mu onrap roAXm 3acBoAeHa apKaAa mu KonoHaaa
apeHa oflecbqeHa mouarKa 3a cbcre3aHm e au$nreampa nre:oreii uonyueura:rua rpo6Huqa
apKaAa tropeAurla 3uAarut apru Bbpxy KolroHu IIJIucrbr6ose Nlrprr{pIryM xpau Hag rpo6 Ha MbqeHuK
apxtrBonr u3nbKrrua npeA cTeHara paMKa Ha nonyxpbrna ap(a NracBepK foTuqecKa feoMerpruHa, qecTo opllaMeHTtrpaHa cucTeMa or BepruKaJlu 3a
apxuTpaB xopl{3oHTaJIHa rtraBHa rpega Bbpxy KonoHff. Hoceula ualcrpoiftara AejreHue Ha npo3opuu n cTpouTenHu eneMeHTu
acTparaJl nepreu tfpu:; opHaMeHrHpaH Hauu:; $pu: c onpege,reu npot[m uacra6a erul. nrocra rpo6Huqa
ATtrKA u33t{aaHa uBtrua HaA fnaBHm ropHu: (uecro c HaAlrllctr, opnaueurl n Ap ) NlCrilUTeH rpalex KaMer{eH rpanex or roreMu 6,ronose
arpllii, arpuyu rxaBHo trpocTpaHcBo Ha ptrM. xmnue; tro-GcHo npeAeH ,qBop Ha cra- Nrel apoH rnaBHo noMerueflue c orHuuleJ panna t[opua ua :ilHa Kbura
poxpucr. Ilbpruu MeMOpfin xpaM 3a MbqeHuI( uJIu cBererl
geopeq
ayta nBop, romMo troMellreHtre :a ct6paum, N{CTOtra none Mex,qy rpur:ru$ure ua 4opuiicKut xpaM, Hafi-qecro yKpaceHo c
6asa ocHoBa Ha KonoHa, trmacTcp, cTaryq; ocHoBa Ha crpaAa MU XUBONIIC
NJIACTtrKA

6agurma aHTUqHa 3aJIa, ilO-KbCHO Tm IIbpKBa N{OHOnTep xpau c o6uxo:rua Ko;roHa,qa 6e: qela (Had-uecro rprna crpaga)
6a,rAaxus truulHo, HOCeHO OT KOnOHI{ nOKpilTUe, gau{HreH u nnuleu HaBec Ha oJlTaptr, r raoc xpaM, cboB. qeHTparHa qacr Ha fpq. xpaM
HfiUU, CTaryU r lilpTeKc npe!.qBepr.re K'bM paHHoxpucr. 6aglulrra
6anrucreptlii locrpoiira sa KpbueHile ililTauno n:r1neu 6aceiiu a puM. repMu
6acrlros I43AaAeHO npea KpeflocTHa cTeHa 3alIImHo cbopbxeHue rrcKponon rpo6nqeu rpaa, rpaA Ha MbprBIITe
6yleelepnor KMeTCTBO Ha fpq. fpaaoBe rruuSeyu KyJrroBo wcro Ha Hlru$ure u u3BopHo cBerffrltue, crpaAa c SoHraHfi
BOny'ta apxnreKTypeH eneMeHT BbB rpopua xa cru{pana IIJIII oxltoB 0KTOIOH OCM O'b TbJIH}IK
reficou yBeHqaBaIII KOpHU3 B aHTnqHm xpaM onaiiou, oneiion ,,oro", cnersr orBop B troKpuB mu Kynon

ftrMHa3UOH yqmnue cbc cnoprHH cbopbxeHuq u KbflilJlHu (JilUCTOAOM 3a.qHa 3aJra HarleHTparHara qacr B lpll. xpaM
AeKyMaHyc ynfiqa c nocoKa u3ToK-3anaA Ha puM KacrpyM opTocTaTtr BeprIrKaJrHH KaMeHsu 6loxose ruru ruloqu, rouro oSopmr qoKbna Ha cre-
xpau c o6uro.:ruu !,BoiiHu KonoHaAtr gaTa
Axnrep
gncnrynnil, gucuYsuYv puM. aTpnyM c HauoHeH HaBbH noKpm opxecTpa uorlaaKa 3a xopa u raHr.IboplrTe B aHTWIIm rearbp
AoMyc Kbua r ranecTpa ) {]mIlle 3a arreru, fuMHacmqecKa [(ora
Koptrrop, BoAeu KbM ryno,nua rpo6uuqa (roloc) IIAHAAHTUB c$epnveu rpllrm:ruur, roiiro ocbulecrBqBa trpexo,{a or oc}IoBHm KBaA-
ApoMoc
MecolroraMcKu xpaM, crbrlanoBu,qHa (yra
paT K6M Kynona
3uK)?ar
xaii-ropuara racr ua QyuaaueHra (nog rpenugara) Ha rpq. xpaM rracrotfopuu crpaHucHn troMeil-\eHm Ao onrapHara qacr Ha paHHoxpuct. 6asu,ruxu
eBTUHTepH
(carpucrm, cr6reraruu)
eAuKyna (uanrr xpav) o6pawnane c rtolloHu, $pourouu u gp. Ha Ht{ilu, noprilu'
NAMCTHIIUU
rrepunrep xpau c o6nro;rna KoJroHaAa
ilcpxcTa3a o6uro,rna rarepm
eKceApa uai-qecto tronyKpbrno, trpncrpoeHo M{cro 3a cqraHe
erax (ranepm untr ilepucTllr.t gaop, sao6uroreu c KoJroHaAa
0Mnope BtrucaH B noMelleHuero mu oBopeH KbM Hero ropeH
rpu6yHa) lrmacBp crl,:l6 x'lu creHa c ocHoBa r{ KaIrureJI
enncrm, enucrur'IffoH xopt43oHrilHa rpeaa B rpll. xpau (apxurpan) IIMOH efun. tropTatrHa cfpaga, Kyna BbB Bug Ha cm,r6
exuH(yc) (uopcru rapuex) Bb3ffaBHuqa mu Il3A)TuHa npu Karureru rrxcIIuHa uamr 6aceiiH; nyrcr
IINtrHTA uafi-,qorsara moqa or 6asa ua ro,'toua r,ul cmr6
u3o,uoMeH c eAHa(Ba Bucoqul{a Ha pe,qoBere
KBapran or KbIqIt, :ao6moleu c ynlluff' pUM AOXOAHa CrpaAa uoltryM u3AU|HaTa OCHOBa
r4Hcyna
KaBea (rua) :pureluo npocrpal{cBo B aHruqHm rearp IonufoHaneH MHOfobTbICH
l0 Tepruuun Brne4enlre: Crponre,rno lt3xycrBo u l{cropurr Ha crpoltrerrcrBoro l1
nopTuK trpeqlBeprre c KojroHlr ..Apxrrerrypa" u ,,crpomenHo u3(ycrBo" ca qec- rpe: XX B. Boil{r Ao $opunpaue Ha MoAepHara
noqcHa ap(a r () ocropBaHn floumm. llperouepaoro crpouren- apxuremypa. Ts e ecrecrgeu aHrilrrofi Ha BceKu
]xpetrBaua apKa, HanpeqHo Ha ocTa Ha cBo,qa
trpeAxopoB KBaApar trpocrpaHcrBo B rlbp(Ba, rG.qero ce (p'bcrocBaT Haoc'bT l, TpaHcenftT r., rpox rBo[crBo. trpcKbcBaHcro ua rattartcuil- Hcroptr3bM. Ho goraro Bce floBeqe ce Hilara
( ri()-xyAoxecTBeHfiTe TpaAUIIuu, 3anoqHatrnTe B trpu roBa B utn cnrr rr oceo6ox,qaBa [t ltcropx-
lpe:nurepuii oJrrapHa qacr, wcro 3a cBerrleHuKa B crapoxptrcr. 6azwuxu, u3.uurHaro c
trKOnKO CTbtratra
rilrilJroro Ha MrHatrur BeK nreorof[alecru o6peue- qecKara apxt4TeKTlpa u Hefiuoro npo1^lBaHe or
rrerrr 6op6u Ha apxmeKrypHuTe n(onu :a $yHr- tfaraluara porr Ha pe3epBoap r,t Hocuren Ha cru-
nperopuyM ce.Diur,lue Ha HavecrHflK (nperop). uarpa Ha flbnKoBoreu
rrrrr, cln.n u $opuu ocrasuxa c.ire,q ce6e cu o6tpr- :ronu $opuu :a ncqKa(Bo nprfloxeHue. Orroraaa
trptrraHeyM o6rqnHcra crpaga B rpu. rpa[oBe rrrrrc. B ra3u rHula apxr.ITerTypara n crpourerHo- ucTopmTa Ha cTpouTelcTtsoTo e oT,qenHa Ancuulr-
npoHaoc npetrIBepue K6M rleHTpaJrHara qacr Ha fpq. xpaM r( ) rrSKycTBo ca paBHotrocTaBeHu KaTo cuHoHuMHu nulra 3a n3cneABaHe ocHoBtrTe Ha apxuTemypaTa.
npotrmoH, npoiluneu nopranHa crpana Ha ereiicxHre gaopuu x rpu. cBermuua [()ilrrnqJ a cTpouTencBoTo ce pa3rnexla KaTo Tr ce pa:npocrupa u n/y ucropuvecKtrTe trbpBu
npocxeuufi, trpocKeHuoH noBAilHara cqeHa B aHTuqHns TeaTap il01(rrilHeH Ha Tqx npouec Ha peaJlu3aum. t[a:H ua uogepuara apxt{Texrypa. Bc:reAcmue ua
rlpocrlrtr xpaM c enHocrpmHo npeAlBepue c KonoHu i\l)xtrTeKTypa ollle B nbpBoHaqalHus aI{TuqeH cBeroBHtrTe H3CneABaUilq KaprHHara Ha [qroro
pacrep trpaBoarbjrHa Mpexa oT nuHnu ( Arilcb,DHa [yMaTa e uupol{o il N{HoromacToBo ucropuqecKo crpourcnHo u3KycrBo craBa [o-Toq-
pu3ilnT h t.[a!,eHa cac L o r crpara no uila] a i ercoqrsa r()lrrile. EguNmr (apx-) or ABara craporpburu Ha u no-gllt[epenqupaHa u n3nlt3a or ru6erHara
kol)cila fia AyMaTa o3HaqaBa 3aroqBaHe, npe,qBox- HauuoHillHa paMKa.
poroHAa Kpbrna cfpaAa
utr rirrc u npennpueMane, a npyrmr (rerroH) or-
caHrryapuii cBeTaq cBeTuxr noMerrleHue c KymoBa cTaTys onTap
kl)nBaHe. cb3,qaBaHe, yKpetrBaHe, o{opurttc u flo crnloro BpeMe, T. e. or cpe.qara ua XX e.
cerMerrTr{a Abfa uocKa [bra, Hai-qecro sacr or Kpbf r r poerre (oco6eHo abpBo/.teicrBo, crpoeHe c ,{bp- Ka(To tr B Haqiloro Ha XIX s. Bce orle 3ana3e-
cuMa crpexa Ha rpq. xpaM rro) B rpo{ecmra Ha apxtrTeKTa Bcnq(H Te3n HUTe OCTaH(ff OT UCTOpUqeCKa apxuTe(rypal I{e3a-
CKCHC cqeHlrqHa nocrpoiira B aHTr{qHtrr reaffip rrciirocru ce o6equHqear. Apxurerrypara e c6op BucuMo or:ary6ure or gofiHure, craBar xeprBa
cnupa utruHtpxqHil fl rtrpaBeHa qacr ur 6a:a ra ua iioHuicra xo,roga ,' r ruopuccru geiiuocru. Ha troqru 6esnpemrcreeuus pacrex Ha rpaaoBe-
crepeo6ar noA3eMeH rfyHgaueur Ha rpq. xpaM l tttiycmpuanuanta peaorn4w, cbtrbrcrBalla or Te, Ha npou3Bo,[cTBeIItrTe, KoMyHilHUTe 14 Tpa]IC-
crmo6ar naii-ropuoro crrrarro Ha AolrHara Bu,quMa qacr B rprl. xpaM (rperu4a) il!|aBHOMepHO ilapacTBaHe Ha HacenellxcTo u troprHure clopbxeHm. M/y mx I{Ma u BaxHu
cToa fpq. (oroHHa 3atra I tl)oil3BOACTBOTO, Ce yBenilqaBaT BCUqKU il3Mepe- cfpa!,u ol HeAileqHoTo MuHano.
cy6crple<uul ocHona, uaii-neue 3a ca3AaBalre Ha paBHa noBtpffocr ilpu HepaBeH TepeH rrrrr. E(cnas3[gra Ha rpaAoBere u uHAycrpuilHu-
r c pairouu nogu go npe3acrpoiBalle u necrpyKry- flpe4cranruero aa ucropucecKure enoru B crpou-
cyAaropuii napua 6am n puu. repuu
ra6:rnuyu fnaBHo noMerrleHue Ha ApeBHopuM. Kbrrla l)lpaHe na cennuara B ue,lu o6:racru. tr'I::rlexqa- Tejrr{oTo u3KycTBo n peKoH-cTpyKIImTa Ha oT.qejI-
rr(Jlo no-paHo seo6qrtto 3cMHo npocrpaHcrBo H Hu cfpaAu ca o6peuencun c ronroBa no-rorqMa
ra6epHa Mara3{H, pa6orn,rnuqa, KpBqMa B puM. rpaqoBe r rc|oBrTe cypoBnHI{u pecypcu qyBcTBXTeJIIIo Ha- HecurypHocr. KojrKoro tro-,qatreqe orBexAar cne,qu-
TCMCHOC cBeueHa 3oHa Nr iljqBaT. Te Ha Mnlraroro. Cauo ua,rra qacr or Bce oilIe 3a-
TEHIIg u:gagerr lpo$m n apxurpaBa A|xureKT)pa: trraH[paHe il crpotrTercrBo ca ua3eHurc ocratru Ha ucropt{qecKx crpalu (rpaAo-
repMu KbNUHT B AHTNqHOCTTA ( )(r ro or cpelclBara 3a opraHil3flpaHe I{a qoBemKo- Be mu orgerHff nocrpoiixu) ca ycnenn ]1a cbxpa-
TETPACTHJI xpaM c qoTtrpu KonoHu Ha qenHaTa cTpffia I 0 XU3HCHO IPOCTPAHCTBO OT OTIEJIIIATA XUNUUI- trT rn pBorraqilHrs cv Bvil:, Haii-qecro re ca pe-
TUMNAH $pourouuo no:re r.r crnata lo ueru pai:iorr sts stanvoqciicteue- 3ynTaT or Abnrorpaiiuu npoqecu ua lpeo6pasrna-
rofixo6ar caMocroqreneH (lyugaueHr nog qelrara Ha rpq. xpaM r o trM c npupoAaTa, 3a HeroBoTo pa3yMHo orpaHtr- uc. 14:cregonarerilTe ce onmar .ua peKoHcrpyu-
TOr'10C xynolna rpo6Huqa, Kpbrna crpaAa, Kpbrbn xpaM
,riularre x o$opwHe. Ta:u :agaua He Moxe ra ce par or rpaiiHm o6pas nrpeoo6pa3a tr pa3rttqHtr-
ropyc rr3,[arlrHa B ocr{oBara }ra KonoHara (iionuiicra 6a:a) l)canu3npa or oraeJrlru nuqHocrH. 3a ueiixolo n:- re $a:u Ha lpeycrpoiicma. Toea crasa qpe3 pa3-
ur,.[HeHue ca Heo6xoAuuu fpyilu or rrpoeKTaHTH. KpuBaHe Ha cTaptr qacTu oT cfpa.qara, pa3KoKu,
TpaH3eHU ,,trpo3opuu" or npoceceHtr KaMeHHil mH gbpBeHff moqu irIxtrTeKTu, nHcTaHIIUX U [pOX3BO.ICTBO. cpaBl{uTetrHu tr3cne,r,BaHng u aHux3 Ha nucMelrn
rpu6yua u3,[trfHaT tro.[nyM ia pa:6upaue Ha uenure e BaxHo onpeAerqHero u3Towuqu. Cauo s u:unqmenHx crygau nMa aB-
rpHuHrf moqa c rpu Beprnxum roe6a ern $pu:a Ha,qopuiicKm oplep ilr HacrosuaTa cilTyaquq H trputroMHgllero Ila oc- TeHTUqHU OnuCaHHfl, OUe no-ptqI(O - OpffruHaJIHU
rpuroHxnii gere.nuuoo6pa:ra crpaAa c rpu ancuru (roHxu) r roBure Ha crpourqncrBoro. To eoga go goryueu- qeprexu Ha npoexrure. llpu apxeororxqecKn Ha-
rpryu$uua apra ap(a B qecr Ha ruqHocr u,rH cl6urue; apxa Mex,qy onrapHara qacr u r rpaHe Ha ccranHoTo cbcToqHre u Ao moAoTBo- xoa(u x3cJreAoBarenure noqru c KpffMuHilucruq-
cpegum xopa6 r crapoxpucr. 6a:mura l)cu ctrop c rpa,uuunqra. CtapeueuHara apxHter- rx vero,qil ce o[ulBal .la no"[)qar o6pa ra ua pau-
rpufopuyu I{opllllop MexAy apKaaure tr trpo3opllxre B formecKure IlbpKBu typa. KonKoro tr peBoJrroquoHHa u HoBa aa u3- HaTa apxuTeKTypa oT trecTennBuTe cBelleHflq.
ryMynyc xprr:ra rpo6umua Morma rrexAa, He 6u uorua )la cbIIIecrByBa 6e:l rura Yvopuremara u npoab,'ItiljlenHa pa6ora :a saur-
rc ropus, KaKTo u 6es pa:suruero Ha Hay(ara u par{e Ha cne,qu, u3qepTaBaHe H oqeHKa u qecTo He-
0opyt mouaa 3a cr,6pamr u na3ap B pxM. rpanoBe
r cxHuKara. Tr rpagu stpxy nocruxeHhqra or xu- AocraftqHure $rHaHconu cpeacrBa o6qcHqear
Qpurugapuii cryAeHo noMerrleHtre B puM. TepMu
rqIoIeTug. trponbrxaBauluTc foAuHu il lecerilJleTm nay3u ,q0
xeKaToMnenoc xpaM c rlena, grma 100 cruru
( rpa!fiTe ca naii-rpafiHure cBugerenx Ha ucro- [oflBara ria HoBu, HaycHo o6ocuonaHu perou-
xe(cacrm xpaM c uecT KoJroHU Ha qeJrHaTa cTpaHa
purra. Cleg crorertrq u xnmronerm re Bce oure cTpyKrlHu, KouTo Hepq.q(o uMaT xunoTeTuqeH xa-
xepooH cBerleHa crpa,{a Ha o6oxecrseH s,'raAerel (norry6or) fpa.[ilBHUTe cmu pamep. Hmoro ua u3cxeAoBarenc(ara HayKa B Ae-
)LaBaT AOCTOBepHn CBe,qeHm 3a
xunoKaycT noaoBo oTonneHue c KaHatru 3a Toilbr Bb3,qyx (rr tspcMero Ha cBoero cb3AaBaHe. C rqx ce gasn- raiir e :uaqurerso no-Buco(o. orKonKoro eaHo
XtrNOCTtrN noMerrleHue, uuiiro rorpua ce Hocu or KoJ'IoHI{ MaBa trcropllq€cKoro trpoyqBaHe. To ce nocra- o6o6rqaearuo lpel{craBqlle Moxe ,qa ,uaAe.
xopea, xopeyrt xau6ap, cnrag :a croxa Bs Ha [upo(a ocHoBa eABa npe3 XIX r., nape,u c
qena ueHrparHo noMeqeHr4e e xpalla (Haii-uecro c xyrnoaa craryr) rrbpBnTe rojleMu pecTaBpaquu Ha ucTopuqecKn Karo 11llo ucropuqecKmr xopn3oHT ce e pa3mu-
qu6opuyu 6ugaxuH uag onrapa; lapoxpaHureruurla (ra6epnaryr) cfpaau, crc 3acmaum ce HaquoHilu3bM tr na- prur. flocruxeumra Ha M[HiLToro .qHec ce Buxrar
BoAoxpaHruruue :a cr6upaHe Ha tr;xnoBHa Bola (Haii-uecro ro4:euno) pa[o(caEro cbc cb3,qaBaHero Ha HoBa crpol'l- tro-qcHo or Koraro n Ila 6r:ro. Hue :Haeu, ue rcr-
uucTepHa
senHa apKa apKa or cBou. xbM creHa csc ur 6er npojoputl
renHa roxHura, rogto uaii-qecro ce ,,o6luua" s Ka apxureKTypa e o6rlp:axa c apeuero cu il e He-
ucropuvecra rlopua. troBropuMa. CrqenpeueHHo Kpucrilu3npa no-
trry?q trpaBa fpeAa Ha[ orBop 3a Bpara mu trpo3opeu
B rpar ra XIX a. Ha re3u uMurauuu u aAatrrallnt 3rrarrueTo 3a npueMcTBeHocTTa! B KosTo cbBpeMue
ce rpoTuBonocTaBrT pa3nmHu ,qBnxeHl{q. KouTo tr MtrHZInO Ca CBbp3aIrU nOMeX,qy Ctr.
 Apxnrerrypa: 3aB[crrMocr rl aBToHoMHfl 15
14 Apxurexrypa: 3aBucrlMocr rl aBroltoll{IIfl
\|xureKTlpara e qucro u3KycBo Ha orKpuBa- TO Ce pa3BUBa Karo caMocToqrereH uIoH Ha cTo-
r ire rroro! rrfi raro :a sefisure $opuu urua ro-
i naHcrt.lq xuBor. Tyr serose Hape,[ ce KoHIIeH-
CounoKynryPHq
ycnoBilt, cboTB. lrilr ilpoToTunl{ B npupolaTa, Te ca cBoooruill Tplrpar noBeqero rexHuqecKu npo$ecull.
EcrecrBeHu YcnoBtrt, BaxHu SYHKqfffr npeanocTaBKU ilr0tlc[nt Ha qoBeIIrKaTa $anrasur u pa3yM. foleuute crpoextr Ha ucropuqecKure etroxtr
cbo1B. npeanocTaBKh
I olrcA Ha roBa 6uxMe MorJItr Aa l Bb3npueMa- flpe,qcraBrqBaT xy.qoxecTBeHx x rexHuqecKtr
\r( r(rro Haii-cBo6oAHoTo oT ncll'rxu r'r:o6pa:lr- anarrapAru nocruxeHu-g 3a BpeMero cu. c ytac-
r{ [lll u3KycrBa, aro ne 6eure 3aBucI{Ma B AeTaii- Tuero Ha o6uecrseuocrra apxureKT)?ara ce
3aqura:0rMaT, BparoBe o6qecrBeH crpoi rrr rrr o6illnte npupo,[Hu 3aKoHI'I u B
qacmocr or pa3BIBa KarO MHO|OTUIaCTOB aBTOHOMeH trpo-
reoprpaQcKo-Tonolp cronaHcKx crpoil \rr'\ilil[qHtrTe 3aKoHfi Ha MaTepl{ana: KoraTo pa3- {ec.
ctrryaqxq: pea: pa3rpaH/qaBaHe,
aunuue, co6crBeHocr I r{ r(iltMe KofiTo tl [a 6mo flpeaMer Ha apxliTeK- AsroHoMmta BtrHaru e orpaHuqeHa: or e,qHa
HaApefqoHilHa UHAXBqA qe HeroBara nbp-
perqoHaflHa I Vl)ilOro r{3KyCTBO, BItXAaMe, cTpaHa, 3aBHCU OT yCnOBI'ISTa Ha nporpauara, o6-
ceMeIcTBo
NOKtrHA npou3BOACTBO: pa cbceatr !(,llil,ltlnHa KOHIIenqUs e npoll3Ju3jla OT 3aAOBO- uIecTBeHoTo MHeHXe, qilocTHara I{cropl4qec(a
HUe, ynpaBneHue, ,{iliilr(lo Ha HtKaKBa MaTepltanHa noTpe6Hocr. cuTyaqut, or Aplra - e trogwrHeHa Ha rlpxpoA-
neco6a
AtrOepeHquPaHu rr,li-ueqe or rIoAcJroH I'I 3alllttra cpeuly Kanpu3r{- HI|Te 3aKoHIr, I]pe,ql4 BcmKo Ha 3eMHOTO trpuTer-
qacrHu rpynu JUIHe, (aKTO U Ha tr3l',ICKBaHlqra I.Ia crporrenHHq
KOMyHxKaquq tr
Kynrypa, o6Pa3oBaHre, Pen KOreffitrBI
r
' lil (nuMaTa lI CmXIIffTe mI'I Cpelqy [pyfu
r

ilHClrTyquil rrpirxllc6uu cmu; u noHexe raKaBa 3aulxra Mo- Marepnatr.

o6peAHocl orarx
panvtvn r,( Nr lla noJIytItrM CaMO qpe3 3ApaBu Bpb3I{Il tr43nuseruero ce npe,qxoxga or IloArorBllrema
crp. MaTepualu
npupoaHil 3aKOH{ npeacTaBuTeIHOCr: abpxasa Nr( /{lly Marepuittr}t' KouTo nplIpoAaTaHt4 npeqlJ.a' rfa:a npoerrupan€To: npoeKr Ha noperu{Ila or
KOfleKTilB, penflrufl rrr, ilPx troAo6lt{t KoHcTpy(qxu cMe nplrHyAeHu trpocrpaHcBa I{ crpollTenH[ eneMeHTtr 3a AaAeHa
, r lrrt o Aa C[a3BaMe 3aKOHI{Te Ha cTaTI{KaTa 14 Me- nporpaMa.
\,1ililr(aTa. Ta:u uarepuanra 3aBtrctrMOCT OT IIpU- Heroeure tr3l4creaHfis rpl6ua ga ce cbfJlaclrar c
l,r,rlllil're 3aI(OHI:I u yCJIOBIt.f,, KOI{TO OCTaBaT eA- TexHuqeqrltre Bb3MoxHocru, c $uuaHconrne
rl;r(ltlt llaBcflKb,[e lI BbB BCUqKII BpeMeHa, nptrIa- cpeAcTBa 1l cbc cl{ryaluxrTa Ha rl'IoilIra 3a 3a-
ir llr apxLITeKT)?HIlTe npou3BeAeHlUI U3BeCT9H
fi r crpoflBaHe u Aa ce npeBbpHar B apxureffi)?eH 06-
\;rlrir(Tep Ha Heo6xoAuMocr u AoHsK:bae uM pa:. ,{-ea npormalldu ycnopeqno npoqeca
BnI{trIr
ilrrlll0jlqBa Aa Ce U3f,BqT (aTO npOn3Be,[eHU{ Ha Bbpxy [poeKil4paHero:
,rrNrlllil trpupoAa' HO TaKuBa' I(OrnO npI4pOAaTa Bro6paxenuero' npeBpbruaHero Ha nporpaMa-
r rrrltll C ilOCpeUHIFIeCTBOTO Ha Ha'qapeHOTO C pa- Ta B npocmpaHcmgo u obeM Karo ceruBHo Bb3-
,; rr rr cno6ogHa nonq cbulecmo." nprreMaH o6pa:. ,{yxonHara trpeAcraBa 3a Hero e
IoroPI'lI 3EMnEP (1854) cB:bp3aHa c
roncrpynqutra, pa3Bllruero Ha Ilelecro6pa:en
TexHuKo-[KoHoMilqecKu
CoquoKynryPHh
llL[)BHqHara Qynxqnx Ha apx[TeKTypara e HaqffH Ha crpotrrencrBo uper noa6op Ha Hililq-
I
rou or 6uo:rornqno ecrecrBo: 3a[Iura c/y Me- HrITe CTpOUTeJIHU MaTepuaJltr u TqxHoTo npuro-
(olxxroftrqHlfle ycnoBlIt u ,{pyfff cmu Ha oKoJI- xeHtre B53 OCHOBa Ha npupo,[Hl{Te 3a(oHu.
npIpoAo3HaHilel
o6uecrBeH crpoil r,ilrl cpc,qa, Cp9ACTBO 3a OIIeJIfBaHe Ha XOpaTa B Buecro eunupuuHl'ITe no3HaHus sa zattasrquit-
coquueH paHr
MATCMATUKA KOHKypeHrHo r,r rl )6r'ra 3a cbqecTByBaHe. cKaTa TpaEnqm cTaTu(aTa (aTo HayKa 3a paB-
Oil3xKa: MUCfleHe {| ilIax,qaHero Ha KtracoBo o6qecrBo Ha crpou- HOBeCUeTO Ha CI|JrIlTe - no3BorflBa roqHll unlt
MEXAHilKA
cBerornea rt rclBoTo ce oTpeXIaT Bce noBeqe BTopIIqH[ Aocrar:bwo 6nu3ni rlporno3u 3a rloBeAel{trero Ha
CT TUKA KoHcrpyKlllt-sra tro,q Bb3.qeiicrBlte Ha Bcurl(u Bb3-
cbnporuBfleHue na Oilnoco+tt 4rlrrrlIllr, (aro trbpBruHara ce 3ana3Ba. ,qu$e-
peuuavu Ha apxure(- MOttHU Cmg.
MarepuililTe I'i ilrlilpalrloro ce o6rlecTBo BT,3nara
cuMBontrKa
|v|ilra MHOTOCTpaITHtr 3a,qawl Te ce npocrupar BsauuoAeiicrnnero u/y xoncrpyxutrfl Il trpo-
o6ua ecretrxa
eKcnepxMeHT Teoput ,,r rilultrra c/y arMoc$epHtr BnmHIu trpe3 BcuqKu erTalrrcno mo6paxexue npe;lcraBtrBa cb-
onfrT Ha [3KyoTBOTo rr(ilil4 u (ojrenltBHu norpe6HocTl'I Ha O6qecTBo- il{.rHcKara rBopqec(a gefiHocr n apxure(rypara.
To paxga crpanara (aro opraHn3lM.
il3qucneHue
r () rleroBara npegcranrrelHa ce6ell3.trBa It [pe-
r (
Tpa'qqquf, r

3aHafT Ha uca nepuoA !r,illilHeTo My B cI{MBOn

TEXHtrKA cTun aBaH_ floc:reguara $asa e crponrelcrBoro' npaKrll-
TexHof,orut rapail3bM qecKoro ocbilIecmfBaHe Ha trpoeKTme. 3a Hero e
l l rporpaMara ce ge$LrHupar qe:lta u o6xgaI"6r
qKOHOMUKA HA
Tilnonorut ri[ iirflaqaTa, alto He ca u3qcHeHU trpeaBapuTenHo Hyrua fomMa opfaEv3ar\w, Kosro Aa ccfnacyBa
cTpoilTencTBOTO , Lr rilcHo Tpa,[lqunre ]m onuTa. B ucropllue- uHoro6poiluure cnequ$nuuu gefiuocru n pa:-
npoMhuleHocT , rIrc enoM ycnoBHtTa Ha xuBoT. o6uecneun- nuqHure ItM $azu u ga ru o6e[uHn 3a npaBmHo-
ftproBxfl ,r r cronaHcruT crpoi ce trpoMeMT orHocl't- TO IrM trpoTmaHe.
r, illo MarKo. 3a noseqeto rocrosHHo noBTaps- IIpn ro:reulrre crpa[u B ucropuqecKltre enoxtr
rpaHcnopr ntrqHocr Ha rBopeqa
rrr cc 3a[aqlt L(Ma rHnuqHI{ pelreHut. tr4ugreugy- BpeMeTo 3a trpoeKmpaHe B IIOBeqeTO cnrlM e
cbo6ueHxq
il306pa3uronHu ,r ilril lporpaMu vnil H0BV peueHlls trpou3TuqaT KparKo. a illtrbrHeHuero atfl o: ronflHx- lece-
OuHaHcMpaHe
U3KVCIBA
nrii-rreqe or HoBIr unll gu$epenqnpault nyxgu: Tturerwl. nourora seroae. IHec flpoeKTHpaHero
|,il r1). B efloxaTa Ha puMc(l'ITe llMneparopu - Ao- qecro omeMa no-Al,JIrO BpeMe or u3nbJIHeHI{erO'
\ ( )r(r rtr n TbproBcKu crpanll, uMIIepaTOpCKn ABOp- BbnpeKu qe B Hero cera yqacTBaT noBeqe cneqffa-
llr. rcarpu ll repull (c. 224 c:t.cn.). C naqaloro nu3upaHn rpynu ortrpeau.
|,r nilnycTpuarHara enoxa flporpaMme ce npo- B usoro etroxn apxnreKTypara npegnara uupo-
\r( lrrr Bce no-6tp:o, TaKa qe trjucKBaHero 3a Ko flone ra geilcrsne Ha uro6parlre:rHlre l;-
r r,BKaBa apxurerT,?a" ce noeuuaaa (rou 2). rycma. B roJleMure cfpantr Bcm(u rexHtrqecrx
II r,l)BoHaqarHo crpoureJlcrBoro e ,[eno Ha utjla- u xya. nocTuxeHltt ce cnosBar B KOMTIJIeKCHO
llpegnocranxu, cborHo[reHnq' ABlrxetrlr| cIrJru B apxlrreKTypara ,,, i,r.""ausa o6uHocr. B uacogoro o6urecreo eAtrHCBO.
 Apx{TeKTypa: peA
16 Apxu'renrypa: peA B xr3uenoro rlpocrpalrcrBo
I llx)otrTf,pauero u crpof,TejrcrBoro ca tfa:n Ha
,11rrr1uca, xoirro roax cM apxtrreKrypara (c. l4).
I llrrcrrupmem npenxox,qa crpomencrBoro u
rrlx:)lclaBma IJIaBHO trpoel(T E trOptAI'Kr B
rorittl:
I nrHcKBaHma Ha crp. rporpaMa .qoBex,qar Ao
0praHH3ar[{offia H npocTpaHcTBesa Bpb3Ka,
' rpocrpaHffieHara Bpb3xa ce u:rpaxga rpafi-
ro trmpeacrnoM qerecr'o6pa:na I(oHcrplr-
llut.
I
parsurara or crp. fporpaMa u or KoHcrpyK-
(x e ra apMTeKTypa ce cbqeTaBa c Apyrrte tro-
r
l)rrru Ha qoBeffioro o6ulecrno u na sao6ma-
rrrrqara ro cpega (Hary. rpan, trpoMl,ItlneHocr,
; pruxeHNe, ;rror4ra$r).
'l( prcxure B onpe.{eneH uarqa6 ca ocHoBara 3a
r rr,JrHeue Ha trpoeffie. ia Hai-eaxeu vep-
I|a orKpafi BpeMe ce cwTa p&3trpeAeJrenf,ero.
,Al)xtrreKry/pHara Hret ce Kpen[ Ha pa3trpeAe-
,. rrfforo, Koero e ot oco6eso guacewe. Or nero
|lrrclpaHcBoTo ce pa3BBa cnopeA KaqecTBeHu
trprrre pm, T- e. He ctrope1 pa3Mepme cr,r. Taru-
KpKTepru{ He Ca He3aBHCtrME: Te Ca pe3ymaT
'rr
r 11nrlepenqnpanu tr3cne4BaHm Ha cblllecrBy-
rrr
r',rrr1a'ra cy6ctauqm, npoBepeHx x cbrleraHll cbc
, rrrco6qocrlile Ha qoBeKa ga o6xeaue rpo-
, r Ilrrtctgoro,"
O. E. ilIBAI1IIEP (1935)
l'r ilrpeAeneHxero Ha crMypaftcxa rf,troBa Kr,-
rrln o r XVII n., satra3eHa B Orcv Kpa[ Kuoro, ce
,riltotsaBa B no-rojrqMa cTeneH, 0TKOJIXOTO B
lrf rvlu crpam Ha muno6e,,+todynHu clrcmeMu u
uttJ,uLt, Kono BaxaT He caMo B xu.JuIqIIoTo
, rlx'urencreo. Ho H B rpaloycTporcrBoro.
I )( iloBme Ha KoHcrpyK$,Itra ca Kiwari-ho, npa-
|I rara 3a pa3.qeffHe Ha EbpBoTo. 3a uodvn cty-
nrr rrafi-roleMli-ar 06111 pa:uep, ren, e Haqaroro c
N. rarpas c 6 crbro no 30,3 cM. Tofi ce suxAa
r( ilo Karo ocoB pa3Mep Ha rlamroBuTe cTeM B
c'rara Ha KoJroH(trTe r{ onpenetr no-Haraft[-
^r(
r0 ro pa3AeJme Ha I1flIaTa KbXIa: (bOpMaTU Ha
illx)ropqure, MpuHa Ha,(6cKme 3a AIomeMe Ll
I rr tLotstrre porosxr (raraw).
lir rro(pl.{BHara KoHcrp)aKIIm ca Heo6xoAuMll
{ irMo Hf,KoJrKo BbrpeuHlt rolouu. Jlern, uacrnu-
ilo ilJrb3farqtr ce flpelpatrM cTeHIt IIoeMaT pa3Ae-
uilc'ro Ha noMelueHufla.
I vK apMreKrjrpara npeAcraBJma trpoeKTl{paHmr
I l)cilu3upaH peu B qacTHm xmoT: Ap(oBeH no-
|rulbK Ha Marepmral cbcpeAoToqeH B/y cblllecr-
ilLrtOTO gbc CpeAcBaTa Ha xOMOrelIHaTa KOH-
i rl)yKrlrd. Tmzaqmra 14 3a(oHoBo ycTaHoBe-
IIrrrT cTasnapT ocTaBtrT npocTpaHcTBo 3a JII.IqHOCT-
Kuoro; caMyPaicKa lit u3qBa BCneACTBIte pbwara l43pa6orm. O6par-
TXnoBa cua
rr) [a roBa L[IAycTptraiIHoTo HopMtrpaHe Ha XX B.
o 8M ( ( cTpeMU ruM ]]]ffia ellH?xrocT Ha MOAeJIme B
r(' rew ceputr oT MauI{lIHo u3pa6oTeHl.l l]3Aelm
( r{)ao noffiTr4e 3a KaqecBo).
\l)xtrTeKTypara o6xnaqa ncmu c$eplt Ha ru-
riota u rpyaa, cb3AaAeHLt qpe3 o6lqecTBeHa ,qu-
ocHoBa Ha apxrlr€KTypara n rpaaoycrpoiicrsoro ,lrcpeHryraqm.3a sefitroro iloMecrBaHe B ctro-
Ilpoenrupanero Karo
B xtr3fiesoro npocrpa[crBo t7
co6so ta 0ynxqxoHtrpa u,t{no ce c'b3AaBa KoopAx-
HupatrIa Arrcumilma - rpaAoycrpoficrsoro.
To ce uacoqa trbpBo KaM no-tscsara o6racr ua
rpa,qoBere. Hapacrnauara lp6ann:aun.r n XX n'
ro pa3uMpffia Ao pemoHajlllo H HaIIHOHamIO [na-
srpane. Crryaunrra crrptMo ncropl{qecKara H3-
xo,qna ro{a ce e [poMeHura ocHoBHo. B saqa:ro-
TO qrporrencTBoro cr)DKs 3a 3arlma Ha qoBeKa
c/y npupoaara. B XX B. ruIaHtrpaHe o3HarlaBa 3a-
nstTa Ha qoBeKa Il trpupoaaTa or trpeM3BmaHoTo
or xopara E Tttxnara urrycrpm decmpyrcmupaHe
Ha ceaut4ama v pa3pyuaBaHe Ha cTapu Kyrrypil
qempoBe B npeHaceaeHume o6tacmu. \aec c$e'
para Ha omoBopHocr u aKTItBItocr Ha rrpoemupa-
sero o6xsaua roreMu qacrl{ or 3eMnara troBbpx-
HOCT r{ r,r3xcl(Ba MeXAyHapoaHo qbTpyaHKecTBo.
Mo4e:rxre 3a {JlaHf,pane trpe5Bux,qar eApo-
npocrpaHcBeHH crpyKrypx,
l. :a ga ce 6rarorpnrrcma palll4oHanuara xoop-
,qlHarlr{.f, Ha xn3HeHme ctf epn a roJleMme
rpaAoBe ctrope.q B3axMocBT,p3aHrre uu tfyrin-
qIIH;
2. ra ga ce BticranoBx. cborB. TpafHo qa ce
cbxpffitr HapyneHoro paBHoBec[e u/y rpaa u
nptrpoAa, T. e. MexAy u3KycTBeHo Cb3Aa,qeHa-
ra r.r ecTecBeHaTa cTpyKfypa.
Cpeg :navr.rume otrI{TI4 or ro3l.r Bun e nnaHbr 3a
3acrpof,BaHe na Toxnficnus:anun (1960) ua
trpoeKraHrcKa rpyfla noA pr,I(oBoActnoro Ha Knu-
A3o TAHfe. [ororaraulm croroo6pa:eH pac-
rex Ha rpagcrulr pertroH or 1880 ao ox. l0 mrs.
xr.rreJrr.r c rprroo6pa:uo napacrBaHe oKoJIo llcro-
putrecKm rIeHTbp 3aB'bplllBa c xaoca Ha Henpe-
ilreAlrus Beqe MocKocmeH epad. Hoaoro n'ranr'l-
paHe x3xox[a or HapacrBaHe c oue 5 MH. 3a 20
ro,[HHu E 3aTOBa pa3B[sa nuHeapHa cmpyrcmypa-
Ilpegeuxga ce rpagcra oc arn $opMara Ha MHo-
roKpaTHo npemeTeHa rpaHcnoprHa reHTa c utrp.
2,5 KM n A6JDK. 40 xrw Aa nauege c or. 10 rv ua-
Bbrpe B crapl,r.fi IrJIoc(ocTeH rpa.A, nocne KaTo
MocroBa Koucrpyrqu.E Aa rlpeceqe ceo6oAHo To-
ruicrm :a,wm n 9 qacru or tro 3 KM tr Aa 3aBT,p-
rnrr Ha Apyrut 6prr a npnura or 1,5 ru.
fpagcm r uexnyrpagcrmr rpaHcnopr Ha pa3-
nHqHu HIlBa AOCTnaT 3aCTpOeHnTe Il]IoU.ln B JIeH-
Tara. TyK HoBtr Blrgone egpouaqa6Htr Koucrpy(-
utrtr noeMaT periloHaJlHtrTe I,I Halpe[IoHaJtrlme
aAMr.rHr.rcTpaqnll, BeloMcTBa, cronl,rttHl,I cn),r(bl4.
Orsr4 sosoro npucraHllqe 3anoqBa rpaAbr 3a
x[BeeHe. or
gnere cTpaHu Ha ilraBHaTa JIeHTa
neptreH,[uKympHo ce pa3rpbua cucreMa or /c-
nopeduu neumu, HaBru3ailIa sa 5-10 ru s ganu-
sa. Kru re3I,I JIeHTII ca [ps(aqeHrr xfilllllqara:
pa3ntrqHo ro.rreMr,I, caMocrotTenHll crpyKTypu c
Tepacu 3a xmuuIHI,ITe ClpaAI,I OT BCI{IIKI{ BUAOBe
tr pa3Mepu, nrn. r.ru$pactpyrrypara, neo6xoqr'r-
Ma 3a caMocTogTeneH KBapTan.
KEHA3o TAHrE pa3rnexra cBoq trpoeKT Karo
npear.r3BtrKaTeJrcTBo KbM MOnepHOTO, pa3CnOeHO
Ha rpynu no mrrepecll IrHIycrpI'IanHo o6ulecrBo:
I{pe3 uaHI'IpaHe Aa c:b3AaAe nopfiAT'K, nplleMnuB
3a xr.tBoTa r.i o(onHaTa cpela.
18 Apxnrenrypara naro o6eu
\l,rrrrcxrwara e xy[oxecrBena, ToqHa I4 Benx-
r I rr'r I r il nfpa Ha o6euu, xolrro ce o6eAlitu{BaT no,q
'
I lr'r ilr[Ta. Hau]I4Te oqlt ca 3a ToBa qa Bu44aT
,lr'puulc Ha cBerJrI-IHa; TbMHLrHara u cBer;r{Hara
' I rrvr(i(ilr $opuure; ry60eere, xonyclrre, rur6a-
rrr ilillilH/IpuTe ]m rupaMrnrrTe ToBa ca roJle-
rlr e ln,pBruHtr $opun, xomo cBerJrtrHara Bb3-
r1r, r rrrn. Texruur Brn e HepycwcneHo wcr u
pir rl)rl)ilcM :a nac, Ero 3arlo re ca rpacmu $op-
rlr, rrrii-rpacmtre tfoplru. Bceru e cruaceH
rrr;r. .r(ctero, 4naKbr, ueraQu:mtr,"
JIro Kopsrosr.{s
fu3a: nupaMtratr
( r potrTerH[{T o6e*t e eguH or uaBHtrTe acneK-
rr rir irpxureKlrypara. I,IMa apxr.ITe(Typa, Kosro e
(aKTo
I ll^r() /rr?,M, u TaKaBa, KoqTo e caMo npocm-
utuo. MexAy regu eKcTpeMHIi Bb3Mo)nHocTu
l.tiltt
, HWrT XapaKTep e noAqepTaH Aopn TaM, Kb,qeTo
rrr'il[o ro ntrpoKo nole ua,qefictot-te. cTpouTer-
rrru r o6eu ce Ae+mupa or cBoure orpaHrlqlrre-
rrr rlrrr6aBeuu n npemereHu mocKocm u or-
r, ililr o6eMu, trpocTr r.{ cl,cTaBHu, fnaA(u u pe-
rr rlrrrrr, ornopeuu u 3arBopeHlr, Kouro ce o6eAu-
il{lriil I eAHo Ilflo.
llxl)lMlrA[Te B I[3a ca cbBbpneHa apxureKry-
lr,r | Mtrcara Ha Kop6ro3ue. fpyna or 3 rolelru
(
r ilnr(rrKo Iro-MaJIKIt, IErpaAeHtr HamnHo eAHaK-
|0 | ililcoqeHll reoMeTpI4rIHI4 Tera, cTorrqtr eAHo
r,' ,rpyro n/y paBHu rlrotqu, c ocrpu pb6oBe u
{r ro o|paHuqeHu troBbpxHocTll, c KoIITo cL III-
l,ir. rtrcBHara cBer:ruHa (c. 124). Or rpure nupa-
'ilf ilr. cbce,qHu Ha nvpaMU{.ma Ha MKeptrH,
. r' r rpevaxBaHe Ha norpuBH6 cnoii ca rana3e-
rr ( lrMo cftnaJroBugHure tApa. Te npu6ru:urer-
r' ( r()TBercrBar Ha no-crapara $opma
- cmtna-
tt,tu t()r t ema nupmuda -
I il,rilIoBuAHmr crpoex s nuuaBa or eM6neMa-
lr,rn ra ir qcHora. 9ucrara reouerpuuua t[opua
! ir r o pc3ynrar or nporpecl{BHara a6crparurm e B
fprr, il He B Haqatroro Ha $opuoo6pa-rynaqru
11rrr1cc.,{nuauurara Ha wcrara rr:locKocr no-
,,CaH AnontrHape Ha npucraHuqero"
I! /(/(ilBa CTbnaJIOBU{.HW, uACTWeCKU pa3ABU-
rr'I cTpoex.
\ltrurr ua Ilocefigon B IIecryM e cKe:rerHa
|rr( r'llofiKa c Maca, pa3qJleHeHa Ha Hoceulu u Ha-
r r rnfBaIrI{ crpo[TerHtr eneMenTu. {gporo, roe-
r) c cfpana 3a cTaTygTa Ha 60ra (uerapou), e :a-
,'rilil(oneHo or ranepfiq c nnbrHa o6eusra or
rrrlrc rur{Hu o6eMHr.l KonoHI,t. Buperu pa3wlelJr-
ililre ro Ha BepTuKaJIHu Hoceul{ u xopI43oHTaIHu
r.rclru qacrlt, rr er:geficrna raro e,qr.IHeH o6eM.
l,r pa3nu(a or erroercKara AtrHaMuKa Ha moc-
roerxre npu Hefl AlrHaMu(ara e u/y or4eruure
,r,re r n. O6eurr u pa3crotul.Iero u/y roloHure ca
r roqHo onpeAeneno cr,orHoIIIeHI.Ie. Bcqra
rir. NraKap u [a e peAoBu eJ]eMeI{r, e caMocToq-
r( rro rtJlo. Crc csosra euepm.rl ToBa ruro BJIa-
r('r KaKTo BcqKa ILlacTuKa B rpbqKtrs cMncbI
rlr)crpaHcrBoro ot<. ce6e ctr. 3arona pa:taaunu-
r, rrir lpluKilTe xpaMoBe BHHatx Bbt,[eilclBa]
,,ircN{Ho. flpn He3acerHarxre ctpa,[n KoJIoHltTe ce
Ilpocrn n cbcraBHtr crpoRTeJrHtr o6eMrt
,,t)clltrHrlBar n crran Henpo6unaeua,,o6nmra"
i, . l6).
Apxnrexrypara Karo o6eM 19
Po4creoro Ha xpaMa Il trupaMu[ara e B KoHrletr-
rlmra 3a macmqeN o6eu, a paslurara B csa-
ulaHero 3a rlJlacrrlrtHoro rsro: B Emner Karo
rpucraluo-a6crparTeH u3pa3 Ha (ocMruHo-Ma-
TeMaruqecKure 3aKoHu, B Elana raro )ruIBa, reo-
MeTpuqHa opraHuqHa MaTepuanHocT B cMucbna
HA qOBCIII(OTO TflO.
Eaur.rnnara ,,Can Ano;rNnape Ha rrprrcraH[-
rqeroo' rpafi PareHa e c4)orrreJreH o6eu s clsceu
c trpyr cwcbn: BbHUHa trpocrpaHcrBeHa 06B118-
Ka, cb3AaAeHa oT BbTpemoTo trpocTpaHcTBo c
flpoMenJrt B o6eu. ctcraeeu vper npu6aarre.
Eguxcrroro My ce cbcrou B eAHaKBm uaxroo6-
pa3eH tr uocKocTeH xapaKTep Ha oTAeJMTe Tena
c peA)tsaHe Ha tr3npaBeHfl tr HarcloHeHu Uoc-
KOCTIi, B CTeneH)tsaHe It no,{ql{Heffie Ha He-
cromm 'ICHO
rnaBeH o6ev Ha 6a:mrara. fllocxocr-
Bcrpe ce oqaKBa 3ao6reu o6eM: npu ancuAure.
llpncrpoeuara no-KT,cHo rcau6axapnr (rauna-
Hma) e B e$erreu xoHrpacr c u3,qbrxeHure mo-
ullr: tceH Beprma;reH o6eM c:bc cItJIHo cBltro
npocrpaHcrBo n npocrpaHcrBeHa o6omra, oue-
KoreHa tropa[u 3ao6reHoctra, Ho cbrqeBpeMemo
ocTaBailIa HanbnHo nnocKocTHa, fiBHa npoTLIBo-
noroxHocr Ha ,,e3uqecroto" asruquo qyBcrBo 3a
o6eMuocr. Or 6nusocrra Ha creHHara rlJlocKocr
u o6eua Ha Kynara Bb3HuKBa npocrpaHcrBer{a
AmaMuKa cbc clulno gb:[eiicrgl4e. Bpr:rara u/y
nporuBonoJroxHr{Te o6eMu npr4,qo6ma oco6eHo
3HaqeHue e o6euxo-npocrpalrcrBeaara crpyKry-
pa Ha rpaAoycrpoficrnoro (c. 24).
Crenenynanero Ha crpo[TerHara Maca, Koe-
ro ilptr
paHHoxpr4cr. 6a3xnuKa ce tron)4raBa ec-
recBeHo oT HanpeqHrur pa3pe3, e e,qHo or Hetr3-
MeHruTe CpeACTBa, trpltrlafaM OT HaqanOTO Ha
apxure(rypara 3a pa3qrremaHe Ha roJ'reMu o6e-
Mu B npernegHff qacru 6e: pa3nagaHe Ha caMara
uaca u orcra6ease Ha Irflocmoro il ersreficr-
Br.re (c. 82, 90, 98, 106).
Pe.{onnre rcrrqll n Bep,rnn-,{a,reu, flocrpoeHu
1928 or Epar.s JIyKXApr, ce c:bcrorrr or rpymr
no mecr xr4Jr. eguur.rqu. Bcara rpFa e o6pa3)tsa-
Ha oT cTbnaJroBxAHo pa3tronoxeHtr xop. tr BepT.
o6eu, Tyx e B cua npuHrltrnrt or Anotu-
'Cau
Hape Ha npucmduuuqemo": pa3trpegeneHtrero u
HanpewmT pa3pe3r T, e. BbTpenHaTa trocneAo-
BarerHocr Ha npocrpaHcrBara, OopMupar npo-
crpaHcrBeHara o6BtrBKa Ha crp. o6eM. Or,qe:rnu-
Te )I(I.II. eAITHUUU Ca pa3MeCTeHlI e,4Ha CIIp.fiMO
Apyra BbB BepTr{Ka!'ra u xoprl3oHTuura c u[prrHaTa
Ha BepaHnxre B npu3eMa, cborB. Ha 6mxomre s
eraxa. Bepalrlrrre ce u3AaBar HanpeA Karo eAHo-
eraxnu ry6ore. C repacoolrgnure crpagr4 apxn-
roro- rerrure lt:6.{rgar qecro cpeqaHara MoHoroH-
Hocr npu pe[oBoro crpomeJrcrBo (c. 1 10, 168).
Ipynara crpaau go6rna guHalrneH purbM qpe3
- creneHyBaHe Ha rJraBHu Ir BTopocreneum o6euu,
pa3MecrBaHe Ha npo3oprlure, peAyBaHe Ha Rep-
rura,rnu pr,6oee u xopr43oHrarnr.r npo3opeqHr.r
omopu. He ca neo6xo4uuu IorItJrMTenHu pa3-
weMBaHW. Bpr':rara u/y npocrpaHcmeua u
o6eMHa +opMa e oqeBulHa.
20 Apxrrerrypara Karo 3asq)oef,o [p(rcTpatrcrBo Aprrrcrrypara Karo Sacrlxr€[o trlxrcrpaf,crB{t 2t
,l aroumo rrrpa3so cp€gcrno tn apxirrerrypara aw rowrprct uly Fb-Tpe ll Br'rL (Mncroreir erc-
r rirbrr reHrr{€crffrE trt rcreituna e r4toctpar- rrepnrelrr: aro rirliutr,T c€ npeuaxue, 6u ce no-
r rr(rr{)"- lty.ntllo fipoopallcToo c uoryuerlatlll Iryomo-
BAJrrEp lFortavc ra, 3acrnrBauo npoflpascrBerilrre BbSrywnlln
I{ r('creHffo trpodpamrBo - oco6eno nparc- rpe:
----;-. .- .--.---
nranxoleicrnssro a" wprfrx'nm[I€ c
rr'lnrcc(oTo (rerlEffiolla etroxa, (x)EIuoBeHo . ytrDeteurre Harorl€ sa{noHeHf, n.rtoc{ocrlr-)
e
',ucrpcno B ffitryotrm*, pffo€ rc.o oryta- flpr ecre.m Ypcrro r Kararrr Ng4LvW411'a
qtr{or0, qme Hetrlmegto n cxrau 6b3|ia- EATG'KII€ CEOIOBf, pe6gd Otrpetleflt lryOcTltaH-
rrrrrrr (rqlao cren, BoAA)" gyocrnoro :a npo- GTBeHOI0 Eneq:lTrleHtre m nxoAltdra 3ata To c€
. rllnilrTm Ea trpdHcropHocrure loary a cr6r- ooesmcBa oI arrmrol' ilplDu,mo B63xllattrlf,
filirt trc e oqffi tr ffiyclf,€f,{ parm g cf,troBf, JltrtrEE Cremre rl c€rueifrrnll€ cBogoB€
rux orn- [Ispnorana.lnara 3a,qa*r Ea grporrE - oe mtE:lf fiLilaer Ha npo9lpaf,cr8enf,t crEffi-
r rrxrJe € u. flru, uBope'o, E€troilp€- ttcllxo lIoJrc x rywww cBOtr - faITO trp4f,cr-
!r'r(r H He3aryr€ilo trpoc'rpdffcrBo ga o6oco6r lralpaoIryl'fl-€opxcllrf,pa{orbxwe.ffi'
prrycreHo,wtlmm,mqEAgaox3:rltFreHo ra roqra sa duozoHaanume pe6pa' Ilgn F-
Crd B @TcKa xunuwa ctpaaa
illx{rlffcrao. To ce oryeUOm or rfopara It AyBanercflaaaltrEaI(DIsraqtosglIIrIrTETOmla
r rfryrDTrammffiu 6moronacsouamureprasarwwtrax(c' 46'
,lruua{cKs 3aBnar Annu:
| )rr r{Fm 3o 0oo ro* so€lm o6trFocrf, m- 64' nnoonr ralftm)'
qAflgattHa su€ srqr s lratrpr, Hafi-q€sm c rilrirf, BbD Cperyrrr rory0 ra ryryt l16ps:l r
'go,r,16r
lnptarnqrt(uantrnomnlrnilt,Hafiotttont> l1il+t^Yrl (no0- frverr)' lrAxrbrecry,tlca'
Tlpdtro ubrpemo ryocrpaf,grEo' cE cfgro'r N
"y,.,tntt)w xuuqel- Terx racrpoem qlo- ttop€8qr{a npoclp- cerlopf," Ilocnerure rp4
ill\urraaBroouerpf,.rdEqpa{opnccaorpam-
.x.1{ or Bctrrlxg cTparfir tr opfierTf,pam 11{ {pf,- npeAXopwtr naflpat, Eop{arIEoI{) f, xOp@am
I qu" cborB- mp)cr traA Eem- Bpt:IaIa c oro* llma, f,ffi e4rFfl xapan€p' xt ae pa:I,lnln-
u{I;r rrpH[r0Aalrua"pamalrsatroofiA- trar I(' O4rrnE|aDanFIS prdOgC ll II,IOCTaTCIL
Itro;rr,r a nrpnara ualmpaDratra rx'c{xlra- Brcoro ry oryeIt€.trtr orsopetloro B qerf,pfl
I lrx'rLalermtr r{ExoA trp€:J (naJfrf, { rrury{par- wnote tm npdmptnua xaanpan Wry
aurlx4rml"[Mdiip{ara-saryiloarami.-cr+ aE }ri(rsf, crrufa ca flctro paSrpaaf,rpff, or
* ,"trt . qancr. hxa (c- 8l). C nero ocnm creuuirra suxpxt qpe; rydrf,trtro o6pd6or9 [
, r rlxDwn{- Bfrf,arxra rly uon* n
4panpmrro, m4ryrr or trrocrB€f, saxx- CneWaWto xok
.y'y rbr1ffi f, m rycrpfficiuo. tlmffio w rcte c orpau{fielrne r g6ceq6 cr€ffid
rqxmlra ua o6mroBm trdrflrur c trp@OH-b- frJf,,cr',cr.fr a @.i'Fata.t lgI t,gro Ce Or,4.t C ry
| il rf,tsmn0mraarm{@oor+6oc1pffi- xam rf,uclpffi{trIE rcpafr' a ocram xanxr'
. rrrut olroprorug u qxnxerlBMlE (xlflxrE8f,t tro olEop€to rLt[ xopd f, trp€ItrOpoBrt @{[qlr"
r,y rr,rpetrmf, ffi ry[rFtrr'o- Xqpfuo no*'wryrrorrrcryrruor sW
I rrrn E fltrqr. nrye crpa'3 (Xro *"*--"4 "0"p-
norrr qmoo@rrn rr-
L( l'Ar-Mycgt) cc r@IsErEptrnlq c qsxoc-rEo or- oosti aboo,'lltllEf 3trIflrcr Ha ryocxpa[crBoro
aal{tr E! O-"rp€ E|BH o9 B rpar sa trslEErra, 6C3 rpr:ra crc crparnrmr-
rtilrl/.ffi ccrry rycrFEsrBem 3m. ll& ry tro{ftsEffit f,lE af,illMtr{t trpocrpaEgrBo-
rqrrtrn m mrl'Km rycrparcrBo &rno JEg- fruem mrma wrlF w or
mor're cDt>
Kara1vg. 3ua B Kacrena YpcuHo
EPcrf, trpo'opqexa-
rriuurpr rp€xrma sosa rmaBa ramlnr" frIErp
!'ro ormig/ r ormlr orr mlemrr€ nflof,xotrrr X4orreprr na qrmro ryocrpdrrcrco €IFa.m fu
ru rnAa s ranam- Pamorera qil €mila e trllx.tm! aro JEntr i4f,IEf EIEAf, r4A OT-
lljaoxay3eHr MaHacr[pcKa qbPKBa r rra6 m silra f, rqoc€m EuFn{ rpcfla cb3m!-,mlmf,r€ fittrIil ol'Iamc. flopcWm npoc4m-
.n (trrFr{a xlrxrtrf, c ryramrxa- IIfurr of,pa- crBa, I@r or re(mr€, cnorofim ry,
rrr rl[q mtfficrna Elr{r n$Ectgno Bcrpdm fuwgnwcflpnattr
qrr]tLril8etrrc Ea Erpmdra cl€aa, a qnru& krf,ra,rudmarmffo.mBano6cMgarera
i:. l(lro po:ilrym tLnpqnm ry(Ery@crDo, ow,m ryocrpof,crf,a B e/Fo olncr;wrro or
LrtrrpfflEfiocorrlxrf,r ryyrxqorf,xqoar]ffi'Ia'tjl'.'.tffi''-
iltru fo@cmstsaqroclt-rtrr srlnanr..
, |rucffarurcamlro r.r'[6.(c.D2\e M-
hr1trn A:rn r Folxrs lcdil{Acrto (oo }o paornoemrrrrcaftrocrrrmf,acnerrrenra-
i rr$ro sra IlBa srart c m mrlrf,rcf, tlr:rf,- rcftcrna ffirpry f, o6crumdm rnpw
ll rriRe*<olo troflEffiille) qnodc4gpar rwr> atcttlr l:r rsmlt1ruIul. Iloma ryormom ,,,,,x-
r(-rur tr{tqw mrocxatcrf,,6moro ry npqgana rrr € nptrcqtoemrr fi>lrcrt a:lglml- wW
aru nooora, a qxulffEsr Er EruEtffiilit cnilt,cmBfE,,€'m dpmscucllll|mlHof
I r(f,H rrydrg rplolrn-E{r€ ryarelutx- Ilorw- roilmrmrpa;u@Alcp- Itflf,,mollopcffara
(r€ro c (trrwErm s qx|€rda e rcilr ofpdmmo &-
1rr{ rp{rEf,ara la@a crr€ra M ,ndauryM
IloMn€i: ptrMcKa Bilna
{rr cr€mr€, rt uxa Enrrcsocr- nprrara c ryormmry;@ rplrrr B g@-
IEKna mer€
ErdrffsroronF{tcnmrlnooeIMri{frl'q'4BilaF milIt qtrrt c pqyE@ f,a ocgi orclm rufrc-
rrf lqxrix{rernfl om[t fia ramtgftlra cl€ta- gElx{flErlFtwreJurrEnotrpoctpdtrnffi
Ilpocrpaucrno, rpalrtlqll Ha rIpocrpaHcrBoro' nopeArlqa or rlpocrpancrBa I rili m4uepraoa ffienmrra Eo 3w6€r€ tr cnF drlnmtsrcm or €Eret[ flBmnlrerr sm"
22 Apxurenrypara xaro o6eu n npocrpancrno
ATUHa;
XepMuHil Ae npe: napaMuc (hanena)
TopoHTo: KMercTBoro
O$opunne Ha rlpocrpaHcrBoro qpe3 orpaHtrqIlreJrHtr o6eMlr
I Apxurercrypara Karo o6eM r{ npocrpaHcrBo
I l( r,r(rr il3(ycrBeHo cb3AaAeHtr or qoBeKa npo-
, rprrrcllit ca orpaHmeHtr or o6euu.6es oQop-
rr, rrrr o6cuu Hxua oQopueuo trpocrpaHcrBo."
Br4nxEnM IIT4HAEP
1lr\rrcKTypara Moxe Aa ce cxBarqa Karo c:bor-
trotrrrrtre u/y o6eu rl [pocrpaHcrBo. Irully aae-
r. npiriirrocru: qucrus o6etrl (uupaulqa, c. 18) I
'rrlor() trpocrpmcmo (rpo6Huqa ua Arpefi,
, I 18 ). HMa noqTH Her.r36por.rMr4 Bb3MoxHocru
rir otxrco6seaHe Ha npocrpaHcTBa c noMoIUTa Ha
".Niil: l't Tpe[IHI{ ItpOCTpASCTBa UJII{ IIopeEH-
,'l
Itil rlloclpaHcTBa BibB Bl,TpeuHocTTa Ha crpaAu,
nlrnnrtr trpocrpaHcrBa o(. wu uly crpag$
'rrlrIll ()l crpa,qu, rp].ml CrpaELI, B Cennlqa I4 lpa-
,iilrr. rftlKTo u uuoro6poiinn MexAI{HHIr crerle-
xtr M/y BrrpenlHn H BbHlrrHlr fipocrpaHcBa Ao
Irlr( \o/(r B orKpHTIifl naHAua$r.
l', rrrirrrirrr(u 3a QopMara u o6ma Ha npocrpaH-
, rrorr ca rpanrrrl[Te (c. 20). Te safi-qecro ce
XeoecreuoH, r3TocHa 3ila ' It l(trrl Or BTrp,Ul T9IA: meldmOHUUHU eIeMeHmU
rrlltr clcllu, TaBaM, KOJIOHIIT IpeM, nOKpIrBU, ap-
nr. r'r(4oBe (c. 28 48), nrn nr,HlrHoro npocrpaH-
I r(r ilcprAKo oT ctpaAH mu qacm oT ctpaAtr,
illl rilou{aA[
- cbulo rr oT rlenu rpyntr cfpa,ry.
ll rrropnxra qecro ce cperrlar onurtr 3a,{eMare-
|ilrlilr'nulrt, cboB. nbnHo mu qacmqHo trpe-
\rir\rirrrc Ha rpaHlrrlure (rorura, XX t.), Ho re n
rrtr rc/lla cMefta BogrT Ao 6e3$opMeHocr, Ao
irpocrpurncrBo Karo MareMartrqec(a (bopMyna
rfir r(il r'o flpexoA B trpupoaHoTo npocTpaHcmo.
llr /tl)yra crpaEa, vMa crpeMeM 3a o6eMHo
Iilr r, ilrflBaHe Ha apxl.ITeffypaTa w 3a ilnacms-
rrolr rlr o$opurHe Karo o6eM: npeMIiHaBaHe Ha
,rp\rrcKrypara B rrJracffia (Eruner, fr,punr,
\ l\ rr XX e.).
'(,'l'rr eauo cBrplBaHero Ha o6uxHoeenlr sep-
r rrrilrrrrx n xopu3oHTarHu ereMeHTtr cr:gana 6o-
r il r( r lo or B3al.{MogeiicrBnf M,/y npocrpaHcmoro
r or l)orruqaar{me ro o6euu, KaKTo e B ll3Toq-
rrilrtr Jal'ra Ha Xe$ecrefiona n Arrna.
[ollriicKltTe xpaMoBe Karo crp. o6euu usqnro ce
l (pbrnara, tro(pura c mocrr 6erosos Kynon 3a-
\ rll)iil( repu3upaToT oqu\orHama zanepun. Heit -
nirr rroAnoptr o6pa3)tsar paBHoMepHa o6BriBKa
,'rru,rr (c. 18, 36). flpocrpaucrBeHara AuHaMuKa
il r,r rrLlpeujHocTTa Bb3HI{(Ba oT pa3nmHuTe no-
i rkil ila BbTperrIHlITe npocTpaHcTBa r{ oT TqxHaTa
'
rll r, r(a c oTKptrToTo BbmHo npocTpaHcTBo, Te
r r' rrl)ecuqar B npetr4Beptrero. I4groqnara sana e
\r'rlrccreiioua ce ornuqaBa c uuoro go6pe npe-
rl( l)cll0 B3anMOOTHOIIIeHIIe Ha OIpaHroTeJIHuTe
' r( McHTtr. KOlOUUre, peguqll oT BepTuKillrHu ca-
\r(tr'r'oqrenHu rera, c o6euzre u pa3crotHrltra
lroMCXAy CII xapamepu3upaT CbOTHOileHI{eTO
{rrBopeHocT HaBbH I{ 3aBopeHocr HaBbrpe
^r,'v
r ir ofinrorxara ra,reprl{.
r cTpaHcrBo. To er:Aeficrsa oBbrpe HaBbH Karo
llr,r'frcx.lHl4]Er o6eM Ha r4erama u3TnaeKBa ro&a
illJ(,c rpaHcTBo; IneIaHo oT npelnBepueTo, To Ka-
r 0 r'cceH nacax u3Trua no npoAbnxeHue Ha
l r,ilrrrHr?tfl 3il,q u om]mo pa3iltrp{Ba trpelABe-
1
lo. f:raaex orpaull.llrren e HanoAo6sBarqm
rrrc
, r r,.116 veleH:ug (aHmu) or creHa'ra Ha rrenara. C
r |rtlrfpaHHo 3aBopeHoTo KbM rIeJIaTa npe.lnBe-
I 23
pue (npouaoc) 3aloqBa qlporo Karo o6oco6eH
apxurexT1peH o6eM B o6r{KonHara raneprm. He-
3HaUTeJ'IHOTO, HO gCHO 3aAUraHe Ha rnoqecTara
ro orAerq
Hacrr.rrKa Karo B:brpeilreH $yugaueur
or ralrepurra. lopuara rpauuqa ce Qopuupa or
apruTpaBa c Oprl3. Toi o6mHoBeHo orracBa rle-
nara, miloruqHo Ha $yHgaMem;m npar, onu-
pai(u ce Ha HefiHure creHu.
flpu Xe{ecrefioua o6aqe apaxtrrpaBrr u rfpu:rr
crmar Ao B6Hl:m asra6reuau Ha o6uKonHara
farcpw v lar8aprr ulroqHaTa x qacr B npo-
cTpaHcTBeHo ofpaHrrqeHo flpeAqBepr{e flpea npo-
Haoca, BMecTo aa ro oTBopJrT cTpaH[qHo Kl,M
o6urorm KopuAop.
Kopemo pa3mqeH or nocrmHaroro B Ta3u ap-
xr4TeKTypa paBHoBecue Ha BepTu(anHu u xoptr-
:omargu o6euu e Ii3&{rHarllflT B erloxara ria Ka-
pontrmure trapaxrtrc n )Itepuuxn 4e flpe. Tofi
e npoeroupaH u3rlflo oT rneAHa Toq(a Ha BbT-
peuHoTo npocrpaHcrBo. MacusMre 3trAoBe u3-
KJrroqBaT B'bHrrHoTo [pocTpaHcTBo. or,qernr.rre
qacrn B:bTpe ca cTporo orpaHr4qeHr4 oT npaBo-
brmu 3uAaHu crrr6oee, u3rtr3a[1ure or rqx
cBoaoBe ooopMJrT caMocTorTerHr.r, Ho nocre,qo-
Barenuo pe4Bau1rl ce rro:rera. B uonropeuuero
Ha eAuaKBu eJIeMeHTLt HtMa HIII{O CBbp3BarqO.
flpocrpaHcrnoro e rscHo! orpaHme:rsure o6e-
Mtr ca rex(u u Bucoru. 3rgaume creHu HaA cBo-
,qoBeTe 3aTBapqr qeHrpzllHoTo npocrpaHcrBo
noqTu KaTo B rlraxTa - BT,npeKI.t oJIeKoTrIBailII.ITe
omoptr BbB nuq Ha rpofiua apra4a. Macara ua
3rrloBeTe r.r BepTr.rKafirTe xapaKTepu3upaT Ta3r.r
paHHocpeAHoBeKoBHa apxllTeKTypa.
Kuercrnoro D TopoHro, nocrpoeHo 1956 66
or apx. Bunro PeBeJr, e omr 3a pa3qynBaxe Ha
o6uqaiisoro crepr4nHo peAyBaHe Ha Bilcoxu a,qM.
crpaAtr B rpa,qoBere npe3 XX B. qpe3 xapaKrepHa
npocrpaHcrBeHa (oopAuHarr{r ua crp. o6euu.
B/y n:rari[opuara Ha rIoKbJrHHr erax ce ri3urlrar
gna uepynxoo6pa3Hu He6ocrr,praqa c Br.rc. 78 u
100 u. Te o6rp6rrlar n gr:16oro oruHartr Kpmu
ceAaTeJIHa 3ara - cnMBortrqeH ueHT't p Ha rpaAa r
peruroHa ToPoHTo.
Hag rynora ce c63Ama npocrpaHcrBo, 3arBope-
HO ,qO OI(. 2/3 Or U:sUrUre mOCKOCm. TO Ce Or-
Bapq npnBerruBo HanpeA KbM fpaAcl(m moqa4
a B oTcpeqHaTa nocoKa ocTaBrI caMo receH lrpo-
qen. Cnope,q MecronojroxeHr.rero Ha Ha6nroAare-
tr nepcneKmaTa ce cMeH.{, [pocTpaHcTBoTo ce
pa3rBaps u 3arBaps. He6ocmpravme ca no{tr
r.I3r]tro orBopem (bM ToBa o6pa3yBaHo or rflx
BbTperrrHo rrpocTpaHcTBo c neHTr.r oT rrpo3oprlH 14
HilbnHo 3aBopeHtr KbM BbHuHaTa cTpaHa, T. e.
opueHTupaHu tr3rlrJro KbM BbTpeuHoTo trpo-
pa3rnl.rpeHne Ha 3acTpoeHoTo npocTpaHcTBo, c
npoMeHlruBH nepcnemmtr B 3aBr.IcIrMocT oT Mec-
TononoxeHxero I rpuremw o6ruar.
fpynara crpanlr npeAcraBJrrrBa He3aBr.rcuM, Ho
cborHeceH c rpaAa npocrpaucrreu o6eu, xofi-
To Moxe Aa KoHTaKTyBa c octasalltte ne6o-
cT:bpraqu.
24 Apxnrenrypara naro o6em r npocrpancrao 2 Apxrrexrypara Karo o6eM n rrpocrpaxcrBo 2 25

il'., (nrcrc ca KoiilJerrpaqru Ha xopa, Syrum, fopnnrr n rra3apeH nroula4 r lrop-

0 50M
f@Fnru Aons r roFef, neDeH n urFlf
a) pa3npeaensre {mH}" 6) rePcreffim
fpaarr xaro crppcqln or o6em tr rrtrxxrpsucrm
,,1,,r ur llcr. rpauoB9 npx Heo6xo4rxoo m:a-
!!ur r.r ( c ralRaptr B )npemeHne. cffiO rlOpNa Ce
.'qh"K irr oT TapeEa Im
ffi ocHoBHa reoMilpm-
,r,r ilrrrr r pa, 3amopeuara moq ce pBAetr cno-
t" r ,l,r rrrurrrre, rorro rpr6ra 93
| ,.,ir.rr:r cc cTplriTlpa oa o6emn't3ruffiBa-
ll npocTpan-
r t5ilr 8 (Offio npaBoTo Ha oTEeM rpaxnaHffi
!
'
r ! ( )i ,( r ne Ho trpwpmmo r lroa c$epa rprG
.,.' r.r r I
paBHomffe c H3ucffiHflo ra o6qn
'rnx rl)irricma Ha u,r[oro rpaAcxo oSuegrBo. Or
\ I \ r r rllsmffre rpagoee pa:vymar SHKctrpaHa-
! r h('rrlpHa $opua c eKctrffi3m, ffiopupatqa
,', ri,lr{{scrufe uaqa6x- Ho x trp{ trpoxeueIme
,,.[.'rlc,ilrt apfficmoH- lffio Ha fpa,[a ce mHo-
r',t.!.' irltrtrr Bcffio Ha n:aftMogeficruHero MIy
.,!n Nilr ,t ilp{€rptucBa-
I i'.r r( hr lrpocrpafimBa rla mpBo Mcro ca yntr-
.rrrr' tr rurolqaAtrre. !";nrqme ca npeAnirilaqs-
",! r.r pat-terrHe h o6cqt(BaHe Ha rpagcxnTe
'" rt'r.|[r. ]a trpeMHaBaHe. TpaHctropr H gBHxe-
,!,r{ ll() rrpxpoJa re ca lmeapffi. ffuoUa.Wne
. !\ {.u la obe.Frtmage Ha /Fmemilo, 3a c}-
i..,t,.rrrr * Gcp!-4oroqeHe. flo rpnpojF re ca
',,"1tr
rf,(nUlOUSfi-
ll r..rr:! c.reuetra trptrgobmar ctre4tSmm cu
,il\n illillrcfBefi xapmTgp oT gLoTHoruelueT0 Ha
il rd![r;r ilu GM orpaHuwlenffie noB]pilIocTe
,,,,, ,{,c\rr- \l y .rrreaprne- orpaHtrqeHfl Haii-
" r 'o Ll8\'crpaHHo. TpaHc[opftff aprepxH ff 3a-
'r'l,|r-rils w Bct{qru frpaHH roorqaA 6ta rffiofo
,,, r\r{rAr{(xfff 3a fupunpalc Ha cBoboAux trpo-
' ,t'.[r( tna u fa B&t(}qB&gro HM B rpa"qcKal?
i rt'\xtYFlt.
+opr \r Fouau!.m, eJInH or Mamffio expaHeHt
',{
,r,lrli.cffi rooqaqr! B Pw" :a pruuxa ox cr-
.. rrrrc trMtreparopcw rpoppm x aplr{re uo-
..,.r rx ri pltx- rpa1toBe cfiepa Heo6trqaiHara 3a
1",.' rpr.lol.crpofimo $opywa cxeua (c. 218"
' 'l)) ll HlaFoff cll sHl o6aqc roii cmmema
,r,,,riilrrirro pw--ffi- cxBaqffi 3a rpnAcm{
rr roirtt"il Kero 3emolref,o trpotrpastrno- Hmo
. r!r.r irr rr)a.qcffie y,qHqu He H3mrua, 3nym-
tr.r'rr ca B morqa4a" roirro e:amopeH rtu
,'r" [r,trt sapfailft, KaxTo pw_ aTpf,yMHa &t]Ia
. (
'.q r,i!"tgfle cr" foremme rT6mHx cfpa,ryr no
Ha fttoua-It ml-teiigmal He lo.l-
", I'rrl'( frrfla
r.rn,r x:r{o caMo€TofT€ffi o6e*m, rolrom c @c-
..rlrrrr, ctt ffim EercBX trem. 3mapffiilo Ha
,,,.,lx rrittrffa Ea crpaqnre xapMoepa c QpoH-
!., rrrcrra u dacaauoro o$oproreuue ornm-
llr rrnnri( ooBbpum Ha o6cm ert]eim-
,, il ofpilffirEflil Ha fpaAcKoTo 0trpmo
^irr{}
'thh rnJlrcrBo: rmacmqno orfupnrenn creHu rra
,r\r' rir{rild ffpoglpaHcmo trofi offiptrm He6e 3a
'i., rr!risccffi E qep€lloHtraiw trpeacTaueHtrt l{
t rorem rpa,q- llmpegmou nodv-
, arB()ra Ha
t tt'trftr: ;{twre ro rotme crem g 6cglunt-
'r. r(1 iailnmg crpaqxcg[ Sporrmse ruroula$br
!'irrr lr)(ulaa *CHa HACOqeqOCT. a HatrpecHo pil3llo-
i,,Adritn o6em sa maE,wuvtta trpil ctrroHa Ha
BEJltma Aomalm.
li. t | | : r,tiar. I u,a e
gonnnsr
.ltrq ca fpaacKx trnoruaar., oT c6BceM Ap]T Bua
BlnpeKu no.q.o6sHre cu rfymqHu. ompro npo-
crpaHcrBa c pa3fl{qHa (bopMa r.f fonewHa ce o6e-
gr*ffiar B noperflr1a npocrpaHcrBa ff o$opmr
fnaBHara oc Ha rpaaa. Illocero, ornet(ll,arqo e
rpaAa no Mogra Ha HHca. ce 3aycma crpaHuqHo
B rlpr.t6jr. KBaAparw doteu na3ap, KZT} ynilveH
nacax trpeMHHaBa npe3 HsKonKo 6roxa or ruulu
fi ce pa3ffipma B Ha.ryrcffi ?opeH na3ap.
B l-bop,{!4rl Kano B troBeqero rpagose or Cp. u
C. Eapora, cawre ;m. crpaAtr npeacraBmar
uorqaaHfi cTeHH, T. e. rpaAlr H xurenure My ca
cBlp3aHE c obuecrBeHut xHaor fio no-pa3nmeH
Haqffi, orKonxoro e ua rrr. Tofi ctoragrcrBa Ha
Jpyr 6m fi Ha apyr run Kbur. Pa:lqpo6euara
cTp)tKqrpa Ha xmuutHme KBapraJrE ce ocHoBaBa
Ha trpruilIma Ha caMocrorrerMTe pelloBtr 6rr{ff.
Tma o$opuemre $pomoee Ha crpagTe ce 3a-
'fBaprr cJlm Ao .qpyr B yffitr creHH.
flpoaarxaaaHero Ha crpyK4para ru B uonlaa-
HH CTeHrr" ObeAtrHeHH OT petr)B,rHero Ha rfCHO U
rrrtrpoKo, npujlaBa Ha rrpoclparrcrBgHara tropeAq-
qa AtrHaMtrRa n 4u6orxna tsbliperu cKpoMHU-
Te i pa3Mepu. Tt ce ycwtya qpe3 u3tron3BaHe Ha
H3.(mau ce c l0 M TepeH h BepTf,majrHtr AoMtr-
EatrTtr: TpH K)'nf,, CTpOfiHff, Cftna-,'IOBUAHO CTe-
c|ffiarqfi ce npH3Mamwu Tena c ocTpoBbpxu Ky-
troru MapKtrpaT BffiTe ilpexoM oT e,qHo or-
KpHro flpocrpaHmo GM ,qpFo. Te $opuupar
ab3gyffimo npotrpmcmo Ha,4 noKpuBure, troA-
qeprear flpotrpaHcBeHara cTpyKrypa B lpaAa,
lrpm po]ma Ha petrepff B yffuara Mpexa H
xapamcpH3HpaT cmyeTa Ha cpeaHoBe(oBHtrs
rpaA B ilepctrema (c. 334 Altua).
tDopym FouauyM npeAcraBr cpe$BewoMop-
cKru ml sa aH,ruam pru. Tpatrsutrq: caMo-
cTogTerrlra BLlpeuHorpaAcKa rlrnocT, qpe3
o$oprureuuero lra KoFTJT)me cu tr3ontrpaHa or
pa3ffiwara crpyrcrypa Ha xrur. KBaprffi u Ae-
$mpaua {pe3 rexaun crp- Mac[, eApomoqru
trpomemtr o6ew, roacepraBaHe Ha cpetrHara
oc, HacoBaHe GM e,ura aoMmaHTa. I4HlpoBepr-
HO trpOCTpemO C MOHyMemileH Manla6.
fopnnrr tr Aoren [a3apen [,roqa.q B fbop-
lrtrq ca Tmra trope,ryqa oT motrIaal{ oT cpeA-
Bo- tr ceBepHogBponefrcm rm o cpeaHoBe(oBHa-
Ta Tpa,ryrui{: rry6mHo trpocrpaHcBo, (bopMff-
paHo He[ocpe,[cTBeHo or I?aAcKaTa cTpyKTypa,
cBbp3ffio c xruMrrlffTe KBapTaJru qpe3 aHilo-
rmo H3rpa,[eHa nepnrfepm. fhouaAsu crenu,
sffiBeHtr or Marr(ff, aflrlepeuqupam u npu6a-
Beffi e.ura GM flpyra eamtrrlu, pa3xlupeHo ilpo-
/Tffieme Ha ynEHaTa ctrcTeMa, BKrloqeHo rlo-
cKopo opraHrco, oTKoffoTo reoMeTptrwo, oT-
geruu BeprtrKanm aKIeHTr, 6e: n:meua oc. ,[u-
HaMU.tHo trpocrpaHcruo, uopumeH uarqa6.
OcsosgNre rrpnHr{ffnn Ha ABara morqaaa qecro
cg np€mmaT B xoaa Ha xcTopHtra. ocseH rrx ce
rqp[qila H tro-craptrr trpf,trqtrtr Ha cBo6o,qHo
rpyilf,paae rra crllourero o6euu, clegsau ot
fpq. apxHTeKr)?a-
26 Apxurenrypara Karo paBHoBecre Ha ul!'rnre
II r,prl r ir qen Ha Bcfl(a KoHcrpyKqm e ycroiiun-
rroc r r a. l]csra cfpa,qa ce cacrotr or Marepm,
r"r r()r(ctra Ha rpafiHoro nr:gelicraue Ha ?paau-
ttttttttu)utruna cuta. Ts qeiicrna .rpe: Harucx n/y
t, ri! r ir roBlpxHocr u rpr6ea ga ce ypaBHoBecn
1 r r r
crntr Ha onbH , rrporrrogeficraauu cmu. Crpagu, uacru or
, | |,riilr il KOHCTpyI{IIUU, KOUTO He Ce HaMUpaT B
pe3ynTahTHa
I'ttttttt\tr( ue, ce cpyTBaT. Egna lpe: 2-ara lo,to-
,,rrrrrr rlr XVIII g. lanoqea ugqnc,reHilero Ha Korr-
, rlr\\r(ItrTe Ha MaTeMaTnqecKa ocHoBa.
t r ir r tr KATa tr yqeHtreTo 3a cbtrpoT{BJeHtre Ha
{rilr(l)uarlre d;opuupar Ha} {Hure ocHoBtr Ha
' 1l) rcxntr(a. VqeHuero 3a cbnporl4BreHrre Ha
,I II( lrrirjrrTe qpe3 eKcr[epnMeHTartHtr l.I3tluraHtrrl
P{M: noHre Oa6ptrquo (noHc Oa6puqxyc) r t r,II rollfl Ba SKOCn'a Ha CTp. MaTepUanU U TSXHO-
r')Bc]{crrfle npu pa3nuqHtr cnrrax ]ra HaToBap-
I
" Bceru HarucK, tsurKlqflIenHo tr Ha crpaHruHm. Ho
,,, rr r'. ( ' raTuKaTa ce otllrrBa lla rIpeJIBDAr.I B'b3HLt(-
r
,',rrrr'(il ril u Irxlroro npotHcale e rr6parrara
L,ri rl)yKqus u cborBerHo na ru opa:uepu. Haii-
,,,rilLrr lc crflfl, geiicrearuu B crpalure, ca:
I t,t)t ttltiaHomo me?toHaKoHcTp. eleueHru,
tod-
"| )tt ililDle 11 npeMeHHu no6dp, BcJle.qcTBIte e(c-
i, ".iliil(ilfl Ha crla,ql.rc (xopa. o6raeexlarre. ua-
il|ilil. r'NndlupaHx varepualu). (a(lo x [ei:ict-
r"ililil r0 oTBbH cnr'Iu, Hanp. cHeMHu moaopu,
lt tto Bflmbpa (6ypr). duuautrtuu euSpuquu
11
I\r.ililililil- yrrwHo trBilxeHilc. lcvetpeceHile).
llr il\ir cuJa ce ge$uuupa c ?o.tevuHa, npu,iox-
',.t nt rtt\'d k nocoKa. B crpaaara treiicrsar cuu
, , r
l)ir JituqHu Ilocol(u, npe,quMHo I(aTo cutu Ha Ha-
'ilil. t\'11 x.4b3euHe, Ho x KaTo cuau Hd on6H l[a\p.
,.r vllttsHoBecfBaHe Ha ilb3raHero u HarucKa),
t ,|\\ < tlf u Ha yclKeale npu u3KpxBsBaHm. KaTo
' tt tlt tro cpfl36aHe npn AeiicrBne Ha cIrJlI B e.qHa
I', r r Ir r r r r ra! Ho B IlpoTHBoIloJloxHH nocoKl4.
I Lr/,ilo troltgrue or crartrKara, I{anp. trpIJ u3qtrc-
r' rIrr' lIa OruBa]IeTO, e MOMeHTbT, npotr3Betre-
il[' ro oT foneMuHaTa Ha cLrIaTa LI pa3cToflHueTo
AMtreHi
r" orropHaTa ToqKa I4JlIr TorIKaTa Ha 3aBlpTaHe
Kareapara t llrrMo ua IOCT).
I'IsIoBecl|e ce rocrufal Koraro cyMr{Te r]a
a) HanpeqeH pa3pe3 ilr r|r(fi cmu u MoMeHTu ca paBHn Ha Hyna, T. e.
, r rue ce u3paBtrBar. Bcqra cma ce yHuuloxa-
6) noAnopHa apKa rr,r or rrpotneogeiicrBaqa ctc cBilIara roJIeMuHa
c napdenorpaM | 'i)l)rTHa nOCOKa, a [Be Cmu OT pa3nmHu nOCo-
(
Ha cunilTe
r r' or rpera, pzytmaHmHa. Crorsoueuuero
rr,r crJlrffTe Moxe aa ce npeAcTaBH c TpI4Rr6JrHr(
t' u txJ tnpubebrlHttr). B Nero cu:rure, geficmarqu
r ( rUIa ToWa no,q onpeAeneHtr blnur ,,KOMIOHeH-
rrc". KouTo ca HaqepTaHu B cboTBeTcTBarrI Ha
t,.r{Nrcpa uM uarqa6, o6pa:year ,qBere crpaHu.
I l). r ara crpaHa e pe3ynraHrHara. flpu y.{aoxna-
r( ila cxnoBm TpubmnHur( KaTo rpa$uuua $ury-
l),r e c tron)ruaBa napaJI€JIoIpaM Ha cItJ'I[Te.
I l( !(a crpa[a o6pa3yBa craruqecKa cucroMa, cb-
qacTu c eaHaKBu ulx
Anxecupac:
noKptrr na3ap
"rrr xgu6zuaqnr oT clp.
l,irr,l. craruqecKu cxcreMu. flpu roroxuara
( r t)u/(a B Tpon VI, o(. 1350 r. np. Xp. (c. 144),
,.r r rr,xHa (flo.LfloxHa. Hcnperscuara) rpela
I I'r ilrcfl roEapa Ha HarpeqHIlTe rpeJh (rpercp Ha
[eficrnne Ha rpaB[Taqllqra n SaxoHIt Ha crartrKara
lrrr rolonn) n/y urrolro cpe,qr{n KonoHu (c. 34).
Apxl{TeKTypara Karo paBHoBecI|e Ha cuJrrrr€
KoHuqHara $opua Ha (onoHure u crbilarool,tg-
uoro yge6emnaue Ha BbHuHure 3nuoBe cbor-
BercrBar Ha HapacrBaHero Ha Beprtr(ajrHnre
cunu Ha Harucr(. Brn tfyngaueHra, K'blleTo Ha-
rilcKbr il eBerrr)ilHtr1 .vo.uel!m tu o6ptulaue
ca rraii-ro:reuu, c safi-ro:rquara onopHa mou.
Ilonre OabpHquo n Puuo nocrpoeH oK. 62 r. np.
Xp., rarro H gpyrr4 paHHil puM. MocroBe, e u3lpa-
.[eH or uenu KpbfoBff cBotroBe. Te rpa6ea ga pa:-
npe.qejUir roBapa oT rl'r,THoTo ilra:nlo Bly cmbn6o-
Beme Gba aodama u onopttme Ha 6pera. Or. 1/: or
cBola npolbffaaa Kalo r. uap. node.uua apra
nol lo6pe ilrrrutaHoro peqHo Kopil ro B paiioHa Ha
uocra. PuMlsmrc ca cwantr, qe 3arBopeHmr,
cbcraBeH or KoH-ycoeuduu rcauouu, KpbfoB cBo,q e
Hail-cra6ujrHara KoHcrpyKrltrq, Kosro x3Abpxa Ha
3a rrpoALnxffTeJrHo yr?emaHe ca ,qocTamwu 3a-
KOTBeHUTe 3IIpaBO B 6pera CTpaUUUHU OnOpU
(c. 244). Tyn plnorruure c.rretrBar onrHqecKme
cnerynaquri Ha Kp'broBaTa feoMerpuq.
Texuxre uoAeuy rrAetr Ao rorqMa creilelr onpeAe-
nflT u cpe.qHoBeKoBH[Te apxHTeKTypHu cncreMu.
llpu crpoeaara or 1220 xaregpana s AuneH
Macara u3[tno e pa3qjleHeHa
Ha cKejlerr{a apxu-
reKrypa (c. 64). Kptcmamume pe6penu ceodoae
(c. 46) pa:rpe4elqr Harucxa e/y urro:rro rovxu
or crpa[ara. Pe6para ua cBogoBere Karo ropHu
cmu, gciicreaqu no[ HaKJroH, ytrpal(MBar cl.t.IIeH
xopu3oHruer{ uarucx (H) e/y creuara Ha Brco-
m xopr6. Oruru uy npo rmolciic rsa r ycnupe!-
utte nodnopuu upxu. Te npe[aBar Haruc(a Ha
Bb3xoArrrlrrre xoumpa()opcu, o$opMeHx Karo
Kynu }ran crpaHroHure Kopa6tr. TqxHoro co6cr-
BeHo renro, nocraBerrnTe orope tpuo,tu u tosa-
p\T Ha noKpuaHama KoHcmpyKrlut KaTo Bepm-
(arlHri cnqu (v) KoMrreHcr.rpar cuJrure no.[ HaKloH.
Harlosrr Ha no[tropHure apxu npu6l. cborBer-
cTtsa Ha noco(aTa Ha pe3yjrraHTHara B cborBer-
Hm traparrenorpaM Ha cI,tJIIiTe. Harucnrr sa cso-
,qa Ha crpaHuqHure r(opa6u ce KoMtreHcffpa or cy-
MaTa Ha BepTuKuHuTe ToBapu B ap(anHxTe cTb,'l-
6one u roHrpaSopcure (c. 320).
I,l:qucresmr 1933 or EAvl.plo Toeoxa noxpur
tra3ap B Alxecxpac ce cbcrou or xeteso6e-
morrHd Kyno/rHo qept)nKa c le6enuHa rpH Bbpxa
caMo 8,5 cu. Tx rorpuna cruul n/y 8 nognopu
oKroroH c A 4'7 ,62 u (flaureou, c. 252). Cnnure
Ha HarxcK AeficrBar paAuatrHo HaBbH. 3a !a rH
noeMer Kpur (uunocm) e yAe6enen Ao 44 cM.
Brsrusure rrcu u mocxu 4utuudpuqHu qepyntcu
ro yKpenBaT. KaTo trpoHu$aT B Kytrona.
B ra:n uurocrHa 3oHa or pa3ruqHure cur'ttr Ha
I{aTUC( Bb3HUKBa e,qHa-eAUHCTBeHa Cma Ha Ha-
rucK'. pu)tn.maHmHa, yctropeAHa Ha pt6onere. Tx
aeiicrBa Koco orrope s/y ropHure qacru Ha no,q-
nopltTe. cruteH npbcmeH ua ontu i flporuBo-
treficrBa (aro xopu3oHTarlHa KoMrroHeHTa. [Io,q-
nopure noeMar caMo BeprrrKanHlra roeap.3al
o6rKHoBeHara SopMa ce I{pue ycrDbpueHcrBaHa
crarnqecKa cucreMa, pe3ynraT oT MaTeMaTr-
qecKu npouec, Koiiro He Moxe Aa ce rpocne4u c
npocTo oKo.
28 Crponre:rnn eIreMeHTf, UCrena
tlbo Kop6re3|e: EMHa c.paaa
lUEpq@[E eeraBcra
cencG cqa, bff
Oynxqur tr Korcrp;,'rcqf, ff
I Crponrerun
I r r.[f,Te ca BErrfrxallnn, npaBli ltnl{ ofbfiaTfi no-
Ir.Pxfl(trrn, Konm orpaffiaBaT m pa3lem
rrrucrrlcum x o5€w.
llltrr rparcropnecrffire crpoem marptr o[
rpr.lr. xoH3olrw ryuom, rom6n fi3rmarqtre
{r rnrnoHem rrm :ao6near orpantlqrtlenu]t
firnx x([-ru cn)rKaT e4toBpeMeffio 3a troKpm tr
r rtrra. li1pa n xoIA Ea pa3Bnrtero tro(pmbr, Ta-
ndr r, r H creHara tror4 raBar cnerya:m Symqm
rdro orre;rrn trJrocxocu.,ftQepempaqma
I r!rl)L)l rlefrra, MaTepxana tr KoEqTp)trqnrTa Bo4t
rrr rxlxlpxme ua pa3JrFrEE Tf,trole cref,x.
{ IoJ)cj( Uejma ce piIlJmaBaT:
I ellrrrupeuemo xocery x 3arBapflqu creHn;
.r n rtapsur" Hesocery crem, xomo ce tr3-
r l)axjlaT (aTo:
ir) rctroABrDi@r 6) nopm B) rurnrar4{.
I r!)l)c,/l KoHcrpjftIlltflTa ce pagrlr{qaBaT:
I uircunm grem, T- e- xoMorem o6€rff or 3r,-
ilryu (c. 3O), 6mox m dtpaeuu epedu
ltiroKoB clpoex);
' (Kcjrelrtrf KoHgrpynlltrl or Hocery (orom It
r pc./IH, qllilTo Mexro|]mr trpocTparrcBa ce 3a-
r trapffT c JIeK MaTepnaJI, Hatrp. cTeHll c natIIToB
cKergT-
\ rpirmepsr na epa crpaAa ce olpe4eJrr cbrqecr-
ner(r 0'r cTpyKrypaTa Ha Hocellllfle eJIeMeHTIt,
Itrr)t)cllo Ha greH[Te.
ll r()cr?oeHara 1935 nr;rna crpaaa Rpai oree-
rr rr Jlso Mere (Cenorrx) JIro Kopnrosru a
llru, XaHpe AeMoscrparmHo tro4qepraBar
rlryrrrrlHure Ha creme- Orpa4garyrre creHra or
tt'^tI!a Ku&Ha 3udapua otpaanuanaT I{ HocfiT.
I I ca tr3trmHarl,I Ha Bucoqi,IHa ABa eri|)l(a Karo
rir r rropeHr{ uafi6ll rl o6pa3yBar Berpoycrofiqrmx
t.r rlx.
( r clrv re orparutqaBar .Fe BbrpellHn npocrpalr-
r urir c roJrema B c'borHoueHr{e npll6n, 1:2.
llerxo or rtrx ce orBapff B nporltBorloJroxlta tto-
I (il(ir tro r4ffIaTa clt ltblDKltfia ri BI,Icoma. Apyrl4-
rf lpH cTpzIHtr ocTaBaT Irolm HatrbJmo 3aBope-
rrrr. fosa otrpegetr rfopvara Ha crpa,qara.Ts ce
|il[,JrBa c Hoceq AbpBef, cKeJIeT oT reoJxoHu,
ttr,.u dyemamu ?pedopedu u norcpusHu 6epuu,
soiiro ce 3arorBr B 3unoBere. flor;ruanar ce gla
r'rirxa c no e,ryra troKpma Tepaca, BbHrtrHa ap(a-
jil, /(rreBm tr ctraJH noMeuleHltg.
I'c/(yBaHero Ha orBop r,r rf.'Ibr nolqepraBa pa3-
rrr,rrrure $y*rpm Ha Fere qacrtr Ha K;rrlara a
n0ilcTpyltTmHa caMocTotremocT Ha orpaHr{qe-
rrnc or 3unoBe trpocrpaHcma. Bnxga ce, ve nne
r rf r,ll3aHu troA npas bmr u33rnaru naitds sga-
nMro ce )'r<pemar rr ga3gpaBffiar. Baxuara tr-
fi)tra Bpb3Ka e notrqepTaHa B :bIJMTe Ha KaI4aTa
\ t,c taqen*aHemo Ha ,qo6pe nog6paHu KaMerrnr,r
i Iiulpu.
rkrc65ffiEllno-E lllBaprlBairAcnara ,,cencna nuqa" - aleuau-
ffirrcily[tr | ilr
lrpuMep 3a cpeIHoBeKoBHa ceJIcKa K'blqa - e
r,pBeHo-naJrmoBa nocrpoitKa g qncr sEq. Cre-
rruc ce c:bcroqr or KoJroHr4 n ramru (Qaxaepro-
rir KbtrIa, c. 58). Trruara roucrpltrtrBHa crpy(-
rvl)r or Hoceil{u BepruraJrHu xo:roru (crofiru),
eneMetrTrr UC'reua I 29
xopn3olrraJrHn rpe.m (pauru) u 3arnnBarqr{ TaJr-
rrn, ,q:bcxfi u npo3opulr (racerr.r) nafi-4o6pe ce
BUXTIA B bTbJIA OT KbIUATA.
Hanpuuama epeda B/y ocHoBun.tr 3IrI nocpeAcr-
BOM .@enO,p(OAro{ Cpq3Baruts Ce 3a)(3arlla C
deoixo nepo 3a uadttxxama epeda. ArpBeHu
mpoHn [},pxaT IBeTe rpeAlr B HerroADr,rxHa
Wb3Ra- Hymoee H nepa 3aKperrBLT BucoKaTa ABa
eTaJxa aDroBa (onoHa (oT naaumoaama cmeua)
KbM Ha.qrbxHara rpena r
ropHaTa xopH3orrraJrHa
rpeAa (or notcpulHama fiepua), ocyosara na
rpeAopeAa.
Ha norosm Btrco,ma Apyra xopr,r3oFranHa rpe-
M (MeJrdyemawa wm cmeuua) pa3AeJrr creH-
ffi nonera u/y roloutre Ha ,@e qacrr,r c erar(-
sa Brcowa Bepuxannr.r uexgmtrr.{ KonoHu (or
nuHmoaua crcuem) ru pas*reuraar Ha orAeJrHr.I
xacemu. llpu BcI{rrKI,I Te3I,I IDIoBI,I eJIeMeHTI{ Ha-
.qrbxlll{Te Hymoge 3axBaulaT TaJrrllne, ,[r'c(IlTe x
npo3operrHxre paMn.r, Korno oQopMfiT rr;nHexa.
Texnrrre nexo n3AaAeHr{ r4 xJr}THaJILT qacrr,r no4-
qepTnBaT Ae6eJrr,rHaTa Ha Hoceqr,rjr cKeneT rr rrpn-
AaBar peneQHocr Ha creHara.
flpu npoermpaaara 1944 6u6,rnorena Ha llr'rn-
RoicKllfl Texnororf,qecxf, nncflrryr e 9ur,L-
ro Mr4c BAH,qEp PoE ce onmoa ga nocrnrHe 06-
pa3a sa crpaAara no rroAo6r{e Ha urBapr.lBanAcKa-
Ta Kbnla - qpe3 [oAqepTaBaHe Ha TeKToHrrqHaTa
cTpyrrypa cT,c cpeAcTBaTa Ha MoaepHr.r.f, cToMa-
HO6eroH.
Hoceuum cKeJrer Ha rpr.rKopa6Hara 3ana, KoftTo
npeAcTaBnrBa KoHcmpyEtltua, om cmoMaHeHu
epedu B/y qerupr{ nornopu, r.r3rrbKBa Ha Kbcara
$acaga c berolama KortoHa lt c Brrconvs mpeeep
Had qnnama cmeHa noq, TaBaucKara lrlroqa. flo-
lero u/y rpegopeprrea.{a3r,r creHa e 3arrbnHeHo
c:bc caMoHoceilIa T)rxjreHa cTeHa, KorTo AonprrHa-
cr n 3a yKperrBaHe r{a crpaaara (BMecro nporr,rBo-
BerpoBa Bpb3Ka).
Ha naArn xnara crpaHa ca 3aKaqeHI{ npo3opeqHrr
paMK{, Ea[paBeHr.r oT 3aBapdHr.r cToMaHeHr{ npo-
tfnnu, crarnrecxr,r He3aBr.rcuMr.r or Ir33I4AaHoro
troAtrpo3opeqHo trpocTpaHcrBo, KaTo oKaqeHa
$acaga (curtain wall) rpeA Hoceuur cxener. ,qBe
npo3opeqHr4 ocx cboTBeTcTBaT Ha pa3cTorHr.reTo
u/y rpearre B 3irnara. Terronr.rqnara crpyKT)?a
nprlo6r{Ba xapaKrep Ha Koxa il (ocrr.r (skin +
skeleton).
B roncrpyrrueuoro r,r ecrerqqecKo peueHlte Ha
brJtr.rTe, T. e. B3ar.rMHoTo npecrFraHe Ha orpaxla-
rrlr{Te cTeHI,r, oco6eHo scHo Ir:rrrxna cnequ$lru-
Hrrrr xapaKrep Ha AaAeHa apxuTeKTypa, cborB.
Ha apxrrrerTa. B rexnr,rqecro ornoueHlre LIs3I{Aa-
Hrasr bran Ha JIlo KoPElo3t4E He ce pa:iJrr,rrraBa or
xr4rrrAoneTrraTa TpaIurlr4q Bb[peKr,I aBaHfapIHaTa
KoHqemlrrf, Ha BrrrHaTa crpaAa. cTeHHaTa cTpyK-
rypa Ha 6r.r6nnorerara g 9lrraro e B rrporr{Bope-
qrre c MacrrBHaTa cTeHa, Ho cneABa 3aKoHoMep-
HOCrn, noAo6ru Ea cpe,{HoBeKoBH}rf, Al,pBeH rpa-
[ex.
 30 Crpoure,rnn eJreMeHTrr II/Crena 2 Crponte,ruu eJreMeHTl lllCrena 2 3l
l[]([r("re ca cTeHu oT ecTecTBeHu mu u3KycTBe- pr6oeere ce n:ru(toaar, :a ga ce nocrurHe $rna
rr h:tNt t)r1x. KauegHuqr fpaAex ce pa3BuBa cuc- Mpexa or cbBceM T'bH(u Qyru. To:n Meroli rra-
I' Nr,r r tltrro e.[Ba B tpa,qcKuTe uuBmil3arluu, noq- peqeH aHo m upo3a (auruuHocr', Cpeguoneroere),
Ir , Irl)EpeMeHHo KaTo tpaAex oT ecTecTBeH Ka_ o6a.re crcpegoroqaBa u troBuilaBa ctrrara Ha rra-
II| il ryxJIeHtpaAex. rucn e/y pl6onere Ha KaMbHure (onacuocr or
lrr rtrl)cxara np€Bpr,3Ra cnyxil 3a u3rpax,qaHe cuymaue). Tovuo nogpexqaHe cbrrlecrByBa or
|.! il il;tHa cTpymypa, 3a Aa ce pa3npeAeJHT caMoro HaqaJro B TyxJeHtrr rpa4ex. To ce no-
NttiIHo paBHoMepHo Bb3HI4KBaIIIUTC CnIX
' r,rr I il cTura cpe3 npou3BotrcTBoTo Ha TyxnuTe KaTo
,r.r r;rlrcK. Tsxgoro npeHacsHe or enuu (aMbK trpbB HopMupal crpotrTeJrefi eleueur. flpu
" \ rl))r craBa srerfy,'ume. To e Haii-ycrrcuro uucro co6crseuo reuo tr ronsM 6poil $yru rou-
rrlur l)ilBHn cBbp3Balqff noBbpxHocTu u Tbr{Ku Hara npeBp'b3ra go6nea raii-roroMo KoHcrpyr-
l,i r rr l'oleuure u rexKu (aMlHLt trMar 3,qpaBa TtrBHo 3HaqeHUe npx fpalexa. Pe4lmauero na
PqM: pycrilKoBa 3uAaput
or AKBa lvlapuue 'l), rlr,3Ka, 6e: lla ca cBbp3aHu cl,c cxo6u, dn- ryutrTe c mecHume u db/r?ume vM cmpaHu il
t'r tt r)tv xopocaH. flpu qpe6uopa:uepHara 3u- pa3MecrBaHero Ha Syrure ce cpeua ilpu ryxne-
r.rpr! ca Heo6xoluMu rnaAKIl cBbp3Barrlfl no- HXr rpa[ex Ha MeconoT. utrBrull{3auuu, Hanp, B
"
r,lr\rocTu u lonbnHuTexr{a Bpb3lta c xopocaH. Ypyrc, xarro u B pr.{M. ryueH rya4ex (c. 256)
Anarpu: EpeBHouranutcKa
nonuroHanHa 3raapht
I r,r( rrr.IHocma u 3ApaBuHara Ha 3ulapmra ca mu npll foTuKaTa.
It, ro-MaiKo BaxHu oT ycroiivtreocrra ua na-
rr( h ra KaMbHrire. lpaneNrr c xopocaH e pa3- Or[opu,renuero Ha JruqeBtrTe rroBtpxHocrtr
',rr r rlrii-eeqe npu ryuerrara 3ugapur. flpeepr:- Hape,q c nolqepraBarrero Ha rlyrure e peuaBauo
,,rrr 6c: ropocau e xapamepHa 3a rpa4exa or 3a ecreruqec(oro sl:,{eiicrgHe.
,'r((lBetIKaMbK.
llpu Axna Mapqnl n Prm ecrecrseso rpy6ara
I r\rrtrKara I| ecrer[Kara Ha rpa,qexa ca B3axM-
fopHa ItoBbpxHocT Ha KBa,qpuTe ce 3ata3Ba KaTo
r | ,( !t O6pa6orrara ua ecrecrBeHm Ka-
.rr,r 'vcJroBeHu. (aqecTBoTo Ha uHcTpyMeHTrTe u
u3n6KHAAOCm U Ce n3fnaxna C u3qyrcaaHe caMo
nBl,tcu oT
no nporexeHue Ha $yrure. C rosa ce uenu cre-
t,,rr\(4a Ha epeue. lpagexrr c npanmuo o6pa- cTrBaHe Ha TpyA, Ho u cb3HaTeIr{a neMoHcTpaqurl
YpVK: DMeHa 3hAaput
r,"r! ilrI rua,qpt, u3ucGa no-BucoK Texllmecl{u
, Lil|ltpT tr noBeqe BpeMe, oTKonKoTo tpa!,exbT c
ua rpy6a cma, Kosro ocraBa eAHa or xapaKTe-
pucTuMTe Ha 3auIuTHUTe nJrU BOeHHXTe Clopb-
t, r r rrLrrlu $opuaru. llpu r. uap. qtrKJrorrna 3tr-
xeHfiq.
r'rl)[u neflpaBu;rHu 6:ronose ce Hape4qar eAuH
Crc caonra QuHo u,rurlonaHa uoatpxrocr 3trAbr
,,, u egnH r/y Aplr, npeseume u3Aarbuu ce
'r1ryr
r'r\rilrlt na qe,rara n IIapreHoHa noAa{epraBa crp}Trypa-
,, ruil urpaBtrBar c flo-vilKt 6loruera,
Ta Ha MpaMopa u a6conomara xapMom Ha ,3o-
r\ l(n le l{ uupoKnre $yru ce :amaprr cbc 3ew
En Ka6r KBaApoBa 3ilAapht
r r rurcH xopocaH unu ce !!no[pml{tBat" c uuru douuano npezpnna (c. 60), rorro rroAxo)r(qa Ha
B xpaMa Ha AMeHXoren lll u3(ycBeHm xapaKfep Ha apxnre(Typara u Ha Bu-
r t( L ltH.
lr \llllqecKo U coKlIrI paHr Ha caKpa-rrHme cTpoexu.
eCTeTuqecKO yC:bBbpueHCTBaHe
:l 1r,r r ir3tr TexHuKa AeMoHcTpffpa troJlltlotrarHaTa
rirlrprlq Ha [peBHoura[. rpa[oBe. llpu rpenocr-
flornxpounero 3acnnBa npeAcraBtrTenHoro
nt:geficreue u oxm{Ba roJleMure noBRpxHocrn

'f
,r,rir creHa Ha A.larpn Hanp. MHofobfbnHure qpe3 u3no:r3BaHe saii-seqe ua gpe6uopasuepua
r, r( ca nogopaHu no roJreMI.IHa u $oprrla, 3lt.qapm. Opuaueuraruo Lt cuMBonuqHo roBa
'r(oBe crana nptr r3rpaneHara BeposrHo or $paHrcxure
L,r{) ruoqure rlM ca yeAHaKBeHu. B lpenuuuo
l .,r)l)il3oHTatrHaTa npeBpb3Ka ce cMetrT peAoBe
oT
crpotrreJru prrMcxa RyJra B KborH,
Tau yxpacuure $opMtr HrrMar Bpb3Ka c KoHcrpyK-
forilqecKa 3uaapcKa npeBpb3Ka ATuHa: sila Ha qenara B llapTeHoHa rr.rftso Bxco(ll Ksa,qpil c o6uqaiiHure HdKnoHe-
IlI.Irra, Kamo e o6uqafiso npfi puMcKara 3rrllapm
"tr l).:'zu u 4lroo6pa:uo noApe,qeHu norltfoHan- (c.256).3uqapuma ce pa3rnexla
rr r(rMbHn ol<. rleHTpanr{u 6lorose. Te npugaaar He ronKoBa
r,,uua yctofiuueocr Ha npeBpb3Kara, (aKTo e KaTO nOHcTpyKTr{BHa CrpyKr}?a, a no-cKopo Karo
,,11il rrr reMureprimo6dpaoulu
apra (cps. rscHo- noBlpruocr la opHaMeHru. flo loao6es Hacut
\r r rcrrcrlt c. 1 30, 148).
e4poKaMer{eH .rpa.qeN, MeconoT. t\yBuv3ar\uu cuwonmHo ca npeHac{-
I ililr (aMeHeH fpa,qex ce ornrqaBa c xopu3or{- Jll4 TeKCTmHU AeCeHUJ paCTnTeJrHU MOTUBIT It Xe-
r,r uro troqpexAaHe Ha roneMu 6roxose crc crs- piuAuqecKu xunoruu a/y KpenocrHx creHu, nop-
, L Nr lbH(u
$ynr. B xpanra Ha AMenxoretr III B ru N gsopqfl (c. 82).
I lia6 apxarvHulr trpuHrrfln Ha B3auMHoro Ha- flpu npenocrnara creHa Ha KoHcraHrnHono,r
,r.r( rtHe Ha 6lorogere c ecrecrBeHtr HepaBHocrtr eu:antlfiqure creltsar runuqHara (bcHopI{M.
Lr r r r,p3Barrero llu crc cro6u ce ycbBbpuellcrBa TexHuKa, Koqro cbqeraBa u cueceua zudapae
rl\'r roqHoTo lt3flb.lHeHue Ha pa3MecTeHr.tTe ro- pa3rrueH, IIaMtrpaH mI4 npou3BexnaH Ha e,qHo
;'tr tttntatuu fiyeu. Tyx nplrnqunNre Ha roqHocr- rucro uarepuan. JIeHru or ryKtru pa3,qerqr cBer-
I r (c rperururar crc clyuafiuoro, nufl rpaAex or ecrecrBeH xavrx, Pasmoeapea-
( r,B bplIIeHaTa ToqHocT Ha npeBp.b3(aTa x3ucK- u4ume apKu oT [Ba pela TecHn ryxJIu ca cBbp3a-

KbonH: TlDoeHa 3ilAaptrt Ha ptrMcKara Kyna

TexHNrca tr ecrertrKa Ha
,,,r rraili-usolo rexHura n pa6omo npeue.3a HX nO U3pa3HTereH HaqHH C BCUqKU OTBOpU B
il rr'iu clyxaT cbBceM rbHKflTe $yrr.r 6e: xopo- :u4a o'r 6ofiHuqtrTe,qo MoHyMeHTarIHara nopra.
,rrr Meraluu cro6H nogcurypxsar 6lorosere 3arououepuocrure Ha qltcrus rpanex trpe3
\ c rpaHuqHu npnrul'b3BaHm. 9ecto uecrara :a BCUqI{U XXnq,qOIeTUq OCTaBaT B Hepa3puBHa
rpanexa ,r,r rir|aHe Ha 6loxosere lero ce u:lll6asar- a Bpb3Ka c MaTepuaJra.
32 Crpoure,rnn erreMeuTn III/Crena
MoHnenhe: cp€AhoBehoaHa xunuqHa crpa,qa
MilxeHa: aBopeq, npo3opllx GM ABoPa
3 Crpoure,ruu e,'reMeHru III/Cresa 3 33
: rlr'cpbr Ha npocrpaHcrBara u o6euure 6e:-
'ir{
.r,.Bilo Cc OIpe[crlt u ut otuoueHueto v'y
r r.rn {orBop. Bn.{lr u roleunsara Ha ortsopx-
r, ri[rficqT npelu BctIqKo or gea $arropa: uu-
rr r r il clpouTejlHa TexHuKa.
lr rrMAT'br onpeletr ueo6xoguuocrra or cner-
rrrir rr cqHKa, ToutrHa il oxJlaxlaHe. loperqnre
1 iltNrirrxqHu 30Hx c uHTeH3uBHa cJIbIIqeBa cBeT-
rrr,l il BtcoKu! HenpoMeHnxtstr TeMtreparypu cb-
r'\ /\ Lilr xelaHue 3a ouaxjlaua u oMeKoTqBauIa
r r1r'r [lraTa csgra. Ha Tsx c]oTBeTcTBaT TunoBe
, r l)illlll C IIOqTtr HanbIHO 3aTBOpeHU BbI{UHH CTe-
ilil ilr(()nKo MaJIKU U BUCOKO pa3nOnOXeHU IlpO-
BbTpemHu ABopoBe tr (ojloHallu.
"l!Iil.
\ rrt |cqute u ua,qHx 3oIIu c HaMa[eHa cJrbHqeBa
' rL r [rHa, cMqHa Ha TeMnepaTyptrTe U rollx[Hu-
!, rl)crreHa, KparKu nera u cry[eutr 3uuu ct6yx-
Lr ricllaHue 3a MHofo romuHa u ceer,'tttHa. FIa
CneoeH (6r0opeH) poMaHcK,
nporcpell ' lrr lOHu CbOTBeTcBaT clpa[u C IOJ]eMfi llpo-
rr)l)rr 3a cBernuHara u ge6e,u creHu 3a romo-
! r0 llum.
I r(,roBaTenHo cTpoxTeJtHaTa TexHIlI(a
- oco-
r() l uaIHnTe :oun rpl6ea,qa orroBaps
r,L
- Ha
, rnopeqaBu u3uc(BaHu{. B Hcropuvecxure
Llr(' I
, r1)\il tr3lpaxnaHeTo Ha foneMu cBeTnn oBopff
,' rr,cpeqoroqaBa r Eapona u I4sroqsa Asus
rtlrrorrru, c. l6).
II l Bpona Haii-Hanpeg pH[[rHtrre (oHcrpyupar
tt tt ) it)p1u (fenestra) c paMKri tr nbrHex or crbK-
r,, 1c. 256). Ctuenpeueuuo re nocraBsr B tro-
1r( rrcluTa cff noAoBo oronneHtre. Tona pa:nH-
, rre cc sr3o6soB{Ba B CpeAHa Enpona egna cle4
, r(, tcTffq.
I ll)e r rril[ycrpuarHara enoxa ro crvra lo Ktuua-
uiltturLInTa mexHuKa. Ao npox3Bo[cTBoTo Ha npo-
,t
'l)t
lilto CmbKlo B roneMx pa3Mepu t{ llo UrrnOCT-
r. o fuapqHe Ha Oaca,qara (c. 28, 36).
lll)olopeqbT ce pa3BuBa or ,,AytrKa e cteHara"
r, J0) to ,,oKaqeHa $acaua" r HcropuqecKlr l{
lrlrorlpaHcrBeHo pa3,[ereHure xy:rrypu. flprl
rlrcr|rtrTe IluBunu3allux cBeTJItrHHItTe oTBopu ca
.'.r rrr. B Er uner re ce Brplxrar rai-seqe raro
L'()efjrtrxT BxcoKo tro'& TaBaHa Ha noMerrleHueTo
TorxqecKil KaMeHeH r,lrrrcaga, c. 1 l2).
npo3opeq It rpama Ha ,{eiip-eJr-Mel[Ha cBernuHara npe-
\rr rilBa npe3 cdaoeu nposope1 cbc cpegHa r{ono-
I r r rojl rrlypqa. Ha4 uero B 3u.qa ca ocraBeHu nBe
r
\r,r rKlr Ayn(lr (clr,Hqe:arqura?), noKpuru or
r rirrrrr (opHLI3 Ha cfpaAara. Pa3luqnqra ca ec-
r, e rreHo o6ycloeeHu or npuHrlnnure Ha 3unap-
W ffi tu [;Mli:4
rulffi rir r1 rrpeBpb3l{a.
xata. Kaueueu Kpbcm or rectu npo()utu nogtn-
pa ABy.qenHu.fi u{ypq A pa3qneffiBa foneMm or-
nop. ,{tpaennre npo3ope\Hu Kputa ce ,,npilKo-
BaBar" K:bM KonoHKama u I(bu cxogHo rpo$mu-
paHara paMKa.
Ta:u rlopva Ha trposopeua u HeiHnle BapuaHiu
ocraBar (aro cpeaHoeBponeiicru craHAaprHu ru-
IIOBe 3a CEeTCKUTe CfpaAU OT trepuo,qa Ha KbCHa-
Ta forilKa ,[o Haqiloro sa XX e. ]4:mlmgaHu
oT KaMbK, UbpBO U Xetr3o, Te .qOCTUfar 3HaqU-
TenHIr pa3Mepil. Marepuurr ce u3tron3Ba MaK-
cxvaiHo. npo$rurre ocraear srrvoNHo Haii-
TbKU, 3a Aa Ce yBenHqu npuToKbT Ha cBeTtr,lHa.
O$opurHero Ha paMKoBx elreMeHrx oco6eHo ce
yjrecHrBa npil /lrpBeHo-narHToBuq fpa,qex
(c. 28, 58). Orqe s ereiicrure rluBunu3aqxx
yKpenBarrla 3u.qoBere fpeloBa KoHcrpy(unq ce
n3tron3Ba (oHcrpy(TtrBHo u $opuanHo :a ru-
trHqH[Te 3a Cpe.qu3eMHoMopcKuq KnuMaT oTHo-
cHTenHo foneMu cBeTJIUHHU oTBopn.
B vuxencrus ABopeU - KaKro npu vrloilcrure
xfinnuun crpagu (c. 132, 136) aurr-
,qBopuu fl
Harure fperil pa3uetrBar $acagure Karo xopn-
3oHTaJrHu ,reuru. llpo:opqure ca or rexKu .[bp-
BeHU paMKU, KOUTO CbUIeCTBeIIO IU(ryBaT apxtl-
reKrypHoro Br,3AeficrBue.
B:auuogeficreuero u/y creHa x orBop noHsxora
MOXe Aa nOBeAe AO Hanlnrro trpOTIiBOITOJIOXH|
pe3yjrrarr.r.
B cpe4uoreronHara xurnrqHa crpa4a n Mox-
ne.rtre. rpallcK,t trBopeu c oNnoesponeiicru sua
(PenecaHc, rou 2), u:quo [oMuHxpa 3uqapvfl-
Ta. Or.qenHure $opuu n npu3eMHur erax ca
pa3BuTn oT Tpa,qHrIHoHHr,Is puM. rpaaex c Tex(n
KBa,UpX.
ITpaaume t4.ypL{o6e, BHyuurerHmr cBo[ or rrr-
uoeuduu rcautuu. TexKvre pailKu ca npeKileHo
MacHBru B cpaBHeHne c oTBopuTe u 3acumaT
(penocTHxq u MoHyMeHTileH xapaKTep Ha crpa-
[ara. B ropHure eralrn 3uAapufra e no-Ipe6Ho-
pa3MepHa (deponderation), cBbp3aHure flp03op-
urr ca crpoi;iHr, a npo3oprlnre noq noKpuBa Mu-
(u KaTo _uytr(tr.
O6parroro cborHoueHue lr/y creHa ff npo3opeq
[oMuHupa B nocrpoeHm l9l2 or Brrrsp fpo-
flLlvc 3aBoA Oaryc e AuroerA Ha ,Taiiue. Or
cTeIIaTa ca ocTal{ilg caMo TecHu myx.IeHu Ko-
ioHtu Ha ror'IeMu pa3croqHro. floqru qnara
BRHuHa troBbpxHocr Ha +a6pnqHara u agMuHu-

ffiffiffi ffi
E
F#${fi
[+Li{{+*.d;[
S*lil+lqrt*{t
ffi
&
+*n
Fffi
l....ffir--'l l*4*
ffifr4fi
H$#
ffi
F#
( tBoeH trpo3operl or poMaHcKara enoxa oK.
'l)00 foII. no-(bcHo noKa3Ba nogo6ex npunquu n
ilr) clpoiiHa npotropuxs, Koqro cl,oTBercrBa Ha
cTpaTnBHa cfpaAa ce cbcTox oT cmeHu*npo3op-
4u. Te ca tr3,qaAeHu trpe,q nuHxsra Ha rroceilIure
ItonoHu u npo,qljrxaBaT ts'bB BxcoquHa I,1 cTpa-

ffiffi bfift."ffi gm r(' rtpeoHopa3MepHuq fpa.qex u TeHAeHuurra HnqHo oK. bmure Ha crpaAara rato orcaueuu $a-
Hftild h#
ffiffiffi T
ffi
q$ri{d44f
#
J-
tnf#xfl W
r. BeprxKaJru3bM. KaMeHHLT ryypLloae c MNKr
i,Nr
Ii ! rvKpbillu cBoaoBe ilo(puBaT TecHnTe oTBopn;
cadu (curtain walls). Kouro He 3aBucsr or erax-
HUTe nnoqu.
,reruro cbc cmpoHu4ume v nepea3u Ha np)3ope- Hoceulurr cKerer Ha crpalara ce or.qelr.{ OyHK-
lr,/ re o6pa3yBar paMKa B creuara. llpo:opeurr IIHOrraJrHo oT 3aTBapquuTe ro troBbpxHocTu no-
Anoena Ha natrHei 3aBoa Oaryc , ilroqBa Aa ce or/lenq oT 3xaapmTa KaTo caMo- Beqc, oTKoIKoTo ilpu lllpBeHo-nasHToBuq fpa-
L I r)! tcileH eJIeMeHT.
'qex (c. 58) unu roruqec(ure Karegpuu (c. 64).
lll)rr ror[qecKilq KaMeHeH trpo3operl BcilqKU Hgxorauuuqr mrres o6eu craBa trpo3paqeH tr
Crena u ornop , reNleHTu ca nogquHeHu Ha dryrmqulra ua pav- a6crpaxreH, trpo3opeqbr cc trpeBpb[ta B creHa,
34 Crponre.nnu e,'reMeHTu lV/flo4ropu I Crpolrre,rnu e!'reMeuTl IV/Ilognopr I 35
I 1,, 1g rrafi-qeCtO Ca BepTUKtutHO CTOqtqX
1;1111111 paHHara rpbuKa ,qr,pBeHa apxurer(rypa. Crpoi-
,r" I1'rir[0 ilauoHeHH cTpoxTenHff eneMeHTx 3a '

W
uara. lprtoo6pa:Ha trbpBeHa noltropa I lav or-
Lr'ilLr|[t]ilJo IoeMaHe Ha ToBapu. cmnBa Ha MacvBHLlt, rouuqes xaueses o6eu
'l,nlnlrr lc tra rroAlopure ce norycaBar or Ma_ (c. 154 cr.cr.).
i,llil.trftl. ot Bpb3KaTa c KoHcTpyKIImTa, KOSTO Crr,r6onere Karo nolnopHu $opul croreercr-
,,1,' rlLl( r
toBapure zly rstxu or xy,qoxecrBeHure

tr
BaT Ha KaMeHHUT{ fpaAex c apKI4 tr CBOAOBe, pa3_
,, r. ,r rr.r(r ra
$opua. Xu,tr4orerux Hapeg crpofi- BI4T C rOtrMa [Ocne,qoBaTenr{ocT trpeAuMHO OT
\
W
I' l[(.cit pa3no]taruu caMo c I(aMbK fl AbpBo pllffiHl,tte. Ct6uparero Ha cBoloBere u3ucKBa

H
. r. r'rpotrTeJtHH Marepuuu. ,{tpnoro e nog_ rojwa moI]I, T. e. noltropa c.bc cboTBeTHOTO Ha_
',,,lllo. 3ailIOTO uMa ecTeCTBeHa $lagepua

+
npesHo ceqeHue wv eb3?naaHu\a, KaKTo npu Ko_
H , rlr\rrypa! oTHocuTeJIHo rorsMa 3ApaBtHa, JIOHATA.
! rlrt ilr(tilocT U,qecHo ce o6pa6orna, KoeTo yrec_ Moge:rupaHero Ha Bce tro-HoBlr rfopuu aa roro-
il,ilr,t illtcMecTBaHeTo Ha rojleMu pa3cToqHm tr MTe It KanuTenme

H
cTaBa qeHTparnHa TeMa Ha

d
r.,,uiu{rru KoHcrpyKTl{BHx epr:ru. B 6orarure
i,, r,l'rt(H valepua,r crparu npco6lalaBa ,bp-
i,Lilrlrl fpalex, Hanp. ilrU CKeAemHU
H ,,," ltltoitrcu (c. 58), 'AOKOSU
Vl: KonoHHa crpa,qa [jlBe6hu Xilt xunquHa crpaaa I ll,r )Ktrru[lnara crpa4a n Illne6nur Xa,n lon-
Tpoe
,r,,|ilrc ca u3rlrjro BKrrcqeHu B cTpyKrypaTa Ha
,t1.1'ttt uo-nonHmoaame cmeHa.
,rlrr'r ilcarqH ce I]aqHm, zopuu u dotuu,3aeAHo c
!1' llilrKa.nHaTa CmOircO O'paSyyaT eIeMeHTa Ha
r r, Nlilil!-(m u uea6crm nafHToB
l', ,r'rr ,,Alnax... Toi clym:a pa:TotsapBaHe Ha
'r,Irl)cqrraTa fpeAa B noKpuBHaTa KOHCTpyKTIUq u
'r,rritfllilBaHe Ha BCltrrxx rpeau s ycroirvusa
r!| 1, ll(1.
'l,r rrrirluqra Ha noAtropara Karo caMocrof,TenHo
,r,r r'll ereMeHT! ueiiHm roqros H trpbroBrneH
l,rllill(lep, Ce H3tBqBa HenOCpe,qCTBeHo B KOIO-
iltrtt,
l,rrrrolo uHotoo6pa3l{e or $opuu sogz raualo-
lr or (pbrrara dtopua, nolyueua orgtpBec-
ri'
rrr clBon. B cpegHoneroeuara trp.LToBa ql,pK-
rl n I'Iec Hocerltrqr crb[6 e s cpeAara Ha troMe-
Sepn[H: HaqroHdHa raneput lrorJero I,t rarro crrl6oeere B crapxre r{btrln. e
, ir,l)3aH cbc cxerera Ha ctpa,qara. Kptcmum
om
irr)rr Hag lpu:euumerax no-KbcHo noKpur c
noH-f, bo-CoHile: MaHacrupcKa qbpKBa 1r(/&ltrHeH TaBaH - nexu vly uernpu u3pr3aHlt B
lrr ryKp'br rcocu nodnopu: ,,rcousotu". Te ce u:-
l,,rllrrgar no Bb3MoxHocr oT Kpmo [bpBo, 3a Aa
, ( ilrr:ron3Ba ecTecTBeHaTa nocoKa Ha BJraKHaTa, II
r rlar B Ir3pr3aHute Ha cml6a xteioee. grm
t r,rr(ara Bpb3Ko Ha eneMeHTme ce noBTaps npu
r n roHure or
BbgmHara crega. Tq He no3BomBa
ri,r uo[troplrTe Aa ce Har{JroHtT crpaHxqHo u
r rpcnea qelul o6eu.
Ilurolo6flBaulure crt,t6oee KoroHu
rrra crpaAa n Tpoa VI, AarupaHa or oK.
I ri0 r. np. Xp. (c. 26). SopvarHo
t rrtr ereMeHTu. Te loeuat B cpelHara oc cbc-
r,urcHaTa oT HSKOIKO qacTx fIaBHa fpeAal KotTo
t tto noAaoJrHa epeda uocu rasancrure pe6pa.
II r opHm rpafi Ha no4lopara rbH(a, neKo x3na-
r'ra AbpBeHa mocKocT cJtyxtr 3a ,,BbsmatHuqa,,
\ (abp3aHume nod mon tzat no/jJroxHu rilnu.
llr'lnlaHara or or,qejrl{tr rlujr}tHApuqHtr qacrtr
I pa3[upfBa Cnope[ CTaTI4qecKaTa Cu
r)/ltrOpa Ce
'lrvuKrlns Ha,qory, 3a ra noeMe ro-go6pe Hapacr-
LL urtm or co6crseHoro ri rerLro Harlcr, na pa:-
rl)cneru HanqraHero r/y nola u Aa yBenuqu cra-
Oyuxqnr u Qopua Ha no.rlloptrTe '.r lrocnacu. Tr Hrrrpesapsa rlna ua,eoplicxa-
,r KonoHar cb3,qa,qeH ox,500 rog. no-KbcHo
cpeAHoBeKoBHara apxmerTypa. B n:rpageuara
trper eKcncpuMeHtanuw ctau.vtil Ha poMaHcKata
erroxa MaHacrxpcfta rIbpKBa n Jlos-,rr,o-Co-
Htre (Op. IOpa) rlopnmre ce pe,[yBar: Ao Kprrnu-
Te Ii ocMo6rbnHuTe KonoHlI cToqT KBanpaTIil cbc
croceru brlu u neKo ff3,4a,qeHu nrow. llpaau ce
[nara uuSra otMT 3a oneKoTgBaHg Ha 3U,qaHaTa nolnopar 3a
nocrxraHe Ha no-rotrva crpofiHocr ff oprrHxqeH
Ilpexo,q I{bM cBoaa.
clteneTj Ha_ Or XIX u XX e. Jrceteso6emoHbm A cmoMaHe-
HOWO Cmp oumercmeo no3BonfrBaT KOHCrpyKrlUx
c foneMl4 iloAnopHu pa3cTogHus x MaJKo troa_
nopu. B uoeara Haqnona.lHa ralepnn n Eep-
JrtrH, nocrpoeHa 1968 or Muc BAH AEp poE, ca-
Mo oceM noAnoplt Hoclr ot[opueuuq (aro
lcmoliuuBa Ha yc)'KsaHe Hoceu{a crcapa rl'lroc\K
noxpun 65/65 u. Tonaprr or noKptrBa ce trpeHa-
cx e/y rprcronugHala nolnopa He c o6uqaiiHara
Rb3rraBHnla! a a6comoruo roqKoBl{nHo - qpe3
cmaaa or nucoroycrofitHaa crouaua. Kos-
rpacrrr u/y nonnopa u roBap, npetcraBeH Karo
xopu3oHTiur u BepTuKa[! nonyqaBa HoBa trHTep_
rlpeTarlun: TexKaTa noKpuBHa l-lroqa crlKa[ Bucu
uag no4nopure (c. 36).
Creceu pa:ruveH npuHrrun cne[Ba Koncrpy(-
Ilalaqo nu Jlanopo r TopnHo, r.t:-
qr.rqra Ha
nox6eHa 3aJra, nocrpoeHa 1960/61 or fll.rEp JIy-
u4xu Hrrnu. 16 rasaHcru nolera cbc crpaHu tro
38 u rorpunar rulorrl or on. 25 000 rs. M. Kos-
cTpyupaHtr KaTo KOH3OIU, Te 3aeuHo cLc cpeAH[_
re troAnopr o6pa:ynar KoHcrpyKruBHo eIHH-
crno, r. uap. ,rrl6a".
Hotnu cntp:aa rplcroo6pa:iHa r rlraH! Ho oKaH-
TeHa ll 3aBtpuBarrla (oHurlHo xere3o6eroHHa
or KoJroH- floAnopa cbc :ne:,{oo6pa:xa croMaHeHa,,Bb3-
mannuqa", :aaapdna KbM apMarypHoro xetr3o
ca cavocroe- Ha noAnopara. Kr,M ses ca 3BrHTeHu paAuanHo
u3,qaleHure croMaHeHn rpe4u. O6uxo:rua pauxa
3arBaps Bcfl(o raBaHcxo nole. IlorpmHara llo_
va :rexu n/y ra3u KoHcrpyxqm.
Tecuure uexattuil npocrpaHcrBa aeiicrsar cra-
TrqecKu Karo detamaquouuu Qyzu, ontuuuo
Karo cBernuHHu [uuqore. flpo:pavuu nadcmMa-
coeu npofiunu rtr tro(puBar tl scHo ronqepraBar
caMocToqTeIHocTTa Ha OTAeTHUTe TaBaHCKI4 nO_
lera. Ilognopure ca 3gpaBo 3aKorBeuu arn $yH-
IaMeHTXTe U HOC'T [OItpuBa Ha 3aJraTa KaTO rone_
Mtr .ItbpBera. <Dopuara uM He caMo orrameaqBa
trocoKara Ha cuJrr4Ter Ho t{ HaBJrIr3a n c$epara ua
B opfaHnHoTo.
36 Crpoureruu eJreMerrrlt
ArsHa: napreHoH
Eop[o: ,,CeH CeBpeH", Kpunra
.{oMtrHtrpaqa porq Ha IloAtropara
V/Ilognopu 2 Crpoure,ruu erreMenTr{ V/llognopu 2 37
llrrtrrogrrre 3aeMar BtD(Ho MJIcro B (oHcrp),'K-
rrlriuir clpyKTypa. Oue g Haii-paltme enoxH
I r,il('( r ByBa cTpeMex 3a TrxHoTo tfopunpaHe ue
I ilNo ([ TeXHIlqeC(4, HO U OT eCTeTUSeCKa DIeA-
rlr lorl(a H 3a BmcBaHeTo IIM B cfpa,qaTa.
ll rrrrr. apxnrexTlT)a ocBeH TeKToHWHaTa cI4
,lrlrrrrllr re safi-qecro r.IMar cuwonuqHo
lrrr'(r'. 104).
ll l)r(. apxureKTypa qcHo tr3nbKBa nportrBope-
r
,[r' ro M/y nonnopa rr ToBap. flpeHacrHeTo Ha
ilr,lrroilaqaJrHaTa abpBeHa KoHcTpy(qnt B KaMeH-
irilro ( r'poilTejJcTBo Bonu Ao TexHIIqecKu ycnox-
ri lnr. no QyHru{me Ha HoceuII.ITe I{ Hoceme
^rrlu ctatar ,pzguuu" no nep$erreH uawrH
, ,r,
rr , 'r rrrr6oneHfi o I actrtrBa uroHot'llqecra o6-
rr.| iirrrocT, ce trpeBpibu.(aT B I4AeaJrHa apxmeKTy-
l,r tl 154 c,'t.c.n.).
l,r r.r or llapreHona n Arnna AeMoHcrpr.rpa
' r' ilcilr'4. B KosTo nolnopl.ITe BraAesT lpu.
. iq)ir1ilro cTpomencTBo, flpu rona troAnopaTa tr
rrfrirllrit ca B IIT,JIIIo paBHoBecue. Kotouume,
,rlrrplrcHu Karo caMocrorremu rera, He ry6sr
il,|| [rrrHuTg cI{ KaqecTBa KaTo IropeAl{qa mu
r1r;rrr [4:lrwaHero uM AoMuHupa HaA Mex,[uH-
ili'ril lrpoCtTaHCTBO H Cfb3AaBa BneqaTJIeHI{e 3a
rr,rrrrrrra o6eusoct na o6uroluara farepus
tr lli). C trpeMepeHn npotropquu u recrermo
,rltr'l)MlleHtre rexrmr no trpupoAa KaMeHeH tpa-
rr ft ill)rrAo6trBa cTefHaTocT tr eJracTI{rIHocT.
fl r rror ra Sopuanna rorma rpq. peueme ocrma
r(r|'il rcll Io npoMtHaTa Ha TexHnecKuTe trpeA-
r{
MeKcuKo: aaMtrHtrctparuBHa crpaaa rtr r;ilrKu, T. e. noKaTo cbrrlecTB),Ea caMo ul.rTep-
ll'ilrilrilra rdy cBoAoBo u apxrr4)aBHo cTpol{Ten-
, rrrrr llpeg XIX s. crouaueume KoHcrpyrqm u
+r' rc ro6eroHbr nponpaBrr nr,Tq 3a HoBtr peme-
rrru 1c. 34). C eanryoeauume cmouaueuu npofiu-
I! irl)xtrTe(T)?aTa Beqe pa3noJlara c MaTepuaJr,
iiliiro ce npotr3Bex,qa B noqrr HeotpameHtr Ko-
lnrcclaa, t{Ma HetrpoMeHlrr.{Ba $opua u rexuu-
'r.r kr uucorlt rtaqecroa, flpe: XX s. rofi ce na,ra-
I il hil I () npe,qCTaBI.lTeJIeH 3a enoxaTa eJIeMeIIT,
ll rrrrt rpoexara 1961 or Mvc eeu.qEp PoE aAMn-
ntrr rllartrBHa crpaAa Ha ,,Banap.qt" B MEKCn-
r o ( ilTt{ sel.I.IpI' peAZrIu or tro Ilecr rlo,qnopu
r r,r clasnapmu npo$ru Hocsr ropHm erax c
,irlil il r rtrcrpaTrrBultTe floMerqeg[q. Ipr.r:leuumr
r lrll{ ce CT,CTOII CaMO OT OCTbKJIeHa nptreMHa
r,r lrl, u:lTer.treHa 3aA CTpOuTemlaTa lflrElls, il O\-
rprrrir o6uronta ra:reprar. BtnruntrTe pelllqrl
il'|ilroph tr3rn3aT npeu m4HLIf,Ta Ha ropHr4_{ eTax
r', r(rnrrrrre dacarul u ca cBbp3auu crpaH[qHo
' r,r rirMoHoceqara pMKa Ha czpadama.
,ltopuara na lognopure cr,orBercrBa Ha ro3u BrII
irltrlrcrHe Ha roBapa: BilJIIIoBaHmr rlpo$Irn e
|rl)iilro 3aKoBeH ntn Qyrgaueura tr He ce H]tK-
rrr' (rr 6a3a ujrrr Karrr.rrer (:a crnocraera c. 34).
ll{ llilrKiLrHme paMK4 Ha npo3opqrre B peueHus
HeaHApur: xpaM !r ilu[0 cbc cT'LIc[o ropeH eT,DK IIoBTapqT Morua
rir r laBHxTe noltropu H AonbnBaT pLT.bMa uM c
rlil Mil,lKuTe pa3CTOtHUs nOMexAy CI4.
\,rprrrreprr Ha e$trpHocr, cBbp3aH c rotrMa
rltr(nrHocr u ycrofiquBocr, u:ntxsa oco6eHo s
B crpaAara [ trpocrpaHcrBoro
h,,lr rolfHo u3EaAeHW bbn Ha crpaAaTa. Tpua"-
I{t4OHHure npeIcTaBu 3a rroAtropa, roBap r.r TexbK
o6eM ryK ca 3aMeHeHtr cbc cbqeraHl.Ie or nperu-
Barqtr npocTpaHcTBa u Bucs4u mocKocTI.I.
Ilo4ropnre rarvrar peuaBarla pons BT,B Bbrpelr-
Horo rrpocrpaHcrBo. tr43nr,nHeuuero Ha Hoce-
llara OyHxrIm 6e: pasgel-rne Ha npocrpaHcrBo-
3Haqe-
To ce trpeBp:blrla B npo6neM BuHaru Koraro rex-
HffKara 3a npocrpaHcmeHo noKpr.rrrre 6e: no4lo-
pr.I e He.qocTamqHo ycbB6pueHcTBaHa mtr He-
peHTa6lflHa. B orpanuuenoro or BbHuHure
oqepraHm u otfoplleuo Bibrpemo npocrpaHcr-
so e oco6eHo oce3aeMa o6eMHocrra Ha noqnopu-
re. flpocrpaucmoro u u3rJracKBatqure ro rroAno-
pI{ ca B ,qr.IHaMuqHo cboTHoIIIeHue, KoeTo otrpe,{e-
nq npocTpaHcBeHrxr xapa(rep.
B .qarupaHu.r or VI n. rp. Xp. xpau B HeaHAp[s
(C3 Mana Asza) :alara Bce orle He Moxe Aa
6rge npeuocrena 6e: no4nopu. Pegnqara no4-
nopu pa3Aem noMerrleHr4eTo Ha ABa ,,(opa6a" u
ro muaBa oT BneqaTJreHueTo 3a 3aB'bplleHocT,
r{oero ce cb3AaBa or o6rpaxlalql.ITe ro creHu.
Crpoilnure Konom Bce oule ca noAqr{Heru Ha
rpaAlrquoHHm a'bpBeH rpaAex (c. 34, Hec).
Eonuiicrcume xanumalu, \o-cKopo Aeropamru,
oT(ojr(oTo TeKTOHIITIHII, nplr,qaBaT trpa3HmHa II
BeApa HorKa Ha oreroreuara nocrpofixa.
Tosu naqlrn 3a pa3AenqHe Ha npocrpaHcrBoro e
ycTaHoBeH r.r trpu Ap)ry xpaMoBe u cBerc(tr crpa-
Alr or
apxaruHr.{r neprro,q. 3a or6ern:naue e, ve
rofice Ha;rara KaTo lt(oHowqeH npl4l{Il]rn Il npu
cpeAHoBe(oBHtrre cBercKr4 crpaAr{ (MaHacrxpc(It
Tpane3aputr, cnponnTarrilIa). fIpH carpanHoro
cTpotrTeJIcTBO B nOqTU BCmKU eIIOXlt Ce npew-
uana uafi-o6l1o rru rpr.rxopa6no AeJreMe.
B xopu:ourarHo-BepruKaJlHltre cucreMu noAno-
palToBap (apxurpaeno crpoure.ncmo) nr.rcouu-
HaTa Ha noMeuIeHI.IeTo U MecTaTa Ha nOAnOpuTe
ca oTHocI,nelIHo IIpoIt3BorHtr, ,qoKaTo ca B paM-
KtrTe Ha AonycTr{wre pa3cTorHr,rr Ha rrpeMocT-
BaHe. IIptr cBoloBoro crporrreJrcrlo rronnopn-
re rpr6ea ga :aeuar n o6rqara cucreMa Mecrara,
tfurcnpauu or uupuHara Ha cBoAa.
O6,rlrrrr Ha Kp[trTara Ha ,,Cerr Cenpex" n
Eop,lo, uamo trog3eMHo caKpa,lHo npocrpm-
crBo or poMaHcKoro Cpeqnoneronue, u3rls;ro ce
onpeAeJUr oT ToBa KoHcTpyKmBHO-rrpocTpaHcT-
BeHo e[uHcrBo. To ce ompuna oqe ru $opua-
Ta rr MrrcToro Ha nounopr.rTe u B trpexoAa KbM
croga. CpegnoelrcoKr.rTe KonoHu ce 3aycTBaT B
mpanetloeuduu Kanumail,t c KoH3oJrHa nema Ha
ceoda (wnocm)- B/y xee ce cpeilIar rrrupo(xre
doeu ua aprcadume u ceodoeume nonema.
flognopure ca nurrreHr{ or auTr.rqHara o6eMHocr
c l43;rbqBaHoro or HerI HailpexeHue. Tt 6ll no-
npequJra Ha I.IHTefparImTa r{M B npocTpaHcTBe-
Hara clrcreMa. 3a pas:rura or aHTI,IqHocrra, Ao-
Mrlultpaqoro trpocrpaHcrBo rpopuupa xapaKre-
pa Ha noAnoptrre. flpe: Cpe4toneKoBtrero nog-
nopxTe ce npeBp:bIIIaT B cHotr oT cr{JIoBI.{ JII.IHLI}i,
oT (OIITO C{KaIIl Ce tr3Mra IIpOCTpaHCTBOTO
(c. 64). B rpurrara ua ,,Cen Ceepeg" roBa pa3-
BI.ITHE E OIIIE B HAqAJTOTO.
38 Crpollre,rnlr eJ'reMelrrlt VI/TIoxpltn I
l(orrn6nre cnagar xtu uafi-crapure crpoexn. 3a
r,r r e ocur)Tlu trpocrpaHcrBo, norpuruero rpr6-
r.r in c crpbMHo uu Aa e Har 3eMtrHra. Cleg n:-
iIr ilrc ro Ha cTeHu no(puBbT u npocTpaHcTtsoTo
,, ,rr lc ca uenpeMeHHo trnemruHll, $yurquure
il\rririloqBaT qa ce pa3xenst.
I r r r r,orHoueHmra u/y 3acrpoeua nroilL IIoKpuB
,r ( r eilu Bb3HffKBaT uHoro6pofiHn xnJIItIqHIt TIt-
rrrrlr u norptnnu Qopun.
It rr,)KjloBHure KtruMaTfiqHtr 3oHu HaK]IoHeHure
1. CTpaHHonpueMHuqa Kpai 6eHeBeHao 2. OBanHa Kbqa Kpair EeHeaeHTo r., h l) il Btr 6bp3o orBexnar,ubx,qoBHara BoUa KbM
rr lll; B IOpeqUTe tr Cyxu MUMaTIiIIHI{ 3OHu
^l! (il
r",,, noKpilBff c x3Buril Kpatr[Ia I cu6lpar u
,, r r( XIaT B IIHCTepHU.
llo(cruure KoHcrpyruIuu 3aBnctir or crp. Mare-
l,rrr r. l3a raueuHure crpalu ca xapaKTepHu cBo-
NilL ra fnilHcHt4Te fpetopejlil c rpau6osaHa
r l!ilcil4 3aMa3Ka,3a (bpBeHuTe - TanleHff ilo-
(c. 12) mu o6nuru c A:bpBo noKpmHu
';,rrrrH
,'ilf IltyKrluu.
'
ll r'erlcKOTO CTOtraHcBO cTpaMHuTe nOIguBtr Ce
ilo ilrtaT 3a cKraAoBe, B T{cHoTo fpaAcKo npo-
' r I riu rcl Bo trrocKuTe troKpt BIl qecTo cTaBaT Tepa-
, I rit xxBeeHe mu 3a cnaHe, oco6eHo B ropelllus
{ }l)[crrr. TaKuBa pa3rpaHlrqeHm cnope[ uHMa-
r,r rtclfla u MaTepilaJra oTqacTu ce cpeqaT oule B
rllli[rcToptrqecKo BpeMe n cb3AaaT 3ApaBI4 Tpa-
5. Kbqa-rorBap- tnrluu.
Ha cbc cp9- I )rrrliliiHure iloKpuBHu tfopuu uecro ocraear
3aa qertrptr- r, rlx)MeHer{u.qopu aKo npe4Hsraralure ru o6-
CTEHEH CEIMCHICH
cBoA B noMneir
, i o[ fencTBa ce npoMeffT ocHoBHo. Te ce npeua-
r 1ll il trpyftr crpaHu, npu npyru cronaHcKu H xH-
rill[tr ycnoBllJl, rclnMaT u MaTepuar.
I I I I rilur, K'bAero x]mAojrerns HapeA ce ycra-
r'rr{tsaT HoBu x HoBn tpyrur oT npecenHnutl, u
ilr(c ce 3a6enq3Ba noqru geo6ruaTHo MHoro-
,rrrl)r3ne or ucr. t[opun Ha noKpuBtr u crpaAf.
lirrqnre c KoHycoBtrAHlt nonptrBtr B Any,lrln
|r,illnKBaT oT fpynaTa Ha (oH3onHuTe Kynor'tu
6. Kbqa c eAHocKareH
r(. ti4), npx Kouro noKpl.tBbr u creHara n6pBo-
noKptrB (A6pyqo) rr,r,rarruo o6pa:year eAuHHa nonrpxHocr. fluec
r0 ilr Txtr ce cbcTor.I oT GaApaTHo noMerqeHue
lorl (ynon c k?Rrr,il nras. Herosara lbmpeuHa
tr\r1rcKa e u:nura napa6oluqHo, a KoHycoBuIHa-
7. fpyna cutr c (oHycosuAHu noKptrBtr B
tt tbtlutHa o6euarca oraexga gtNga. flpu cetp:-
An6epo6eno (Anyrur)
rirrc Ha floBeqe Kbrrlil orAerHara $opua ce :a-
rir ua n KbilIr{Te o6pa3yBar xapamepHa fpyra.
I ll)cxotrbr KbM npaBo'bftrHa KbilIa ce ocaqecr-
ofu rrrrn s usoroo6pa3Hara rpytra Ha oBa.ttntrTe
rir,rqu. llpu rrrx troKpnBHara $opua nce o4e
L
ffi | ( r rBa TscHo cBtbp3aHa c pa3npeaeneHtreTo, troq-
r r rrpilHyAuTenHo Bb3HxKBa troKpffB c noryKpbr-
il ( rcamoqe u rcxco 5uto.
I lrr71 npanotruuu pa3npeneneHnq ce tr3rpaxgar
,nirqaiiHuTe x nHec craHlapTnn r[opun, uanp.
il -.nt ltr( KamHu notpuqu c pa3nuqeH HaKlroH, qemu-
l,tk ramHu, eduocxamNu, nupauudatuu u ruam-
1,,ntuduu norcpueu c rexHure BapfiaHTu u cBbp3-
8. nupaMuaaneH noKptrB 9- fpaacKa peAoBa Kbqa (Anynuq) Itit I xq.
(A6pyqo) ll llartrparrara or aHl]]mocma crpaHHonptr€M-
rrrrqa xpaii Eenenesro rurumo npmemum a
r( puM. deycrcameu norcpue o6egwlt-
r\o HaKloHeH
Crpa4u n noKptrBHtr rfopmH (no 3r'oqen: nparpopMlr Ha 3atraAHoeBpotreftcKoro crp. tr] lir ilpeAHaTa BepaH,4aJ foJrrMaTa cBoAecTa BpaTa u
Crponre"run erreMerrrr.l Vl/Ilonpun I 39
Abmq rr,lbreH 3uI s clorofiHo lexatq o6eM. puM.
$opua na cpegu:eMHoMopcKus.Me.opoN (c. 134).
Karso e,rusHue o(a3Ba cborHoilenuero u/y
nor{puB It cTeHa no(a3Ba cpaBHeHueTo c IIJ'IeBHg
c ancr{AHa trptrcrpofrKa Ao E3Eporo KoMo.
CrprueH, crpaHrrlHo HaABtrcHirtr noKptrB I4 K'bca
xrula ce o6e.ryrmBar B u3npaBeH o6eM. EnHaK-
BtrqT MaTepuiur 3a noKpma x cTeHaTa e nmeH oT
tr3qcnqBaut $opuara KoHTpacr. B npucrpofixara
:a o6op ece olrte nmu $opuara Ha Kpbrnara
Kbrrla, trpuMep 3a ToBa, qe iloKpIrBHu u xnuilIHu
Sopvu uecro ce o6Bbp3Bar c onpeqeneHu rlenu tr
ce Hapexlar enHa Ao npyra Karo rxtroBe, Hanp.
Krua-rorBapHa H Krua-cnaru. meam r o6op.
IIpu ntrqara-rorBapxa cbc cps3aH qertrptr-
creHeH c€rMeHTeH cBoA s o6lacrra f[oN4-
nEl4/CalEPHo npocrparrcTBeHtrflr ry6 xarero-
pucHo otrpenenq $opuara ua crpagna. Cpnsa-
Hwm qemupucmeHeH ceemeHmeH ceod e usga-
AeH caMo Karo DrocKa qepynKa HaA ry6a (6e:
.qpyro noKpnrne) lt qpe3 uaBHm npexoA orHeMa
or rBbp,qocma Ha tfopuara (.c. 44,46).
B pr:rx rourpacr ca KbrItrTe c e.{HocnarHll
rloKpriBtr. HauoHeH[sr e[HocrpaHHo troKpLIB H
o6ycroneuara or nero rlopua ua o6eMa cb3AaBar
npeAcraBa 3a (bopManHa rBbpAocr. Cnopeg:pu-
TenHaTa Tor.tKa AoMuHupa cTeHHaTa lrnn noKpuB-
Hara rrlrocrocr. Tyx ce ruxna egua or npaQop-
vrre Ha noKpxBa: lacror. o6rpuar c y npeo6ra-
AaBarqaTa nocoKa Ha BgT'bpa, tronnpfH Ha cKatrar
yKpercH c nplroBe ffi HoceH or cloiKa c tpe-
,qu. Toil ce 3ana3Ba rpa[r{uuosHo safi-eeqe s
mIaHITHUTe CbC CTpbMHI,t CKIIOHOBe tr e,qHOrrOCO-
qeH Brrbp. O6uqafiHure pa3uecmeHu eruKt
(rpo:opuu!) c'l,orBercrBar Ha repeHHnq HaMoH.
flpu no-ro,reun rtbIr1u uru crpbMeH HaKnoH
AByCTbtraJrHrrrT eAHocKaTeH tronp[B ocurypq-
ea no-go6pa Bpb3ra c repeHa u He tro3BoffBa
trpeKileHo HapacrBaHe ua o6eua uag cxroHa.
flpu gea u noBeqe erffia caorHorrenuero u/y
creHa H iloKpt B ce npoMeHq. Ilorpunrr ce BAtrra
BUCOKO Ha.q 3eWTa, CTeHtrTe tr3pacBaT B CTpbM-
Htr rrrroc(ocrn. flpu cnrp:naue Ha Grrlure B ilo-
peAurla ce odopMqr ynuqHn n nroqaAHu creHu.
Marruqr troKpuBeH HauoH 6laronpurrcrna
cpacrBaHero Ha Kbrrlure u 3acurBa tfpouru-
Hocrra il lpoclpaHcrueHolo arrpeicrsue.
B rpa4onere Ha Atryrtrq AByeraxHu Kbrrlu
o$opwr ynxqHoro npocrpaHcrBo cbc cBoure
ueJtHu cmpaHu. Puu, mocrut $poHroHu ce agan-
TItpaT
MeTpH{.
(bM HanoHa Ha ynl4rlaTa qpe3 cBorITa acII-
llpu cno6oquocrosulara crpana c KBaApareH
nnaH trtrpaMI{aaJIHItfT troKpuB nogqepTaBa
norru ryroo6parHw I xapaxrep. paBHocroii-
HOCma Ha BCtrqKU CTpaHU U KpIlCTatrHaTa
Aocr Ha o6eMHara crplrrypa, Koero craBa npa-
Blilo npu pamure poMaHc(u ubpKoBHil Kynx.
Bbp-
florpunHara $opua e peuaaaq $axrop n ctor-
HoueHuero u/y o6eu u noKpuB. Eqnaxnu o6euu
go6uear Hanrruo pa3nilqeH xapaKTep qpe3 Ba-
ptrauux Ha noKpuBHara Sopua. llorpuntre uu-
auBuAym3ilpar o6eMure.
40 Crpourennu erreMeuTn VII/IIonpur
noKptrB c HaKnoHeHtr rpeAu
a/y 6nrHa cronuqa, ptrMcKa
Tpaauquq
Pe6peH noKpqB B/y
o6trKoneH AbpBeH cKetrer,
repMaHcKa rpa[trqtrf,
JlaHAcKpoHai cf,oprHa 3ana! noKpuB
Iloxpnnnn tr npocrpaHcrBeHtr Hoceqtr KoucrpyKutru
2 Crpoure,rulr
llorlrtrBrruTe KoHcrpyKrlHtr ca cKpt4Tu no! no-
,, , I, \ r r( )f I ral Ha nOKpffBHr.ITe t[Opuu, rarrO crele-
, r. r rlroro. TexHmr 6poii e MHoro no-rotrM
r Koil ro npil 6uoro ca cnrp3aH, c xpaiir n r e aaoii-
,'l r.rr ua $opuure. Hanp. deycxamuume no-
' 7',,', r rcNar s/y caMoHoceuu ce ro rpuauu tf ep-
\t, , om pe6pa, 6utuu pa.urcu u rpyru (oH-
^ttl)u
! r lj\ fr(lu, zrt. 4utuudpuuuu csodoee.
IpcrrqupaHero Ha (oHcrpynlt{ure 3anoqBa
rrrlx
,
'rir( r rf aflcropruecKo BpeMe. Karo lpuHqunm
l,' ilr( [rrt ce cb3AaBaT
I [. r(]cKt{ troKptrBtr or Hoceua fpe[oBa cKapa c
r r. rr\'x il BotroflnbreH I opeH cnoii. oco6eHo s
I I il JKm X3TOK I,I 14. CpeAU3eMHOMOpUe;
'
' (troltccrtr troKpltBlr, Haii-Beqe c umnHnpnq-
rrr ctso,4oBe (.c. 44) u cps3aHu qerupncreHHff
t ( r NrcrrrHn cBoAoBe (c. 38), orrpurn ulu no-
hl)n r rr. rnaBHo n Cpegu:euuouopc(m pefuoH
tllrarur,Erer);
I riurroHeHtr troxptrBlt c pa3nnHu KoHcrpyK-
rrrrrr. ilopuu u HaKroHu, c KoHcrpyKTuBHo pa3-
r.:rflllc Ha IIoKpffBHm cKeneT oT troKpuBltoTo
il()rilltrTuc B nor{Tl4 BcIrqKu cTpaHu.
ll 1yq1'"ta 3aceneHx o6lacrl :arrasrqni;icxu-
1'.r r
,' r()ncTp. MeTo,qu ce yTBbpx,qaBaT KaTo TpaAn-
rrrrr_ B oraaJleqesnre MecrHocru Ha I4rrrsq re
' r.uucircrBar u go nHec. fcHo ce pa:luuatat
,,tut\ noiHume KbuluHapAM. u fepM. TpaAxrlm.
llorrpuanre c HaMoHeHx rpeAn B/y 6[JrHa cro-
rtrrlt ca TxnuqHu 3a cejlcKme Kbulu-?omaapHlt
t.t t?atatl qemupucmeHeH cezueumeu ceod or
t,rNr. rrpou3xoA. Te ce ctctosr or urKorKo npocru
ill j(' r rBononomu eneMeHTa: otpaHfiqaBatrlu u Ho-
L i rlLrl (aMeHHu cTeHu,
AbpBeHa [OKpHBHa KOHCT-
lr|tir(ils, noKpmHo noKpl.ITne or HatrmeH Mare-
lrilir.r: TpbcTKa, cJlaMa, (aMeHHu mow, KepeMil-
tr Eutuama cmonLrya, MacmeH trspBeH crBoJt,
^rrrrlrsa
cgo6or{Ho npe3 uflara crpaaa. PeSpama,
r( r(r(tr KpRffx rou 6weun rpe4l, lexar s,/y 6m-
rr,l r I cToluqa I{ B'bHuffi 3nq noA neK Hauol{ ff Ha
r {r lcMu pa3crorrHltt, a B/y rfr e noroxena cKapa
, )il]
l)uruloau4u 3a notpLtBHomo no{pumue.
l(rfi npocrff t<bnlu ca nocneAHara 6plura or
r o pa3Burue. To :anouea npu erutcoBuaHure
r, u
r r,rrlfl cLc cmeHu om naenr n HemupucKamHu no-
rl,ttatr ely 6utxu pa.uxu. flpeueqare cpe.quu
r r0llllopu nocTeIeHHo u3qe3BaT.
( r c]runcoBuJlHnre r{brrln B63HuKBar H pe6penn-
) (a Abnfa crpaHa ner deoiuu nodnop, HocrIT Ta3u
r r troKpnBlr B repM. Tpantrqtrr. Orqe npu xonH-
I )ir I I TeXeH HOCeXI eteVetn e pe6pomo, Haii-qec-
r) ilaII TarneHu cTeHu, noKpI.ITI.I c'bc craMa wu c
rl)hcrura. 3acHerure or X. 3logEr p[6apcx[
rrburn B JaryHara xa lpagoo nocrpoeHn oule
rrpc: XIX B. or caMtrre pu6apu, nora:aar ru-
urcHara crpFrypa Ha naHro6apAcKara rpa,qx-
rrrrr c pe6peu florcpnB B/y o6nxo,'reH 4apnex
IKEJCT.
l'c6para ce u3Eurar Karo HaMoHeHH rpe.{H or -ro-
or croMaHeHu OepM, [uBoHmorHamo dtpaeua paurca [o 6moro, ttb-
rcro ca cBbp3aHu no trBofiKu- Ha nonoBuH Buco-
nuta dtpeeuu zpedr yrpersar norcpueuume pe5-
/!/ ts 3gpaBa rpubrbnHa Bpb3Ka (eran, npeguecr-
\\\ noKpuaHama KoHcmpvvrlw 6es fiepuu).
I loxpunuure pe6pa ca cacpeAoroqeHu B cpeAara
erreMeHTrr VII/IIonpun 2 41
Ha noKpuBa, nog 6ruoro. ,{nata roHraeuu crara
ce cbcToqT oT paauanHo Hape.IeHfl I{pbf-trn fpelu,
ru pe6pa. Pa:noroxeuuero Ha rorosure s a6a-
rcoluun dtpeeu (Kerem ro.rmo cborBercrBa Ha
noKpnBHara r(oHcrpyKqnr. 3ao6:renara sxo$ta
qacT c tro-BncoKaTa BpaTa Bce orle HanoMtr 3a
trpor3xona clt or e'tlfincara. Korosure u 1uaro-
Hal]rxre rratHTli ca au6oro BKonaHu. Jleru xo-
pu3oHTarrHx neTBu HocrIT noKpt4BHoTo iloKptrTue
oT TpbcTuKa.
Puucrwm u aepMaHcKufrm noKpusu c HoKnoHe-
uu zpedu Sopruupar 3,[paBu rpaAnrltru .qo Haq. Ha
XIX n. Pa:uepure ce )TenmaBar 3HaqurerHo c
pa3BllTfiero Ha lbpBorencKara rexsuxa. Or
XIX s. uareuaruqecruTe fl3qxcneHur ff HoBure
crp. Marepnanfi Bo/.lrr Io HoBu KoHcTpyKqnu 3a
HOBITe 3aIaqu Ha TpaHCnOpTa, npOMUrrLleHOCma,
MacoBure npoanu. florpunuara KoHcrpyKr{m u
$opua ce lr:6upar cao6oqHo :a croraernara rleJr.
CaMo,rerH[sr xanrap B Op6erero, nocrpoes
1939-41 or IILIEP Jlyun){a{ HrpsI,I, no roJreMuHa
il SopMa cborBercrBa Ha eKcruroaraquoHllure
tr3ucKBaHm Ha rernrrlero. Cauo necr noAnopu
Hocqr pe6peH noKpuB c pa:uepu 40/100 u, lero
3ao6reHa HoceilIa KoHcrpyKrlm or trpe)sapuren-
Ho 3arorBeHu 6emouoeu ndve,ru. Koulo ce
yKpetrBar B3arMHo. Kouryp:lr Ha norpuBa e
o$opueu Karo yrpetrBaua petuemtuua zpedo,
KOqTO flOeMa CmHTe Ha HaTnCr( U pa3trpe[etr
troKpuBHm ToBap B/y KorroHuTe rra troanopHu p8-
crorm or 50 u. XopusoHratruma dotHo ?peda
cnlM 3a Bo,qaq Ha IIJI'b3ralqIiTe ce BpaTu n 3a
npomulosemposo eptsrca. C Ha(noHeHoro cu tro-
roxeuue il xapa(repHara $opua lognopure
cborBercmar Ha nocorara Ha cmure. Kato cuc-
meua (c.26) re loeuar $luKrlmra Ha tro[tropa u
rourpatlopc.
Cnopruara 3ar'ra B JIaH.qcxpoHa, npoeKrupaHa
1962 or AIHE 9KoBCEH, npegcraBs no npuHrltrtr
cpo[Ho peneHue Ha noqo6Ho :agaHue; cso6o4uo
troKpuBaHe Ha urpuqe (xaug6an, renuc) ct,c
craHAaprHu MexlyHapoarru pa3Mepu.
floxpuarr c pa3Mepn 52194 u e or Mpexecra
c(apa c Bucoru 2 u faxeeprcoeu fiepuu, cucra-
BeHH or rotrM 6pofi eguareu e:reuesru. Ha scq-
trpocrpaHcrBeHa KoHcrpyKqm. Te ca pa:no:ro-
xeHu B KpaxqaTa Ha BKotraHoTo B 3eMqTa lirpu-
rqe. llognopuoro pa3crorHr{e HaA Hero e oKono
3 8 u. Kos:orure BT,B BclKa nocora ca c ttrupuHa
or. 7 u. Imepmra oK. mpuilIero ce 3arBapq or
cftMeHa creHa cbc cBerJra BI,IcoqnHa 4 u. IIpo-
cTpaHcrBeHaTa KoHcTpy(um Hocu orfope no-
Kp{BHOTO noKprrTrre, OTIOny pacmepHun ma-
aaH, a ilo TecHIrTe crpaHu MeTaJrHu JraMapuHH.
B uer ca uourupaHu ocBerureJrHara r4 KJrHMarIrq-
HaTa nHcTilauuu Ha 3aJIaTa.
f (eere crpa4r Hanbmo ctomercmar Ha crpourer-
Hm u,qeatr Ha XX B.: rotrMo trpocrpascmo 6e: ro-
noM clc cNoHoceIII ce nokpm, c Ilo,[Brcrutq IiIx
trpo3paqHu creHu. Apxrrrerrypara, KaKro r{ B gbr-
6ora gpenuocr, ce ctcrou cavo or norpur (c. 50).
42 Crponrenuu erreMeHTrr VIIVfIoxpuo 3 Crpolrre,rnn erreMeHr[ Vlll/flotcpun 3
loripuBnoro no(ptrTtre Karo ropHa o6nuera Ha
I .vemo.tHu.rucnro6e. Hapexlat ce Haii-qecro srs
',,'r l,rrrrr
rpq6ea .[a orroBapq ua uuoro6poiiutr,
'l' ' r. lrpornBopeqnBrv3vcKBaHW ualp. rpn6-
r,,r r.r e ycroi,iqfiBo Ha BrITbp H q6xn, na flponyc-
| 1 r r rlLyx, .qa e crynoycroi;iuuno, cra6uHo, neKo
'r
rrl'rrr rtoco6uuo.
\l,, r( l)rlilra uHlycrpur npou3Bexlla noAxogsul
.r r, l)ililt 3a BcrIKa rlen. B paHHoucropuqecKtrq
,1t I'ilolL cTpouTenHuTe MaTepuajru ce cBexnaT.[,o
, r r L r'l llclltrTe HaXOAnIIIa X U3nOn3BaHeTO UM e B
rl,,rr,r rrpb3Ka c (ruMara. Croreruuar onur rfop-
' r 1 r
I
ri I iilr rafl TquicKo-TexIIIHecKtr rpaguquu. Pa:-
I lr,ililr'HtsaT ce,qBe npuHlltrnHo pa3nuqHtr fnaBHu
llr\ llll:
I ] uirbrHflBailItr troxptrTtrq: Hatrp. macroBe
',r tttlta.vSoeaua zruHa. c noKpmue or ac-
M
fobu(tr xoaMoB noKpxB ,1,t rtt Arv 6umyu,nafi-zcte s Bru:rus u:ror
r ( I)clu3eMHoMopcrm peruoH. Crruo u:ao6-
r( ilrr rroKpuBr,t ot ,tam 6emou c BolIoulT,THu
rv il{tHnqHlt cTp, il,{aTeptratrrr noKaunaruri-
, ro ro rpaii6pcNue Ha I4rmm n s Erer (c. 38,
I I ). B uoso Bpeue noKpueHu reumu or 6uty-
Nilllr|JHpaHa MyuaMa, cHHTeTHqHo Llllu MeTatr-
rrrr rlioruo 3a xopil3oHTa[Hu rll]ocxocrn npu
fpbqKtr MpaMopHu KepeMuAu |( rKa(t,B KjlltMaT.
.' lk)iloorBexAarrltr troKpnrtrq: or noBeqe mu
ilo \{iuKo xurpocKonuqHu MaTepnatru no,q cb-
PtrMcKu KeoeMuteH noKDhB ( r rcreH HaKnoH. BoAara ce orruqa, flpeAu
Aa
'
r rl)outrKHc B noxptrTuero. tr4ua
ypu or trpaucr. BpeMeHa Ao aHec.
Iv I l
I l) r,c rtrKoBtrTe tr craMeHtrTe nonpunn, oco6e-
il,, rrrrcro cpeulaHtr B .[peBHocTTa x B celcKtlTe
'rrr rilcIll. Ce CbCTO'T OI HqKOIKO trptrtrOKpHBaIqU
, , il rircTa. flftrHara o6BuB(a. B KorTo Bce(u oT-
r! r(rl cTpbK noeMa HatrpexeHu.qTa npu CTy! il
r,,rrrrrrra, 6lp:o orBex,qa [bx,qa. Bucoxoro cr-
1,.(irrffc Ha Bbltyx cbrtaBa lo6pa Bl,{voa-
,r
!ri'L r jit luuaHe H Totrnon3onaqro.
lit.ilreHtrTe Ir rpeAoB[Te noKpnBlr ce n3ilojl3-
r,,, I r 6r)rt r x I e Ha .tbpBeH Ma r eptrar crparH- uri;i-
rL,rc rrLB Bpb3xa c 1n)xoeun cmpoem. Ilorpu-
PnMcKu KepautrcHx KepeMugu CuMa B rpbqKn xpaM ilr.r r creHara ca or eAHa(bB crp. uarepual. B
t1l,|\tcpa Hapa3aHu mannu, HapeAeIIH oT cTpexa-
r,r rrr 6urolo, o6pa:ynar 3arBopeHa noKpuBHa
r r)( (ocr a/y uoceqa cKapa or neKil (pbfnx rpe-
rr loKpilTa c o6muBKa or
l. 1
rpega norpuBa d)yrara B 6uttoto, t verua
r r,r rra
rr, rar]rrure. fhacr or ge6e:rn npbrnu rpelu
^?/
, rv/{x 3a fopeH BoAoorBexlarq crofi u 3aruura
,,r l)Vpu; 3aTucHaT e c foreMu KaM:bHn, KoljTo ce
r,il r,pxar oT yctrope,qHa Ha cTpexaTa rpeAa.
l ,ru{r}a noKpuBu o6u(HoBeHo ce n3Ma3Rar c rJIu-
r,r rr ce no(puBar c rpeBHu quMone. O6pac:rHrr c
r )( ril troKpuB u AHec o(bopMq cnnyerure Ha cena-
|
r,r rr C. n CtrI Espola - Ta[[enfiTe, truHerrtrTc,
Lr r l)cltcHuTe, cuaMeHuTe ff rpbcTuKoBxTe noKpu-
forncecKu BoAou3ruEHuqtr rrrr o6pa:1aar 3ApaBu, xoMoreHHu moc(ocru.
a) crpaHoqf,o Ha OpoHroHa, 6) B crpexara
l\opcr{Ho pa3nHcHn or rrx ca noABtrxHilTe tro-
rill{Tufl.
I ( cc cbcTotr or 4pe6uopa:uepr{H
Iloxpunuo noKpnrne ll
, ilrirKBa foneMxHa. uanp- dz'peeuu
oJryqtr
ttt tlttu ntoqu, rcepeuudu oT treceHa flnHa
43
BffI Ha Jrlocntr, KarO:
L o6yc,roseuure or rcMtrepar)?Hnre rpoMeHn
HarrpexeHm ce troeMar ot @yzu, T. e. ,[Buxe-
HmTa ce ofpaHucaBaT B oTAeJrHut eneMeHT;
2. rrpu pa:uecreuoro ilo[pe)qqaHe Ha ereMeHru-
re $yrurc ce noKpuBar,3a,qa ce orBexla
.[bx,qoBHaTa noAa. Bulrr Ha npcBpb3KaTa u
tr3[O]r3BaHUrT MaTepXil njlulaBaT XapaxTep-
Ha cTpymypa Ha tro(putsHara troBbpxHocr.
To:u npunqun e uaii-rcHo n:pa:eH lpn KepeMH-
teHtrfl troKpltB. B urro.rreasnq '(ltec sra toii se-
poqrHo e cn3,[a.qeH oure vlll vII n. e frpuilr a
B pa3.JrtrqHuTe cil TaMouHu BapuaHTff cc cbcTou
or gBa ocHoBHu eneMeHTa: tLlocKuJ paHoMepHo
cBlp3aHU noKpuqHu nil)4u v no{puarlu KepeMu-
dr, rouro ca e/y Ha;.trn'sxuule Oyru. HanpeqHrre
rfyru ca sautrrerru qpe3 nputroKptrBaHe, (epeMH-
nxre uMar cborBerHu tfat4oee. flo:rHara xoH-
crpyKrluq n KepeMu,qeHOTo floKpnTIIe ca B TqcHo
B3auMOIeiiCTBne.
Ilpu rprqxnr xpaMoB tror(prrB npon3rq3rara
or $ynrqurra rfopua, rarro u apymre apxureK-
r)?Hu ereMerrru, ce pa3BtrBar Ao u.qearna $opua
qpe3 u3flon3BaHe Ha npoTuBonojroxHocTu (tro-
KpuBHa nnoqa/tro(pilBHa KepeMula), trpeuu3Ho
pa3cJJeHsBaHe,nporopurs u u:6op Ha MaTepna-
la (rranp. upauop) r ce nocraBflT B ToqIIo ctor-
lu srs gcuqru HoueHue c.qpyrxre er'reMeHrr{ (c. 60, 158). Ifta-
cnqecKilrT peneo Ha troBbpxHocrra Ha aHTHq-
Hilre KepeMtr.teHx noKpiltsil il auec e o6pareu rl
rpoMuul]reHxTe TunoBe KepeMu,qu.
Ilpu rpo$ecuouenHo u3nbrHeHlle crpexara e
peuaBa[.( tfarrop :a orBex,qme Ha orrxcaruara
ce oT troKpffBHuTe mocKocTu abxlloBHa Bo,[4,
roiro He i no:eo:raua 4opu trpu cmeH Bqrbp ra
trpoHuKlro nrn $yrara u/y creHara n IIoKpuBa.
Haii-npocroro peueHne e ntrpoKa crpexa, or
Kot{ro BoAaTa u3roqa Ha 3eMrTa, a :uTepHaTtBa-
ra e oryK. Toii cr6upa omuqaxrara ce or noKpu-
Ba BO,qa u r orBex,ua Ha tpeABu,[eHtrTe Mecra
lrocpeAcrnoM sodouttuluur.
llpu rpu. xpaMoB norpnB ca /reMollcrpupaHn u
.4Bere pe[reHff.{. B lrnoro xpauoee (uail-aeve e
Merpotronura) tsolaTa ce orrr4qa tro o+opMeHa
dtpaeuu wuudtu. KArO yaeH\asal4 KopHw (feirco[) crpexa u/y
troKpuBrrure KepeMu,uu. [pyrage - oco6eso sta
Berura lrpum u LIouua - Kpalr Ha troKpuBa ce
ofbBa Harope KaTo oJryx (.cuua) u ce cHa6,qrBa c
nopenurla BoAotr3JtrBHtrrItr c opHaMetmaulHa ux
uacruqHa Fpaca, Hanp. rucru r"nanu (c. 158).
Bogou:rusHuqure me Qopua Ha xuBorlIil H !e-
MOHU Ca nr06trM CpelHOBe(OBeH MOTUB, OCO6eHO
B l(aTeApajMre c rexlrure KoHrpaoopcfi H orpoM-
Hu noKpuBHu mocKocrff. flopagr ro:uuara nu-
coquHa Ha cfpajlnre u gaii-qecro ManKara crpexa
Te ca I{3BeAer{u crpaHuqHo Ha dlpoaToHa rxn
l{anpcqHo Ha cTpexaTa trpe,[ cTpouTenHaTa nu-
Hxr, ttKa qc Bo.[tra ce ilrnilBa gurvoxlo gaii-
etreMeHTu c ,qajreq Ha yntrqara. Toaa npavy&runo rBopqecrBo
uuudtu, rea- u3qe3Ba c B'bBexIlallero r{a orBecHilTe BollocToq-
uJln uu rpr6n.
44 Crporre,ruu erreMeuTrr IX/Cnol I CrpoureruN
I ro r()[cre ca :ao6legn raBaHH Ha IloMellleHltt
[ [r ,lrcrn oT TaBaHI4, 3an'bHaTff enuH (bM npyl
'r
rrr rr/y roHrpa$opcu. B no-receu cMvlcl>II ,,\uc-
, ,t,tr)oBe", aHaJrorFII{o Ha apKoBI.I,qHaTa KoH-
',rrr
, rl!\'rilrl{ (c. 206),
ce Hapuqar caMo oHe3n, Itou-
lrir il r3ulaHfi c KJII.IHOBUtrHX KaMbHU U pa,qua,l-
t trolo6Ho Ha BucoKure Hanpeqm npocrpaucrBa
rrrr rlryrv.'le o6aqe ce u3nor3Bar caMo npe3 m-
rIll ( lloxn.
I l1'rr rqrenHure rluBmu3aquu npeo6na,qaBar roH-
"'ttrtr tBodole, npflqepynru
pItMJUIHnre tnm 6emou, -
Ayp l"UapyKrH:
rilrr ( r,BpeMeHHme (c. cmouaHo- 50)
acsptrticKtr KaHan r" rtt,ttr tt dtpeo.3ag rpouemqara ce TexHuKa Ha
| [0]ro[cTe ce ItpmT eIHn u cbrqu! MHoro cTapu
illI |(IilBu 3a npocTpaHcTBoTo.
llrr.rrrr,rplrvttnte cBo.{oBe cflaqar KbM Hai-cla-
l,rrrr rr rrail-npocrnre $opuu Ha cBoga. tr43tror3-
r,rlrrc tr AHec B MeconoraM[g mpbcmuKoau Ko-
r/r)/i (c
84), KaKTo u 3acHerure or X. 3lo4r.r a
I I r,r rIr lttlqfi c qlrJrlrlrApllqen cBoA, trbpBoHa-
.r;r rr() Moxe 6u c napa6onuueu Kynon, Bepos'rHo
rlrrr rxo)Kxar or trpaucr. xoln6Lt c urfiIiHApfitlHa
,lr)l)MN Ha cBo,qa.
Koru6a or AbroBtrAHM pe6pa ll nilcuAHara mo,ru6a go EEHEBEHTo ce e 3atra-
r! rir MexluHHa t[a:a. C:raveHa o6BI4B(a tto(pu-
rr,r r rrpil6o,'1fi{Hnre cnogecru pe6pa, rpu nbpBeHu
11,( ilrlr trpbTa npo6usar 6moro,3aeMKa oT naT-
Ir,r r r c trPbTtr ujru ocTaHKa oT KpbrjraTa KynonHa
! r.ililr c npbT B cpeAaTa.
i\lrcusxn KaMeHHIt cBoAoBe ce cpenlar caMo B
r{ron uHxeHepHu crpoexu u rpo6uurlu Ha ApeB-
rrre rltrBuJru3arlun. Cr,c cneuua,lna rexHr4xa 3a
rirr'rolltBarle: nocmaasHe npbcmeHume ua ceoda
,tt,tl tlaKaoH, ce uenlr no-,qo6po yKpenBaHe no
r, rr(xHa, Hanp. B Ayp IIIapynrH (Xopca6ag).
lirNr cerMeHTHo o(bopMeHx ryuu ca no4peqeHu
rr,r pc6po B nonyr(pbfoBe u iloKpuBar nocrpoeH
lr 720 r. np. Xp. KaHatr.
Ilrrlo6Hu Har(noHeHu cBoAoBe u3non3Bar erun-
r{rnre Hanp. B cK:raAoBere ua Paurec (ox.
I 100 r. np. Xp.), a no-fficuo CAcAHil,4r,rTE B
l lr'pcur -
B orpoMHara .qBoprloBa :ala s Kre-
rrrrlrox (IiI B. cn. Xp.).
I (rrrrrngpuuHll cBoAoBe c pa vatrHV ryileHtr pe-
nrc Hocqr eguo or 7-re qy.{eca Ha aHTilsHW
( [! : B[cquI{Te rpaAuHrr B .4Bopeqa Ha HaBy-
r (l 893) ce cbcrorr or nopeAriL\a mpucmosHu aptu.
roltoHocop oK. 600 r. np. Xp. BbB Bast4,'toH. C
,rrr r(uHm l'/y roH:orure cai{o 3 M Te ca AaJreq
r1(' MAnKU OT KOH3OJTHtrTe CBOAOBe, (OI{TO OT-
riililn ce u3rpaxAaT B MoHyMeHTarIHlr pa3Mepu.
I rpvcr[re cBo.{oBe Ha rpo6H[q[Te ce u3nbn-
illilir r oTqacTL KaTo cBoAoBe c trpeuu3Ha utrHo-
rrl)l)iBlra TexHuKa, B uHxeuepxoro cTpoffTen-
L rro. trpq cy6crpyruI{u r{ y(petrneHm, puMcKure
r ertrHcrure Maficropu-crpotrTenu nocrmar
r() rL()6pu TexHuqecKu yMeHm u no-roneMu noA-
rol)ilu pa3cTosHro.
l(rr:rnHgpnuux 3acBoAeH{ xtrJrtrrrlHtr crpaArl
r,rNurpaMe sa Kaunasldicxoro xpail6pexue
ua
I I r rr rrs n e Eres. JIeKure cBoAoBe or BonoHenpo-
lycKnuB anm Semou c zytxanuqHu crpourerHlt
\riucptra:rtr ca u3HeceHI-I npe,q o6lqlu o6eM 6e3
Iln;rnu.qprununr cBoA, paqtrouaJrHa lr MoHyMeHTaJHa r[opua
rlrvr! ooKplrTrle. To:n run cnyxn 3a trpocrpaH-
eJreMeHTrr I)VCnog I 45
cTBeHa u
(oHcTpyKTuBHa KtreTKa npu roneMIITe
cTpoexu oT enoxaTa Ha puM. uMnepaTopu, Hanp.
xnrrrrqHrl r-r rr,proBcrur crpaau B PI4M u Ocrut
(uHcy.nu, c. 224) u rrpu lla3apa ua Tpmu s Pvr"t
(c. 242). Csoloeere raM u3rnen{qar )KpeneHu
B
Easuturcama ua Maxceu4uil (c.232).
flouerqeumra non cBoAoBere ca opueHTr.rpaHr.r
no AbmtrHa, cneuuQuuHo 3a ro3u rlrn cBoIoBe,
flpil Koii ro r oBapil r e ce flpellaBa r crpaHWHo B y
nontropure, 3eMTa trnu Hocenlure 3u,qoBe. llo-
Mamo pa3trpocrpaHeHu ca cBonoBH penru4 Ha-
npeqHo Ha ocra Ha noMeuleHuero (c. 386).
Monyueuralnn cBoAoBe noKpl{Bar roJ'IeMu
rilffHa puv. ilvneparopcxil ,(Bopuu. Hanp. 6a Ju-
tuxaray fiouyc AyqcmaHa (c.228), a qocra no-
KbcHo u BbTpeuHuTe noMeilIeHus B prIM. caKpan-
Hu crpanu, Hanp. qenara B xpa.Ma s Eoat6erc w
xpaua Ha Beuepa u Poua z Purt.
Crp. a:rycrno Ha CpeaHoBeKoBuero Bb3npueMa
Ta3v rpa1vrfw, oco6eHo B paHo poMaHu3upaHr.t-
Te qacm Ha 3. Eepona. [ueuuara qrprea,,Can-
ra Maptrq gn HapaHxo'o npu Oeneqo, nrpeo-
HaqilHO 6et naOmCKd Kpq.rcKa fltq. etl\ehctaa
MOHyMeHTanHO BbnpeKtr CKpOMHtrTe Cfi pa3Mepr{.
Vrpeneaulu trofl cHtr ap(x pa3qJrerrJrBar r{3,q6rTxe-
Hl-rf cBo,(, KofiTo 3aBT,prrrBa r/y rprua rpega,
HatroAo6qBarqa KopHu3. flonyKpbuu aprn no o6-
fpax,qarquTe cTeHIr noBTaprT MoTtrBa Ha norcHa-
Ta apra. CBo6onHara or cBo,qoB Haruc( qerTHa
creHa e npoceceHa or rpu npoxoAa. 3uara sue-
qaTrnBa c trpeqfi3HocTa cu: cKpoMeH HacIe,[HIIK
Ha puMcKuTe, npeABecTHuK Ha poMaHcKo-cpeA-
HOBeKOBHUTe Ca(patrHU U npelCTaBUTeJrHU rIOMe-
rrleHm, KouTo 3a trpbB mT AocTmaT cbB:bpileH-
cBo B 3acBo,ueHuTe MaHacTr-IpcKII ll nollloHHu-
qecKu rIbpKBtr Ha Opauqur u AcnaHsA.
Cleg roea cBonbr orcftnBa rocno[crBauara ct{
ponfl Ao 6apora (,,I4r [xe:y" o Pr.ru). IIpe:
XIX s. xe:ussoro u croMauenoro crpourencno
3aB:ra,[sBar ra3rr SopMa. T.{ ce qsqea c npoMeae-
Ha KOHCTp)'KTI.IBHa CTpyKTypa x OrpOMHtr pa3Me-
pu B rr3rox6efl[Te lr rapoB[Te 3:rrrn. Crce:rersn-
Te KOHCTpyKUIIfi 3aMeIIJIT MaCmMTe CBOAOBe.
3anara :a cBeroBHoro lt3Jloxentre n Vnxaro
Jkaara u grcuara tronoBuHu Ha cBoAonure tfeplrl
ca cBbp3aHtr c caMo qpe3 cm anu
6moro oclo- rrl
Bara 3aBbpmar no cbrrlrrs HaquH. O6mezauu no-4
noAa Ha 3anaTa cTpaHl4qm onbH,
pe\oBe or peuembuuu Sepuu u
a xopr{3oHrinrHu'?aBHoBec'BaT
gao6resara qema creHa Ha 3anara noeMar Ha-
AntxHoro yKpemaHe. Ha resu elpopailMepHr{
xene3Hlt KoHcrpyrql4u ci,orBercrBar rogo6uu ot
Bce xele:o6eroH, Harlp. HrII{onKo foreMu nortpmtl
na3apa rfiu npoqyrurr, nocrpoeH or Opgcnnl
xaHzap 3a dupuxaSnu e Opnu, pelpena xoa-
cTpyKuuq c napa6onnqeH HanpeqeH pa3pe3.
B re:u :aru ce pa3rpbrqa Hammo craHAaprff3u-
paqara Ir o$opwilra trpocrpaHcmoro MouI Ha
foneMure cBo,qoBe. Hefismr MoHyMeHTaJIeH xa-
pamep ce cBbp3Ba c pauuoHaJrHrs cB{T Ha npo-
MUUTTeHOCTTa, TeHUKaTa U TpaHCIOpTa.
46 Crpoureruu eJrreMeHTr X,/Cso.q 2
lrp r,( rilTHTe cBoAoBe ce o6pa:yrar or trpoHHK-
i,.|r' lo lla ABa UunuH,qpuqHU CBOAa trOI npaB
r r r r l(puture Ha npoHuKBaHe ce oqepraBar oT
',,1r;u'r crpaHa raro ptSoee, or ropHara Karo
r ,,/1/i/ il cboTBeTcTBaT Ha noco(aTa Ha purriL
til111|liltttlra oT cilnme Ha HaTI.Ic( Ha ABaTa ctsoAa.
I" r\ iluilTHaTa cnla AeiicTBa nog nar.:roH e/y
,,lirl)itrr B golHm rpafi Ha (puBaraj npu npexo-
,,r rr,rf ReprtrKana (.uynocmua movrca). flerara
rr rr ll)yrH nporueogeficrearuu cmu, Hanp, o6re-
.,r'[r rr]lr oco6eHo 4e6elu :ugoae, rpl6na 1a
! l"|ilro8ecqT x3xoMrrlaTa oT cBo,qa xopu3oHTu-
,r,r t r rir; onopara (KonoHu, :ngoae) no Bb3Mox-
I ctrclBa Aa noeMa caMo BepTlfiarHu ToBapI4
'r,r
t, '{' ).
I l,r,t flrlHqr cBoA BeposrHo e trpeAxox,qaH or
, rl,!rllrfrrnn npecuyaLqu ce ceodose HatrpeqHo Ha
nepraM: enuHucrnqeH
qtrntrHApuceH caoa rl:lrl ll,Xllm CBO!.
XtrnMqHa crpaAa
Kpai AMan0u l11'rr clruHucr. q[rnHAptrqHtr crolone n flep-
r,ru (e nonyqaBa no,qo6so sa rpbcrarm cBoE
!lr'( il,raHc Ha cBoaoBuTe nJlocKocTu, KofaTo ABe-
r, t!ilrit ca Ha e[HaKBa BncoqilHa. Tosa sglegqe
I" r0 ce noBTapq B puMcKaTa! paHHoxpncTltrH-
, r,r rir ri poMaHcKara apxureKTypa. floxasarer-
r,r r cpaBlreHile c e4uocrafiuara (brqa-rorBap-
,r,r i rrr;ruHgpneu cBoA or c. 44
- e sacserara or
I lt,, ' tt p ABleraxHa xilJrtrrUHa crpaAa npail
\ r$n.
nr rr.
lrrrlreIclrquaquqra B nJraH ce orpa3qBa Ha
!rll x r pitHcTBeHoTo noKpLITI{e. or npoHHxnauero
rr,l ll l'l)tsflqHuq Ha,q,IbXeH CBOA B KpECTOCBaUIUTe
,,, rirrpeqHl{ cBo,qoBe ce o6pa3yBar,qBa Kpbcra-
Pe6po n cerMeHTeH cBoA ( ril)lla HaanByueTbqHHt nnaH B ropHlt'l eTax.
I'rl0roau{T HaTucK HaToBapBa IIflaTa Hanlbrua
' r, rl 11 ce KoHqeHTpr{pa B trKonKo rouru. Bprs-
r,r r,r u,/y lpoctpaHcmeHtrTe rc[er(u, pa3JruqHara
(,1)ucHTaIIUq u pa3nonoxeHUeTO Ha np03Oplltr-
'rir
1,il Pa3TOBapeHxTe CTeHI He cb3AaBaT KOH-
' I lr\ ri r'trBHn npo6reMu. tr4::ugauure c ByIKaHI4q-
rr ( r p. MaTepua"{u wrn u3JIeT}i cBoAoBe ca lleKx,
.,Jlr,rr[ q floqril BogoHenponycuusu. Karro u
|1,| itpyrfi (bulu Ha Kaulasuicxoro Kpafi6pe-
rrrr' (c. 38, .14), re o$opwr eAHoBpeMeHHo u
rlr
I
l)r r Ba.
l, rrrrr 6erox e orKpurxe Ha puM. crpoure:rHa
r, \ ilil(a ff eAHa OT npeAnOCTaBKuTe 3a roneMufl
CBoAoBo none c Kpbcrar il,,1(M B ptrMCKOTO CBOAOBO CTpOIITe,ICTBO,
pe6peH cBoa (cxeMa) \ rro rpc6ara My orqacru c noAclulBatqr ryx;reHr..l
1,, Ir|r
ynecHqBa paBHoMepHoTo pa3npeAeneHlre
|11 iliilncKa L no3BotrBa roneMu nonnopHr,l pa3-
'rr'!lllJg.
1. norcHa apKa
2. qerHa apKa Irp r,crarn cBoAoBe c pa6oee npu roneMu noa-
3. aqarotsanHa ap(a i,i'l,rr parcrosHtrt rpeo6ralaaar uaii-seqe e ]a-
4. apKaAeH cBn5 1rr( rra o6ulecrBeHure crpagu, Hanp. uMnepa-
',til)t tiume mepuu (c. 236) n Easutuxama ua
\l,t^r'(Hquil (c. 232). Pa:lpe4eneHxero Ha cBo-
Lrrilrr HaTtrcK a/y Haxo:IKo ToqKtr tro3Boma oT-
,,rp'rre Ha creHure. Puu. apxurexrypa, 6a:upa-
PeirMc:,,CeH PeMtr", xopoB KoptrAop (o6xoA) ,l,r fc Ha BbTpeuHLt npocTpaHcGa, locTufa cBos
rr)r cii fipx cBbp3BaHe Ha cBonoBu norera npe3
,,'r(Ilu noAtrOpHn pa3cTosHtrq C BUCOKtr apKU
11 r,ir BctrqKu trocoKl1 u enpopa3MepHu npo3opulr B
Kprcrar cBoA, pe6peH cBo.[, cBoAoBo trore
',, rro6o,rcuure or HarucK creHx.
Crpourenuu eJ'reMeHTlt XlCnol2 17
tr{:nol:sasero Ha Kp}crarn cBoAoBe, or eAHa
c'IpaHa. ocuryp{Ba cno6o4a Ha Ar{ctro3trrf rrflTa
3a cBbp3Barre Ha 0TAeJIHU npocTpaHcTBa B fone-
MI4 apXUTeKTypHn KOMIJTeKCU.
Or gpyra crpaua, Bb3 ocHoBa Ha KBa,[para ce tr3-
rpaxqa He3aBucxMa oT cTuJIoBeTe Ha rpbrlKaTa
aHTUqHOCT IrOBa KOHCTpyKTtrBHa CHCTeMa, B
quuro rflrl4 rpr6na ga ce noeMe HartrcKbr or or-
gerHure crrr6oner c reHu rntr cBolloBe. Or Bpb3-
rara u/y c.Bo.tl 14 rcaApar ce nonyqaBa onacru
xapaKTepu3trpailIfiflT cpeAHoBeKoBHoTo poMaH-
cKo cBotroBo crpourencrBo raur)panteu creua-
mustu (c.376).
llocregcrnuero or roq(oBuAHoro orBex.[aHe Ha
cllruTe Ha HaTucK: pa3le,lqHe Ha cBo,{a Ha Ho-
ceutr I| lll,JlHetftHn eJreMeHTtr BOAU B rOTII-
qecKaTa apxuTe(T)?a ,qo cucTeMaTa Ha KpbcTa-
rna pe6pew cson. P s6osc re Ha cBo.l.c c ,tteilcrBa-
tlure pe3ynraHTHu cnu Hai-nalpeA ce noAcun-
Bar c .lorHu pe6pa, a cle4 ToBa ce (oHcrpyupar
Karo caMocrosrelrHx pe6pa. Ilotcuume aprcu,
4e,lHIme AqKU r 4VATOHAJIHO KpbCTOCBaT!UTe Ce
peSpa o$opvxt Hoceuro c(ener, a ce?MeHmHu-
me ceodoee nbrHexa. 3a na ce o6rerxar v/y
pe6para, re saii-qecro ce noedueam wv teKo ce
usdyeatn uazope.
I4:norssaHero Ha ocrpoBTpxtr cBoAoBe BMecro
3aKpbfner{H IaBa B'b3MoxHocT 3a tro-rotrMa cBo-
6o4a rpu peAyBaHe u ctqeraBaHe Ha cBoAoBure
nolera (npocaeru). Cera re ca uelo,[BJ]acrHrr Ha
raadpamuw cxeuamu3blt, Tbii Karo npll ocrpo-
Bbpxoro npoBex,qaue pe6para u apKure c pa3-
nuqHu troAnopHl.t pa3cTosHuq MofaT ,qa u3nu3aT
oT e.[HaKBO BUCOKa UMnOCTHa TOqKa U Aa Ce flpe-
cuvar n o6q eprx. Ceogonure trolrera Morar .qa
xMaT trpaBobfbreH unn TpaneqoBuaeH nJralr.
Oruocurelnara cno6ogna Allcno3l{rlItfl Ha KoH-
cTp)ftTI{BHI{Te Bb3nU nO3BOIrBa B rrrlaH [6rOBItA-
Ho pa3nonoxeHxe sa xoposun rcopudop ers $p.
MaHacrupcKu rIbpKBn u Karenparu. Kopugopure
oK. xopoBm MHorobmnHIIK Ca pa3sleHeHu Ha
TpanerloBtr,qHil cBoaoBx notrera. flpeceuHure
Toqr{u Ha csoga (rctruuoeu rcautuu) ca B KoHrIeH-
TpuqeH Kpbf o(oro rleHTbpa Ha xopa.
B paunororuuecruq xopoB Koptrnop Ha ,,C€H
Peulr" n PeiiMc scuqru
caogoau pe6pa u:lu:ar
oT noKpuBHnTe rlloqtt Haa KanlmenrTe. B cTeHx-
Te Ha Haoca B 3prlofoTHqecKuTe KaTeApanu Te
oTqacm cJ'Iu3aT (aTo mbHKU KOAOHtr' AO OCHOBa-
ra ua cmr6ose. Otpopu:reuuero Ha cBoAa 3anoq-
sa ot crrr6ogere u creuure (c. 64).
flpuHqunlr 3a pa3nen{He Ha Hoceuu pe6pa u
cefMeHTHu cBo[oBe 3a il],nHexr BzulttneH npu
Kpbcrarul pe6peH cBoA, ce pa3BuBa nocnegoBa-
TerHo npe3 Cpegnoneronnero n cr:gaaa u:o6u-
nlle or [pyrtr caogosH $opuu, uarrp. see:doeu-
deu, eemputooSpa3eq HepanpeH il .vHo?o-
rc,tetnbqeH ccad, Otgeruure cBoAoBr{ nonera Bce
noBeqe ce cruBar B o6q cnog. Toea ce o6qcHflsa
He crc 3aKocreHruocna Ha $opuara, rarro e
llpu qmuHApmHtr{ cBoL a c alatrTuBHtrTe ctro-
co6socru u rbBKaBocrra,
48 Crpoure,rnu eJreMeHrrr XI/Cnoa 3 Crpoure,ruu eJreMeHTn XI/Cnoa 3 49

I' r r,! r tr. ( lrol [oBe c npaBunHu rpuau, Hafi-vecro KytronHu rIbpKBu. trpe.r,u BcrrqKo s ,,cn. cotpllr"
. t' llr,rr\rLill Ila/l KphlOBe, ilO-pt.4(O Hall ellnl- \c.62).
!' ll r, I rrilra Hu $opua e nolyxr.rr6o. Tr ce Tersmecxn tro-trpocr Mero,q trpe;rlara xytrorbr
t,... il|i|;l Ilo-Kbcllo. Bbpxy rpoMntr, $yHueo6pasHn xopu3oHrilHn
l'drrr 4rol)Mr't ce c63AaBaT npu npatlopuure ua ccodecm.u Huuru Han brtrure Ha KBaapara. Te fo
: . l l i, L L r ir crpaAal r{ailp. nopuSotuuu u wnotu
r, nfeBpluar B o\mo?oH- B y KoiiTo ce iltrpaxla
..,1tt'ut) truddaeaue oK. 5000 r. trp. Xp. B ocHoBHnflT Kpbf Ha Kynona.
lir,, ,,,., '\ lra (c. 84), ox. 3500 n Kunrp u Aopu llpu gnere pemeHm Kyilonbr e orHocurenHo He-
.,1,' , \ \ rr 3UAaHm UmUHJllp XarO UOrrr. Tofi
Wn KbLL{ume c rcouycoeuduu noxpu- 3aBUCUM OT
,.. r' \ r\ rl, (c. 38). I4 gsec ad)puKaHcKu meMe- voxe [a crbnil By b?.to7u (mo.t5oec.,te.tuu
'','.,"i ll t, rlnotoo6panu rpat.ttt xo.tu6tt- ec- aptu llJtil.Macu6Hu cmeHu v KaTo IIeHTpaneH n,cll
.,l'r,,, ilII u :ao6leHu legeuu xrtlu (uz,ty). pe,qoBli ereMeHT tla ce cBbpxe c pa3nnqHn Tulro-
tl,',rr rre l trI:toqga u lJeurpa,rua A:m (Mou- ne crpagn (c. 270).
j ., iliLl I ( rl)o''l CBOUTC IOpTtr, KyIOJIOBU,qHII UaT- l{eclo ran6yp, 3ri,qarr qunuHnbp notr KynoJHara
i,r! ,
' rro oK. E M c fbBItaB rpaAex, no npuHuutr ocHoBa, troBAtra Kynona Han rloKbna u tro3Bojlq-

PuMcKu Kpbftn Kynon (riln ,,llaBTeoH") I r.rrNr ( rcxtluqecKure peileHm ga XX g. Ba pa3[ojrafaHe Ha BeHqLr om npo3op4u He3aBV-
I I cuMo oT KynonHaTa cepyn(a HaA noKpxBHaTa
r, rl)errpaaotftJrHa (brrla npocTparF
\()lta KbM
KOHCTpyKTIU{.
t|' iilr L{ rrpclcTaBu. KouTo ca peuu3trpaHn B no-
i',r,r | | | tl)irr rc fopuqecKu KbtrIH, BeKoBe Hape[ noq-
Buecro lpe: aHTxqHr,tt oneioH cBernvnara nara
|

;* r rr1 ro cc ofpaHucaBar B Haii-qecro tro,q3eM- lpel rarepHa (lt)rtrqKa). yrpaceH ercueur c

nporopux Ha Brpxa na k1lnona. a roiiro qecro ce
atr t . 1n u)1111,1ys apxumeKmypa (c. 148). Tengeu- (yilojrHlrgT
iloBTapr MoTuB, oco6eHo trpe3 PeHe-
1. narepHa (KynilqKa) tl,'r I I rir ractsotreHo qeHTpz[Ho IpocTpaHcTBo ce
t:aucu n 6aporco.
2. (ropeH) HarucKoB npbcreH ,!.r I ,r {) r rr0Bo eaBa B ptrMcKoTo cTpotrTencTBo.
3. pe6po 'r B ro:u lepuog raro rexHlrqecKil npxHuun ce Ha-
i llrrr rr()lill lC ClpouTejltrt{ THnOBe OT HaqtuiOTO lla
4. o6Teraq -rar c uHoroqepytrKoBHflT pe6peH 11 nor. xoii ro
5. BbrpeuHa qepynKa !,,.,,il,r illl HMnepaTopuTe, HanpuMep ltpu nep- e peatrH3upaH B roneMtr pa:iuepu nrpno or Elv-
6. BbHUHa qepynKa ,ttltttt l t!.unepamopcKume deopLlu ([ottyc HEJIECXI{ B KaTeAparara Ha oropeHqnfl u HMa
7. BrrpeueH o5xoA \il,r r). ruqu xenaHue 3a mouylreHrarxa $op-
8. nera (onopa) $opvala Ha ocMocmeHeH Mauacmupcrcu ceod.
9. cftn6a ln, r u\rrbp-irqrua ocuouHala rlynrqtr. C,reguar 4pyru npoenru, a or. l56l 3aroqBa pa-
l,r l',r r urtl or Ela4a, g Puu rq BxHaru
ce cbor- 6orara no rynola na,,Cn. Ilerlpo' B PrlM, IJaii-
.'.f,r ( IpocTpaHcreoro. 9ucrara $opua ua HanpeA noA pbKoBoAcrBoro Ha MI4(EJ1A[{AXE
',1'1 r1.11;1 v1y rcpteu qutuudtp w rcpb?b-l Kynon Iro. PeSpama o$opufl roHcrpyKrtrBHtrs cKener.
' ' t,, ,r rr irpa n flaureoNa (c.252). Muoro6pofi- KoiiTo pa3npelenq BcnqKu cuJru Ha HarucK or
"'il, l)llM. n paHHOXptrCT. BapuaHTu Ce ilputrbp- xytota sly mau6ypa, a roi;i npe: qe,lHume apKu
) | \ t,Nt nol!-Kbt50lro, a Io.JlIIaTa qacT ce tr3trbil- Iil orBexra By qcIilpHre ,.tuautt euut6a
!rr,r rl r o xptztt tqutuuitp, octto- uru deceruo- (npuHqHr Ha puc. 6). B reuero Ha (ynona rud-
'r
mucKoa npbcmetl noeMa pe6para u narepHara.
ll l,rNrcr(o-rpbUKr4s I4:ror nocreneHHo ce Hila- )Ke,tezuu o6pb\Lt KoureHcupar xn:b3ratrlure
,'r rr(,lril tr[eq 3a qeHTpatrHOTo trpOCTpaHCTBO: cunH[a Kyrora.
r,;,r. nrr u/y xynoJr Ir KBaApar! r. e. vly ry6 u Pasgerruero Ha cerMeHrure u/y pe6para Ha
,',' r tt
r6o. Peueuue Ha npo6neMa 3a cBo6o.qHo abHuHa u abmperuHo uepynrd HaMalqBa TerIolo
,,rt r(,lrntsaHe 6e: lognopn Ha Kytrona c qsnoro Ha (yrlora, trpaBH fo AocrbneH oBbrpe u tro3tso-
,r, rer r0 ff cTpaHuqHo xlb3raHe H 3a BMIoqBa- JI{Ba He3aBUCilMO OoOpMneHUe Ha qepylKI,Ire 3a
,. r,' \r\ B nlocrpaHcrBeHtr ry6 c cprrauHrr pa3:rnHure hM SyHKrIuu. Brsuuara cnyxu 3a
lrrcurlHrr) xynor. OcHosxuqr KBaIpar ce 3aruura or aruocQepunre B)tw\HW I qpe3 neKo
I'r1il( rr B ocHoBHuq Kpbf, a KoHcTpyxpaHoTo oT- Ha!.BilueHile e nopo6o.ta racr rga gttreilctsueto
,,,1,, ttortyxl,roO Ce L3pq3Ba nO II,IXUHaTa Ha Ha Kyno"ra Karo o6eM (c. 482). BrrpemHara
I rr'rilrc Ha KBanpaTa. Tara ce noryuana nory- otfopul npocrpaucrBoro I xato c$epu.uta ve-
p.lnKo ce 3acBo.qrBa Ha.[ Hero.
,t', l)tt HU\ verupu crfepuvnu rpn'rrrbnHfi(a: Puu. cpequ:evHoMopcKa rpa[trum. KoHrreHrp(-
' nilleu. lloryrprrrure crpaHuqrru nnoc-
t, t t t t ) t t t !
paHa ff3uflo a/y lpocrpaHcmoro, mHopupa ma-
r
',t Lrl Ce 3aTBapqT C \e,!HU CmeltU UIU Ce 06- cruqso o6eusara srumHa Sopua ua rynoJla. llpu
I r\r,illitI c ce,tHu apKu. mun ,,llaumeou" Hanp. Kponbr uomBa B tr33u-
I' ilrrii1r au3arrr. apxHreKTypa Aopa3BuBa ro3u garrara o6nurra Ha poroHnara x ropHure cftnuo-
'rljLrrril11. Cptsauusm (euctqwnt) K))notr ee u3- nugHu nptclexu (c. 250). Ema nln BII3AHrr4t Ky-
I ,r L|ir xopff3OHTaJIHO HaI ilaHlaHTUBUTe U Ha,[ norbr omoBo ce noAqepraBa. B ,,Ce. Cotfius" u
a) cpr3aH (Bucrq) Kynon ir', r\.rellm Kpbf Ce tr3trufa HOB Kpb?bn Kvnonj
zoaeilume dtr:nvuu roii cmnsa B/y MacmHm
6) klnofl HaA naHAaHTuBq PUM: ,,C8. neftp", KoHcrpyKqtra Ha Kynona , r 0 ilalBnuaBa qenHnTe cTeHu u aoMtrHupa B
B) Kynoa c raM6yp "rl 3acrpoeH o6eM cnopeA ailuqHara rpa.quqro.
r) MaHacrilpcK, cBoA Bbpxv TpoMnil
Irli'x t ltaHcTBoTo. Peuecaucrr arqesrupa e/y rylora c noMourra Ha
| 11,r1111p41]ot Ha tratrAaHTHBHtrs KyrroJr ce cMflTa rau6yp, ouepiaeaHe Ha pe6para Karo Bb3xoae-
r r r,lrbpneHo rexHHuecro u $opuuHo pgueHue rrlx rr4Httu, napa6oJruqHo Ha,qBuneHue u yBeHqa-
Kynor Ha4 Kpbr n KBaApar
,,.r rtp t,3xara m/y r;nola u npocrpaHcreeHm ry6. BaHe c narepHa. Karo ctersar o6eM Kynonbr
l.'rr r'f ilinonrBt npil to-revilte etBatttriicxute Beqe aoMuHnpa B fpajtcKilg cunyer.
50 Crporre,rnn ereMenTu XII/[pocrpaucrBeur{ flocerqll KoHcrpyrqun
Io,reun nogropxtr pa3crosHrlq! MHoroo6pa3tle or QopMtr n KoHcrpyxrl{u
Crpoure,rnr eJreMeHTrr
I li I',Nr il I tcloci-ta, TpaHcnopmT, MacoBme trpos-
II
iil ro r( Mtrr'e lra3apu Bce no-qecTo u3ucKBaT IIo-
rt,rl,ilrr'ila mOtrIu 6e: nO,4lOpu. Hoeme
rOJreMU
. rl' ir,ileprajrn,npeABapmenr{uTe il3sncneF[fl h
.r, il, lllMcrrruTe BoAfl no HoBtr KoHcTpyKrlt{tt.
| | tt t iltt).MeHeHomo cmpoumeacmao or XIX e.
'r1,,
, \X r. HapacrBa 3HaqeHuero sa,rceteso6e-
,,,,,//,/ ( lc[Bar ro toau dtpeeuu u aaHmoau KoH-
I I' r( ilruTe x trpocrpaHcTBeHuTe KoHcTpyKIuu
r, l{). .14) Bce noBeqe ce 3aMetrT c rbHKocTeH-
fir rr)(rrult Ko{cTpyKuII[, trpx KonTo caMuTe
lr,,rr r,l r { r rocTu pa3npeaenrT ToBapuTe A cwvTe.
\ rl,,rkrcpHH u uxoroo6pa:uu QopuH uuar ue-
|lt ill{trle, TbHKocTeHHtr U3BUTn IIOBbpXHOCTU,
i,,!r() 3a pa3nuKa OT CBOAOBe]e - OCBeH CUnU-
r, rr.r rluncK, noeMarH curtrTe Ha ontH. Craru-
'r, , lil cc pa3nuqaBat npocmo oebHamu qepynKu
rIr,u I|). IlHllxHApuqHu cBo,4oBe, KpbcraTH cBono-
|
nt | t)soiHo ozbHamu (Hanp. xyuolu, xulep6o-
rrlrr r r r rapa6o.lronlu, r. Hap. Xfl-uepynxn).
r XoxefixHnr cra4rlos sa freft,rcnuq yHtrBepcr,t-
rl,
l,vrl(ilre [pe[trafar MHoro Bb3MoxHocrn 3a
l rrrr)| rra |ollxo4fltrlu troxpHBHtr t[opuu :a cneq.
Haii-pa:npocrpaHeH lul caHailp. npou3-
, r 1,,rrrrr.
t.'ttt tttttaHu XUIenlA C paBIIOMepHO OCBeTneHne
rir rorilJciiepHo npou3BoAcTBo. Tunuqsara no-
r I'r'r'rra Oopua zarsx e wedoe norcpus c rpvoHo'
'
rerr KoHTyp. O6uqaiuure croMaHeHu KoH-
rr'l)ir
, rl'Vkllflu Bce nO-qeCTO ce 3aMeHqT C qepytrKu.
I lprt cKcilcpuMeHTarHo crpomelrcrBo Ha trpotr3-
xrrrlc'r'BeHn xa,rera n Cau Eapro,ro (Mencnxo)
'l'r rrl{c KAHAE'IA tpoeKrilpa 1950 xa:re c grro-
ur llt ueAoBu npo3opr\v or KoHycosuduu uepyn-
, r/ r r,HKu 3 cv (!), cbc cBerlro rroAtropHo pai-
! r,)'ililrc rra apt(uTe l5 u u ocoeo pa:croqHne 6 u.
lLtnrc o6mezaqu troeMar xopu3omutts Ha-
ilr( r(. flOACUlleHffTe u3BuTil (panqa CnyXaT 3a
,il|)iilrilquTenu Ha ilpo3opquTe, a oty4ume Ha\
r(r rolrnTe 3a HaAnbxHo yKpenBaHe. Hucxnsr
lr,l rxoil Ha MaTepflanu 3a KOHCTpynInqTa Ce C:bse-
r,uir c JJeKa n ereranrna $opua.
I lprr pecropaHra n Kcoqnunlro sa Aleeppc
r liAlIErA noKpxB'tr ce cbcrou ot ocev XII-
,trl)rnKu c ge6eluua 4 cu. Te ce orBapqr HaBbH
, rr,:lxo,q{ulx xulep6olongHu apKH, BXcoKu
lll.)3 M. ynailume uly ttx ca o$opueHu raro
\rl)crrBarqtr napa6ornvHo u:suru pe6pa u or-
rr( /\ilaT HaTUCKOBtrTe CUnU Ha UepynXUre n 8
i,rol)Hu roqttri, e/y rouro crrnea norpuarr. [Io
'l',,r(xcHr{e Ha KoHrypa te ca onlsarl c o6re-
r ,r'rr. Cgerroro tro,qilopHo pa3croqHre noMex-
r\ rlr rro AnaroHalure e 32,47 u.
4trJrroBIITe KoHcrpyKrIIlIl il3non3Bar yKpenBa-
rrro ro ;leiicmue Ha rlarbHara mocKocr, Tq trpmx-
,rir ril rpyna pe6pa, (ot{To ecrecrBeHo ce oruBar
ririreq tro-MalrKo or paBHa uocKocr. flpn xour[e-
p('rrHara crpaAa Ha IOHECKO n Ilapux,
rlx)cKrnpaHa 1953 or IL JI. HEpBtl, M. EponEp u
l, Il[poyc, qenHHTe crpaHx u norpuB.br ce cbc-
t'trr ot paMrconodo6ua ()utmoea KoHcmpyKLlufl,
|{'ccrra caMo B cpeAaTa oT peAnua noaflopu.
\opr:loutattna zloqa AontilHxrenHo )TperlBa Ha-
rr,rrruq troKpuB. Tofi npeuocrna 6e: noglopu
XII/IIpocrpaucrBeHr{ Hocerqrl KoHcrpyKrInll 51
tronoBxHara crpag.a c nneHapHama sana. 35 v s
Ha[BxHa 14 .qo 49 M B HanpeqHa nocoKa.
Ercnpecrnuara tfarroaa crpyrrlpa qcHo noKa3-
Ba npoTuqaHeTo Ha cwne n ocTaBa BuAuMa oT-
BbH u olB'b'Ipe. Karo rourpacr caMo3arBapqulu-
Te H yKpenBaruu cTpaHrrIHI{ cTeHu cb3HaTeJlHo ca
TperupaHtr mocKocrHo. Te u Hangarnqr ragan
c'b3aa3aT npeBb3xoaHa aIycTuKa.
CepuoseH $amop npu KoHcrpyKuuu c roneMu
no.qnopHtr pa3crorHnf e co6cmesoto refno. 3a-
TOBa KOHCTpyKTOpffTe Ce CTpeWT K1,M JIeKtr
trpocrp. noncrpyxqnu. B mpceHe Ha nogxo,qq-
illd c-Mu h cTp. MaTepuiuM Te oftpHBaT Bb3MOX-
HOCT 3a U3n6JlHeHUe Ha trpeMOCTBarqtrTe foneMil
pa3cTosHur KoHcTpyKqm KaTo BaHToBI| Mpextr.
BaHrnre, 3a pa3ltx(a or Ap)rure crp. eneMelrru,
ce HaToBapBar eauo oT cuaume ua ontu. ()nrsa-
rure B lpers nocoxt Mpextr o6pa3ylar npedca-
pumenHo Hdnlrc.'Hamo r-fld c MaiKo co6creeHo
Terno, ro:rgMa cra6mHocr u soclruocnoco6uocr.
rer, npoerrr4pau 1957 or Rspo CaapuHpH, u:-
qucres or CEBEPyA, EncrAI tr Kprcrsp, ce crc-
rou or Mpexa vly rpu dozu nod uamucrc. Cpeg-
Hara uano4o6laa o6rplar ropa6eH KWVnptila-
Ba lra norpuBa xapaKrepuara crcamua (iopua.
Creutoro rognopHo pa3croqHne Ha.[ nrpuqero e
85 u (!), uaii-sucoxara roqra 23 v. YclopegHo
Ha AbfuTe ca pa3[oroxeHu AeBeT zlaaHu aaHmu,
a HanpeqHo Ha Ttx e onbHaTo MHoxecTBo oT HO-
ceulu abwema, B/y ux uua grpneHtr Ta;rtru Karo
nocaw na dopeexama noKpusHa o6ruuarca.
Brs scuqrn qacru Ha cBera ce u3fpax,lar cxo11-
HU rOneMU AUCSUIU nOrcpUAU, Haflp. Ha CtrOpTHr{-
re Jarrtr D Toxno (c. 66) , nocrpoeHu or KEH;1:o
TaHrs :a Oluuruficrure nrpu 7961. XorefiHara
:ua rra C,ta.puurH e KoHcrpyKum c maopd rcou-
myp, B cnyqffi or 6eron. Broclegcrnue ce u:-
rpaxAar BaHToBu Mpexff cbc ceo6odeu rcoumyp,
CbCTOqI'IIU ce oT BaHTU H HOCeHu Ot cmtt6oee
vJlv HanpezHamu gbwema.
Toqxono troAtrpeHltre Bllcqutr [oKp[BIr or
toru Bx! ca flpeJlllecrBaHil ot crto6neuute 4up-
rcoeu u u:tolc6eHu wompu 3a HtKorKo xunqlu
rrocerurenu. Hoeure ue.u6pauHu KoHcmpyKquu
IlocTufaT Bce no-roneMu iloAtropHLI pa3cTosHilfl v
lo-cno6olun $opuu.
llpuuep :a cuve, pmua $opua npeglara orHocn-
TenHo MaJIKU'T IITaTpOBIIAeH nOI(ptrB Ha IIaBI-
JrtroHa 3a rpaAtrHcnoro H3JloxeHu€ B Kbo,'rn
(1957), ryoexrupan or OpAu Oro ua npuHquna
ra ,,nrruara" (IIIpoMALlEp). 3ne:gonu4Hmr no-
KpI{B ce nbpxu or uecr cmtt6a,yxpeneHn c BaH-
ru. OropHme My roqKu ca sa 24 u e.[Ha or [py-
ra, a BbpxoBere - ua 31,50 M. Cpe.[Hmr omop e
c Q 6,10 M. Bcqro trro naBulrtroHbr ce MoHTHpa
OTHOBO.
,{aler uag re3tr pa3Mepu ca narpoBuJlHure tro-
KpuBu 3a HeMcKut naautuoH e MoHle,u (1967)
u Otuunuilcrcume u?pu B MroHxEs (1972). C
reslt ceo6ogHo HatrperHaru roneMu (oHcrpyruuu
HapacTBaT Bb3MOXHOCTUTe 3a nOKpUBaHe Ha OT-
Kpuru npocrparrcTBa B fpa,qa u cpeA npupoAara.
52 Crpoure,'ruu erreMeHTr{ XII[/Crur6u I
I r l r6nre tr paMtr[Te cBbp3Bar paBHuHu c
l,1r rllrir lrflcoquHa. Paunume [peo]IotrBar pa3-
il|,r r ir rr LB BHcoqtrHtrTe nocpeAcTBoM HauolIeHU
lil,r llr("til c otpelrueHa IIInpIrHa u HauoHx Ao
,,r I 6c: cretata. Cmt.q6ume ce cbcrosr or
"'
, rr,r r lr roeege pelluux or (nrbnd.rd: (mbnSuq-
ililil!t l)tt.\teHa.
!lr,rr{\il1[Ta ff brurbr Ha HaloroHa uM 3aBucsr oT
r r,ilr IortreHneTolla n3KaqBaHe! T. e. oT cboT-
irinri rrrcro u/y eucour,rnara Ha cnnatroro u He-
rlr,r ril rrupuHa. To ce 6asupa Ha npasmomo 3a
'
l\t t\tt lttt Ha KpaHKoma. ClOpeg craruCrmeCrn-
rr il|{)yrrBaHm Ha pa3n. AbJDKI4Hq Ha KpawaTa
,lu rrrrrrrr i pa3Mep e 60 65 cr'a. llpu nl:xoqrq
I t,l I t,.it)KtrHaTa Ha Kpaq(aTa ce HaMmBa c yA-
n,tr r,r lt
utrcoquHa Ha u3KaqBaHe. flpu u:rawaue
,! I I cM [bnxuHara Ha Kpaq(ara npaKmqecKu e
ll r {r ( il,Jl6ara
craBa run Moptutra, a cftnilo-
ttt tutpoca. Elarogapeuue Ha AbJrfHt otrtrT Te-
rll LlllllCtrMOCTU Ca tr3BeCTHU OIIIe B LICTOpHqe-
llll( CllOXU.
'
\lrroroo6pa:uero or cml6u c'sc cnequ$uuuo
,,rlrrrlnr rcrrue, roero e o6ycloaeHo or crpol4Ten-
illr Nrir rcpl{aJl, TeHu(aTa u cSoTBeTHHt cTm,
dA
'rt.rr o6lga trKoJIKo ocHoBHl| Tntra, Te ce a.qan-
!r 1,.[ ri rrM u3trcKBaHIUITa u curyaqmTa B AaAer{a-
rlr I r l)irlla. Tara ce crura,qo uaii-pa:luuuu napu-
{|Iil.
Irrurnle ce u3tron3Bar trpeAuMHo B TpaHctropra
r rr (irro cBbp3Baula KoMynxraum B o6nupHu
,, r r | r u nrorlu. flopagu ronalrara cu AbJD(uHa u
) |
|
| .r,rl) ilruoH
BaB BbTperuHocma Ha crpaAuTe Te
,r
rl)c,'lHa3HaqeHu cauo :a crequtltrotr qenu
I rrrrr rp. anrouo6mu paunu).
l,lril.
crbtra,'IoB[AHa paMtra, trocrpoeHa olt.
l')\() r. np. Xp. n nannrnoua Ha CeHycepr I B
i',rprrirx (c. 114), c"rryxlr 3a KynroBu rlenu. llplr
rportccutr cBerrleHara Jra,qun c:bc craryr ua 6o-
{((r8oTo cnupa npeA TaKHBa traBuruoHu
tr 106). Hoca.ru,I npeHacsr tro paMnara, cr'[,n-
ilirrhil tro HucKtr cEna_na, KouTo, u3qucneHu 3a
ilil il{( hpa9M. cboTBeTcTBal ga 6aeHoro tevno
r r ir c ner uauon. 3aqnrHure napanerlr n Kllu-
r,)url0rara aorHa qacr o6pa3yBar eaHo qflo.
hr)Nl6rruarlusra u/y pawau crr:r6a ue 3anuqaBa
| il' rtil(btrqHure nu
$yurquu u e npexoA KbM eA-
il')|irNtcqHaTa CTbn6a.
lli4BuxHara MopsilKa cru6a ce
r,r rl)fiHrlun, KofiTo e trpormononoxeH Ha paM-
rr,r lr. Tr cryxu Ha xopara 3a n3KasaHe u ce u3-
, ,,I {l{il Ta[,], KbqeIO Ha B]3VOXHO Hail-Matra
rr tortl tpr6aa Aa ce npeoAonee romMa pa3rt{Ka
il t,! |l{coquHuT9 c MuHIiMiuIeH pa3xoA Ha MaTe-
l,ll,l lil.
t r rir6ure-e.qHoApbBltlt ce sffiar cB'bp3BailIo
rrr, rro u/y nogeuxHara u HopMalrHara cm:r6a, Te
"r[,rHHsBaT npeprMcTBaTa Ha Mopq[(aTa cftn-
{',r (crpbMeH Harurou) c re3u Ha HopMajHara
, r r, r6a (cra6mHo tronoxeHue na rpara n/y cm-
rr,r roro). tr4:pr:nar ce or rIfl crno:r ruu ot ge6e-
Ocxonxu tlopun rlcla.
r,t
Crpoure,rnu eJreMeHTx XIII/Crt,r6u 1 53
B EBportA ca cbxpaHeHtr caMo orgeJrHll r{cro-
puqecKu penumu, goraro n Aolttct Hanp. re Bce
oqe ca unpoKo pa3npocrparreHrr. flpuueplr or
Clca.H4ttuenm cnyxn 3a BXo,q KbM xau6ap ua
KOnOBe.
Or uacueHo ,{'bpBo e x raJrnelrara cra.r6a sa
t$uu.naugcru xau6ap or XVIII r. llpu uer pa:no-
JroBeHri a'bpBeHtr rpynu ca Hap{3am c no,4xoaJr-
trtil .[bDltxHil. Te ca noroxeHr no 4aoilru ua-
r:llxHo r HanpeqHo earr s/y lpym u o6paryr:ar
cra6u:nra ffpoBerpma npeBpb3Ka, (osro Marcu-
MirJrHo fi3noil3Ba Hocuuocnoco6socma r co6cr-
BeHoro rerno Ha rpFure. Egrmctaoto ua rou-
crpyt<um u $opua e nocruruaro c npocru cper-
crBa u cbomercrea Ha 6lorosara KoHcrpyKrltr
na xau6apa.
Ilpocrror ocHoBeH Tfftr Ha noBeqero eraxHn
cft,n6u e eAnopaMeHxara npana crr.l6a. Ea-
poKoBara orrpura cmr6a or npuMepa e B crnra
Ha XVIII e. B ses ce 3a6enfi3Ba reHgeHuw 3a
HatrpeqHo trpeoAonqBaHe Ha npocTpaHcTBoTo.
Henperrcuarara rpo()unupaxa neuma HaE crpa-
HWHUTg 3U!OBe Hanp. trOBTapq trOCneAOBaTenHO-
To tr3AmaHe Ha crbnaJrara. Jleroto n:uectgaue
Ha ABeTe neHm cs3AaBa BneqaTIeHUe 3a no-rotr-
Ma pa3trBuxeHocr (u:uecrnane Ha Sa3ure B ctr-
MynraHHo npe4craaxue).
To ce nnxga u B u3BuBKure Ha 6amocrpure. IIo-
KpuBauara flapanera rerua ruoqa o6eAtrH{Ba
pa3lruqHu MoruBtr. Borarcraoro ua SopMx He Ha-
pyuaBa uflrocTHm cTpocx.
flporunonoloxHocr Ha eAuopaMeHnrrre npaBu
crar6x ca B[TtrTe crrl6H c Henper:bcHara Kptr-
Ba rilHu. Tsxsara safi-rosueHTpltpaHa tr (oM-
larrHa Qopua ca BpeT€HoBrUHrrTe cTbJr6n.
Cro6pa:Ho ruraHa re o6pa3yBar BeprmilHa
Bpb3Ka Ha noqru roqKoeulHa ocHoBa M/y erlm-
Te 3a pasnuKa oT nuHeapHffTe, HaKJroHeHxTe mtr
npaeure cmr6H. Brpaxaar ce Hail-Beqe raM. Kb-
AeTO UMa ManKa rIJrOIrL Hanp. B KynX.
flpu :arnopexnre BpereHoEu,qnrr cru6r m-
HoBuAHure clbniuta ce Bmr Buuroo6pa:xo Haro-
pe o(. Kp:bribn cr:br6. llrpaoHaua:ruo caMo noMo-
nIeH eJreMeHTJ re ce ooopwr c ace noneve sax-
Ta3m u ce uHTerpupaT Bce no-oTqeTnuBo B apxu-
reKT)4)ara.
Iornqecxara BpererronnAHa cru6a n xare4-
pa;rara ua Maiinq ce cbcrou or npegBapurelrHo
3aforBenlt [eraiintr: rc,luuoauduu cmbnana c
ocHoBaBa o$opMeHa sacr 3a BpereHoro. AorHara qacr e
no,q3u,[aHa, a Mpexa oT KoJtoHtr Hocu crilaJrara
tr clrrleBpeMeHHo cJryxu 3a ilpeAna3eH napaneT:
cmr6ara socu caMa ce6e clr.
flpe: enoxara ua KbcHamo zomurca u Peuecauca
Bupryo3Ho rr3rpa.qeHrlre nnrn cru6u c orno-
peHa KpI{Ba ce trpeBpbuar B }TpaileHus Ha
BaxHI{ CBeTC(U CrpaAU, trpeAr{MHO KMeTCTBa I4
KlifittecKu ,Foputr.
Be:6pofiHu BapuaHrv u rou6uuaqun Ha ocHoB-
ulrre $opun u:rrmar npocrpaHcmoro u/y pau-
na H Mopflurta cmr6a, u/y rpara tr BpereHoBt4A-
Ha cfi,n6a c rpyAHo o6o:puuo pa3Hoo6pa3r4e oT
r.{HArlB4qyamu peneHm.
54 Crponre,ruu eJreMeHrrr XIV/Crr,l6n 2 Crponre.nnn erreMenrn XIV/Crnr6n 2 55

f ,,r, |,i I I ir KoMyHu(a\w ocbry pflBa Ao6po QyHK- Temo ce BrolloqBa B o6[Iara KoHcrpyKqr.u. BcrI-
.,r"ril|illrc Ha cfpaqaTa. Crol6rre cnyxaT la ra cml6a s xuxuHa crpaAa cnegna ro3u ilpuH-
!r I'rr(iuHo o6cnyxBaHe It ce cHryHpaT tro Bb3- uxtr.
ffiN ecKaarop rtrir(iloc l TaKa, qe Aa CBbp3BaT AnpeKTI{O BCnKU flpa npnnqrna Ha BbH[Horo o6cJyxBaue
T
"""""oop,
i.ffiffiffi cror6n .r,l'il r()[ lilHu trbmlqa. cml6ara e B Kpar Ha crpaAara w t3BbH Hefl vI
f_] xopuaopu I l,,1,rrrrr cncun$uqHuTe KoHcrpyKTUBHtr trpeA- KoHcrpyKrlmra i. MexgyeraxHure uoqu He ce

E il,,, Llril(ff re tpr6ra 4a ce B]mBaT BmaTeIHo

! , r|r ;il ru rMa ga crpaAara. Heo6xo&rw ca roreMu
npo6uaar u vecro ca cBbp3aHn crc cmr6ara ca-
MO B eAHaroqKa. flOmrOra ntuugara cmr6uu-

E "
l,,ri|
rrl'rilc
r
",,I'il
rrir
[ vcxaye ra)Kwe ruory. cmr6ru{Hme
x rrjroqaAKuTe 1pr6Ba Aa ca yKpetreHu, oT-
r] rlroquTe noAgm)?eM c trapaneTu.
Ha MeTKa Ce CBbp3Ba C KOpXIOpll UJIV fArrcpils,
KOUTO OCblIIeCBffiaT XOpU3OHTaJTHUTe Bp63M OT
B6H[HaTa CTpaHa Ha CrpaAaTa.
[] i r,.[6trulHl|Te KJrerKtr Karo caMocrotrenHu
I Cmtn6uu1uama Kyrd a zuepwma ca 6wv no-

E [r of cfpaAaTa oTroBaptT Ha cnequorutrTe

r,r,
r,,r, tpyKrilBHu xrtrcKaaHtrt. Hail-npocroro pe-
,,r. rrr c pa3nonaraHe Ha cftJl6t re B 3amopeHa
nynqpHn oue rpe: cpegnosexonuero.
flpouuuleHnte, TtproBcKure, aalrxmcrparl{B-
rure, u3nox6eHuTe n MHoro$yffiuuoHarHlrTe

tr iil,r\ rir. qugTo 3trAoBe HoctT HaMnpanltrTe ce Ha

lrr
,r,
rrrlrrn nusa cml6ulqm
r\ryclaxHtr l:roqu. Te3H uaxm qecro oOop-
paMeHa, uoulaAKu u

qacm or crpa,qure lt yBeJIH-

crpaAtr ce Hyx,[turT oT roIeMI.t Il'IIotrIu 3a no-rom-
ua Qlercu6muocr 6e: npereql nperpa,ur.
Hafi-noAxoAqrla :a rflx e cucreMara Ha roqxoBo-
TO BeprxkanHo o6cJryxBaHe. Cmr6me, acaH-
'rr r rtoOpe yrperegtr
r,rr',r r u6qara cra6trlrHocr. Or npyra crpaHa, Te cbopme, uHcTilarryroruTe uaxTH, I(amo H caHu-
0 10 M
rl', i ll,laT MeX,[yeTiDKHHTe uoqff u pa3AemT TapHItTe [I O6crryreatrInre Bb3m ce ooe.qlffigar e
, irrr\ililre nnouu. ToBa e xenaTenHo, KoIaTo npocTpaHcBeHtr tr KoHcrpyrrmHr.r e4IlHNqu. B/y
rl,nlilrir Ila ce o6oco6qr piurl{qHu qacrtr Ha crpa- pa3npeaeneHfiero Ha re3tr HetrpoMeHJrr{BIl lclrer-
OpaHK+yprlM,: TbproBcKa Kbqa r,rr,r, rro ueygo6uo, Koraro ruorqure rpr6na ga Ktr BnHrHUe OKa3BaT ile CaMO CtOmemme tpyw-
,,HeKepMaH":
cff6uqHa fierKa 1
' ilo[ ]BaT IIflOCroO.
,lr nrluero 3a u3ffiqBaHe Ha cmn6ara Karo !u-
um, Ho r.r HapeA6me 3a cmlpHocr.
B cailocrogrereH o6eil IIpu rynoo6pa:ume He6ocmprautr HenpoMeH-
a) u3rneA,6) nnaH llJrillttloll eneMeHT mX 3a piBKpI{Ba}Ie Ha CMeM- rllBnTe KJTeTKH TOrytr Hai-qecro sOpuupar aa-
[[ ( c lrpocTpfficTBeM trepcneKTltBu npeA tr3- poro Ha crpaaara, roero oceeu o6cr5,zoarlr4, I.IMa
ri|ilrilillfiq ce qoBex AoBexaa /Io KoHclpytrpaHe H Bir)ruu ItOHCTpyKrt{Brrn Qym4ff. IIpu xopr.t-
|rr o r rropeHn cru6xrqHu rueTKn. flpu Ttx Ko- 3omffiO pa3nonoxeil foj1eMu a.qM]MmparuB-
du apK4ufie gail-qecro 3aMecrBar ffie-
,r'rrt lc m crpa"u{ tr 3aBogu BbilHoro o6crDreaue e
mrl ra [axme. Pa:noloxeHHeto H o$opwe- npe[rMcTBo.
lrr, ro ra cml6uulume urerrtr 3aBvc{T or npeg- I,Iugnnu4yaleu [prrMep Karo Aucno3uuut Ir
ilrilflqcllueTo Ha ctpaAaTa tr oTpe.qeHaTa uM orfopweHue e rr,proBcxara Kbl1a ,Hexep-
,l,yrrrrrua (c. 56). MaHo' BbB OpaHxQypr/M., locrpoeHa 1960 or
{ r Lr6(qnara Krerxa B ABopeqa Ha M{KeHa EroH Allnptr.r,q.s. r{empu uenpoueiluBu KJIeffiu
L ocHoBHa crpaaa , i r,lr irla nfo3anaAlra Tepaca c fpytra troMeuelff B1,B OopMa Ha ilpaBobrulm rera il3rn3ar Karo
rrrr or. 5 u tro-Bucorffi tsbrpeueH pop. Tr nolu caMocToqTeIm Kym trpeA ocHoBHaTa cfpaAa,
2. BTopocreneHHu
noMeuleHut I r,N CbceAHoTo ItoMel{eme Ha ManKa TpoHHa xou6unaqm or cMaAoBe u o$ficfi. Tq :aeua
rrririr c rpaHltqHo or rnanHm exog c/y uaBHm Me- nlrorq or 16 700 ru. M, a uecrre eraxa 6pyro
3. cftn6uqHa
METKA r alrorr. Cnr6urquara lc;lerxa oqeBuAHo nua o@u- uorrl or oK. 100 000 ro. M, KbAero pa6orrlr oK.
rulrrra $yHrqm n,[BopuoBl.tt qepeMoHtril. 3000 qyuu. Bcsra cffiJr6srqHa Kyna o6cn)rma
4. acaHcbop
I r r,r6ara npeoAoma pzl3Jru(ara B HXBaTa c ,&e 25 000 re. u (!).
5. ec(Marop l,,rNrclla tr effIa MeX,[trfr4 mOIIaAKa, KOIITO Ca 3a- C 4mara cu crpama Kynne ca yctropeaHx Ha
6. aBapxqHa rilepur Ir)rrclu B tmme Bucoru crew. CpegHara cre- $poHra ua crparara tr ca cBbp3aHu c Heq caMo
rr'r u/y paueHara e o(bopMeHa B HaqzuloTo L B Kptr vpe3 ,Fa nacaxa Kafo MocroBe Ha BceM erax.
r^r Kirro ilapatrsr. Mwoficru rorom (c. 130) uap- Egrm no4u [o caHrrapHr{Te BI3JM, ApyruT
nill,irr lraqmam Totra il ToqKaTa Ha o6ptuaHe. go cmr6urqrara rlrerxa c ,unypauema cru6a.
Lr)Lrro c xyAoxegrsesoro tr3mcBaHe re npuAaBar C/y uet e BtpaEeH acaHcboptrr. OcftueHltre
rr,r r'rrrr6ulqsara mema npeAmaBmemocr no tl6- nacffiH ca trffierptrpffi B clcrevara na acapuil-
1rr n rl rra moficrorre,ryopr+r Ha ocrpoB Kpl,lr. HUme zdaepuu, I(omo onacBaT IIJL'IaTa crpaua u
{ rilr6utllHlrTe KJrerxtr B ABopeqa fla KHococ
r ce Iotron3Bar (aro marSopun :ra nowcmaHe Ha
,,r';r,rc ca trmerptrpaHu woro no-HenocpeacTBe- <!aca4ne u Karo crbHue3arrdltrw ycrpoficma.
|0 KaTOBT,3JTOBtrTOlm BCTpyKTypaTaHaKO-
av-a -
MtrKeHa: cbf,6trqHa
B ABOpeqa
MerKa
l,rrlopnTe }I rpyIMTe noMenleHm. cnopeg rrxua-
,{nere xym ce Aommar or rpera, nepile4uffy-
lrpua ua Qaca4ara (yna. B Her I{Ma ecKctamopu
',r rr6qecraeHo-llpe.qcraBuTenHa w
qacma u 3a o(bucl{Te B lmoBme qacoBe. Cr},n6trq[MTe
a) pa3pe3 rlrori3BoqcrBeHo-TexH[qecKa tfyHxqur re ca Kynl1 HaIFI{rIraBar mecrero(Hara crpa[a c oK.
6) nnaH ,,rl)L)pMeHu pa3nxwo (c. 142). ear4H erax, Heo6xo,(ru 3a acaHcbopHtr MexaHIr-
6 t r lr6nre cne,qBar Hafi-Bece nptrHqtrtra Ha Bbr- sru. Te se caMo n3['b:rHmar rpymumra cn na
lx.ilrHoro odcJryxBaHe. Te B6Bexnar mu ce 13- HenpoMeHJrI{Ba Klrefta, a npunaBar cuJlHu Bepr[-
i,r'rrar BbB Bbrpemocra Ha crpa,qara. Ao tro- KatrM aKqeHTIl I.I - 3ae,U{O C HmOHeHr.ITe aBa-
Crr.r6uutslr x,rerrcr
ilr'rr(crrma lm
fpytrHTe noMelIIeHHt ce cmla puim cru6u - cneuu@meH xapa(Tep Ha xopu-
rrpt r crrl6uulsu mouaAru. Cru6ara 3aAarxu- roHrueH o6eu-
 56 Crpolrrenrur eJreMeHTu XV/Crr,r6n 3 Crpoure,rnu eJreMeHTrr XV/Crr,,r6ll 3 57
llrrr'rillCTO ga cm:r6Ure B opIaHU3Ma Ha eIHa truxre prvnH u otKpxrilre crr,r6u notrvepraaar
, r lr,rrilJuBtrcu or o6xsara Ha $yHxqunre, rouro caxp:LtrHm $opyu ulu xpaMa Karo AoMurraHra
il ilr r,irrutsa'r, u oT Mf,cToTo uM KaTo cTpouTeneH (c.246).
, r, m{ l t. B ffiKou
crpa11u re uMar caMo ctroMara- nrHauurara Ha clul6ara ce palrpbua Haii-lur-
,, rrrrr rlrvnrquu, B Apyru BuAtrMo u:ru HeBnAxr{o HO BbB BTTTpemOTO npOCTpaHCTBO, trpOUeC, 3a-
r,,^lrnrpar Ha,q qe;tnl o6eu. rloqHan npe3 PesecaHca u o6xgaHm roreMure
I rrl(ll:ljlH[Te CrpaAI| B nOqTtr BCmKU enOM KoMrrertcfl npes 6apora.
Konil3ei
,
', r,lriu rrpe,quMHo egHoeral(Hl4. Cru6urc HMar Crrl6uqero Ha ABopeua BaficeHrqaftu r IIo-
, r\r, r(orrbnBauJn 0y*q* u ca rouu 6e:i or- MepcQerAeH. rocrpoeHo ox. l7l5 or lZorqH
At u I *,rr( llc KbM ilpocrpaHcmoro. Tona eaxu nanp.
62-h I AxHrIEHXooEp BepoqrHo no nxetr Ha ,IyKAC ooH
B 3-n i erax r,r rprrMoserc Ha Meconorawl, Eruner u frpum
XUnAEBeAHT, rMa rotrMo n,rurHue e/y rona pa:-
ta-u ) t, 'r l. I 16. 188 cl.cl.), a B rotrMa crcneH u 3a BffTtrE,
,l6 iljil' r ilrtlcKm'e UbpGU. To :aeua or. 2ft ot cpeduw naau,ruoH B illlrHara
! orlenHu I L r(irnc cJryxaT 3a u3KaqBaHe Ao troKpmu, Ky- My rptreraxHa Bucoqusa. Or ec[qrn crpaHu e 3a-
B) I BXOtrOBe
u rirrcptrn u eMnopu. Hai-qecro re ocraBar o6[KoreHo or raJrepru tr nceBAoralreptrx u e no-
1. Oaca,qa , fllilrrt B cTelrHu uuun, cml6unlHu Kynu u cTpa- KpuTo c xopn3oHTaleH cps3aH cerMeHTeH cBon,
2. apeHa rlt,ililr KpffJIa. queTo aneropruHo u3IIrcBaHe c{Ka[I oTBapf npo-
rBr lcKoTo crpoHre,tc,l]no crtl6nre HeBuHaru
I
I

, .r r 1r( ilo cBbp3aflu c

crpar{crBoro rlu se6eto.
$yurqHrra Ha cfpa,qaTa. Bcuqru r.rangn octr Ha ABopeqa u qenurl KoM-
llrr(r|xpaHu B crplrr)para Ha cfpaAara Karo
nJle(c ce npecuqaT ry(: HaAnbxEaTa oc oT \epa-
r rrrurrarffieH uucro $yxxquona,r-
eJreMeHT c
MoHudtHun dsop tpe3 npu3eMHm erax r(TM zpa-
lrr rlrrr;lva. Te cJr)xar cauo ta 6tpra KoMyHtrKa-
duxama, uanpeuaara ilpe3 cmpaHuqHume Kpuna
rrr[r I)xNr. apruTeKTypa, Korro 3a nprB n]T cb3-
Lr',r NIHOfOeTaXHH CfpaIlHX KOMmeKCU C tOJteMil
c nope[nua aflapraMeHru (au(tutadu) x Beprr.,l-
KarHara! noAqepraHa qpe3 rpueraxHm o6ena ua
|,,r rNlcptr, npeltrtrara
uHcTplTTuBHu npxMepu B Io_
t,,rrlrc x mproBcKme crpa;u ctr;l6uqero.
(c. 224), crfiago-
*, re. lo ff B npe[craBurelrHure nocrpoiiru. Oco- {nypaueuuara cmr6a c rpurparHo uaqyfleHtr pa-
lloMepcOenAeH MeHa e notru cBo6olsoclolIua BbB Buco(oro
A. npu3eMeH erd
rn ro BaxHtr ca crl6ute a rearpure H au$urear-
rr. (c. 238).
trpocrpaHcrBo, o6rpa4euo or raleptru, KaKTo u or
5. ropeH erax 1,rr
llrrr Ko.rn:el n Pnu orpouHoro nepfonxre Ha ,qBopqoBara rpagreHa. Tora eguo-
I 3purenHo npo-
1. or qepeMoHilaHq! ABop , rl,iurcrao:a orc. 50 000 nocerurelu e pa3nollo- BpeMeHHO nOKprrTO X OTKpI{TO npOCTpa}rCTBO,
2. GM 3dara 3a rpaAuHara roero o6eguulaa (lyHKrlurrre Ha Becru6ro,r, cnl-
3. ArcHo paMo r,, rro cly c(ener or crorxuff
KolloHn tr apKU
PtrM: Konu3ei (BX. PuM, Tun. X\4, pa3nonoxeHue Ha cftn6ure 6a n lpueuHa 3a-[a, e KoMno3xrll]oHeH ueHTbp lt
4. nrBo paMo t, 1.10). M/y rsx ca pagilit.rHure cru6u xtu
5. qeHTpanHa nnoqa,qKa eKcno3Hqro Ha cfpalaTa: ryK ce BuxIaT BCruKX
1',t rttpedatumetuume npbcmeHu Ha eraxtrTg,
6. o6rKoneH KoprAop aamu epr:txu u/y BbrpeuHxre u BbHurrI{Te [po-
7. sM npa3HrqHara 3tra rl rll lo CbilIeBpeMeHHO cnyxa1 tr 3a molIIaAKu.
I lr'r(a tropeAHa rpofi(a (a, 6, e) or 80-re exoga
cTpaHcrBa.
I'I Ir,HUHm AOJIeH npbCTeH BOIX (bM pa3rTItqHU Oqe Ha exoga oKoro pefxcrpupa Bb3Moruxre
, r r, r6tr u pa3npeAeruTenHu nprcreHu. Bcfta HanpaBnenur: nanpano u/y crrl6urqHnre paue-
rl'r'ur clu6a u3Bet(tra Ha eruaraa sucoqurra. B Ha KTM 3atama 3a epaduuama mu BrrqBo tr B,qrc-
',,l,rrrr paHr c Meclara ra npaeocrorutu cru:r6u- Ho ro crrr6ata c rpuKparrro cMetrua ce troco(a
ri lrclle He Ca paAuaJIHx, a yCnOpeAM lla BbHU- K\M 4e Hmp LlHama n t o ulad rca.
l(t! ln[. floraro ce aBxxtr, rocertrTelrr o6xeaua npo-
l',rrrrurure cru6u He cauo o6clyxlar, Ho u crpaHcrBoro B nocrorHHure uy uerauop$o:n:
\ rlrcllBaT crpanaTa c\c cBoyae paMeHo Ha\ ilo- rofi sluga npe3 BxoAa, MuHaBa rrpe3 ceHqecrara
tLtaro eosxodauqume 4uluudpuuuu ceodoee u roHa nott ruouatrKara v y [Bere crrl6rutur pa-
r,crr parrfoBere Ha KaBeara. (rluxunlta ua ra:u Merra, HacoBa ce xcM 3ajraTa 3a tpaAI{HaTa u u3-
, l,:r n c ranbnHo o6etpraHa crc crul6ure, rr e nu3a B npocTopHm napK mx ce H3KaqBa no
. lilt Bila caMocrofrcllHo cml6tue. cnyxeuo crtn6ara c noBrapsu1n ce o6prqauur tr Henpe-
ililrsxo 3a npexo! xI,M oTKpuToTo BbTpeuHo I(bcHaTo IIpoMetrilI ce 3puTeneH bfbll.
1,,'(rnaHclBo. clueBpeMCHHo I creler. xoiiro Iope geere crrl6uquu paMeHa ce o6eguulear
ilr)f ri ToBa npocTpaHcTBo. B enrtrcoBu,qHo pa3rxupeHa ntouladra. flpes
ll Kolu3er cru6ure AoMuHupar Ha,{ qilara crsl6rutgnre npo3opuff nocerrlelsr rraii-Ha-
, r l)ilJla noqrll ,,Henuguvo", Te He ce r43sBrBar B trpeA Br,Ixlla uupoTaTa Ha rlepeMoHxallHur ABop
rpoc'rpaucraoro (xaaea) u e o6eua (Oacaga). Ka- u raHgmatpra, cneA Koero c nocnelHo o6pbula-
|) KOillpaCT CBbp3BaHeTO Ha pa3JrnqHtrTe mBa rre BIu3a B npa3Hu\Hamo 3dl, c llpo3opqu KcM
r I lllla no-npencTaBlTenHo spc3 Bb3- u Htr3xo,4t- rpalxHaTa, KotrTo oTHoBo oTKptrBaT H3freA (bM
iur rc paMeHa u lraAxBbpm cbtrIr.tHcKara $luxqra llpilpoAara.
r rr cttl6ute. I4MeHHo e ra3x KoHrreHrpaqffq Ha ocure u oBna-
l\irro AoMtrHtrpaIU eneMeHT c MoHyMeHTarHa ,[sBaHero sa o6ruoro npocrpaHcrBo BbB Bcuqru
4r(rpMa ce nsrBgBar foneMure otnKpumu cnrbt- ffocoKx u3Bblr paM(uTe Ha trpa3HuqHm rlepe-
|uulu Ha pa3nvqHuTe rluBmrl3aquu. Hanp. B Me- MOHnan - e cMxcbmT Ha Te3tr npocTpaHcTBa, B
,l)roraMcKuq 3ut))pdnr (c. 98) mu deope4a a (ouro x3raqtsaHero no cttl6a ce trpeBp.bua B
Cnouararersa tr AoM{Hrrpaua rfynxqnl
I l(l)ceno,luc (c. 92). B puv. caemuqulqa BT3xo- atroleo3 Ha apxure(Typara (c. 166 ct.,472 ct.).

t.
f,: lr
58 CrpaAara Karo opraln3r,m l/l-pa4cxa Kr'rqa Ha 3eMeAeJreu n lolna Caxconus ( 'r
l)aAara Karo opraHr{3r,nr l/Ipagcna Kr,ilIa Ha 3eMeAereq n,{o,rna
1,,1,ilil[rtrlrrra Ha c|paAara (aTo opfaHu3bM ce
ii r irl),r rrc la tfopueuuu npMuKff c rBneHm or
,ilril'riltrr xuBor, a lta H9(oIt cbtr.lHocTHu
"l'r
'lrrrrrrr, oco6ego ga ro:u :a e.qNucruoro r"r/y
rlrl rrrrrllrr, (oHcrpynultfl n o6pa:.
'1,',1,^r;r ir u o6pa:rr ce Bb3trpxeMar Karo peurr-
r HA. Ot rillt( uo ?.1dBItuff!( noFpunHu tpeltt ta ua-
,,||r'r ilil 3tAaqa c troMorrlTa Ha KoHcTpyKuusTa,
r.rL' rr( irccbo6pa3no o6eguHenue ua oTAeJrlIHTe
. 11 Nr( rrr B ellHo qsrro. ToBa o6eAtrHeHtre H3-
' r' j, lrl cc ICCTBCIIO B npuMepa C AbpBeHO-tratH-
r"r)r r(l,rqa n Hun6ypr ua Be:ep, nocrpoerJa
I,0 /0.
I t' rt 11111 ,,pqd.*t Kbil4d ce o$opMr lpe3 CpeA-
.,,r, ror,ilero B HaceJreHure o6nacrn no ropHoro
r',r, rlrfc rra BFJEP x e BapuaHT Ha dolNoxeucxa-
',,,, I Lqil-xaHfap! KbaeTo xopa, xuBoTHx u npo-
r,r rrr ca cr6pauu noA eAuH norpuu. Hapeg c
I lr.rr\ririlcKuTe'! ch llposectrx xurelltrTe Ha Ma[-
.,r, rl,il.totsc ce itrilMaaar u c:pc6uo leveae-
HaAnbxeH pa3pe3 HanpeqeH pa3pe3 "', lJ,'y ocKbAgara lr:roul B rpalloBere tr3pacrBar
r r rrr r r,n BncoquHa. llpu:eunara celc(a rtbrla
l
" rrNto IatsaHcKo noMeIIleHHe oTcnlma trpea
' 'tt,t rt tr()il10 cmpoLlme,lcmao.
1. rpeta Hil ocHoBM llr.ilililrtrrc pa3Meptr Ha uuu6yprcrara Kbula ca
2. croiKa
',r rr,' (r.2(r/9,6 I u. IllpnoHaualuara rpur(opa6Ha
3. HanpeqHa rpeaa (paMKa)
t |l.t \lrrfap c uljlbf xo,I 14 troMol{Hn cTpaHnq-
4. HaAnbxHa rpeAa
5. AonHa narHTa rr' roNrcrrleHm ryK e cBeAeHa Ao AHeBHa. Heii-
6. ropHa narHTa ,',1. rlcoxo npocrpaHcrBo :aeua npeqHure
7. puren (xopu3oHrdHa rpeaa)
L pe6po " rl)il rcMa. r o60psr tt toBCtra
Eerain Ha epKepHoro HaAgaBaHe nptr A 9. MilKa rpeAa "! I r( )roaHHaTa Btcorltrfla Ha AHeBHaTa
10. nporrBoBerpoBa Bpb3Ka , ( ) r r opc ocraBa Mscro 3a 3aAufr{ar Karo [rar-
11 KoH3ona
'l"l\tt ilonyemaw c npo3opeu Ha 3a!HaTa creHa,
L'ilr{r c aoHa 3a xuBeeHe fi cIIaHe.
ll I rl)lu(cKara Kbu.(a /XHeBHaTa 3a.qbnro ocraBa
r
" rrNr()1o uuorotfyurqHoHalHo nouerqeHue.
r' r,r r().roBuHa 3aeMar orHxlrlero u pa6oreH rrr
'' rl)()]opeqa KbM ynurlara. [rcuara noronuHa
r,' r il rMccTeHaTa BcIpaHu oT cpcguaTa oc nopTa
, r\ r\r 3a Bxoa (3a xemapcra Kapyua) u o6q pa-
i,ilrfr t('brj rofiro nolyuana AHeBHa cBernuHa or
ill,o r()l)rtcTaTa }ra! ilopTaTa.
I
"l,tiltitm emdx u manaHcKon|o noueugHue ca
.,rnrurrpr. Ao rqx ce crufa caMo llo crpbMHu (Mo-
l,rrrrnu) crrr6u. Te ce omapsr KnM yngqara c ra-
r,rrr u JuoK 3a roBapeHe ff pa3royapyane. Eprcep-
t,,trtt) uu()ioaaHe Ha fopHurc eraxu yBenffqaBa
rti' l( llllTa ruIOUI H nO3BOnSAa JIeCHO BnUfaHe Ha
r, '|.rl)11 fc, KouTo He ce trpeHacsT npe3 AHeIrHaTa.
I l1,ot 11y1i11n Ha rrpocTpaHcTBeHara crpyKrypa e
' 1lr:rlcpHa 3a BcuqKu 3oHn Ha o6uraBaHe B Kb-
,,r,r;r xaHrap. Tr cr:gaaa 6azata u ofpaHuqeHa-
' r rrry rraii-Heo6xoAxMoro paMxa 3a cculecm)tsa-
,r, rlr l1pe6Hna 3aHafl'fstr tr 3eMe,[eneu.
' I r.rrril I 0 cTpox lenc I 80 ynecffi Ba 6 sgeuta t a ln-
'lr I )r r r lxaum Ha npocrpaHcrBeHure n3ucKBaHm
r
!11iil ill)exoAa oT fpaAcKaTa Kbrrla Ha 3eMeAcn9rla
I t,Nr r r3tr lra ftproseqa. Toil ce u:r'tprxBa rrocre-
," rrrro u 6e3 TpylrHocrtr c a4arrruaHara u $yHr-
PeKoHcrpyKqtrt
, [| ][iLJlrra
(no Onenc) lbpDeHo-il4fl HToBa KoHcTpyKunn,
I n rc ocrroBaBa Ha pa3AersHero Ha Hocetlluq
' r' Ir OT Ill,JIHeXa Ha CTeHilTe, TaBaHnTe U [O-
,l,rrrr:r. Ilpn:evslrtr I fopgrlrr eraxu ca fl3rpa-
I,Ixosouuxa tr rorxKa Ha At;pBeHo-tratHToBns rpaAex
r' ril uo e/xtrH u c],xltr HaquH. Bepruraluure
Caxconuq 59
cmouKu ca c ugna eTaxHa BucoqxHa n noeMaT
TOBapITe OT ilOKprBa H eTaXHUTe fpeAOpeIU.
Tpurruuure Bpb3KH Ha dtpaeuama noKpLrBHa
KoHCmp)'KL{1tfl 6ez ()ep.uu (c. 40) I rpe[trre 01'
TaBaHCKUq rpe,qope.q ca BbB BepTuKanr{u paBrrx-
npeqHo Ha ocra Ha cfpa.4ara. Bepruraluure no-
nera M/y rex ca yKpeneHU B erax)4re c xopr.r3oa-
TilHu HdnpeqHu zpedu (pu.uxu) H BMbKHaru Kb-
cv puzeru. Taxa ce no,ryuaBa xapaKrepHuer
,t[axnepx". Or,qerHure notema u/,- cmoirume
ce 3anbrBaT c.qbpBo, nneT c HaxBbpnsHa fnuHa.
3vnapks vrv trpo3oputr.
llpuueprr or Huu6ypr nora3Ba nbpBoHaquHuq
[aJrHex c J]T,pBeHu rarnx ((al{To nptr arreMaHcl(a-
ra cencKa ruqa, c. 28). floxpueuomo noKpumue
ce cbcTou oT cJraMa, MecTHa cypoBnrral no-KbcHo
npeAHMHo or KepeMu.qu (auuoo6pa:Hu), a n ur-
KoU rpa,qoBe lro lopeH Besep or r{aMeHH}i |jroqu
(mcruHux).
c BrnurnuRr BIIA Ha Kt,Il1ara, (aKTo tr orgerHil-
re i
ereuesrn Hatrb:nro cborBercrBar r{a Kor{cr-
pyKrltrsra. Bcuuru noueuleHus ca 6e: xoloHu. B
peAyqupaHara Sopua Ha HuH6yprcxara xrrqa
croiirure ca no BbHUHara creHa u npocrpaHcr-
Bolo ce xllonrBa flbnHoueHHo or o6illare.rure.
Hoceqara KorrcrpyKulrr il flpocrpaucrBe]rara
2/3
o6sHsra ca uAeHTruHu. Bcrra orgerua uacr or
I cetHe. xoi:iro
TO3U OpfaHtr3bM e Ha (OHCTpyKTUBHO npaBUJrHO-
-
3auHaTa
TO MqCTO.
Tona ce euNga Hanp. B yKpenBaHero u nogcmBa-
Hero Ha brJ'r{Te Ha crpa.qaTa qpe3 y[BoqBaHe Ha
xopu3oHTanr{aTa rpeAa B nocne,qHuTe KaccTu u
BMbreaHe Ha dotHu v zopHu nanHmu 3a nolcm-
Ik-
BaHe B Ha,nIbxHa locora. o6ruoro l(oMno3nlfl-
oHHo peueHuo ce 6a3upa KaKTo lra KoHcrpyr-
TUBHaTa nOrUKa, TaKa U Ha UI(OHOMTTa Ha Cpe.q-
cma. Bcwxr cncvcHn ca lo6pe off,rvepcHil.
HUTO e,qtrH He U3fne)r(44 n3nxueH.
B gr,preuo-naruroBara KbLL(a e nocr(rHara ntitr
Ha xoMorexxocr na crpyKrypara. lpegonuar
c(erer ocraBa BxgflM orBLTpe x orBlH. fltrpBo-
HaqaJrHffqT lrbJtHex c llapBeHr TaJtrru, rpeAope,qu-
r e. partrenil renHure c relr. c r tl6u re. trpo ropuil-
TeJ BpaTuTe' KanarluTc ca oT eAnH x cbluu MaTe-
puu cbc cborBemara ,qe6enuHa. Cbruo u M,il(o-
TO,q€KOpaTXBHIt MOTIiBI|, Hanp. OpnaMerrrilpa-
Hu ulu pe:6onauv qene Ho ?pedLlne, KoH3o.tu v
nbaHeMilu matnu cfrKam ecTecTBeHo npon3nil-
3ar or KoHcrpyKrluqTa.
Brrperu crporara KoncrpyKquq [oMuHuparqusr
rrpnHqurr B ALpBeHo-natHToBala Krula no3Bonq-
Ba atranrilaHocr r 6orara aapua6rnrrocr. KaKro il
flocrxraHe Ha MoHyMeHTturHocr. Marrru n ro;relru
crpa]lx. !orLnrilrerHil cTorraHcKil nocrpoiixr.
KOMyHaUHU CKtra,qOBe, KM9TCTBa XMaT e,qHa U Cb-
rrla cTpyKTypa x cnoMafaT 3a xoMofeHHocTTa Ha
c[r,ryeTa Ha MecrHocrra H Ha uenu raH.nuad)Tx,
B KOqTO Ce BtrUCBa U OTAenHaTa npeACTaBXTenHa
crpaaa. KaffoB opraHacHaTa fpupoAa, ro3u run
nocrpoiixu ce o6orartrBa or uHnuBunyatrHoro,
6e: ga Hapyuaaa xapMoHnqra.
60 Crpa.qara Karo opraHu3r'nI ll/Xpa*r na AQaiia ua ocrpon Eruna Crpa.qara Karo opranlr3r,r'r II/Xpanr ua AQafia na ocrpon Erlrna 6l
lr!rrirt rflrrT xpaM
e trpuMep 3a ruea[Ha apxx- su 6roxose (c. 30) e cso6pa:eHa c paBHme or-
,'r rip;r fie: nKoHoMuqecxa o6rr,p:auocr. Tr Bbrpe u oBbH tlyru lo gr,,rxnHa n utrpuHa Ha
d J, 6 ,rlii'rr.rrril or cBercKoro crporrelcreo. Haii- qe,ruma. Ha or(purxre $pourmuu crpaun pa3-
o
9qo !, ,r, (r ililla ereficru uerapou (c. 134), roiiro e uupeHilTe qeta Ha u3,qageruTe creHu (aumu) u
* g <
:;+f
_600
s otr o { rl',, rir ro-KbcHur xpau. Crercrure ctpa,qtr ce
oad ABe KoJIoHH Hocrr $pourouHm aura6leuan, roii-
4 ;ePr
s a9 B
&,89P
:3o
r6 ! o4
_o-
lAd
,i1,"^r, rr l
tr a,qanTupaT. flpocrmr u MoHyMeHTa- ro caorBercrBa Ha aHle6nevaHa Ha o6nro,rHarl
-:
rP>d<;
o >6s
qe- q q
- a g= E'+ -
|! or reM Ila MeIapOHa ce npeBpbqa B OCBeTeHa filepuq.
eHS i,: -<
;55 5ssgs89.gg53
V
=rdd
i tr do tr tr E iaY ! o;sloior ,, r lurra $opua. Caxpa:ruoro crpourencr-
r I r,r r r r u
o tr oo or r o ! ! o o
JOOStr6dJddCtr
EFxsEorqo
9 E *SE e,P 9
n" r.rrrlril B uneaJrucrl{q}ta ct}epa, rrqero or Co6crseHuqr asra6leuas noAqepraBa He3aBu-
6 *o@N@oo-No*o
E
q @Ndioici:6iai rr,r'rr'[ilu c cbBbpueHcTBoTo, a He a,qaflTallroTa cuMocTTa, a [oBTopeHueTo Ha apxtrTeKTypaTa B
o -niei o
oo ll rllrrr\lrllATa. o6uxorsara ranepltq Bpb3(ara, rorro rpx6aa 4a
lo s rlrl rrirltrtrTe ca u3qulo B 3oHara Ha trAeaJrHoro.
oo ce ocbilIecrBu B rraBHara oc. PeAnuure or ABy-
OI o I r.r r yr r it rra 6oxectsoro (ue cauoro 6oxecrro) eTaxHx KonoHaAu trpxllaBaT Ha BbTpeuHocTTa
,r" r\,riilr. crpa,qa, (oqTo caua no ce6e cu cTaBa Ha 4etama xenaHxs no-nHTuMeH Maua6, npu
i {ilil(,.r, Bbtrrl'blqeHue Ha trAe{Ta 3a pe,q! MJtpKa, (oiiTo KynroBara crarys x3nbKBa 6eg ereex-
,,li,,rrtl)ltr1r u paBHoBecue. Ta:u uger ce oc:brqe-
trAHE HA HOBI4 CICMCHTU.
,, r, { | r, | (r fl,trKa no cT},flKa. EqHa oT Tsx e pemaBa-
ftpaeuure noKpmr{u rpel}r MuHaBar Ha,{ qenara
,,,, r r,\r KupntrceHata Klua ce nocrporsa o6n- n o6uroruara rarepm ,qo Bbrrur{rg aHTa6reMaH.
r"r,il r|l8ec c peluua trbpBeHu noAnopn tro,[ IlonpNnrr e o6e4uHxsaqulr $opuaneH u nou-
, rr ilr' ll lllaleH noKpnB.
cTpyKTlBeH eneMeHT.
rr'r\r cc pa3BxBa BcecTpaHHo paBHocTofiHaTa 06Hxoruara rarepnn o6rplqa c roloHu rqpo-
ro. Ko:rosure u aHTa6reMaHbr ca cbc cborBercr-
' i, rr' uir apxure(Typa, xpaMbr c o6nxolsa ra-
r
Bauril Ha KaMeHHr{.{ rpa.qex pa:uepu (loupo6uo-
ttlitil (ncpunmep) c gaycrpauHu QpoHrouu a
,ri, rt ir loKpuB Ha o6lrKorHara rilepw (nepuc-
r
crrr, c. 154 58).
tly Tulnqeg npuMep e pa3uemBaHero Ha foJr{Mara
'r,t utl ocuoya (rcpenuda) u uerapou (ruaoc) c
rnaBHa rpega (.aprumpae) u/y ocure ua crcequn-
r!1,, rr'r r{ 3a.u,Ha 3a:ra Karo qApo, Qopualuoro
Te KOJTOHIi It |OTUTMOTO HaMaBaHe Ha KanUTeJrXTe
i r r,r r,l)|le fIcTBme e nocmlHato
| ,r1
lpsgngqgg ua grpneuara o6uronHa tile-
rr' r r
3a troeMaHe Ha uupo(ure KaMeHHu rpegu. ,Ilero-

llilil il r(upnuqeHaTa rGilIa B cTpouTencTBoTo c TaTa Ha JlbpBeHtft rpa[ex HaBcqK]Ae oTcTbrrBa

( lccltseH (aMbI(.
' qe rre u3rnexna rpouana (Ernner, OpueHr).
' 'rpt r 6aranc Ha nporuBopeqtrsra u/y l,qpo u
ill)ll(ollHa talepuf.
llpr,rrrrrauaHelo KbM KaMeHeH rpaAex BoAu
1,, rl( f r,oIBeTcTBxe C npeHeceHaTa OT,qbpBeHm
!|l,rr{ /( crp}TrypaJ qur4ro xapamepHo osopueuu
, r, N( il r'rr rpx6na ga ce 3ana3fT. Karro u n no-
llllrilr|c unBmtr3aquu, Ho 6e: rpaucqcgeurHo
r[,1'r.Illc, KaKTo e B Eruner n OpueHra, re ca ce
rli, l r,l)lrarr,{ B clrwonn. Cnopeg rptqrur paquo-
r,r rt i r,Nr xpaMbr He 6usa qa e ,qpyro ocBeH u,qe-
{,il,r ltpxHTeKT),pa cbc c'bB't pueHa nponopqm,
' il, r\,(lllle go cbIIIeCTBeHnTe eneMeHTu n CTpOra
rlh tV lllil cucTeMa,
I l,rr lrpxutexm ce orKa3Bar or rorilHara KoH-
.r|\'rruBHara npr:ra u/y o6lr(orHa ruepm u
il rl,('. lrtrIoro T{ npeqtr :a ceo604Horo u:rpax-
r,rr( Iril orle:rHure eneMeHTu u Sopuauuul ra-
rr,'rr Jrueuql q c paBHoBecue u o6r4ua oprauu-
ir.^r. riocro ce o6yc:raal or Hanpexeuuero u/y
, ,[ro(-r otTenHuTe eaIIHIlII4.
e
I ll1,rr ;166or"tpt*ql|ffTa Ha xpaua Ha AQair
rn (,( rpoB Eruua (lo EeHCT OuxrEp) qcHo ml-
d no,unopa fl ToBap;
q ,,, . irvouroqTenHocma I e:rlvo.qeiicrBhero
, lr'NIellI[Te.
d
I I rrx-br e orlopueu xaro caMocroqrenHa ctpa,qa.
I l,' rotirro lra paHHflTe xpaMoBe 6e: o6urorHn ra-
r, prr. roii e pa3ilonoxeH n/y co6craeHa mocra
'"rovr (moixo6an) n ranepmra. 3ugapurra,
5 r;[r,r oule Ha ocrpoB Kpm (c. 130),3anoqBa c
',t't)ttrnomeH ped xaro \oK\n. a3odoilHama
'!t't ttl)bttio or npaBunHo o6pa6oreHu BapoBtr(o-
flpelr voH)veHraiHocma Ha ravtra. ronro o6a-
Opaeprr sa o6lrxornara riureprn cbrlo 3atroqBa
ern tpyu,qaueura, KoiiTo I He3aBucrM or ro3u Ha
Haoca. Oyrure Ha ropHus nunuu pt6 (.eemuume-
pu) ca cro6pa:eHx c rpure creuma na rcpenuda-
ma, a ropHoro ctrnato (cmuto6an) c uecrara
Ha KonoHure. Hanpuuep pa:uupeHuero ua cpeA-
Horo cBoAoBo no;re v b?no6omo ceueaue (c. 154)
,,ce orpa:rnar" a no-urlpoKure Ll'In tro-TecHx no-
goen movu u/y KoJroHlrre.
Ha Etttua roea cbomBemcmaue ua Qyeume sce
orue He e cbBceM npeqx3Ho, Ho no[pex,qaHeTo Ha
noAoBfiTe nroqu B o6uromara ra:repm L qerara
TOqHO CbOrBerCrBa Ha BepTUKilTHUS rpaAex
(xpau ua 3eec, c. 188).
Crerpuerrcrnoro ua gopuiicxm xpaM ce AbJrxH
Ha ABe CbITIeCTBeHU trpUqUHU:
6alaHc Ha trportrBopeqnflTa u/y :amopeHo rg-
po u orKpura o6uro:rsa ra,'repul, ll/y rcHara Ha-
coqeHocr Ha crpanara n seiiHara BcecrpaHHa
panHocrofinocr, u/y xopx3oHril u Bepruxa,r, u/y
Ha
JortrKa Ha Sopuara, noor.qenHo, (aKTo u qs-
rocrso. Bceru KoHcrpyKTIBeH uu [eroparuBeu
eneMeHr e o$opMeH caM 3a ce6e cH; npoilopqux-
Te My ca roqHu Ka(To a6conrorHo, TaKa x 868
B3auMoBpb3(a. Bcuqru qacru ca B Tor{HLt MoAyn-
Hri c'borHoueHm, uo (ropuupauu u cBT,p3aHu B
gcHo 3a6enexuMa noruKa, noqrr{ ecrecrBeHa,
(aKTO e B npilpo/xaTa.
62 Crpa4ara Karo opraur{3bru III/rrCn. Cor[ul" n Koncrasrusono,t Crpa4ara Karo opraur{3r,lr III/orCn, CoQnn.. n Koscranrunono,r 63
.,1 r. ('oQllq" e ocnereua ua 27 ger. 537 or tOc-
iiltr^lt I cnen rer u noroBma ro,qtrHl,t crpou-
tr-ll,l lopuo,q. B lpegauraero, cpaBBrBaIrIo uM-
ilFpruopa ctc ColotvtoH, ce cbAbpxa aBTeHTI4qHo
rlr'Jrillrc :a tlynnqunra Ha HOBaTa (bpKBa.
til,' lrri-romua u trpeAcTaBlferHa caKp:urHa
r i lilrir
..r'r rpr6na qa npocnaBu ntn Bu:aHm,
rlrrrru l4cpycalllu n nonur Puu, 6rrcbKa Ha xpu-
r lrnrcxara penutLrs, ua prrorogeuara or 6o_
i Fr I lre I taTa M blpocT r]MflepruI u Aa AeMOHCTpI4pa
rF|il rl)uBHaTa Bp6:ra u/y noluru.recKa r.{ AyxoB-
Iu n rrirc r. Karo romMa ,qbpxaBHa rIbpKBa rr cny-
+fi |t ilpotrbDKlzTerHtrTe IITIHI' qepeMoHI4U npu
Ilirr u [lqHnre 6orocrryrxenruI.
illtorlpaHcraexara KoHqenqtrfl npencraBns-
tirt pa3BuTue Ha BcmKI,I I{Aeu B
'rilct(t{HeHue I,r
rlr I trl iltsalUHOTO XpUCTI''HCKO Ca(pitJIHO CTpOIt-
rr.rr rlro (c. 262-68).
flpraugno
r,r3rrroqBanlure
OlaeruaHe cxnure Ha ub3raHe
r r r rrc leMu sa iasuturcama v
LgHmpanHufl rcy-
lr, i rrr,l BI43AHTI4! ce npoHuKBar noMexny clr Ir
I r. rriutr r clro)KHufi Tun Ha KytroJrnara 6a3firx-
kn.
l llrrr crpagrre or rrna Ha qbpKBama ,,Ce. Anoc-
.u, ut ' (EaEC, c. 270) sce oIr1e e no4repraHa Ha-
4l.ilra ra oc Ha 6a3l-IrIlrtara; KynonllTe caMo-
I l0rtcltrro AoMI.IH}IpaT Ha"q roJIeMuTe cBoAoBr.t
Irrr(' rir. B ,,Cn. CoQrar" ce flocrma ypaBHoBece-
llil ilirJUrbxHo rlpocTpaHcTBo noA enm qempaneH
rlrro r. l4:olupaume rr-lrl{ nocJre,qoBarenHl rty-
KynorHa cxeMa l0[r cc a&eHrT c eAI{HHO II3rpaAeHa KytrOJIIIa
GI('rrMa.
lll rriryynNHata oc enI.IH Kynon ce u3ll{ra npo-
I rlriilrcrBeHo Han AplT.tTe, enaqHwm rcynoa ilo_
.*llrl)a BbB BepmKaJrHara oc (paspes, c. 270).
I ilir c u3rpaneH Ha npl.IHquna Ha traHAaHTItBHnfl
tutoJr Ha,[ ocHoBeu rsagpar or 4 uenuu apnu n 4
| lttlilu cmbn6a (c- 48 6). IIo naplbxHara oc qeJr-
lilil c rllKlr npeMr.IHaBaT B nolyKynoru c\c c.bu\w
{lrrMlrftp. Te ce:ayclsar c AorHara cI.I TperI{Ha
ff ( r l)irrrfisHo Bps3aHv no-MLt(u noaytynoau HaE
ntt l,t\'Pbeaume Huuu wue rymuudpuHHume cao-
rlrrrr'(rrptr uaBHm nxog u ancr-rgara).
il l;ruurqara Ha.q}mre crpa*u uerHume cmeHu
rf r) rlraprT B ,ryyeTaxm apKaAu KbM cTpaHItrIHU_
i. iloMetqeHm u B ,qBa pela npo3oprlu K:bM BT,HIII-
lt|r o rpocTpaHcTBo.
lvl ce npomma 6a3u,tllna,lrara ctrcreMa.
I lrirt1cx51 c:borBercrBa Ha rpvxopal:rra ewno-
ltutrtr 6asunurca (c. 264) crc crpaHuwrz ropa6u
il y{
rropeaHl{ Ha cpeAHoTo npocTpaHcTBo eMao-
lrrr I lpu ryno,rnara 6aggtuxa znaexume cmat6o-
n. ril KynOInTe MuHaBaT nepneHnr.IKynSpHo npe3
.rilrilKBo opueHTIrpaHI,ITe HaAJI:bXru rIOMetUeHI.tt.
llprr ..Cs. Cootr-a" cucreMara or rpynu crln6ose
' rl)oxoar, crrr6u lr srsusu roHrpa$opcu npe-
rililiuta KaTo HatrpeqHll purenl,I B cTpaHr{qHr,ITe
rilNlu{eHnt u rz oTAetr B rpyna oT nByeTaxM
u rrr. Cpegnure cm,:r6oae, peneHu c Iro ABe cBo-
lil|lr iloJreTa, ca tcHo opIIeHTUpaHLt gatrpeqHo Ha
, ltr r(rloTO npOCTpaHCTBO, a BbH[IHxTe OCTaBaT OT-
r ! rcr'IHo caMocrofl em{tr. Bcrqrur
rr' r I roeltar cne-
Ilenrpn.rno npocrpaHcrBo, Kytrortr tr otropna crlcreMa lru u rff nl4TypmlHra Qyurqllu.
Or npoHrmnauero Ha ABere cucreMl4 BI3HI{KBa
cnoxeH opraHn3bM c qeHTptrqHo HannbxHo
npocrpaHcrBo B cpeAara n npocrpancrneHa o6-
BUB(a OTCTpaHIT.
Clal:rqecnara c[creMa e HenocpeAcrBeHo
cBbp3aHa c ToBa pa3iuretrBaHe Ha npocTpaHcT-
soro. Teuoro u u63ranlara crrra Ha 4eHmpa+
Hus Kynor 4eficrear npe3 \exHume apKu v naH-
Daumueume nly znaeuume cmtn6oee. Aprme u
crrr6osere ca troAnpeHu B HalJlbxHa nocoxa or
nonyt{ynoaume u TexHIrTe amopocmeneHHu rcy-
noru lonopHa KynonHd cucmewa). B uanpeuHa
rocora 4 zpynu roumpaSopc, yKperrBar rnaB-
ture cml6ose. Ta:rz r:rasna cllcreMa ce IotrtJI-
Ba oT o'[,oTBeTCTBaITIOTO Ha rlenTa pa3noJIoxeHue
Ha BTopocreneHHure noMerIeHm (nx. no-rope),
qrruro pa3m{qHtr crogoru
$opull ce yKpenBar
B3aI4MHo u 3aeAHo noAmpar u cra6utnzupar
EJIEMCHTI.ITC HA HABHATA CI4CTEMA.
3a qmocrnara Koucrp),1(rr{BHa crpyrr}?a e xa-
pal{repHo pa3qrefisDaHe rra 06eMa. MacuBHure
3r.raoBe ce 3aMeHrT c nopeAnrla oT npoclpaHcBa:
3acBogeHr.r 3arn, ra,l,epvu, aprag.u v cml6l.r, ror-
To ce pa3nonara Karo rrpocrpaucrnena o6slln-
Ka oK, cpeaHoTo noMerrleHlte.
Bq,rlurelsara npocrpaHcrBeHa r<oHrleflrrro Ha
cpeAHoro rroMerrlenue e o6arp:ana cac crox-
HaTa cTpyKT)?a Ha npocTpaHcBeHaTa o6Br{B(a,
B (O{TO e Brpa,qeHa oIIopHaTa cllcTeMa Ha roJ]e_
Mrar Kynon.
Tori e roHcrpl'lrpau xaro eduouepynxoe pe|peu
rcynon. 40 rlrgam pe6pa ce noqnr{par B trp.r,creH
or onopHu 6torcoee, Kouro .f,cHo ce Bl4xnar Ha,{
rlpocrpaHcneHrifi xy6. Jferu cezileHmHu reHmu
3antmar MexnuHHrrre npocrpaHcrBa Ha pe6pe-
Hara (oHcrpyKrlr4q. Tona pasgelrue Ha HaroBa-
peHI4 X HeHaTOBapeHu eJIeMeHTU nO3BOntBa pa3_
noraraue Ha 6eHet1 om 40 sacaodeuu npnopeqa,
Kor.rro ce peAyBar c onopHure 6:roroae, r, orBbr-
pe KynonT,T r.r3rnexla floqTr.r Buc{u.
Br,xlrnnqr o6pa3 e o6enuHen c rurronro e,qplr
JrI,IHIrx tr eJIeMeHTLt B rceH, no{u ry6uveH o6eu.
I{enrparrurrr ry6 ce r{3Aura Ha'q BbH:lluwxy6 or
crroMararenHrr floMeqeun{. flpu rpynure npo-
3opqr4 nnrl npocrpaHcrBeHoro qleHenze. 9eru-
pure zraeHu cmalda ca no[qepraHlt ttlacrltqHo
Karo MaJIKu crtl6uqur,r rc,rerrur B brnllre Ha rIeH-
Tpa,'rHxr o6eM, npe4 rrx or 6lora Ha crpaHfiqHn-
Te noMeuIeHI.Iq Ir3pacrBar nnytlure:tlne o6euu
na rcoumpa$opcume (crr4o clc crr:i6u). M/y
Tgx iloI 4enHAmA ApKA Ce BVj{.I\A HerHAmq cme-
ua c seft:uure rpyfiu npo3oprlr4. Karo roHrpacr
Ha re3u BTi3xo,qsulu tnocrocru u o6eMu cBoIoBa-
Ta cTpyKTypa Ha BropocTeneHHrme rroMerqeHrur u
Kynonu npoMr(Ba npe3 IIo(pr{Ba c Me(Il BbnHo_
o6pa3Hu (oHT)4)tr. Cauo roreuu.sr KynoJr Jrexu
cBo6o.[Ho Haa ueurpa,rHro 6lor.
,,Ce. CooIM" or6emsra rpar ua aHrruHoro cKe-
Jreffio crpotrTe:lcreo, B roler4lrs u 6orar opranu-
3:bM trMa Beqe orlerHu cauocrorreluu
$opuu.
Bcuqru eleuegru ce cborHacqr elun (bM Apyr u
KbM II'UIOTO.
64 Crpa4ara Karo opranrr3brvr IV/Karegparara B AMreH Crpagara Karo opranll3r,nr IV/Karegparara
ll rrr|rlrccxure enoxrl caKpatrHoro crpolrren-
rr,
' rl,r r|rii-,rccto .qaBa TnacbK 3a u3rpaxAaHe Ha
dlrrrlk 11)rr. ctrcreMlr, B eaponeiicxoro Cpegro-
Br.rilrr( xptrcTtrqHcKaTa qbpltBa KaTo AyxoBHa,
tsillt [! illltrol{Ha Ii noluTmecKa BnacT pa3rpb-
qr'!r,ilIill]ila cTpourelHa gefrHocr, uI{uTo Bl,pxo-
€tl r0r r il)KcHm ca roneMuTe rIRpKoBHu crpa,4u.
I r r l,rrcrrre nareApartr capeam.r3arlir Ha cpeg-
iillr I0lrlll{Ie npoclpaHcBelill 4.qell, Komo ce tro-
eHdrur r rir rrpbB nbr npe3 Xf B., tfopuzpar ce npe:l
\ ll r r r raqaiolo sa Xlll e. Aocmar Hail-rom-
rlitlrl t ll cKclIpeCmHOCT ilpu uaCrueCKItTe (aTeA-
(l)paHlutr. Te lpegcraur.mar Kr,cM era-
ld rr r r,r
rrrr rrr ;rco6pa:p aue Ha p aHHoxpucmwHc Kama
r r r
tin tu tt^!t (c.262). Ilpes Pouauc(oro cpe4{oBeKo-
Hrr rl|ililirm omocrrcJll{o reKa u cema cTpFry-
lld ' ' rll)clrpl'Ila B qecTo rexKa apxmeKTJpa c Ma-
r lnrrrr e t ut6oae, apru It cBo[oBe.
lrrllillil ce crpeMtr ffiM pa3Tnapnne na o6ema,
I t.il ilcr onoTo ffimBl{paHe Il clmaHe B cKeneTeH
I r|ilr'/\. il To e cBbp3aHo c Bepmm3upaHe, B
lrn r{r lrl)(rfuBopeqrlero u/y loglopa tr ToBap ct-
r{n rc cbr{ecrByBa. Bcro Sopuz ce nsnucr-
a{l [ir( r'o ff3ucrua romecKaTa trpocTpaHcBeHa
,llrrrr,r rrn.Buecto MaclBHu 3unoBe c pffKo npo-
A. CpeaeH (opa6 II 'r' lil
(rrlcnHu npoiopewff omopt npeo6naaa-
5, CrpaHuqeH Kopa6 €4r ill\r rpaqHH ruroc(ocm oT tFeTHo cT'btollo, pil3-
CTartrcecKu cKenel
ir$ilr\clu u/y nptronugHu npoounfl c pa3ma
oTBbrpe ,tFarililrit. Te orlopwr catp3aHa crpyKTJpHa cuc-
rFrjr u c rem u raBam. Heiigara rur$epeng4pma
1. apKareH cH6
2. rnaBHa apKa.qa {lrr\ir il paBHoMepHaTa lEeTHa caermua o6e4r-
3. cHonoBuAHa KonoHa tilIrjr r ilpocTpaHcBoTo.
4. norcHa apKa Iltr.rccrcfiqr cneJrereH crpoex - 3a pa3mrta
5. qenHa apKa
6. KpbcrarM pe6pa rrl rilililcHuq - u3xoxna Or npOCrpauCrnOrO. To
rllrlrrrrpa Heroem creret. llnaHoeere Ha rorn-
nbf,Hex ti-( \ c ubpKBu trpeAcTaBJItBaT caMo cucTeMa oT
rr r Tofi e 3ApaBo cBbp3aH c BbHrlHara creHa. @uua-
7. cerMeHTHu cBoaoBg
bt, r [r.
l{oHcrpyKTBHaTa ocHoBHa eAr4Hurla e
8. SoHa c npo3opLltr lrlur(fr,rlrHoro caodoeo none Ha cpegHm Ko-
9. rpuooptryM ;utr ll r,runre uy ca aprcaduume nodnopu, xou-
lr u{r( n r creHara Ha BucoKI4q Kopa6 u BaxHure
CTartrcecKn cKener EFlr[il(ilJrHH rr]reHeHlu Ao reMero ua caoAa. Or
OTEbH r( crpaHli ce np}IcbeAumaT rloJleTaTa
{lr'' Ha
10. KoHrpa+opc rrpurlqrrure Kopa6u c ox. l/z or BI.IcoqI.IHara Ha
1 1. noanopHa apKa
12. Qv6a
r
1r'rrrrrr xopa6, orpaHrueHu or B:bHurnara creHa c
rll\r r0l)rltr. Tasu cucreua ce Bux,(a npu Hanpeq-
iiill0 cclteHlte sa 6asmmara.
AocDnHocr
Ht.t;tetunnnr crartrqecKtr cKeJrer noeMa KoH-
13. rpu+ophyMHa ranepue I rlrtIrrrBHoTo pa3rureHqBaHe Ha cBo,qoBm TaBaH
14. BlHuHa o6xoaHa nbreKa tl\t't pe6peu ceod (c. 46). Heronlrre
^lhcmamufl
i,',{r ilil x qeJrHr,t apKI4 x.[xatoHilHl pe6pa ce ct-
3aqtrra or arMoc+epHtr rirililnllirT BbB BLtcoKa onopHa moqrca (.znaeuua) u
BntrqHut
l{r. I l,u(u cuonoeuduu KonoHu clrv3ar no cre-
15. noKpilB Ha crpaH[qHut rr r,r rir BucoKIlI Kopa6, onacru 4o ropHara lr:ro-
Kopa6 ,rrr ilir r(rilffTejla HaA apKalr{uTe cTLn6oBe, oTqac-
16. onyK
rr r(' ocrroBure Ilu. Ctesuara 3oHa npeg Harro-
xrlilf loKpuB Ha cTpaHruHm xopa6 (mpufiopu-
r riJ ( j(rloiiHa, u3rpaAeHa Karo npoxoq. Tofi o6u-
!!r rI ruriroTo npocTpaHcTBo Ha oK. l/2 or nucouu-
rirrrr rra cpegm ropa6.
llrrlrrrrrle Br4Tpo(u u3mmar rroqru Lltrara cre-
l,r lri|( lero. Tgxgara xuueuua opHmeHmupaHa
, ilt iltt tro (Macaepr) u apxarypara ua rpuQopuy-
Iornqecrfl cn€,rereH crpoeac, trpocrpancrBo tr npocrpaHcrB€H cReJer {,r il(}rfapfT B no-MaIT,K llarqa6 npo$mure xa
r A*ruen 65
pe6para n cHonoauAHure KoJIoHu, naro ce cBbp3-
Ba c Tqx B cTaTWecKa It BIl3yaJHo ,[UHaMUqHa JrI{-
HeapHa Mpexa, quero cHonoBr4AHo oQopueme
npxnaBa xapaKrepeH pe:re$ Ha creHara Ha Buco-
rro ropa6. Crpyrrlpara lr vreHeHtrero Ha creHr{-
Te npu cTpaHuqHlfie (opa6u cboTBeTcTEaT Ha
cilcrevara or creHala sucoxm ropa6.
Ha
Brrpeulrure npocrpaHcma Ha ror. KareApann ca
MHoro BacoKu (AMI4EH 42 u). Texnn-ar (aMeHeH
c(eneT e I{3JIoxeH He caMo Ha BepmKiuIHIITe To-
aapu or co6crnenoro ctr Terno, cBoAa, roJIeMlITe
norpuruu Sepuu lt nnbrHure creHHIl qacrlt, Ho It
Ha cTpaHI.tr{HaTa cBoiloBa xnb3eaula cura.
Br,nurnnqr craruqecxu cxeJrer c;l)t(u 3a rtr-
Horo )?aBHoBecaaue (c. 26). Xopu:omamara
xlb3rarqa cma Ha cBoAa Ha cpeguur (opa6 araKy-
Ba creHara Ha Bucoro ropa6 ta Btrcoqmara Ha
qetHama dtza, xrgero 3ouara c npo3opqu He
oKalBa cbnpororeme. Karo npo rlreoleiic mte
cJIyxIr cucreMara or cro6ognocrorulu KoHTpa-
t[opcll or Bttmara crpaHa. B ocra Ha BceM
cr.sr6 or srffiara c'rpaHa Ha crparo ropa6
ce u34[a tro e4rlH rconmpaQopc.Hamoseun nod-
nopHu apKu noeMaT m3raulaTa cma Ha cBoua.
B AMI4EH rornpatpopcure ce u:4mar ry:roo6-
parHo Ha,q noKpnBr..rre ta c rpaHnme xopa6n.
flo 4ee apru ca o6remartr ycnopeAHo eIHa HaA
AplTa KaTo JIeKU MOCTOBe KbM CTeHaTa Ha Br.tCO-
ru ropa6. Kourparfopcrr ce pa3ilrr.rprrBa cfi'na-
noBI.t{Ho HaAony, c KoeTo KoMneHcupa weilrya-
BarrloTo ce HaToBapBaHe u trpoTmarlme cm.
Pas.r,leHrnaHero My qpe-: KopHu3u rr onyqu e B
TOWO CbOTHOIIIEHUE C TNAHOTO qJIEHEHHE HA
o6eMa. HenperbcHamre xopu3oHTiurHn KopHl{3u
ca npoBe.qeu u3ruuo oK, clbn6a. nopalx Koero
ma u3rb:nlma me Olr{Kqrru: cJryxu 3a (oMneH-
cupanl BepuKileH ToBap H 3aBT,pUeK Ha KoFfpa-
ilopca. Tr ctroMara 3a xapMoHr{qnoro BnucBaHe
ua ronrpatfopcuara cr.rcreMa B rlsnocrHm o6pa3
Ha (aTeAptulaTa.
Heo6xoguulrre 3a crpoexa, KoHrpo;ra n peMoH-
ra Ha orpoMHara crpana ofxodHu nbmeKa ce
BKJrroqBar uega6erexuuo s sefiHara crpyrTypa,
Hanp. BbHuHuTe nbTeKtr B ocHoBaTa Ha trorpuBa
[poxoA:br rpeq rpulbopuyt'{a.
r4nlr
Knacuqecrure Kare4panu, cpeA KotrTo 3anoqHa-
mra 1220 (areApana B AM[eu, ce ornroaBar c
orpoMru pa3Mepr.r u rorqMo 6orarcreo Ha $op-
uu, uo Hafi-eeve c noKopffiarrlara JroMKa, Kotro
npemopsBa KoHcrp. lr3r4crcam B cMeJ[4 (bopMr.r.
Trfi xaro roraBauHuqr uleil 3a Qopua ua ca-
(panHoTo crpoItTeJIcTBo e ne(o u u3BuceHo IIpo-
cTpaHcTBo, KoHcTpy(TuBHm cKeneT He ce npfie-
Ma caMo Karo ueo6xoguuocr, a c (bopMiurHo r.r
rerur.rqecKo uaficropcreo ce npeBpbrla B Hocu-
ren Ha apxr-rrerqrpHme u,qelr (c. 320 cl.c;r.).
Kaxro e r orevn re o6evil, lara u e lerai,iia rou-
crpyKqmra u rlopuara o6pa3)Tar opraHmHa,
r, e, o:auuHoo6ycnoBeHa rlsrocr. B 6e:roulpo-
MI{cHoro rexHmecKo u Sopr'laauo Apb3HoBeHue
Ha forllr<ara eeqe ce sa6er.sggar HaqeH(ure Ha
6r,ge4ure crpyKrypu.
 ( tlrg'trtr* rrirru olt{tutrt,lt \ /l\ll ttil u rrrntrrrriittot ('trol)tla l:lt:t g Tonno ('r'paAara Karo oprarrx3bru V/Ma,rna o,rumnuiicxa
crroprHa :a,ra n Toxuo 67
I r ltkll oT noBeqeTo ucTopruecKu enoxu B f.tasuunm cxod c xacure (10) e sa BucoqnHara
l,.r r
! ir., rrrr)ro l)a3Burxe. npes XX B. 3a petueme
Ha Ha npeAHaTa nnoulalKa B fopHaTa cacT rra cKaTa.
:ri,r,! tit,tltqA qeCTO Ce trpe4lafaT trpHHIIUnHO
l,rlrrr !o nero ce crr.Ira no orrpura ctu6a or rrapKm-
i r()HctpyKTHBHH crcreMn. CrpoHrel_ rure unn no npoueuaduut uocm (11), Hoiiro
i I r' \ ttttt{it pa3uilpJlBa nOIeTO Ha apxtrTeKrypa_
'i.r o6clyxla qflnara mou B cpe,qHara oc. 3pllel_
.\\rr,..\\1(..,
. i, .' ,,, |,,rrrxlaBa Ol .0OrOIaBaUHlTa
rqCga O6_ c(uTe paHfoBe ca pa3nonoxeHx no_Huc(o. KaTO
tsrl,,Lrr()( l c vuoro6poiitu ecrecmeHfl Marepila- ce n3nor'l3Ba HauoHbT. BbHilHmT pa3trpelenu-
k-- ,r , rprlrMlo :aHa-wuiicnul rpy.q u KaHoHU3u_
reneH npb(rcH ssr. ru ra cro6pl tHo BenxcaBt_
,l i.,r(|, ililtotse u flopuu. flogecc or BcqKora ue_ )
qm ce 6poi:i na clbnil-[oBxAHtre trpbcreHn
- !, I L'r c
rl )ir il raTa KoHcTpyKUUq MOXe lla ilpllnale Ha neKo HacperrlHo ABnxeilue u /Iocrrta Haii_eaco-
, illr(, of)pa3, xofir.O rOquO
rl,,r CboBeTcTBa Ha Kara cu roqra c/y nxoga. B goluara qacr Ha cKa_
,1, r,r rrru lr il cffryalluqTa.
ra 6eroHosara (oHcrpyKrlnq ce u3,qaBa,qaJeq
1lr rrirr la cfloprHa :a,ta :a O,tnulniicxure npeI tpu3eMa.
{r ltr ( I ()64) s Toxno Moxe Aa cnyxfl 3a MoAen
To:u crpoeN Haii-o6uo cborBercrBa Ha MulK
:r.r 1|r IIiltJ[yajtHa apxuTeKT]?a c foJUrMo cTaAnoH! [ocTpoeH Ha CKaT, HO HenOBTOpilMOCT-
llpb3_ Ta ca Ha troKptrBa.
.r,,rri rr(, rr y6equreleu o6pa:. Tq 6eme nocrpoe_ Abrxtr
-l)r. l.
r-.'r* :r.r ,il tl)ylril apxtrTeKTX X trHXeHepH Haqelo c
/li l,r r.,, l.\iltJ. np\ffreKr (c.40). il li. qtsot. Crpa,qara e KoHcrpyupaHa Karo npocmpattcmse-
Ha Hoceulo FoHcmplK\ut c TBbpIla paMKa Ha
,l,L
'il { tclt UHXe}rep, KaTO qaCT oT HaUrOHueH
r

,,,'lir( r rioMrrneKc. Toii o6xnaqa MalKa u roJlr_ npuHurn, cxoAeH c BaHroBara upexa (c. 50).
5. rnaBeH Ka6en . I , il' rl) r'iltl 3a[a, BTopocTeneHHU CfpaXr,l! TpaHc_
r
PaMKara ce cbcrox or ofiopeH trptcreH tro
6. Buctqh BaHT, ,r.,1 | I I I I I I(OMyHUKaUUX, BbHmHilq KoHTyp Ha 3pHTenHaTa 3araj pa3AejreH
7. onopa napKI4HfUJ OTKptrTn CTbn_
u npoTtrqaHe riri il r('t(itln u fpanuHn! BcIlqKn ilpeuu3Ho cb_ Ha ropHa (ll) L AorHa c)oeoaudua epeda (9), ron.
t43oMoTpMq L cnoprHa apeHa 8. ropHa AbroBuAHa rpeaa
HA Cuntte 2- 3pqrencKr paHroBe L r I rL \ rirrr ro rfyuruuH u TO Ca CBbp3aHu To{KOBUIHO qpe3 oTIenHX ruo_
AonHa AbroBuAHa rpeAa $opuu - Kbr 3acrpoe_
3. nilnoH 10. rnaBeH BXoA pu (7). MuoNecrBo sucta{u eaumu (6), otbHar}i
4. onopeH 6nox ',,, ,rl)il1)()jla, AoMuHupaH OT CilnyeTuTe Ha ABeTe
11. f,poMeHaAeH Mocr u/y orgelnurc otropn Ha BbHuHur lrpbc,reH H
il,r ilirril 3ana e npeAHa3HaqeHa 3a pa3ruqHl4 ctrnparoBu,qHa cmoiloHeHd mpfia (5), oQopwr
'n,lrrrr cbcre3aHua. _flpu urpu c ronra (6ac_ HOCeuaTa KOHCTpyKTIU' BMeCTO nbpBoHaqilHo
npenBu.4eHure croMaueHu arNera. Tpl6ara
', IrII I) rq trpelnafa MgcTO 3a trpaBobf.bnHo nr_
1,rrrrr,.. .1.100 HenoABuxHH u 540 logauNuu
(BMecro rnaBeH ra6el) raro iuto sa nucstuns
uec_
,,, r,r (.nllaHe. rpu 6oxconu uauoee c ox. no(pnB TpbrBa or roneMuq onopeu 6norc (4) n-sv
1400
l" |ilt/(rru MecTa troBeqe. ocseg rosa ca npen_ abrruHilg rpaii Ha rlaelur srol a uai.i_Hanpe,r
ril r( illr lroMerlcHur:a or6opure, TexHuqcc(oTo ruoc(a! nocne cTplMHo BL3nu3arua KpnBa KbM
,, BncoKuA nurron (3), roiiro nog:euHo e cBbp3aH c
"1'r ir I rl3arluoHHo p:t KoBoIcrBo, cta6grnaHero
onopHHr 6lox upe: 6erouosa creua. Ha pannu l1
a. \ lJltitjInCTHTe.
'r pa3croqHilq u/y nucluure Barrru HatrpeqHo ce
it ;rrr rrrpege,teHnero BbrpeuHmr ttpbr Ha ape_ onrBar amoMqHeHu aHIdepLI, a/y rolro e no_
il,rr r ( l) e eKcrlenrpuqHo B[ucill BbB BGHtIlHm
I
KplraHana o6euerca ot croMalteHu nrocKocru c
fl,r,r ua 3pr{TenHara sata (2). Tara ce lolyqaga ge6eluga 4 5 Mu. Craruqecroro noBeAeHffe Ha
I ' ',rirHoo6pa3la n tfopva Ha ,prtcrao"r e pu"- raKaBa KoHcrpyrqua Halogo6rBa qepynKa
t'|rr' I llllHaMnlHo BR3xOMrrIaTa KpuBa Ha CTbtra- (c. s0).
r,r,r (cllalKx c/y nxoga. O6uroluusr srHues
l,,r rrl)cltenuTenelr npbcTeH, oT CBOq CTpaHa) e re_ Ta:n :ala cnyxfi 3a npoBexnaHe Ha ctroprHu
i,, r,NrecreH e o6parua lrocoKa h rocreneHHo ce ufpu, Kouro npu4o6uaar creqH$nucn xapaKTep
-o6pa:r
l, r nrrllrBa KbM BXoIa. Tau scletrcrsue ragres_ 6laro.uapeHHe Ha [HAnBtrAyalunr ir
'rr,r |'()ro nponb]IxeHue Ha BbHItrHUg OtrOpeH (cpB. tro(pxB Ha 3a;rara e ,tlauqcrpoua, c. 40).
,r1,r,r rcu (8,9, l0) roii ce pa3rBapr KbM roneMuq Ilu.tom'm ce u3;1nra roqHo !o tnaBHxs BXoA tr e
"rill)elr 6tOK (4) rarO oBOp Ha oxJtrcBHa qe- rceH opueHTflp Ha Hfpffr{ero. Br:lu:aulurr l
l,\ ll(il. cTpbMlro KbM Bbpxa My noKpilB npxlaBa Ha 3aJra_
Pa3npeAereHtre
I llli{)ricxAaHero Ha pa3nxqHure Kp6roBe B Ta3u Ta xapa(TepeH cmyeT, a Ha fJIaBHHq BXOA, fne-
cnoprra:ana 'l,rrr r pit g trnaH cborBercrBa Ha lBxxeHuero IIa AaH OT Upe,4HaTa tuoilIalKa, noqTu cyfecTrBHa
ffi

f
i ir\ r) ilrKaTa flpu Bnn3aHe il V3nU3AHe lI pa3npene- npuTeraTenHa cuna.
fl sropocrenenHu crpanil
, ,. 1') Il B rpiltenHala taia. O6pa:tr Ha 3arara el:geficrea cpe3 entrHcrBo
f-l yrnqu, nnouagu I l;rrr1111s1151 3a pa3Burue Ha (toplrara
or $yur_ Ha Koncrpyxqrrn n Qopma, Wgetra za tazu
rpapnna ,ilr! rir e ilpolbnxeH B pa3pe3a u B KOHCTpy(Uus_
[] $opua e ruo[ Ha x3KnrcqfiTe:rHara rBopqecra
r r rrir crpaAara, (aKTo u trpn uefinoro
0 40M BtrtrcBaHe $aura:nn Ha apxurerTa, Kosro cc KopeHr B roq-
x rol)eHa. HOTO nO3HaBaHe ira KoHcTpyKTtrBHI{Te B.b3MOX_
l',rroruHara tra 3ptrenHara 3ala e or 6eroHoga lrocru (enxHcrBo or Jrortr(a u Saurasm). KoH_
r ,1r r( r py(qus. Ts
e surrsara B HxcbK C(aT U u3_ crpyKrll4tra ce uHTetpnpa B uAeflTa, pa3BuBa ce
rr,, r ilra HaKJIoHa 3a Bpb3ra c do.lttomo uueo za :a o6pasa u orlopur c Hero opraHuqHa rltrocr,
[ouunnpaula poJrfl Ha craruftara, ArlxaMnKa xa cno6o,qxara r[oprr.ra tr0l)iluTe cbcTe3aHm v c zopHomo HLIAO 3a raoouKo.teHa ot flo-jontvatJ unoct HJ iA(rfoe_
rr\ t) tilKaTa.
Hara trpHpola.
 Apxurexrypara Karo rrcroprrqecxr{ o6ycroBeHa QopMa 7l
l1',ro1111 ],a OC]J3HaBa, qe BCflKa apxfiTemypa
. il "a cBoeTo BpeMe Il e 3aA6IXeHa Aa ce
ri[ru cLc
lr
,!lrt r{ rirsr caMo c xmu 3waqu u cbc cpe,[cTBa-
rn r,,r ( r()xara cu. B suroii eer se e 6uno tro-pa3-
Muc BAH AEP PoE (1924)
.llrrr rcKrypara e u3KycrBo, trpelcraBlITenHo
i,r .rrrlccrBoroj HefoBa,qeficrBurenHa u cuMBo-
,r,rrrr cc6eu3qBa. To ce crslaea B npoqeca Ha
l,ililrlllllle I H3nLJlHeHUe Ha CTpOHTe.llHn nop6q-
!r
iI rr'il ro ce B63JrafaT oT oT,qenHx nuqa, fpytru,
.,r'r( ( r BeHu tr AbpXaBHu mCTuTyIItru Ha apxll-
i, I I il il CTpOUTeTHn rlUpUU. TO:U npoqec npOTIr-
r,r r onpeAeueHu or BpeMero Sopuu s c6orBer-
rrl r,, o6ulecmo.
I rpoilTencrBoro BuHarn e 6roo npeguer na
rr,rl r r rr,opcTBo! npu KoeTo napTHbopuTe npecne,{-
l,ri co(rctgegute cu qenu, orqacrH o6errugHo-
lr,rr( l)|tnHu, oTqacTu xyAoxecTBeHo-ulearr4-
t lr,lilr. c)HoBa, KoeTo f,I cBbp3Ba, e e.[HaKBoTo
|l'r Nl( ll CIHaKBOTO MqCTO: UCTOpWeCKaTa CU-
| \ illllltl.
\1,\ilrcKrypaTa e ocbtrlecmeHa nopbqKa, B oc-
il,,[,r | | r rletr3MeHr{o Jrexlr cTpotrTeJHa trporpa-
rr, r. c. ,lerfuuupaH or Qynxqurra ua crpaAara n
,r rl)cllcraBure Ha Bb3noxtrTenq 6poi n nug Ha
|t'Nr( lr(cHugTa tr npocTpaHcBeHuTe Bpb3Ku 3a
,,rlr( rlcjreHil npoqecu. B rosa orHotueHue scqra
' |,In c ,lsyH(uuoHarHa nocrpofiKa".
r
rlrl ilr(uffolarHocrra rra e,qla crpaAa rra n6pBo
,rr( r() JaBuctr oT ToBa aalu e u3IIbIHeHa ueJ'ITa.
I r rroNe;a 6rge uucro norpe6urencKa (byHKrIx,
l,i rirj(), KaKro H ctrMBoJrtrqHa (nupauuga). Biy
, i l ror r cnHara nporpaMa Bnussr BaxHu tfaxropu,
il,r l l). : rtr u rrxHara BpB3Ka B crpa,qara (c. 58 66).
II IIIJIOXI'ITEI'T C HETOBNTE'll{qHtr II3IICKBAHUg
rr r rpe[cTaBH;
rrarrnuHn o6pa:qu c o6uotrprl3Harn peueHut;
irpxtrTeKTbT C'[,C CBOTITa TeOpeTWHa TIOATO-
r{)RKa u trpamHqecKu onm;
o6qara crpourelHa rexHuKa, quero HuBo mu
ril[peAbK otrpeAetr fpaHuuuTe Ha peallr3ye-
AtoTo.
I tr-r'c[eHHo npofpaMure craBar no-pa:uoo6pa:-
l,
irrr rirxro o6qo B ncropmra, TaKa L B orAerHure
, rrrrxu. To:u npoqec 3anoqBa cBc 3eMe,qeJrueTo u
lr, ilrr(BaHeTo Ha rpaAoBeTe B tro-paHrruTe rluBu-
rrrrrrlHu (c. 78). Ipagoycrpoiicrnoro u apxu-
rr'krypara ca B TqcHo B3atrMoAeficrBlre. OopMIt-
lr,rrc'ro Ha xrr3HeHn ri rpyloBr.r c$epu c'bc cneqtr-
r rrrrr rlynxquu, T. e. c u3mnHeHuero Ha Henpe-
r r,ilraTo troBTapqrqu ce eAHaKBu 3aAaqtr, ce no-
I l)( ilta oT apxxTeKTypaTa cbc cl,3laBaHe Ha TIt-
r0BC.
I ll)ir(ru(ara eonu go o6ulonpu3Haru uu Aopu
,'rllllN'fauftIu pe[eHus! KOUTO ,qbmo BpeMe Ce 3a-
ili|$ar Karo ocHoBHIt TI|noBe (Harp. xpaM, Tea-
r r,1r. 5a:ulura) u ce Bugou3MeHgr Ha MecrHo HJII.I
l,r'rlorranHo HuBo. EAHarGtrTe rlenu cb3[aBar
L \ojlHlr TunoBe B pa3nuqHnTe r4cTopuqecKlr e[o-
', rr r reorpa$cru npocrpaHcrBa. OHora, roero ru
l)ir ,lleils, e pa3nuqHmT cTu.
e O6parxo, pa3lrlIqHrre rntroBe Ha AaneHa etroxa
ce cBcp3Bar qpe3 eAHaKbB crur, o6xsauaura
cfpaaHure ruroBe u rlopuu egHopogHocr Ha Kor{-
crpynrl4BHure x xyloxecTBeHHTe cpeAcrBa. B
nepclreKTuBaTa Ha ucTopuKa cTurbT qecTo npe[-
cTaEISBa e,4UHCTBO, qeneycTpeMeHo,qBUXeHUe
3a ocbllecrBqBaHe Ha u[eq (eHTenexm), nocne-
loBarenHocr. Crurr e o6uoro.
llpe: norlega Ha cbBpeMeHHI4Ka cru:rbr qecro
trpe,qcraBtrBa oco6eHoro B or,qenHara crpaaa
mu nuqHmr ,,noqepr" Ha apxHrerra. CbBpeMeH-
HUKbI XUBee [HTelpr{paH C etrOxara, peruoHa x
TexHuq cru:r, rofiro npueua 3a HanbnHo ecrecr-
eeH. Toii ce uHTepecyBa or HoBoro, yHuKirtrHoro,
nurrHoTo: TyK cTubT e pa3fpaHuqaBaHe, ffH.(vBH-
,qyaJIHocr.
14 gaere ueguu roq(u ca trpaBxr'IHlr: roJreML{Te
cfpalu npelcraBqr KaKro o6une [yx l.r cTun Ha
qfla enoxa mu fpyna, TaKa u nvqm cTm u xy-
AoxecrBeHo BuxnaHe Ha cBoure crpourem. [ne-
Te noMTm ca 83auMo3aBucuMu, 3aqoTo uHAuBu-
.qure cb3AaBar crua, a cTrllbr Hocti lIHnIiBltIya[-
HO'rO.
Crrmr ua rlcroprlqecnnfl nepuoA e x3roxeH
Ha o6ycnoBeHu or noKoneHmra trpoMeH[. Tofi e
c)va or an$epeHuupaHu orrenHx croilHoclr.r.
,{ne ulu rpu noKoreHr.rr xrBeqr e,qHo Ao Apyro
c1,c cl,orBerHure BpeMeBI{ npoMelru. Bcqro or
rrx pa6oru c HarpynaHur oilur Ha tro-craporo
troKoneHue, Ho non)4{ma HoBu ffMnyncu oT npo-
MeHruBure ,qlroBHr receHur Ha Bpeuero. o6no-
BilrenHara cnoco6Hocr ocilr)?sBa lbnrorpail-
lrocma Ha roneMuTe crmoge. 9ecro eKcnaH3trB-
Hara uM cma troquBa ocHoBHo Ha KoHcTpyKTnB-
HaTa l| oopMa,'IHa JIOrlIRa Ha fraBHI4Te eJreMeH-
loreuure crmoBe He ca npox3BonHu aeKopa-
qnu. ,{enopaqnnra u opHaMeHTtT Morar Aa
nonqeprasr crulra, [a ro o6orarqr mu Aa ce or-
Kporr caMouenHo. Ho crmose 6e; roHcrpl xr ra-
Ha u,qes u ocHoBHa crpyKrypa 6bp3o ce u3qepu-
sar . Cmar a Ha c I ua ce 3afra3Ba, AoKaro roiii
arrutrrqana neiicrBeHilTe curu Ha cBoero BpeMe,
cboTB. ,qoKaTo trpoAyKTnBHuTe cmtr xapaKTepu-
3upaT etroxaTa,
,{opr cauo 6eruuqr aHalru3 noKa3Ba 3aBucuMocr-
ra Ha apxureKr)para or o6ilItrTe trcToptrqecKlt
trpeAtrocraBxn. O6uupHara u npo,qbrxurerHa
crpourenHa AeiHocr ce Hyx,qae or coJ'll{I(eH ItKo-
froMr{qecKr{ rpyrgaueur, Kofiro cErrl€crByBa trpe-
.IUMHO D trOJIUTUqeCKU Ctrr]?HUTe UnU AKTVBHV
eroxu. foreuure nocruxeHuq Ha apxureKTypara
ce ocHoBaBaT Ha Bt{coKoTo HHBo Ha Teopusra u
ilpaKTIrKaTa B 3aHagTLITe, TeXHuKara U X3KyCTBO-
ro. Xu.lrgolerur HapeA apxureKr)?ara e Haqeno
Ha rexHilKata il ce cwra ra..vafira Ha illKyctBa-
ra". IIpe3 XIX e. rq e u3MecreHa or ra3u cn po-
rr. noqru He )cacrBa B pa38ilTlrero aa 6arupa-
IqATA CE HA ECTECTBEHHTE HAYKtr trHAYCTPUANHA
TexHu(a tr u3ilaaa B npoabnxtrTerHa KpLI3a. B
MHoro6poiiHn 3HaqrrMr{ orgerHu rrop6n ua
XX B. ce 3a6ens3Ba npeopueHTarlus KbM cunu-
Te Ha enoxaTa.
 72 Apxurenrypara Karo ucropr{qecnu o6yclonena {oprua/cru,r Apxurenrypara Karo ucroplrqecn[ o6ycroBena t[opn'ra/crn,r 7]
lr r l t rur (stilus) Ha JIaruHcKIt o3HaqaBa Ka-
rr,r pa3qBer Ha HayKure (cxonacrxxa), Jlillcpirrv
Crpac6ypt 127 7
n ir
rit ilucal{e, Ho u noqepK, HaquH Ha u3pa- para (Aeopuoell pouauu), My3uKal A ( llll(o rrir
,nr,ilr( lr.qBa or XVlll B. Tq ce noqBfBa Karo rpu ,,Horp ,{au"), r.t:o6pa:Hlelluoro n}kycI
*ri,r I rc n u3(ycrBo3HaHr{ero, a npe3 XIX s. ra- ao (rarelpa:rHa nracrtrKa, crbK:lonuc).
Crpac6yp. 1 25G-75 r., r. rt ttil xy,qoxecmeHlue raop6u (Heororura, B ra:u o6cranosra Ha ,qyxoBHo HaIIpexeHUc lrl"l-
,,r, r r(-rilJr!,,[e Cruiil"). HUGa HOBaTa CpeAHOBeKOBHa apxtrTel{TypHa ctrc-
ll,rrr rr rrlro Ao nbpBoHaqm il cwcu e ux' TeMa, no-KBcHo uapeteua,,rorura".
HayM6ypr 1260-70
lxlnilvlJrHuflT cru,r (nruen cm) raro xapar- Kare4pa,rara n Pefiuc e rcracrqecru npuMep 3a:

l\.4aiHq 1250
L TI
r,1r rr 6rrer Ha cBbp3aHoro c apmeKra tm u3-
u, rlrc.lcrara rp)ma o$opmreme Ha crpa4ile.
l,'rr,r orlropulenue e cBbp3aHo cl,c crtrra Ha
n rol)nq€cxtrfl neplro4 (crrrra Ha enoxara), c
uuoroo6pa:ue Ha rBopqecKu croIl, KoHueH-
TpupaHn B e[Ha foDMa cfpatra;
s:auuoaeiicrsm M/y noKoneHrsra trpe3 .qbn'br
crpoilTeneH nepxo,q;
Xil6epqar 1263
napux {r apxveflucKon
ToMa abo 6oMe
1251-1262
, lnr( uroro Ha BcIrqKu roucrpyrrunuu u tfop-
,r!r [|r cpc,4cTBa u qelu. To e apxuTeKToHuqeH
83aUMHO AOtrbnBaHe Ha UH,qI{BUAyarHI{,
H{UIHI4 I{ HAUUOHAIIHtr CTUIOBE tr
peflo-

l ',r r ut o6qute gyxoBHu reqeHm Ha enoxara H ulrpaxaaHe Ha rotrM eeponeilcxr crm ua

,f t 11 r

M6q oK. 1250

CoacoH, ,,CeH
XaH Aho BuH"
flT,-g:ig"
-*]l
apxxef,[cKon
, r ri ilr()rBtsa xaro tfopuareu e3LIK oT Bcuq(Il pa-
ri,r( ilil! B o6:racma Ha apvreKTypara.
ll r I il n rra enoxaTa qecro ce $opuupa cTllr Ha
erloxara.
Haqeno c BunHtr apxureKTn Ha ro3u crpoex pa-
6orsr rlHoro trottoreHm c pa3:rmHn npeAcraBu
Xyer Abo Mar$enoH mrrrr.rcntrero. 9pe: ercneplluemure cu aBaH- :a $opuara, 6e: ga npeue6perBar npueMcrBe-
1245-1zfi
Eyproc 1 235
-_lil ,il, il,r

r
n3trpeBapBa no3HaHmTa Ha cBouTe yqn-
,' r[ ( iloBr{ trpeAcTaBll sa sopuara. orlemg
rrl| [r lI]rx rpynu - c63HaTeIHO mtr HeC!3Ha-
ltocrra. CrpolrrenHara 3aApyra nocroflHHo Bb3-
npueMa HoBI4 BtmHrtt1 ugmqga co6crgesu ilu-
nyrcu u cr,geficrBa cbtrIecrBeno:a tfopuupaue
f| **" XaH nbo flyn
,i apxuef,rcKol
AHpu Abo EpocH
r,
! L Ll
ilro
llonalaT HaTIaJIOTO Ha HOB eTan B paMM-
( I'llleCTByBalUaTa TpaAUIIm UIX t IUTUAX-
Ha rt,'lacuqecl(u cTIttr Ha 3pflJrara roTtrKa.
rlpoerrrr or 1210 cterana c treptroa Ha trpe-
12m
J
r

SaM6epr 1237 '1227-1240

1228-1244 (
t,,U il r, rjlaBaT HOBa. opueHTauuq. Heroe u.qe&{ craBa 3atroqHarara

llil
l't r ilr)lil]lilHqr ItJr[ Hall{oHa,rHtrqr crllr ce Ae- I 194 rare4pa,ra e IIIaprp, wtfiro ntprouaficrop
Map6vpr 1235
L 'iurrrrprr rr rpa,q{rllt}rre Ha erHltqecKa rp}Ta IUM IItr
rnl,. | ()6nacrnlt Im poAoBIr pa3Jrotr, K;ruar,
rlrir. l)( il{ru{J cnerur$uuru uarproua,lnu gap6n.
cKbcBa c rpaluquure Ha paHHara rorr'rra. BoAe-
ilrmr apxureKr na Peiiuc, X,tu 4'Orsl, o6egu-

I
mea n pa6orara cu
apxIenucKon
Tpup 1235
O6ptr Abo YM6ep I ll,r Marepua,'tHlfl crtrr 3aBucuMure or crpou- o6qara rpagHquq Ha paHHorornqecKtrTe
I' Ir!r NlilTepuan TcxHuKa t ecTeTuKa onpe,qetrT cTpotrTerHu 3aapyru,
,,Ceh KaHTeH", t\ ,,rl,,rr I cpa Ha apxtrTeKTypara. cnequ$nuHara rpa.ququq Ha peruoHanHara
ocBereHa 1267 | il! r,l c pe3ynTar or MHoforuIacroBu npoqecu.
L crpourenHa uro,ra n IIIamaH,
I 1,,,r r rr rilrsalu B AaAeHa cfpaAa ce npenrurar no- cTpollTenHm uleatr 3a (aTeApua c MHoro Kym
P€ilMc,'CeH HuKe3"
1229 !r,t, ( [.r-roBe. Te ca,qaAeHu snoclelcraue;e$ll- tro Monen Ha JIAH u IIIerrn (c. 402 c;r.cr.),
HOCUTettr:
apxuerucKon, enapx tlrrrrrr, pa6otna u repMuHonofuqHa troMoll 3a 3aBoeBaHtrqra Ha aBailapAa, oco6eso clcre-
cbBeT, vnpaBa Ha lr r0l)lltlITe. Mara Ha IIIaprp,
I I tr.to}(fr aHarl,l3 BoAu Ao ono3HmaHe Ha co6creesu HoBonpoeKTilpaHu ereMesru u
no(poB[Tertr: !|r.t\lllc, Ha KOI{TO ce AbJIXx trCIOpIlqeCKIl ueHeHm, u/y rouro ruIacroecKnt roruqecKil
Kpil, BUCUa rfl\ ( . rorleHara r[opn.ra ua crpaaara. Msoro qec- np6ope4 c .uodytuu opuaueumu (c.324)
Ulaprp ap{cToKpal{{r, Bucu
194
rr, rrrii c eruHcreeHmr Mero[ 3a BflI{cBaHe B llc- Heroaure lpoerru onpege,rrr o6qoro o$opue-
1 Mqp, paxAaHcrEo
i, ! ' r( c(trq KoHTeKCT u npenpaTKll KbM apXI-ITeK- HUe Ha BbTpemHoTo npocTpaHcTBo cbc cTeHaTa
:
r
'l
octroBn: |r I r l)otrTenHu 3aApym u uKontr, oTuaBHa nor- Ha BtrcoKns xopa6 u npo:opulrre, (a(To u clrle-
nonuruxa, naq.
!r't ilr I tHoHtrMHOCma Ha I,lCTOpmTa. cBeHI{ qacrtr Ha tsbHuHoro otfopuleuue.
KOHqeHTpa4Uq,
coacoH lIrnreP ra cmn Ha enoxara, uilpo(o pa3npocr- Or. 1228 )CA.H nbo ,IIvn rpoueHa u3nbnHenuero

I
KptrclBo l
I
1,,rrr,rr rr o6naulaul [hnbf rlepuoA, c rorsMa u3- tropaAtr (oHKypeHuruITa c KareApanara B AMUEH:
l.,rrilejr[ocT, oT eAHa cTpaIIa, u MHorocTpaHHa uona:anagna Sacana Il HoBa rtoHTpa(bopcHa cuc-
pgrroHilHa irrl r( )drqnaqm, or .qpyra, npeAnara rorl|Kara. TeMa, no-u3ffieH BepTuKaru3l,M, OTI(iB OT npOeK-

---r-
l
Ke$bF6hpr4
r 1175 I
o{_
'ij'lt rTp. u(oIia crpoff$Ha ! ( r' l)ir3llpocr+aHtBa or perlIoHaJIHo orpaHuqeH
I ra c MHoro ry:ul. fonrl Abo PEIIM npoAbnxaBa
,
lllaunax nporpaMa r r r,ll I noqru unra Espona u B pa3ruqHme cu
.rt aeJloro Ha npennecrBeHuul{Te cH c fotrMa Bup-
'l',r
(r (r,trnbuaBa uAeaJrHLITe trpeAcraBl4 Ha 3a- ryo3Hocr u co6creeH nouepr. flpu EEPHAP Abo
,r,|il1)cBponeiicKoTo caKpanHo cTpouTencTBo Ccllcos :anarsoro Kpmo lpugo6una orouua-
"1,,
r l'irrsuroro lt Ktcsoro cpeAHoBeKoBLIe. relua tfopua. Bt:sursa,tara n flapux abqucma
yHtrBspc. llr lrl)trqecra lrpeJltrocranKa ra Hefiloro cst- zomutta ce rperonfBa e peiiucrur csrr ua Sop-
r,|r,ltc c floJtl{TuqecKqtT, cTotraHcKIIgT u Ayxo- uure. 1287 3aBbpulBa pa6orara no Haoca-
nilreparypa, My3uKa
u' ,, rr,,rtcu Ha OpaHlruq, T. e. ga:ellure oxolo tr'L't Brsuuoto otfopweHue rpogr,lxana lpu Ponrr
rr,,, (l)l'^HCl npe: XII u XIII s. Herosn oilwIl- ,4bo Kocl4 n gpyru uaficropu ua XIV n., raro
h306pa3xTenHtr
', rrrrr6cLte:n ca Hanp.: npururroqBa 1480 c u:rpax4aHe Ha KyJIure.
HSKyCTBa, 3aBat&,
I rcTBaur[a MouI Ha (paJIcBoTo, flonkTeneHa
r. r | )i B peiiucrm (areApileH crm trpffeMcrBeHocrra
,,r lrllcurul Ktrnp tr 3aMOIBatrIoTO Ce rpaxAaH- u o6nogrequero ocraBar B cb3Byque. B xpafiHm
cu Bt4A Kare,qpajlara trpe.[cTaBnqBa apxureKToHu-
Ilpuuep ra Qopmupaue Ha crtrJra: Rareapa"rara s PefiMc l,, r cKcra3, (pbcroHocHll tloxoqu, pe$opua ueu ,,c6op", cpaBHuM c Ha) IHure cyMu (MucnoB-
i r,r NroHauecKI{Tc opleHff (qucrepuuHllu); su cucreMq) Ha cxoracruKara.

F-
'74 Or rcarrennara efloxa Ao cr,BpeMeHHocrra Or ra*rengara efloxa Ao cupeueunocrra 75

Xponororur Ha etroxtrTe XpoHolornn Ha etroxure

Pannu qunuuru3aqull rt aHTllqlrocr

78 Iluru,rusaqnu/Ouronu
Xopara or
flpatrcropuqecKm trepuon xuBeqr
Karo u3qe3Baulo MaJIIIuHcrBo e o6unpuu uecr-
HOCTI, r{3noxel{u Ha cypoBufl IiJl[Mar B JIeAHUKO-
Bara enoxa, $n:luuecru logslacrl{tr Ha curypHu-
Te B UHCTUHr<Ta CU, CmHU ll ,,clequaln:upaHu"
roneMu xlIBorHLI. Pa:yutr IIM or(puBa I{3Kycr-
BeHll cpe!,crBa, 3a Aa ce cbxpamr a 6op6ara :a
ccuecTByBaHe.
Ctponre,rcreoro Karo nJIaHoMepHa' KoHcr-
pyxrNnna geftnocr flpaBn xopara I{e3aBl{cro or
oryruafiruu ecrecmeH troAc:roH, Ilalp. neuep! tr
c(aru HaBecIt. Orqe n rtcuara crapoKaMel{Ha
enoxa (or. 28 000 r. np. Xp ) lonnme u ct6upa-
qecme rplrtr pa3BuBar cnequ$uvno crponen-
crBo: 3a 3urfrnt mu nocroqH]tr ct{ nafep re trpa-
B{T Hanp. Ha ueHrpaJIM MecTa u c HilnHW MaTe-
pl{aJr BKonaHI4 B zeuata xotu6u c repbruJI tm oBa-
neH maH m rojreMll Mompu om npbmu, noHAKO-
ra c BblpeuHa u Bblrma uarpa 3a ilo-KparbK
npecrofi npu losm n ct6upauecrn noxo,4r ca I4M
locramqHu \o-rem 3al4umHu rco'tu6u, npeuocu-
MU MAmpU v npomuqogempeHu 3ac.loHu.
Vcrpoiicrloro Ha Mecrara 3a nafep)tsaHe tr xu-
Beel{e cBHAerercrBa 3a xujltAoneTeH onI4T B Op-
raHil3aIIIUTa Ha CbBMecTeH XI4BOT B ManKII fpy-
nu. Toii ce npeeptqa e o6rqu uparu;la 3a npoerr-
TUpaHe u KoHcrpy(TuBHu MeroAu.
Kopeunara npoMqua Ha Kr[Mara B Kpafl Ha
ne.qr{trKoBm nepuoA trpoMeHs ycIoBruITa 3a XII-
sor. B :osme c yMepeH u ronbn nuMar Bce IIo-
Beqe rplnil npcMilHaBal or cs6npauecrso rtu
npou3Boacmo. Te logrornrn npenoMa Ha Haqlr-
Ha Ha xlrBor, rofiro ce u3BtrpnBa B HoBoKaMeH-
HaTa enoxa noA lrMeao ,,HeorunxHa peBofio4un",
Or npr:rara vly seuedetue u )rueomuoerdcm-
60 B'b3 OCHOBa Ha yceAHa-[ocTTa B:63HUKBaT pe-
ruoHilHu 3eMeAercKu xyJrTyplt.
trlgteH:uggoro tr3noll3BaHe Ha orxenHl{ pacre-
HUeBbAHIt npocTpaHcTBa u3I{cKBa OpraHl{3upaHo
o6eAusenue Ha ctceAHII lpynl{ B rlneMeHHI{ cblo-
:u. flpupacmr Ha HaceneHl'lero, cBpbxnpotr3-
BoucrBoro u ueo6xogtluocrta or croKu 3a un-
rpy-
po(o norpe6neHxe Bo,[tr Ao pa3AeneHue Ha
u coqtralHo pa3cJIoeHIIe.
,qa
Karo soeo coql{anHo o6pa:ynaulle Bb3HuKBa
rpa4rr. B Hero ce KoHqeHTpupar SyHrqllure u
eHeprr,Il4Te, KOUTO HaAXB bptrT ceJIcKrITe paMKu:
cfleu]tallu3lipaHn 3aHafT[J EpfoBu-f ' rleHTpanHu
KynroBe. fpa4onere 6tp:o nevemr 6:raroclc-
roqHue. cTotraHcKa u notrHTuqecKa MoxI.
Hapacraaxero Ha HaceneHuero, cenc(oro cro-
naHcrBo, coquanHoro pa3cJloeHlle n (oHIIeHTpa-
quJrra B rpaAoBere $opultpar npeAtrocraB(ure'
cboTB. cbrlbrcTBaruuTe sBneHm trpr Bb3HIrKBaHe
IIIIBIIJI[3Aql|trTe.
HA
Texrm Hocrreru ca no-roneMure rueMeHa unn
HapoM, KOLITO B Kpaq Ha npallcropltqecKu ne-
pHoA 3acemar roneMu moilIu BpeqHume oa3ucu
Ha rponnr{Hm ll cy6rponuunm BererauuoHeH
noflc II fn cTonaHucBaT npu opraHlr3upaHo yn-
paBneHue. I{eHrpoeere c roneMx, MnorortogHu
r{ynrypu ce $opunpar cbc 3HaqurenHff pa3ruKu
B'bB BpeMero or o(oJlo
3200 np. Xp. B MEcororAMut (myMepu'
uu. lcrpni:iuu. BJBxnoHutr):
3 100 s ErunEr (CraPo, CPelHo u Hoao
Bo);
2500 B tr{HAtrq (uHqcru ry:rrypu, ee4uicru
rypu);
1800 e Kureu (lus. Cq, IIIaH, {xoy, I-{nH,
u Mus);
800 cn. Xp. e Cllgn,t u lOxsa Aup-prlxe
(rolreru, Mau, alrreKu, uH(n)
Ocees rsx FbrHilr(Bct PerxoHalllo
HU rluBmtr3auuu B npuuaHuHcl(ffre u
nure paiiouu tr B IlJrarara u/y peumre
Hanp. B
CEBEIHA MEconorAMI4.q: xypsru u MuraHu;
Mn,rn Artttl: rera. Spnrriiuu n ruluiiun;
flAnLCt t4HA: $nrucrrvun. $rurrriiuu
Iolleu;
nleto: uuguiiqu tl nePcu;
tr4PAHCKo
A3tlt: 9nouus.
tr43ToqHA
Pa3nIrtnero na EoPona nory'qaBa
rjracbK or
cpe,uu3eMHoMopcruTe Kynrypu
6poH:onara enoxa:
2600-1600 TPot Il VI no rpaii6pexuero
Mara Asm (pauuo- lt
rorniicru nepno,q);
2000-1400 MtIHoI;lcKA KyJITyPA Ha o-B
(cpe!,Ho- u rtcuovlHoiicru
oA);
1600-1 150 Kv,'lrvra n frpqm;
MITKEHCKA
900-ox. 200 srpvcxn e tr4ranraa (aeue
enoxa)
TexHu sacrerunuu craBar aBere rnaBHV cvnn
arnmHocrra - EnAAA u Pul'1. Kpunara ua
fpaMara 3a pa3Btrrue Ha KynTypaTa npoa
IO
oT U3TOK Ha 3aIIa.U aXTUqHOCTTa.
llocr[xen{flTa Ha ApeBHtrTe IItrBrIJI
ca ocHoBa 3a pa3BI,ITUeTO Ha qoBeqecTBoTo.
Bbp3aHI{ B fOJIeMU, 3aTBOpeHU CI,IO3n, XOpaTa
npbB nT,T u3J'Ill3aT Ha apeHaTa Ha
Muoro noupo6Hocrl't or Bb3Hl'IXBaHero'
nfiTruec(xre u KynrypHtrTe Bpb3Kff Ha r
rpynu Bce orue ca Heu3qcHeuu. Hape[ c n
utrnHme cxo[cTBa uMa xapaKTepHn pa3n]lKx.
O6un 6e,reu: crorl., Lrynr. u noJlur.
3aql{q B rpaAoBeTe; ceJIcKo cTonaHcrBo! qecro
vaula6nu HanoilTenHx cilclevil:
BoAcBo; Au$epeHquaqus Ha 3aHatrtrre;
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rirrcqeH. TaKa u 3a 6Jru36K IlraH,
l;r rrlnre Ha crpaAara ce pa3pa6orBar ABe pe-
TUJIHaTa CTpyKTypa qaCTr Ce trOlqepTaBaT c spKu
useroee. B HqKou crpaAtr crbtriloBuArrara HaA-
crpoiKa ce notrbJrBa cbc crerleHyBaHo oqBerf-
BaHe, KaKTO HanprlMep coqaT cBe,uemTa 3a 3il-

-NL&&Jru
IHL -IHL -jHL _JHL
ilcrrnq, u3xox,qaulu oT MrrcToTo Ha trbpBuq
L r r,,116. AKo cEr6rr e B brbJra" ce trorf{aBa
$)pama BbB Beeltrou (c. 98; vepHo, 6uo, cuHro
trT. H.).
lr-frl lr.'r--rl l--r-l lf .^r-
-rl-.1+# .rrrspg pr6" or ocuoBara Ao ropultrl 3aB:bp[ert Borarcrsoro Ha MornBH I4 cltMBortrKara Ha rone-
rrr ropHu:a, roiro e.{cHo (blil{ct{paH npu cBerntr-
>$F
_+
trt>DrfrsDDDD rir tr crHKa. Aro g trtla LtMa Hlllra, or trpeqyn-
MUTe CT9HOilnCr{ HenpeKbCHaTO Ce pa3mpsBaT X
MolrlueHTalu3r.Ipar, raro Aocmar cBos anorefi s
oooo r:urcro Ha pr6a ce nolyuana ,,uer rru". Tofi e
rcrceH rro/I TB't p,qm pr6 ua xopuu:a u 3aBucx or
ilurrlHara yKpaca Ha ,,floprara Ha I,hqap", ,,Vlu-
rlara Ha trpoqecuure" u.Bopeqa Ha Heevxo4o-
Auyp: 1. po3era c ryxreHa Kpbrna yKpaca BastrnoH: ,,nopra Ha Ulqap"
|lllaHero Ha cBerntrHara. Hocop BbB BABI4ToH c $pusoae c taeoae, dtpee-
2. 3b6eptr Ha KpenocrHara creHa
I ir J[ cucreMa Ha qreHeHue He trpou3ntr3a caMo ma Ha Nuaomo u IIp. cuMBonu Ha BcqHocna.
0r ryxJreHus rpaaex c u3.[aAeHu npe.q 3ula, cTa- O6pa6orrara Ha creHHnre noBbpxHocrtr scuo
r rrrccxr o6ycroneHil yKpenBarqtr crrr6oee. Tyx llo(a3Ba cTpeMexa [a ce nolqepTae He KoHcTpyK-
rpo]l;JIXaBar .qa,qeiicrsar trpatrcroptrqecKnre ututa Ha MacuBHara afxmeKTypa. a seiunnr
9,rexenNe Ha MoHyMeHTaJrHxre crpaAtr (rpotrTeJln[ TexntrKu. Passure crpaAu or crrMBoJrI|qeH xapaKTep,
ll4 McconoraMilq/Tuno.noruq
crpoex Ha apa6cKa rpbcrxKoEa Konu6a
Ten XacyHa: cronaHcKu ABop
1. pa3npeAoneHue
2. peKoHcrpyKL.{trq
rlpancropuuecntr cercrtx nbrrln
I: paunu xu,ruuluu rlopnrn Meconoralrus/Tuno.nornq I: paunu xu,rurqnu
I r,l)8il troAc,.IoHlt Ha noBHure u cr6upauecxure
I norunre rpo6uuqu ga Eres (c. 148). Or rya-
il'\ ilu llo Me3oJIllTa ca ne4epuTe u 3eMqHKHTe,
lt,r rl)il fe fl npoTmoBeTpeHuTe :aclouu, ro,tu6u-
I' r)r rpLcTn(a lt nplru. qecrara cMrHa Ha Mec-
r"rrPc6rnanaueto no3BolsBa caMo BpeMeHHx
i"il( pyKuuu oT cboTBeTHIlJl HilfltrqeH MaTepuaJr.
r pa:ua rfopua.
I llr'r ueolura ce tr3BbpmBa peBo;rroutroHeH npe-
r,r Kr,M ceJlclto crotraHcrBo.9act ot gacele-
rr( ro ycq.qa x ce Hyx(lae or cra6meu nogc:tott
r,r \ol)a, xmoffiu v 3anacv, flpuvurueuure crp.
1, \ilrr(u nocTeneHuo ce nogo6praaT, B63Hn(BaT
r,1,rrrrc no:rycta6u;IHu u cra6unHn Kbrltr.
"
lll)r4)opMtr Ha xtrJrtrrrlHara crpaAa
I lllr{l)opMa Ha rtbuara e Hail-lpocrHar crpoex,
rr roiiro crpyxrypHl,tre 6ere3n u Bb3Moffiocrure
i,r I)ir'lBurue Ha eAHa rpyna BoArr Ao 6lH:ru s
Tene faBpa: npbcreHoBqAHa creHa Ha Kbqa ! .re lpy(TItBHo orHoueHtre xmuilIHr $opuu,"
X. 3boAEP
I p bc'rtrKoBure xo,rrl6n a apa6cxoro Mex4ype-
,rr( /(opu npe3 xx B. ce crposr no ilpacrap Ha-
,rrrrr ,Jaoiiru ycyKaHu cllonoBe rp:bcru(a ce 3a-
lrliRar Ha paBHu pa3crosHm eguu c/y gpyru u
, ( olbBar 868 BUA Ha pe6pa. HadhxHo ilpe-
tt[tt, tt(o OT TpbcTuKOBx mX AbpBeHIr flpbTu Iu
, r r,lr3BaB cKeaem Ha 4muudpuueu caod, xoiaro
, r l roKpnBa c rpbcrtrKoBu pofo3ru u uusa. To:u
N.( eo[oTaMcKl,t BapnaHT Ha nolu6ara seqe o6e-
ilrilrBa Bamu KoI{cTpyKTl-,tBHu eIeMeHTx KaTo
,r1,tu, pe6po, noKpu+Ha npe6p63Ka, norcpuaHd
t,t\'ttGKa B,,npa$opua" ua 4uturudpuunun ceod
lr-14).
lip lr"rure xblttlt
Bb3HuKBar or Kpbra oK. orHll-
rr\r ro mu
OT HOMa,[C(aTa uarpa n/y raueHeu
rl,r,r c J 4 npsra. Te ce npileMar ra Haii-crapa
Apnacuf,: Kbqu ,,nceneH xouep" rlropua ua rrruara. Pa:lu.rHure rr,InoBe ce cpe-
rrrirr or nepu$eproTa Ha Anilure qo MoHrolltt ll
1. pa3npeAeneHqe r crporr no gHec. Ha repuropuqra sa Mecono-
(
3. BapuaHTu Ha ocHoBHur rhn lrNrtrq BpeMeHHI4Te neKu (oHcTpyKrIHu paHo ce
IiIN{ECTBAT OT TEXI{UKUTE H TNUHCHM U KAMEH-
ru rpaaex. Hafi-craplre cJlenu ca orKpurx u
tir r r{paHII_oT
6500 IZEPUxoH or ryun (!)
5000 TEnE fABPA or rpau6onana muua
,1000 Apnewu u Te,'I XtulAo ol roMefl
J500 KhnbP or noMeH KaMlk.
,llrrauerpure B mlaH Aocrurar 5 u e Trna fence,
l 0 M B ApnAqHr. Te:u xptuu crpa,uu ca or runa
..rr.releH xouep". orqactu xou6uHlpaul c npn-
r r'pofiru nrn $opua Ha MaJrKu npaBobrbnHu Kb-
rrrrr. Ha ocrpon KI,Ir6p, anaunocr Ha MeconoraM-
( [ara Kynrypa B Cpegu:euuo uope, Ha BucoquHa
,,ri. 2,30 u e BMbruar uexduueu emarc, KofiTo
r()KpilBa nor'IoBuHara nnoIq Ha Kpbra. flo-x'tcso
oc rpoBHnTe rbpIIIt ff3non3BaT ToBa pa3,qeJreHue B
r rl)aBobruJlHnTe cu KbIIIIt.
( rpourenHara rexHuKa orpallo pa3BI,IBa o6uo-
lirntrIlHil KOHCTpy(Utrn OT HanUqHm MaTepr.ian.
l.rHHesure creHu s TEIE fABpA uuar sr:Jroso
y(penBaHe, lopu nonyKpbrb:r,,xourpatfopc".
lirqure r ApnAqilt ca edNouepynrcoau KoH3on-
lu tynoTu. To:u xoncrpyrruBeH npuHrlun no-
MoHyMeHTatrHy pa3Mepu
rir,cHo [ocTnfa
rlopull 85
$opur.rre (roru6a) B Kpaq Ha npaucropuqec(m
nepuo[ ce Sopuupa npaBobrb,qxara Kbrqa c
Bepru(atrHx cresr. CtnoctaseH c Kpbrnure Kb-
ullt, HeiiHroT Tutr ce Hanara rato no-qelecto6-
Karo octtossa $urypa npanorrrJrHumT no-.qo6-
pe ce KoHcrpyupa. aenu. paruilprBa H xou6usr.l-
pa; roii yrecmoa KoHcrpyKrlI{ure c HiluqeH Ma-
rcpru (q-bpueHu crno6Kil. ryileHa trpeBpbsKaJ.
[ageua crpourenHa nporpaMa Moxe Aa ce u3-
nr,ruu no-qo6pe qpe3 cBbp3BaHe Ha trpaBobrbn-
HU npocTpaHcTBa c pa3nmHa roIeMIlHa, oTKon-
Koro qpe3 cDl,p3BaHe Ha Kpbrm xru1u. Kprmr
He tro3BotrBa rfyurquoHanno pa3AetrHe x trpo-
u3BoJIHo yroneM{saHe. Toi :ala:sa
oco6euoro
cu ilonoxeHue na ueQyurqnoHuHa uleanHa
rlopua a MoHyMeHraJrHara apxr4Teruypa (rpo6-
uuqa ua Arpeii, c. 148, Ilmreou, c.252).
I{aii-paunure trpaBobmmu KbtrIr4 uocera ca ,qa-
TtrpaHu oT:
0000 ilrpuxou n qATAn XtotrroK
5000 Ke,rer,4)cA.pMo
4750 Tul X,q.cvn,q..
IIpn rl4ure e frspfixoH ce orr(puBar u3Ma3aHa
ryxneHa 3l{[apm u orIBeTeHa no,[oBa 3aMa3Ka.
llorpueure BepoqrHo ca 6mu mocru. fpynara
sa r{ete,r Xrctrtox s Atrarolm ce e cbcror;ra or
or. 40 go6pe o63aBeAeHtr (brrlu c Bxo,q trpe3
mocIrm noKpnB. l{spuxon u r{ATAn XIomoK ca
Beqe nocenuular Hanogo6laaqn rpa4one.
flpe: paHHm lepuog MeconoraMm ce xapaKre-
pn3npa trpeAu BcuqKo c pa3npocTpaHeHtre n op-
ralru3arlm Ha cercKocTonaHcKoTo npou3BoncT-
Bo, Koero nopr go qu$epeuurarlm Ha npocrpaH-
cTBaTa B CeICKtrTe KbIIII|.
Crolaucrmr gaop a Tel Xacyna nora:na xcua
cucTeMa or trepneHltrKytrpM KpbcTocBaxlx ce
3uAoBe. IIeHTbp Ha KoMnrerca e npaaob?bnHa
dt.aza czpada. C sxoq orrru Ha,e'rbxHara crpa-
Ha, TS C.[eABa trpUHUUna Ha HatrpeqHOTO trpeMn-
HaBaHe (3a pa3ruKa oT Kbulama-MezapoH
c. 134). flaaHoro troMerrleHrie e no urrara uu-
puHa Ha cfpaAaTa, qeupu no-Maur(I{ noMerleHu
KaMbK ca pa3noroxeHu no geoiirH or 4lere My crpmff.
llo4 npan rmr rrM r:raBHara crpaAa e trpucrpoe-
Ho crpaHilqHo Kpmo. Beposr Ho 3a ,[o6HTbKa I,l
cequBara. [oere rpura ca c BepmKanHtr creuu c
Bucoqur{ara Ha rrprr3eMHm erax. Koumpa$opcu
y(penBar ueruara $aca4a. flpueua ce, ue no-
KpuBHara KoHcrpyKrlr4{ e dsycrcameH norcpus,
troKpur c rpbcrura. OrpaqeHu qacrr or ABopa
cnyxar ra cencKocronaHcKh u lanaqnuiicru ue-
ntr. trI ryK 3uAoBere ca yk?erreHu crc cml6ose.
B seMsra ca BKonaHu 3ilEam ilprcreul,r 3a curto-
3U WV qUCmepHU.
Tosa cronaHcrBo B Ten XacyHa 3aegHo c rpFa
nolo6Hu KoMrrJreKcI{ o6pa3yBa ceno, (oero I Tu-
truqHo 3a paHHme ceruqa. KepauuuHure Haxo,u-
r<r ca xapaKTepHli 3a qerm nepuog. Pa:noroxe-
Hnero Ha cronancKur ABop tto .sBHo o6MucneH
mIaH MOXe ga ce cwTa 3a trpoToTII[ Ha cTonaH-
B
Ky- cTBaTa B Kpaq Ha HeonnTa.
86 Meconorar.,rI'q/Trno,rorl{q II: rpaqoycrpoficrno I MeconoraM[q/T[nonorls II: rpagoycrpoft crno
llururtr3auxtrTe tr rpaAoycrpoiicrBoro ce
,'r,\( tiil,'r B3auMHo. cpe4 arpapum naHAUa4)T
I I r,r I L r c raBa cpe,quule, KoeTo opf aHfi3ilpa pa3le-
rL |il( t () Ha Tpy,ua B o6rqecTBoTo. Toi e KyJTToBo
iri( ro. aIMuHncTpaTuBHo ceaanxqe, tra3ap,
ri,,ilr( llopTeH B63eI u trpou3BoIlcTBeH qeHTbp.
I rrr,rrr QyHxqua Blreqe cren ce6e cH Apyra. C/y
I,rl)il( ilraIIIxTe onacHocTlt fpaAoBeTe ce 3ailIuTa-
r1,r I ( KpetrocTHu cTeHtr, IlbpBoo6pa3u Ha ToBa
l,.r rir r ue oK. 6500 ca I{eplxoH s flarecruua u
'lr r arr Xrofiror g Asarornq.
l prrrlovcrpofictnoro Ha MecorroraMtrs ce KoH-
I ir I I I
l)ilpa B TpI{ rpyntr, KouTo cl,BtranaT c ueHT-
11,1 [ilrrc IIaceJIeHu o6nacTtr Ha noruTuqecKu n
r \ u yl)Ho Haii-pa3Bnrlire Hapogu-
I()xHara rpytra c yp, Epr4Ay, ypyK, Hr4nyp,
Auyp: ceBepHara cacr Ha rpaAa (peKoHcrpyKuhr) I nIrur u Jlepce o6xearqa uaii-crapure rpa4o-
050 |r.. cTap[ KynToBr{ MecTa, KoaTo uyMeptrTe
or 3800 lpenprqar B ueHTpoBe r{a cBoHre
I l)iu(oBe-abpxau.
( peAxara rpyfla c Kr4[J, CunAp, AKAA,
N4 \pfi, BopcranA u BABI{J1oH e u3xoAHa repu-
r()l)nr Ha aKaA{trTe u BaBtrroHrltrTe.
( clep[ara rpyna lo fopen Turup e n :cuu-
r c rra acupnfiqnr€, fnaBHu rpaAoBe ca Amyp,
l\^JrAX, H[HEtsr4r n Ayp IIIApyKhH.
lllyuepcxmr run" ua xpauonnr rpa.l, u3rnex-
r,r rrra3Ba MHoro crapn rpaluquu- Oveprarul-
r,r rry aafi-vecro o6pa3yBar rlttpoK oBar,3amo-
Irr (rr 3arqtrTeHa c Ky;llt creHa u eogeu pon. I{:-
I'r r r r ynuqlr u TecHtr ilacaxn lpectrqaT rpaAcKffTe
!rirl[uu 6e: sura cucreua (c. 88). Cenepousro-
h r,r. orBopeH,,rru 6.:raronpHxrHur nrmp", oue-
Ayp UJapyKuH rlurro e npegnoquraH 3a xr.IBeeHe. Ilexrrpr,r
ri rpana ce o$opw or rpynure Ha caKpaJrr{HTe
r r(rjoprloBure crpagu, uuiiro npaBobrbreH
il.lilH KOHTpaCTnpa C fpaACKXTe OqepTaHUs.
I urlHHTe crpaAri cbnlo ca opl4eHTtrpaHu tro tro-
( {)KilTe Ha CBeTa, HO Ite Ca B KaTerOpUqHI4 oCU nO-
Nr( /i.r(y cu. To:u agHrltoen trptrHrItrtr yrecffiBa
rprrcrpoqBaHero, o6aue npeHe6perBa cmlroro
rcpcileKTffBHo at:geficrnue Ha fnaBHure u Ha-
ir Lr,xHffTe ocu- .{ouuuaHra Ha rlertrq rpaA craBa
( I r,rrarroBnnHara Kyna Ha 3[Kypara (c. 98).
! p, croluqa rra Honomyuepcroro uapcrBo lpu
CpaBHeHtre Ha pa3Meptrre
lll ittrH.. e uMeHrro raK'br fpaA-oBaJr, PagnoroNe-
rlcTo My B ycTueTo Ha pe(trTe fo trpeBpbtla B
Baenron
-- ,qyp il.lapyKilH uraquM ftproBcru rpag. 3antpurBaquflT cbc
- cleHu rpaAcxtr Ba!'I ce Mue or E$par u ueronu-
- ---
Yp
rc KaHzLlu. Mecronoloxeguero Ha ceBepHoro n
riuragHoro npucraHtrrqa (6, 7) e cro6paseuo c
f, nonuruvecxo-pen. qesrpoBe rr,HrtrHara u BtTpeuHara ftproBus, M/y nrcou-
ll:l|-il Nunrqnu xeapran rorrtrpaHure eAuH B [p1n xruIurqHu reapram (5)
ncHo ce oqepTaBa fpynaTa Ha npeqcTaBmeJrHuTe
l--__l maenu ynilu/, nnouraa[ t r pa,Iu ( I ). B ocraua,rara rpagcKa qacr HMa caMo
EW penr, KaHantr, nptrcraHrqa rr(onKo roneMu crpa,{I,t: B/y nara ua lr:rr. 6prr
\paMbr Ha Ennu (3) u )KpenneHue (4), go ceo.
I u"nou", KpenocrH, creHu rptrcrarrnqe t<bcHoBaBmoHcKur gBopeq (2).
I panoycrpoftcrsoro xa aruplftuxre ce crpe-
Nri KrM no-crpora saKolroMepHocr. To ce 6asnpa
rr trpaKTuKara Ha BoeHHara Abpxana. flo-crapu-
rc rpaAoBe o6uKHoBeHo cle4eat oco6eHocmre
fo,reuH rpa4one B Metg{ypequero
ra repeHa. lrpxannure crpaAtr qecro ca rpy-
1 87
nupaHu B Kpaq Ha rpaAa tr ca cBbp3aHu c Kpe-
nocTHaTa cTeHa tr BolHm nbT.
Oco6eno sneqarmaqa e MHofoKpamo Hancrpos-
BaHaTa rp)ma oT IBopux u xpaMoBe no ceB. Buco(
6pm ua Auyp (c. 82), n wo qflocrHa crpy{ry-
pa o6aqe Bce oue ce :a6em:rar 4peBm qeprn.
llpu uonoro crpomeJrcrtso Ha lyp Illapyrnn
CApfoH II ce ofluma,qa ocblqecrBn uge:ueH ruraH
3a pe3rneHqm Ha cBeroBeH BJra,qerer.I. OcHoeuara
$nrypa, n:nor:naHa npu crpourencmoro, e trpa-
BobrbrHtrx c6c crpaHn 1700/1800 u. Pa:nolo-
xeHxeTo Ha fpaAcKl4Te nopTu npeAnonafa trpaBo-
rrbnHa Mpexa or HraBHtr yluqH (cnopeg Er-
nti). fue KoMtraKrHH tpynu crpaAH o6pa3yBar
eKcrleHTpff qHuTe rleHTpoBe.
B cerepo:anaam rpaii e pa:noloxeHa caMara
Kpenocr Ha caproH (c. 92) c,ryopqu, xpanoee u
:uxypar (l). Crc cunro y(peneHo rgpo r{ ce u3-
AaBa Karo 6acruos npel raumeHara c Kynu Kpe-
trocma creHa. flo-uamara crpala c/y Hes (2)
BepoqTHo e popeq Ha npecTonoHacjreAH[Ka mu
apceHalr. Te:lu 4ne crparerurlec(u ro,m
AoMu-
HnpaT Haa fpaAa x oKonHocTTal B yntrqHaTa Mpe-
Na u/y rax rpr6ra ra ce BMecrrr rpaAcmTe (Bap-
rilu x na3ap'br (3). BrnexgaHero Ha yrtrrlara
KaTO OpraHtr3arltroHeH trptrHrltrtr c'r,3AaBa npen-
noc raBtta Ja nepctreKTuBHo rpaaoycrpoftcrno.
Bannloxcxoro rpa4oycrpoficrno o6eguma
uyMepcKo-aKaAcKure Tpanuquu c acup. ilpuHqu-
nu. Ottuqutelsu 6ere:u ca reoMerpuqHtrgr
o6u rtopaAbx, qeHrpuqHoro MecrotroJloxenxe
Ha rn. cBeTruurqe, eKcIIeHTpxqHoTo MecTonoJlo-
xeHue Ha ABopq. ryyna, Kotro Karo 6acruos ce
cBbp3Ba c KpenocTHaTa cTeHa H BoAHm nbT,
I'rasHrlre yrnq{ cneEBar reoMerpr{qHa Mpexa,
aoKaTo oTAerHuTe fpaA. KBapTaJrtr MMaT ruraHo-
Ba cucreMa. Ocseu roumexca n Bopcnna, re:H
ocHoBHu qepu npuTexaBaT u HoBuTe crpaArl B'bB
BanHrou, nocrpoeHn trpr.r HAByxoAoHocop II.
B rpagcxur qeurrp, u/y crapus u HoBxs rpaA,
Ha 6pera ua E$par e rnaBHoro cBerrflunle Ha
BaeuloH, xpaurr na MapAyr (3) c rolrv :lury-
par (c. 98); orgenHu xpaMoBe, Hatrp. npoqyrr{-
sr xpaM Ha I,Iaap (4), ca pa3trpbcHartr B rpaAa.
I;rasuara oc Ha ronsMara ,,Vltqa ua npoqe-
cxnreo' e ilbpBara trpeAcraBtrTenHa ynnrla Ha
apeBHm cBsr cac cb3HarenHo o$opMeHo y,tllq-
Ho npocrpaHcrBo (5), roero qenff MoHyMeH-
ra:ruo n's:geiicraue.
[sopqoaara rpyna (l ) or ceo. crpaHa e cBGp3aHa
c treTkpaTHo cTeIIeHyBaHaTa KpenocTHa cTeHa u
6acruonure BcrpaHu or uoupreHruuara ,,flop-
ra ua I4u1ap" (2). Or6pauure:ruara cucreMa Ha
BtrpeuHm rpa[ o6e,ugma ncmxu rp ailhwa Ha
acupo-BaBluoHcKoTo Kpetrocmo cTpouTencTBo.
[pyra crena n'rs Sopuara na rpurmrum (7)
rcmapr BbHuHxe rpa! c neHfffl unopeu (o) Ha
ceBep u c HoBoroAuutHu xpau (8).
flpe4nolaraeuara 3acrpoeHa uonr Ha BABI4,'IoH
e ox. 8,9 xn. ru. llpe4rpa4uqra My Ha ceBep ce
c'beartrBar c Kun, Ha ror c Eopctne B eauHcr-
BeH no poaa cu trpe3 aHTmHocTa rpaacKl{ naH,q-
natfr (Xoro4or).
88 MeconoraMlrq/Tnno,roruq III: rpagoycrpofrcrno 2 MeconoraMus/Tuno,torns III: rpa4oycrpoficrno 2 89

yp: xtrtruqeH KBapril (Bx. Tun. ll, yp,/5)
BaBtrnoH: xtrf, uulHu KBaprann
1. 3oHa Ha l\,4apAyK
2. xpaM Ha l4qap
3.,,Ynuqa Ha npoqecnhre"
4. rontMa xhnuuHa crpaaa
Ipagcxn xurtrIrIHtt KBapraJrtr u xtrJrutrlxtr crpaAtr
tir rrrrlrrnre KBaprartr B MeconoraMcKure rpa- HII MatrKU KbtrIU, KOIITO 3aeAHO C fO,leMUTe Ca
1t'r!' \il.rrllojreTtr{ HapeA octanar 6e: qceu o6e,quseuu B HenpaBmHu 6rorose. floAo6so e
,r1,,.'rr r,rrtiloHeH flpilHIliln. Eaea rcrpuiume ce noroxeHuero n acnpniicxure rpagone. Tona ro-
ffff'fllr.ll ril l{btsetrar cilcleMa ot ztuauu;.tu4u (c. Bopu 3a 3aBucrMocr or co6crseuuxa Ha rotrMa-
tl,I l\rirl)lanure ca crpyKlpupaHu Bb3 ocHoBa ra crpatra. cborB. ra romu 6poi po6n s roua-
aa ,r,r,
rlrco6clgeHltrrecKure omomeHfiq. KoI,ITo
r MHclBoro n lanurquicxala Aefiuoct.
,r i r, uir!:lr cryuafiHo ]m ce npoMeHsr qpe3 Kr,ruara c BbrperlreH 4Bop e cblqecrBeH n tro-
lt|ll t,'r)ilBaHe Il tro Hacne[crBo. flpou:aomoro cTosHeH eneMeHT B MaIKO pa3qneHeHIITe lpaACKtr
rrl[|' /\]tilrre r{a ynxqme u npoMel{JrmaTa uM rIIl- KBapranu. flpegptuasero Ha ceJlcKure runoBe
lx|r,r ( MHOfO6pOll,tU mWUqU (C,relU ylrum) m,uu c ,qBopoBe (c. 84) s rpa,qcKtl xunuurHu
r r,r\ r lHec ca ilmqru ta ragagnuilicrute u crpaAu BepoflrHo 3aB6pma or. 2000. Hantruo
'i r,ll,re Krr KBaprilu B Opneura, otlopueH rrporortrtr ce HaMupa B yP, B rpaacxll.f,
I rr,rrrrrrr cl{Jryer ce xapaKTepx3llpa cbc c:re- Gapran or treptroAa na Jlapca,
rl[rl ( rcilr Ha eAI{O- Nbt4U c ebm-
u nByeTaXHH Kruata sanrrHo ce 3arBapt KbM ynullara, Bcilq-
lt |il|t t)8op06e, KouTo ce oTBapqT KbM ynullaTa I(I{ noMeilIeHm ca opueHmpaHu KbM B'l'lpemHm
' iirrrl
( rrcHa apara. YlHqure ca TecHtr, HeIIpu- ABop u locrnHl{ otrau. CeeunHara npoHuKBa
lrillr rr rpaHctropr, caMo B pe,{Ku cn) {au c caMo trpe3 gsopa; roii e Mqcro 3a AoMaKiHcKa u
rl|rilr:r ilaCTnJIKa u npuMUTltBHa KaHaau3a4ufl gariasrouficrca pa6ora. 9ecro e Hacrr'IaH c uoqn
r! rrIrrrrr na.qu). u no,q3eMHo orBoAHeH. Ilo-rrcgo mocruTe no-
I l,,ilrilr1ruero u/y pa:xpurure rpalcKu KBapranu KpuBu Hep.{AKo ce HaAcrposBar c ropeH eTax,
r l l rr Banulon ilo(a3Ba nocreneHHm Hanpe- ,qocr-t,fleu or o6urorsara raJlepm Ha gaopa. Ta-
il.r I r,M lro-pauuoHanHa yn]ma Mpexa. Ka cucreMara na o6c:ryxnaue or rpu3eMHm
hnnprrurrr ua Anparr n Yp uarupa or nEPI4o- eraN (errperuen grop) ce npeHacq Ha Broporo
r \ r \ 11( l4H-JlApcA, or. 2000. flpoeexgaHero ua
r Huno (raaepm).
.lrrrrrc yrrqKu HatroMff Ha ceJIcKu yruqn. B llpeo6laqanaqure Abmtr, npaBo'brb:rHx noMe-
, r,rlr|crcrBtre c Hero ce otfopuar napuelltTe c rrleHm B noBeqero cry{au ca orBopeHu no cpe-
l r,rrlrc. Pa:mqgo foJleMu xMoru xaorl4rrHo ce Aara Ha At:rrara crpaua. flovru Bcuq(u rItIIoBe
rrilN1il()ItrpaT B CbCeAMTe U 3a,qHI{Te. xmUrU- crpagu n 6ru:ru lI3ToK Bb3npueMar ro3tr trpuH-
rrr. lrpqeJru uuar rpn6nn:rrelno Sopua Ha qun Ha llrl|por(oro trpocTpaHcrBo.
urrlrrir trpaBobfbrHuqu. I4smgHre trMoril I{a B npu:eunur erax ce HaMlrpar: npoxogHoro no-
rrrr illrrtrTe u pa6ornruurgne Ha uecra o6pa:y- MenleHue Ha na3aqa, cTotraHcKnTe noMellleHm c
rtt rrt ruponodo6eH nacaw. Kyxtr ff K[uep, 6aHrra, nropocretreHHure noMe-
ll,r y |;1qss1g brJIU uMa Milru xpaMoBe uJItr na- ueHm u pa3no.JroxeHoro c/y nxola rJ'laBHo rlo-
lr,rh rrcil 3a xepTBonpuHoueH!{ I,t MoJruTBu KbM MeueHtre Ha Kbruara. To o6uruoeeso e orBope-
'lrr rr o6poiisure,,uarrn" 6orose. Ouuqure,'les lro xru ,,6rarolprl.rlum srrrp" (e Vl na rcro:a-
lr ,r( r lra To3tr GapTan ca 3aKpbfneHtrTe bfjlg Ha nag) u cryxu sa nocpeilIaHe Ha roqru, o6rqu o6e-
'
I I rrl rlnTe 3apaAu yIruHOTO,qsIDKeHUe. ,lff n Beqepu. ftploBc(t npetoBopu x ceMefiHx
iltr ()00 BaBuroH 3a nocneAeH trbr e trpeycrpoeH npa3Hmlu. Xuuulnure u ctratrHffTe troMerueHus
qape Karo rsxga cromqa. or Ha ceMeficreoro uafi-qecto ca Ha ropHuq erax.
"lr'rr\lltjleiicKme
uepxoA e r. Hap. Knaprar xa Meprcec.
I llrrrrcxnauero Ha yrl4uure u o$opweuuero ua Ta:u ocHosna cxeMa ,[onycKa caMo orpaHltqeHo
ilrrl)rtcnnTe rO npeBpbIIIaT B {CHO II paUI{OHaJM3u- AupeKTHo pa3uupeHue, rtii
raro troMeueHmra
plrr) Konffe ua Vp, Pa:loroxeH e B Ilempa, u3- 3aA Te3u KbM ABopa ocraBar 6e: ,qHenua cseuu-
r,r,rrru or,,V:ruqara Ha npoqecuure", 6ru:o go rra. Or peuaraulo 3HaqeHue e yue,rara rou6uua-
,I( rrjfluuero Ha Mll,4vx tr ,Fopeqa (c. 86, 92, IIUS Ha rnaBHU U BTOpOCTeneI{HU noMerqeHm.
')H).
'lacrpoeHure 6roroee sr's Sopua ua Henpa- llpuuepuure pa:npe,{eneHm or Jlaran u Bann-
rr rr4 uHcynu ce lpynupaT ol(ono xpaMa Ha JoH no(a3Bar Bb3MoxHocrn 3a pa3mpeuue. T1x
Ilillap, He e ycraHoBeH ropeH erax.
llLrouara crpora $optrla n Abnrara trpaBa Ha Ocsosnmr e,te${eHT Ha 3acrpoeHut ABop onpege-
.\'rrqara Ha npoqeclrure" BepofrHo Hararar m KreTbqHara crpyKTypa Ha MeconoraMcKme
ill)iilrobrbjlHoTo rlpoBex,qaHe Ha ynuuuTe u oTHo- crpagr. Ilo-roleuure Itbrllu, Bmure It aBopllure,
, il I cJtHO fcHara $opua ua napuelure. c orAane- HO U MHOfO Ca(paIHU Crpa,[U B noBeqeTo cnyqan
'r,rr.rHe ol rraBHara yruua o6ave nopttrtKll ca s roM6maru{u c pa3rl{qm ,ryopoae. Cncre-
rr,rro ce ry6n. B lo-rpafiume xnapranu npeo6ra- MaTa Ha KbrqaTa c BibrpeneH lnop crana o6-
r:riilr' cbomoueHro, noao6gu ga re:u e Vp. rrloBlt'r[AeH opranrr3aql{oueH npHxqnn. Iole-
Mure ABopqtr (c. 90, 92) ca y6egurerHu trpuMepl{
l\l,ruara c BbrpeuteH ,[Bop Karo (TaH.[apreH sa Hefi Horo MoHyMeHTirJtu3upaHe.
| [ll Krr1ara c BbrpeneH ABop Karo ocHoBHa xuu-
l'l|rrHquata foreMuHa Ha ronlHure trap{enu qeu $opua ce e 3ana3ua ro ,[Hec B Opueura.
rrr,rr BABLITOH npaBu oqe no-cu,tHo Bneqarne- HefiHara [oKa3aHa cncreMa ce pa3trpocrpatrBa
rlc, orro,T(oro B yP. trIMa HqKorKo roneMu crpa- rpe: Cpelu:euuo uope go Cenepua Erpona (ar-
rr il enHa oco6euo ro,rqua c noBeqe ABopoBe u pr{yM, neptrcrnjl, apKa,qa oK. MaHacrtrpcKil [Bop,
Nrrofo noMerqeHm. ,[o rxr Ha rarraH ca ;loJletre- aprageH anop).
 l\l*,rotrorlutrl/l rrrro,rorll l\': rtnolrerl I
Meconoramus/Tuno,rorus IV: gnopeq I 9l
:lroll.rl l;1, xmuule Ha Braleretr u
qeHTbp Ha orpaAcHu co6u1a xpenocrHa creHa, ycnopeaHo
ilrllt,tccKaTa BnaCT! trbpBOHaqiUlHO e npencTa_ Ha (oqro orBbrpe MuHaIra ltrera. Bugrr u pat_
'r,,
"'r, rr.r r'\unxullia cfpana Ha crapei.iuuHlre lll [onoxeHueTo Ha noMeulellufiTa B tro-IIOBUTe
lr l,\()r1ilfl xpeq. C yneluuaBa4ara ce (oHrIeH- roxHu Kpma Ha ABopeua floKa3BaT, qe TOBa e Cb_
rl,,|[r]r lllt y oTAenHx BnaAeTenx cfpaAa_
BlracTTa rrIuHcKaTa .[bpxaBHa H ItpeAcTaBnTenr{a crpaAa.
rl'rrro6Hsa uoeu $yurquu tr craBa AbpxaBHo
'.r [ouuuaHrara o6pa:year gne unoro foreMn AbJt-
rllir l( lilll[ICn]lO 3AaIIne, aAMI{HtrCTpaTUB}Ia UeH- fx 3a!1n Ha 3ailaA, KaTO e,qHaTa npaBu BneqaTne-
rl,'r r,r il'i(e6Ha crpana, KpenocT. IlocrelcrsHrra Hile c IIeHTpa.[Ha c Ko,toHalla.
, ,r r r.( r orlrJo pa3uupeHlle tr
AflSepeHrlnpaHe Ha 3a 4aere vacru e xapaKTepHa r{HororparHo Haqy-
'rl'r,( lItrcTBeHaTa nporpaMa.
|
treHa JlI4Hm Ha nBuxeHxe. Jfuncsar npoBeAeHH
llr 1'rr11,;11.to MeTKa, rpancKara Kbrrla c Bbrpe- ocu, noqrn trMa cpeqynonoxHn nparu. Tona e
inril rtaop (c. 88), ocraea rnaaeH eneMeHT Ha TtrruqHo 3a cTapuTe opueHTancKtr r{oMruleKcu.
l
rnurl){Hero. fllmrr ce 6a:tupa Ha rou6usa_
rr,r ( I I I rlopHx cl4cTeMx. Te Ce n3rpax.qaT eAHa IO ,,Emyp:aro'n Vp, cr:4ageu lpu III guH. raro
,l'\r.r il,1 tl)flil x Kato urno ce ooeAxruBar ot ajIMHHXCTpaTUBHa Crpaxa, KaKTo rro_cTapuTe
flr |(tr lua cTeHa. BcqKa qacT Moxe aa ce odtop_ ABoprIu B Tetr Ep,{rc n Auyp, creABa a(a[cKara
rrr ( rol)cu cBorra (byHKrlffi. 9pe: pa::tuuHure KOHIICIIqUq 3A ABOPEII HA CBETOBHtrq BIAAETE,q.
l,,r rNrepr u apxureKrypHoro odjopMneHue Ha nBo- 3acrpoeHara nnou e KBaApar, quuro brnu ca
lii!|r rc rr BbTpenHxTe lpocTpaHcTBa ce trocTufa opxerrTupaHu ro qeTupuTc troco(u Ha cBeTa:
!|l l\rcil. JleloBu lllu trpeacTaBtTeneH xapaKTep.
I cnMBon Ha !,rlapcTBoTo Ha qgTUpUTC CTpaHil Ha
04 l',r r r',{tlrre nBopoBe Morar Ia ce o6egmr a no- cnera". {nc rpytru noMerrleHuq ca ycnopelHu no-
I" lilr(it (rr trpocTpaHcTBeHtr fpytrtr, KoeTo 3a_ Mexny crr. Ceeepo:auagHara rpyna c npeAHuq
, I irir rll,3l]eilcrBffero. Ta3tr crcTeMa Ha ruaHupa_ ABOpr rnaBHm ABop n npe[cTaBtrTenHl4Te nOMe_
,r' rl)(lUtafa u Boeltltu trpeluMcrBa. 3aruopeumr utetrua loxpuea 2/: or o6qara mroq. Tr ce ouu-
I iil 0 ril)clocT cTponTeJIeH o6eM u Bb3MOXHOCTa qaBa c troqru trbnHa ctlMerpfis. flo_rqcuara
r,l ! ilM()CTOtTenHO 3aLTIOqBaHe I{a BCeKU rorou3ToqHa rpyna e rou6uHarlffi or pa3nnqHo
ABOp 3a-
r r.l r/\lt I IIporDBHxKa H yneclflBaT 3aIIIXTaTa. foJreMu rloMerqcHuq, B KoxTo eeporruo e 6lrjro
rlr0l)Ntil Ha cr.paAaTa ceAajruuero Ha aAMxmcrpaquata. tr4smex.qa,
c (yru u
l'.r r,r tcltflBaHeTo Ha BbHu. SpoHrone TO3U ABOpeq e trMiul xmutrlHu noMerqeHl4s.
|r rl or' :r6epu crotaercTBa Ha cmyeTa Ha
!r(
, r, rinrjilluTe no cblrloTo epeue ot6paHurelxl [ropeqr,r n Mapn e rleHrpatrara Ha lbpxaBa,
Ktru: ABopeqA Yp: ABopeq ,,Euyp3ar,, I r,r,lrbxeHtrq (rpenocrHu cTeHu u fpancKu nop- crnepHruerqa Ha Beglllou u Amyp. foleunsara
r r ) lit [pegcTaBuTenHr.ITe noMeu]eHrm, npelrtM- Ha KoMmeKca u uttoroo6pa:Hlrte rou6uuaquu a
ir,, rl)oHuu 3anv V 3anu 3a ayAlleHrluu, pa3trpelener{aeTo My floKa3BaT, qe
Ca BT,3_ ryK Ca KOH_
!l I re I [
trpocTpaHcTBeHZTe {)OpMrz U,qeKOpaTuB- rleHTpilpaHx BcHqKH BaxHu AtpNaruu
Synrquu.
1ilrl| NtaHtrep Ha caKp. cTpouTercTBo. (cauoro HenpaarulHara $opua Ha KoMrure(ca e pe3ynrar
r,rl)r r Bo ffMa ca(pareH xapaKTep.) [eoponere u or pa3:IrqHu crpourerHu nepuoAu. BrounoHu_
r,r ilrrc trpe!,lafaT MJtcTo 3a cTeHotrffcu c opHa_ paHure fp)mu noMeilIeHm e uaii-crapara lacr
\r, ilr.l.iltil il ucpeMoHila_[Hil r306prxeHffi. roxr{o Ha roneMm ABop (A) ca runuuHH :a npo-
llc ropua il3BOnHOTO HapacTBalre, npoAuKTyBaHo oT enoxa_
.l lrr)l)rloBoro crpourencrBo 3anoqBa c il3lurarre- Ta r{ MecrHure laleHocrtr. Cpeg xaoca or crol.
1 r) l[
N{ecTHtrTe IJiHaCTHU trO BpeMe Ha npoHtrK_ noMeueHtrq (15) r:urrsar 3ila 3a ayAUeHrInH
n,lrc Ha ceMxrure. Or pa:lmuure enoxu Ha uy_ (3), guop c rpencraBtrrenrtr louerqeuur (l l) u
\r( j)c(0-a(a.qcKaTa trcToprir KaTo Baxlrr4 cfpa,qH xpau (12). Ilo-sosara 3atraAna qacr e trnoa Ha
r"relJ Ca palKpxlil u naiupaHy.. cb3HarenHo maHilpaue. Kou6uuaqmra or noMe,
1800 tropfioA Ha Mecultr4M, Kuu, gsopeq A l1eHtr B rJlporo, r{BaAparHxrr ABop (6) c rpyna_
J300 lepr.rog Ha Arag, Tel Epar u Aruyp, ra Ha rpoHuara (4) u rpa:unvxara taau (5), e
,,crap aBopeq" Haii-6lecrrqoro nocruxeHtre Ha crapoMecono-
.l 100 HoBouyMepcKa enoxa, Yp, ,,Enyp:ar.. TaMcKoro,qBoprloBo crpourercrBo. Klu ues
I ll00 crapoacupuficKa enoxa, Ala,rax, Anyp, cTpaHuqHo ca nprcbejluHeHll gBOpHHTe CtrCTeMU
Te:r Acuap Ha aqMurrucrpaqxna (14) c nucapcKoro fruJtn-
I ll00 crapoaanu,roucxa enoxa, Jlapca qe (13) x c[traAoBere (15), a Ha ceBepo3anaA
(Sparueuru) uapcKrre noKox e tnaBHffi ]Bop (6,. Bropocre_
I li00 nepuog Ha tr4cuH-Jlapca, Mapn neHHm nBop (7) tr nBopq. traparruc (8). llplrle-
xaulurrr cron. gtop (9) trMa Bpb3ra c BXoAHara
ltrropeq A r Knur e u:rpa4eH Ha.qBa eratra. llo- :osa. Otrau ce roHTponupa ufloro ABffieHue or
, rirpara ceBepHa qacr ce cbcrou (4oxolroro e n ltbM ,qBopeqa. CrpaHr.rvuo e nptrcrpoeHo Kpuro
rKpr.ira) or rpu rpynu noMerrleHro. Ha u:ror
lr.r 3a llBoprloBara crpaxa H rocrHre (10). 3arqure-
r0 MoilyMeHTa[Hm BxoI ca aoneneHu noMerqe_ Hara c Ky:ra ropraurua :ala ( l), nopralrHurr nBop
*"tu""enHa cacr' xilnuuHa aAMilHilCTpaqilr,
f m qacT L--_J cM4OBC I n'"ao"" rrrrta rra,[BoprloBara crpaNa. lpyna pa3ntrcHu x trpexo.qHara :a,ra (2) ca Haciloro x Kpur Ha
il()llcUleHm B Cpe,qaTa BepoqTHo cryxu 3a aIMu- BepufaTa rroMerrleHro, queTo AoMIlHtrpaIIlO pa3_
rrrcrpalnBHn tr trpe,qcraBurerHu qe:ru. Ha :arag noJoxeHtre trpoqyBa IBopeua e M.,ttu cpeg cr-
PaHHtr nBoprlrl L ir lroKouTe Ha BfianeTsjut:
Kbr4a oK. trpocTopeH BpeMeHHUqUTe My He nO-MaIKO OT npocTparHtrTe
rrrop. XululqHara cacr u alMuutrcrpaqurra ca IIB€THtr CTEHHtr AEKOPAqUH.
 Nltcorroritnlnr/ I ttno.ror ul \':
Ayp L!apy(uH: ABopeq ra Caproa
,Fopra Ha {4qap" 3. rpoHHa 3da
,Bxcrulu rpaAuHr" 4. pa3uilpeHre
BaBtrnoH: ABopqoB KoMntre(c
noprarHa crpaaa
rontMa 3ffa 3a
ayAtreHqr, (anaAaHa)
TpoHHa 3ana
Tp{nunoH
ABopeq Ha .qapqrl
ABopeq Ha KcepKc
xapeM Ha KcepKc
cbKpoBuulhuqa
AAOpiloBa cTpaxa
[lepcenonuc:,qaopeq
I ll"o"'"u""nHan l::lilurHa
,{nopqN ua cBeroBHItre BJ'lanerertr
.tlrro1ttt1 2
MeconoraMilq/T[rroJrortlfl V: gnopeq 2 93
ll !rr:r la IBoperI Ha cBeroBHtrs BJaAerer IOxHara xpenocr nln Banurox HAByxolIoHo-
,,r|l1ll (lllll I BABUIOHI{UTE Bb3trpueMaT OT cop II II3trI4ra Karo IIerITpaJIa Ha uunepnrra. Tr c
,i;rll' n,,ro na lllyuep u Arag, uo npoeKTnpar traBHara crpaAa ila (oJlocauHo FpeneH KoM-
' r l. I rrr( crlopen co6ctseHure cu flpe.ucTaBu. nJreKC or lBere crpaHil Ha,,floprara Ha I4rqap"
l.rrrr' rr Lt onacru pa3Kpmu ca acuptficxu (c. 82. 86). 3acrpoeHmr 6,ton Ha cuquHcrm
tF.lnlr ,rr JBara llepuo]la Hr uai-romv plt- ,qBoperl e rpaneq c nbnxuHa ua crpaHure 200 n
rrr,, r I |trrHu trpencraBilTeJlH ca: 3 l0 u u/y Edtpar n ,,Vluuara na npouecuure".
\lll r. Ailyp ABoperlHaAga4-Hupa, IIeT r,,raBHu ABopa BT,B BIIA fia trJlorqa4n ooop-
pn II MqT Bepura OT MoHyMeIITalHIt OTKpnTx IIpOCTpaH-
,,r X /0 KAnAX gsopeq Ha Auypuasup- CTBa no ocTa H3TOK-3ana.q, CBbp3aH! qpe3 trOp_
ru ll TartHtr 3a,,1[ 14 UeHTpOBeTe Ha ceruesr.tre. Bcexu
tlopr II
ua Cuuauacap ccfMeHT ce cbcTou oT fnaBeH ABop q fpyna trBop-
/ I 0 Ayp IIIApyK[]r ABopeu Ha Caprou II Hu cuCTeMu I{a CeBeP u Ha rcr'
/{)l Hr4HEBnq rcxerr ABopeu sa Cuua- Haii-roneMlulr cpeAeH nBop e cBbp3alr c rotrMa-
xepu6 Ta TpoIIHa 3a,{a. c. IBaTa cTpaHlrqHu fnaB}in Bxo-
ceBepeH.qBopeu Ha la Toii Cnyxtt 3a llpeACTaBuTenHuTe u BilCuuTe
Auyp6auunal ,ubpxaBHx letHocru Ha HMnepmra. I,I:lr. gBop
rl,rr c a6colrorncrra nbpxaBa. [aopqure
\, (bM ,,ynuqaTa la npoqecunre" e wcro :a cn6u-
il,1il 'r( fto ca pa3ilonoxeHll cTpaTeftrcecKu B paHe u pa3rlpeAetrHe Ha lloTOKa oT XOpa x cToKil.
ll (peKoHcrpyKutrr)
I l,.r,r I ilr c LroTBerHtrfl fpaA-pe3trleHquq, cBBp3a- 3ananHnsr nEop c Hai-crapnre crpagu ce o6u-
ilr ' \)r[OcTHaTa CTeHa n yKpeneHu BbB BI|A raBa or rlapt u flpLIABOpHuTe. B cenepou:ro.rHut
nil r([ r iljleJIa, Kpaii noA br:bJl M/y KpelrocrHara creHa u ,,Vluqa-
ll , 1, 11, g1it KoMnneKc Hafi-eaxgu ca trBara rnaBHu ra Ha flpoUecutrre" HmyxoAouocop nocrpo{Ba
r,,,1,,r ffoprarH[flT lBop (bobinLr) c rpyrrure rrpoqyrara TepacoBtrAHa rpaA[Ha, (oqro ce
ll,,ir' rllclltrq CnyXU 3a trpeACTaBnTenHU U Abp- cMgTa 3a eAlro or ceaeMTe qyaeca Ha aHTUqHm
{ .r,rtrccKu uenr. Or<o:ro gnopqorufl ABop (ba- cBqT no,q rereH.qapHoro xMe ,,BI1[C-'ILIuTE fpAAtr-
,,,,/r/) il()ll ltpaB bruJr ca noKotrTe Ha qapq H rlap[- HI1 HA CEMuPAMI4.qA". I433[naHilre nnocKocru ca
rr,r r.r il r rpejlcTaBuTenHoTo KpI4Jro. flopmantutm y(paceHu OTB6H Il OTBbTpe C IIBeTHIt CTeHHtr .4e-
I ttttt)ltr(rguflm deopoee e ITJIaH ca pa3MecTeHH KOpaqutr oT rla3trpaHIl ryxJtr,
' rrrrr r lllfMo llpyr! CBbp3Ba ru rOIsMaTa TpOHHa 539 Kup JI 3aBna,{{Ba BasmoH. Meconorau-
rn rrr /(uete IBopHx ctrcreMl ce AotrbnBar or cKure AbpxaBU craBar flpoBuHIIHtr Ha llepcffii-
. l,\ rr r ropocreneHHu ABopoBe. Kolruercure ca cKara uMnepts. flepcuiicrure pe3uneHrlnu ca Ha
' , r.lr riuru 6e: cxeMaruslu Ha ilptrHquna lla tre- 14paHcKoro rt.[aro.
l,r'lr, pro 3acrpoeHuTe.qBopoBe. r{ecro g rqx ca ,[nopqrre na AxeMeH4qtrTe ca luaHxpaHu ctro-
ilil rr'r llrpaHff caKpanHu crpaau. peA npuHIIuI[, pa3rlllqHu oT MaClBHaTa apxxTe(-
rlt||lMtrre Ha crpaArrTe orroBaprr Ha Mccoro- rypa ua Meconorauua. Tpa4uquure Ha IpeBHo-
r r^rr (iu a rpalrrqm. Crenonncu, rra3upaHu ryx- ilpxlcKtul trbpBeH fpatrex H HoMa.[cKaTa ua lpoBa
.rr r \itl)arTepHtr pene([tr c noBHx u BoeHIix cue- ap\ilteKT)?a ce ooetruHtBar c rexuxure u $op-
rr \ r|ilcsBaT cTeHuTe. MuTe Ha 3aBJraAeHuTe CTpaHu.
llxol)ortbr n [yp lllapynnx e ilpoeKrupaH Karo
rr
Ijai-qecro oT,UeJrHu trpaBobrt,tuu o6euu crc
0 100 M r,,rir crpa.qa B e,E{HcrBo c uertr rpatr (c. 86). c\otrHa crp) KTlpa ce fpylilpr r B y necHo locftn-
l.r,, utrilro lrpereH 6acruou roii e u rpan rra Ha Tepaca B IIOAHOxtreTO sa nlaHnxa. Toea Ca
I I!,ilir. rra BugoKa Tepaca, Ko{To ce u3AaBa [pen
MHoroKoJtoHHlr 34trHtr crpaAfl c npeAABeptrs,
r I. rr )c rHara creHa. Orcrpauu e npucrpoeHa can-
r
olBoneHil B MHoro llocoo. Tplre tolew pell-
1rr rla roHa (c. 96),utitro surcypam (c. 99) goua- lesull llqeqpt Anil. ('v3c il JlLp( I iluril4c ca no-
rlrlrir rAq lBopeqa u rpaga. Kru rpaga ce npocrx- crpoeH[ flo ilo.qo6eH Haquil.
l, r rrrpo(a! 3aumeHa c Kyru u creHil rroq. Tau flepcenorHc, :anouuar rtpH .{apui;i I, e uafi-6mc-
. r ,,( roqcHnre B qBofeua crparul Ja soiicrme-
KatsrqT OT Te3Ii KoMmeKCu x AeMoItCTpupa Moh-
l, rNr()xnTe tr KaHqenapurTe. Te ca )rua,reH[ sa- rrlecrBoro Ha flepcuficrara uurepur. Pa:noroxe-
t,,r.rlril Ha nBopuoBcta cxeua. l{elwr KovrLreKc HueTo Ha crpAlffTe, oTKpIlT{Te crtl6n u na-
r\r r il()AqepTaHo Boer{eH xapaKTep. paAHtrTe tropTtr C1'OTBeTCTBaT Ha {ep€MOHtraJIa
il !ri{)prloBoro crpourencrBo BanuloHcnara Ha Harlr{oHa"{HxTe trpa3HtrIltr. lpe yclopeUuu
r^rreptrfl Ha xaJIAe[Te Bb3trpueMa oT AKAAI.IIITE rpynH crpaAl c.[,c cxo.qHu uaBHu nocrpoiiKu ce
rllr( rLlloqffTaHffeTo KbM reoMeTpmHo sCHa B'bHil-
npocrtrprT or ceBep Ha $r. Hri-tracuMffit ca-
rr,r rlxrpua, ocoBocr rir cr4Merpm, or acupniiqure
MocrosreneH o6eu s u:roqqara rplna e 100-no-
Ha A(eMeHuArre ,'.rrr0rlo6tsar{ara }ryperuleHue Bpb3r{a c Kpenocr- J'roHHaTa TpoEHa 3ara, a B 3an. rpytra AoMuHil-
r r r ir creHa Ha crparerxqecKo vqcto. B H.srolro parqara 3aJra 3a ayA[eHIItrll ,,AnAnAHA". Bbtrpe-
lrirlr ca HaMepeHtr ocTaHKtr npeArMHo oT Kl,cHxg
W iflX[li"""T3;" ffi.pua,n, f-lseopoee
I
lrL
rfl4 ,qbnrlu cTpoilTe"rleH nepuo,q npn HeKoJrrlIlHa
l)llor'l Uape KoMmeKcbT H3rneXAa no[qnlleH Ha eIuHcH
r,l5 Bael4rou Ha6olalacap
ABopeu Ha uaH. ApxuTe(rypara u Fpacara qpe3 pa3yMeH
tl( ) u Hmyxogouocop [l eKreKTn3bM locTuraT n3fpaxnaHe Ha BenuKonep-
'i.t 9 Eorcnna gnopeq c[iicKx ]IauxoHareH cTIl[, otrtrpau ce Ha Tpanh-
5lr) YP lBopeu Ha Ha6osu:r rlilxTe Ha o6eEuHeHnTe B uMltepmTa Hapolltr.
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x cr pa/llr rrr. rrirp. .,Arlono.l" c xaprr-
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t t\ i)ti \\t nunt ( u!LlpoKu llelrr. o.nroctt.tc;luo r10\rculcr{lJg I flOllfotoB(ala Ht ilcl)cMOHtajit.
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,, I ell(piutHaTa apxtteK.IV]]A CIlHilICtrilo cc tlgoilnn cit
crrr,p3aHu xpaM iJ cr.paHleerr nLtpLtN.n!(. lrr
,, il 1 C[.tIIAHC Ha [epctrcKTIIBHOTO drop-
Ab3IeiI- lril ril o6rrtuoneaa u l()b. t.y( t, H Lt t t (. t !.
, t! lliljutbxtiiLrl oc. I litnes arueltr e $traH_
L
r
'!il1. flr\'rC I l) nil (.t rjCi,|(il1il^).tyliilt tru ilr, ti,;Hc
' ,rlLtit 0T t(y111 noptltLt ttla! r/t/rllal Ha IIpejIFIata ILr llOhr'llre Ilit tiirllt it d,tptlUit::l B ,tt.ttl,illt. t..tt,t
r)tto1t4ot )oop. 1 pc rr rrr,lrr rrilprdlrhc {otrhlDa
\t' rrrbf rra I4qap trn Baat.lon (c. 86 cr.crr.). lrp_Oal.petrcTucitaTa trpot paNfa rrit t.o3x .Iltsop.
r,,rjl o(.550. e cJlo ot 5J-rc cscrr;lirua pa O6crnncuncro rra rpff xpr\{a ts citxpajrr{a 3oril
r rirc 6oloue. pr3llllrcrrarn xl ucltu r.pan. ilpclllo,lara. qe rvx ce noqlrra etrtrtr or
rrrr o,l. ll0-lfl,CFkl l{OMIltrt-Kcar c-[a]lBa cblUlt, {_.e.
Tprragn n ilpeBrrara oprrcrnit,jckit pcrrurur. 3a1
'rrri iltitrr, rcano n Vp. llrt Il,rntt:rr)rrpa:no- fpyrrara \pn\foBe D ocTa lta rr3llillcHlu Hit cctse_
,i riririlo Ha BxotroEeTe trccTo lilBl{ctJ oT o6u-
f raro
, rrylu nrnor o6porirurrc rrpoqecuu.
po3riraq \par4 nNiit c.llilH 3HR]JpaT (c.92.98).
llpcul:trarl (o-\rro3iiux{ Ilil ortlejrHltre flope;lu-
LT,Iil oeup, KynroRr ncM-oueril' , r ilo6olrroctorlrlurc xltauoBe or ro3Ll rtrtr
UIJ i)l np0ctltatcrtst C CbrtcriilIl C II3BCCTTIa
,, rLrar c6o;ruu rpaMoRe, qecTo rHlcllltrltit_ ita3-
f- Is"opo"u r: {J tcN[i o6ult Ko)l[,re[cx c HgKojtKo ]ltsopa.
IIBlJ)r{etiocl ria qetrug t(oNlffreKc. i1 c],Llo tr c ofKitl
or Lr1lcallto fco\{erpucHil ur,tturra tfoput. rrouro
jlvp tllapyKnHr xpaMoBa icHa Ha Caproq il I rt ritpaKi[{cl]. TvH rnorat ,ta cc Bnlgl r jlpy_ cr {apanepltfi H:a lcrpniicroto itBoptoBo
i lLilllti! Kllto tejII rra ctallug xltrt.tt c: icop crponie.rcrao (c. 92).
i I L \ril.l/rl ( ut.'(,!.\:u(Ht,oc (c. 94). Trcrroro o6lr,p:HaHc Nr,ry rJtsopctl, \paMoBC I lrr-
| ,," ,,r"n, no"n.,axe r. 14uqa.tr. rJocrl\)cH trypirr I,.r'paJcKa Nopomar" orlrrii:ru:rrpa 6olo_
r 'r)0. c taxt$ r{oMllrc(c. iteuritatlr(t
K.uacs,rec*a \p:lmotsa j-'\e[!ii cBctl_ lroNlit3ilHocrrl Ha acupniicxlrr.e cBc t.oBlni Brll;e_
, ri:r rprl(. roriro lo BptitJt,t(J trit XAM,vp.\flll 1C,r[L
98 Meconoramns/TrnonoruqVIII:
0 50M
BaBtrroH: 3uKypar,,EreMeHaHxB"
Pa3B[TIte Ha BtrcoKItfl xpaM B xpaMoBa Ryjra
unypar Nltcotrotrtutrr/'l
lilr \ llr |[ re npe,qcratrBar BucoKu repacu uJlu
' ' LI r"[r.iltil \paMoBU Kynil. Teluute I tgucc-
,,ii i,,,, \rr rovxHupal Har veconotaucxrq nei:i-
,.r r I lpcllrrccrnel{ullu Ha 3uKyparnre ca xpaMo-
hx r r r ('l):lcu, KouTo BcireAcTBue,HoBoTo cTpou-
r' tr I rl) | lit KyJlToBu (oMnne(cu B/y ocTaHMTe Ha
I I I I r ,r )r r cfpaAx ce u3AnfaT HaA O(OIHOCTTa, yK-
|
l'. tt ltt t rutt)nopuu sudoee u gocrtnHu no pa#-
t t I t t t t t, r 6 u. Haii-lr:gecrHnqr
t npuMep or paHHa-
'
r.r , r(,\rr c ,,Be,ru-st xe,tll", pa:noloxeu n/y re-
t, r, ,r r ir uil AHv s Vpyx.
llp' t Jtrrttuoduuacmu,mun nepuod 3anoqBa troA-
r' l,r.ilr,r ilpoil4BonoclaBsHe Ha 60xecrBeHolo x
,, nrrr,,ro. Boroeete ce npeMecrBar flo-Aareq or
1,,l,,rrrl, il CBeTmuUaTa Ce OTAemT OT O(OJIHOTO
!tlrir tl)iilrCTBO.
XaOaaxu: oBaneH xpaM I lxn.rrrHflT xpau n Xaoa4xtr' HoB crpoex or
1. nnaH ,,r' /()0. HapeA cbc 3a6ejrexxreJ'IHara cv o6L1Ha
2. peKoHcrpyKqur '/,,y,r/r/ (cMoHcTpupa HoB npoToTun Ha EucoKa
'," /"r' .r. Oeartta BbHUHa cretla onacBa trotro6Ha
rr,rl)(urra. B Hel e nrpaleua nopeAuua or noMe-
rr' lllltl. KOUTO Ha trO-BUCOKO HUBO OfpaXAaT npa-
rL,r,r r, rcH /IBop. B :alnara My nonoBuHa uMa Bu-
, ,,r I () N{ Tepaca, Koqro e tro,q brbJl cnpqMo noco-
r1rr( rr cBera. Cmtna.toaudua paMna Bcrpa]lIu
,, r I r( r r rbpa I{ 3Bex,qa Ha Ta3u nnaT(bopMa" KOflTO e
1,,11e ts ocTa Ha xpaMoBara [opra. floAo6eH Bu-
',,r \PaM C OBaJIHa CTeHa e pa3KpLIT B En OEEI4I.
llpournopeqilero u/y oaalua BbH[Ha (bopMa u
|ll,ilio LrbneH ueHTbp ce cpeua n B llryMepc(oTo
rl,,rroycrpoiictao (c. 86). Elleurure (oMmeKcff
r.rrIropnqHo ce onpelemT oT npaBobrbnHtrKa.
Yp: 3uxypar HaHap
Ilo( r |oeHoro B/y Hero Karo ocHoBa sApo Ha xpa-
r, XA,D,qA)I{LI c'lAbpxa BcmKLl fJIaBHn eJIeMeH-
1. nnaH ^r,r
2. peKoHcrpyKqxq I! Irit rlo-HaTaTauHoTo pa3BuTue.
ItrNvparbr B yp, x3AHrHar ox. 2000 ryu III
lilrircTUt e trbpBllsT Knacuqecru lunypar. Toii
| il( r cMartr3upa II pa3BLIBa reugeHquure, :a6elr-
r,rrrr u XeoAg2Ktt. [o,'ruara repaca, trpaBobrbJl-
rrh c AbnxlrHu Ha crpaHure 52/56 M u sucoquHa
| \ Nr. e pa3nonoxeua noA lfbn cnpsMo nocoKilTe
rr,r erera (uerupure arrlpa). Orrpunar ce napa-
rr';rr c Erunet (c. 124). Bly Hes uMa ABe no-Mar-
llr il [o-HucKtt repacu c bfnu B/y cborBerHuTe
nlrorruil Ha AonHara. Ha rperara repaca Ha
rrivpara Ha Bucoqnsa 2 l,3 3 M ce HaMvpa anupo-
htr t!'ru Karo xpaM 3a 6ora Ha rpaq Yt, 6ora Ha
ryrrirra HAHA.
ll cpe'qara Ha BXoAa uMa MoHyMeHTareH KoM-
il.reKc or orKpllrtr cTr'r6tr. Tp[Te cmttSut4uu
| \r veHa ce c\6ilpar B nopranHa crpa[a no cpeqa-
rir ra,uoj]Hara repaca. OrraM cpednomo pauo
II.].M][W B/coK xpaM rr,rru3a AupeKTHo [o ropHara rnar$opua. 3a
""vput, rol(lrupaHe Ha At:rfnTe cmtnatoeuduu pmnu s
m Y#:i:#""rolocreneHHil
r,r rrilr'e ca npucrpoeHu HatroAo6{Bail{u 6acrl'loH
ffiffii """r"n, "rp"a, rt1t1')P11 zgPgga.
E geopose
'lrr(ypaftT e B [rIIpoK npaBobrereH ABop, npeA
hoiiro trMa Apyr Aaop. ,{o cenepo:ananHoro paMo
rl orxpurara cru6a e [oreneHa cfpa,qa, (oqro
!8ilO e npeAHa3HaqeHa 3a I(yJIToBaTa Clryx6a B 3u-
r ypaTa.
tttrtt.tor nl \'lll: lllhlpill r
'lilttt lttly1l;tt llr'llll'llil It lrlr,I'l'l.lllrt rr Ilrlr'|tI'tr
ltil ll0llotrlltt ll(! llrrrlllil lr ,lIlllll' lll\ilrl'rill
rpa)lotre l.t'tt71t. I rl ()t'lllrt \l\l lr llllllrl
Bttlpcltu (rlllo( ltll lllrr \trl lrrlljr I lr ltltr trrllllltl
c6tlTflTc crpt/(lt ltt,r.t1r'lit ttritt rill(r rlrr^lllllillllll
Kouro ce 3a(lc;tl'lttltt (llllllrl(rl ll lrllltllrllrr nllrr
Tencttq MecrHocI. Oco6ctto Itllc'llllItllrillllll .I ll
.uHec TexHuTe xbnMoBc ol pyllllrl, K(lll I t' ll litllt'il I
rpubranHu(a M/y rpa,qoBeTc yl', lrl ()l;l'it/( ll
Eplt.4y c Heroem HqKora rbcro llacellcll l(y;lly-
peH naHAna$r.
3a ecuqru MeconoraMcKn rpaloBe e Bbnpoc Ha
npecrux na fiptrTexaBar Bb3MOXHO IO-BI'ICOK 3U-
rypar. fiocera ca pa3Kplrru 33 :urypara I 23
fpaAa.
Knacuqecrmr rnyMepc(u rutr llocreneHHo e IIo-
cnejlBaH oT no-cTpbMHil u no-Buco(I{ KoMn,!eKCU.
CtrnmosuAHara Buco(a repaca ce npeBpbua B
crbnaJroBttAna Kyr'ra. To3u rtrn 3aBJIaMBa rpa-
[oBeTe Ha KAC14TI4, ACl.tPI4Hr{]4 u BABllJlOHLIll.
Haii-ao6pe 3arla3eHxre ca B AKAP Kvo u 9ola
UAMEun, Haii-x3BecrHa e xpaMoBara KyJra
,,EremenaHmn" ete Banulon, or. 600 u:qurHa-
ra or HABvxoAoHocoP II Ha,q qecro pa3pyilaBa-
Hr4re npe[uecrBexuqu (Eurue I 1). tr{uero o:ua-
saBa ,,xpaM Ha ocHoBHug xaffiK I{a 3eM{Ta U He-
6ero". Kylara e B uesrbpa Ha rpaaa (c. 86) a
cBerrllruulero ua M,lrqvx (Ec,tllnA), cpea ABop
c ,qb,[xuHa Ha crpaHara oK. 400 M.
Pa:noroxesa n/y ocxonen RBaIpar 90/90 u, rq
yP. 3a-
e 3HasurenHo no-crpbMHa oT o6pa3eqa B
na3eHu ca celeM Haa3eMHu crbnajla Karo cuMBol
Ha BaBmoHcKara npeAcraBa 3a cBera. flo gaHult
o6ulara B[coquHa Ao toKpuBa ua xpaua e 90 u.
BrsuHute moc(ocru ca o6nuIIoBaHH c IIBerHu
rnarhpaHu r)xnx. CreHilte ua Haii-ropHala rpa-
uoea nrarSopua ca cnuu, noKpuBbr e or Merarl
(::raro?).
foreuute Kynll ca u3rpageHu cbc cnequaJlHa
TexHuKa. Tepacure ce cbcrosr or crorullu Kup-
flilqeHil uacroBe. flouerxay xM Bbp\y 6anacr or
flqcGK ce nonafar u3paBHtrTerHU poro3Ku' a
lpbcruKoBtr Bbxera c Ae6eluua ua pbKa cnyxar
:a ,,apuupoera". Orsocure,rno KpexKoro .sApo e
o6suro c ge6el uacr or neueHu ryx,tu. Ha uero
3trKypamre HepqAKo .[bnxaT cBofl Ab]Ibr xllBor.
Teo"'lortrqHoro 3HaqeHtre Ha 3ul(yparure He e
u3{cHeHo Han6nHo. loleuure clI'nanoBHAHu
paMnu npeAcraBrtBar no-cKopo cuMBoJIuqHu'
orKonKoro npaKTI{tIHu Bp'b3Ku c ue6ero (Ctnrr
Ha tr'Iaron). Xpaurr e/y nlarSopuara, tr3rnexAa,
cryxu Ka(To 3a xepBorlpilHoueHm, TaKa u 3a
puryua na ,,Cae4enara cnar6a", cuMBoJluqHoro
6parocrueraHlle Ha BbpxoBHt'ITe 6orore (XEro-
Aor vl81).
3urypalr,r e n,r,pBmr orpoueu o6eu c no,qqep-
TaH BepTUKa,rn3T,M, KaTO npu Hero ce Kaqae He 3a
3acTpoeHo trpocTpaHcTBo, a 3a meKmoHuveH
:ruar, roilro rpn6na ta AoMuHtrpa Haq lauguat!-
Ta u !a ocbuecTBx Bpt3Kata c 6oNectseHolo la-
umo (cpe. nupauugu, c. 122).
100 Meconorauun/Xapanrep Ha apxll'reKrypara rrpu ApeBHnre unBlr,'rrr3aqr{rl
Kylrypnre na 4u6oxara ApeBnocr Beqe
ruar rlo6parurenHo xrKycrBo (neLuepHa xHBo-
nxc, cKmu pxcyHKff, MarKa trracTuKa, opHaMcH-
ru), Ho HsMar apxurerr)roa. Ha HeonpegeleHoro,
HeopueHTlipaHoTo uHoMaAcKoTo B HaqtrHa Ha
xmoT c'boTBeTcTBa nmca
Ha otrpe[eneHl{ npo-
cTpaHcBeHrI KoHuenqutr u opraHu3arll4oHHll cEc-
TeMU, KOHTO Ce C'63.qaBaT eABa C yCeAHanUt Ha-
qIIH HA XUBOT.
Ecrecmemre nxec flpe!ilocrffiKu 3a npoeKTupa-
He u cTpoltTelcBo ca nbpBWHu nocTuxeHm Ha
[peBHure rIuBIUIIr3aquu. Kru rn uoxeu ga npu-
qucnuM ,,orKpmanero" Ha Bepr[KafltrTe tr trpa-
Btrs brbr. Kprrer xaro HeopueHrupaHa ,,npa-
$oplla" ne ce lr3nrrowa or 3arlaca Ha apxxreK-
rypnu $opuu, Ho B trpa(rmara ce ,r3MecrBa or
HacoqeHm trpmocrunHux- B/y ueronara ocHora
ce gb3,&aBaT noBeqeTo KoHcTpymuBHL Bpt3KU U
npocTpaHcTBeHu IIpoeKm no cbBpeMeHHocTTa.
Toaa gora:ea, qe rscuara Bpb3ra Nr/y reoMerpufl
u apMremypa e crapa.
Apxurexrypara B paHH[Te rltrBuJrtr3aqfifi
nMa eAHaBu ocuonu (c.78) u uHoro o6qu xa-
pamepncruKr.r. Tr e Hanp. MacrrBHa, npeAcraBu-
TeIHa, MOHyMeHTaJIHa, CtrMBOJrruHar KOHCepBa-
TuBHa, oopManucrr.rqHa.
Macnnnocrra rexHmegKr{ ce ocHoBaBa Ha Ma-
cuBHltt crpoex. Jlerara crpourelHa rexHltra Ha
gur6oxara ApeBHocr ce 3aMeM cr,c su4oBe or
rpau6onaua utfrHa rrJl4 rupruu. B Haqatroro ce
oSopM{T BT,TpeuHme noMeqeHug n rpagexbr e
Bb3MoxHo saii-trosouuqeu.
Xerauuero sa rpafiuocr u
MoHyMeHTarHocr
o6aue cropo no.u.r Ao yAe6etrBaHe Ha 3rrgoBere u
r.frpax.qaHe sa uacugsu o6euu. Or egna crpaua,
Te ca Heo6xo,qtrMr4 3a ocurypqBaHe ycroiqunocr-
ra npn no-foneMure pa3Mepr.{, a or Apyfa Bne-
qarJleHuero 3a o6eMHocr cb3Haremo ce rbpcli lt
3acrurBa.
Macussu.rr crpoex rapaHrupa xenaHxrr [peA-
cTaBtrTeJes tr MoHyMeHTareH xapaKTep Ha
oQuquaruara apxureKrypa. MouIra u 3HaqeHue-
To Ha eAtrH fpaA! eAuH BraAereJI, eAnH 6or ce Ae-
MoHcrpr{par vpe: uerpo6maew Ha Br.r.[ creHu u
u3BxceHtr o6euu. Toea onrl4qHo BneqarneHue
cboBeTcTBa Ha yBeJrmaBarrlaTa ce ,ql{cTaHqm
uly nogauugu u Bna,{erenu r ceercrara u u/y
BflpBaIqtr uEor n perlrrHo:luara o6racr.
Apxurerrlpara uprgo6uaa cnlrnolnqeH xapaK-
Tep. Pea.irHara Oynrq* u cuMBoJrnHoro 3Haqe-
Hr{e Ha ornelrril.r $opuu, rarro n Ha qe[4 crpaAu
ce trpennllTar. CuwornHoro c'r,,q'r,pxaHl4e qecro
trpeo6na,qaBa. Ouuqmermre 6ele:n ca napacr-
Barq BepTtrKaJtIt3l,M, OpueropaHe no nocoKtrTe
Ha cBera (,,ueruplme arrrpa"), cbrJracyBaHo
o6arprHe cbc creneHytsaHe Ha qneronere. Tuno-
nere, $opme u rlBeroBere Karo Hocumetu Hd
sHaqeHue (cnope4 EengueH) flpnqo6uBar ca-
rparna croiiuocr. Te ce rpagrquoHau3upar x
KaHOHtr3trpaT KaTO apxl4Te(rypeH 3HaKOB e3K.
To:H peruruosuo .qerepMuHupaH, cuwonnen
xapaKrep Ha paHHara apxr4re(rypa cb3AaBa
ocHoBara Ha 3npaBm TpaAl|rlI|oIlaJrlI3bM, trpu-
eMcTBeHOCTa, ItOflTO HaAXUB{Ba qeCTaTa
Ha noJruruqec(xre KoHcrenaquu. I {apere lt
rIUTe, eguHcTBeHuTe roneMu Bb3loruTenu)
o6BT,p3alil nHcruryrltroHaJruo c rpaflfiquure,
Kouro AT,ru(ar - Iopu B cn)ruau Ha y3ypnaqrul
cBoeTo rocnoAcTBalqo u non)rummHo
Hne. CrpourelcrBoro ctraAa KbM qapcKure
HOCTU U ilpUBWrerUU.
llpunr,pxaHero KbM rpaAxrlxoHHllre
o6aqe nocreneHHo BoAu Ao crepmeH 0t
3bM, KO,TO trpequ 3a C!3,qaBaHe Ha HOBI
u rtrtroBe v 3a6aBfl pa3Buruero Ha
TexHKa. {Dopuure ce 3ana3Bar ,[opu
pa3lrncHmr HaquH Ha clpoure:rcrno 6n uoml
poalr HoBtr Sopuu. B 3ile3a Ha ApeBlr4re
nu3auuH Hep.flAKo ce norBrBaT qucTo pec
ropcKn TeHneHquu, Kotrr'o ce [peBpbrqaT
BbrpemHa 6e:c'lgtpxarelHocr u
cxeMaTu3bM.
B pa:rruuure uuBnnu3aquu or re3il cxoAHu
IOBIIS npou3Tnqa U aHatrOrrrlHo
pa3Burue, qrluro Oa3u o6aqe ce u3MecrBar
cnpqMo [pyra c BeKoBe (Hatrp
uur/Ermer). Ksu o6rqure 6e:re:n sa
ryparaB orterHure Kyn r)?il ce lo6aen
Htrqr cruroodpa3yBarq xapaKTep, KofiTo
6a:upa ua cneqlr(DrlqurlTe trpeAtrocraBKrr
BcfKa KynTypa:
reorparfcra cvryat\w c KJruMar, crrcraB Hl
noqBaTa, cTpouTe.reH MaTepuar. ecTecBeH{
TPAHUIItr;
eTHOnOIuqecKa Cmyaqm C paCOBl{ U ueMeH.
fpaHUrIU, CBeTOyCeqaHm X penUDIu;
HI-I
ucTopF{ecKa cuTyaqm c paHHo xjru Kbclto,
6rp:o nru 6aeuo, npenarcrnauo mu 6esrpc.
trqTcBeHo pa3BuTtre.
Bt:uureaulure rnnone ll r[opull ca xapa(repnll
3a oTAeIHUTe UUBmtr3aUUU,
Crpa4Hre xa Meconoratrnn ca o6pa:qu rarto
no o6nlure, Ttra tr no cleuH$nuunre cn 6ene3l.l,
Pa:romure norBbpxnaBar pauuoro ot[opruruo
Ha opToroHaJHrI rIJlaHoBe, trpexoAa KbM trpencTa.
BrTereH MacmeH cTpoex, HapacTBarqur BepT{.
KaUII.I36M, Cb3HaHtreTo 3a Tparu4u{ u CItMBOIrtl.
HOCTTA.
Pa:suruero Ha mnuqHo MeconoraMcro crpolt.
TerHo il3KyclBo rafloqaa ouc e uaii-paHuure cta.
4uu. llrproo6pa:u runcBar, 3arrloro ilyMepcKg
Meconoraulu e u3npeBapua c BeKoBe cnepa.
Ir1nre no-waAu ilnBmu3arluu (Hanp. Eruner),
Orxpurrue or [IyMEpurE rnnoBe rr (topulr nrn.
peKu BcuqKr.i rpaHc(bopMarltru ocraBar oflpeAent-
rrlu Ao enuHu3Ma, B xoga Ha ucropmra Mecoro.
TaMCKtrTe CTpOmgIn Bb3npHeMaT X qyx,qu BnUq.
Hm, Ho npeAtrMHo ytrpaxHqBar Bjtfissue. Oco6e.
Ho BaxHu ca reqeHmra, Koxro rrpes Cttpltg u flq.
JTECTI,IHA e ,{pereu Eruner u I,Itroq.
ilaBli3ar
Horo CpeAtr3eMHoMoptre, ttb11ero ce npemuraT
c BrilflHWTa or Cenepua A$puxa, Agarolm n
Ea,rxasute.,{penua MecororaMuq o(a3Ba
geficmue B/y qnBullr.r3arlume B ufl cBrr.
I ilrr( r cc xapaKTepn3upa or Hul. ,{t,rra xaq
irlro r^r. pctara nporuqa npe3 crpaHara or 2-n
!!r'r rir ror .uo AEnTATA (c. 102). [oruHara ir e
nlilil,Irir r(aro rscHa ruloAopoAHa soua (,,uepua
,,\r,r"| | lycrutrra Ha C. A$prina (,,uepteHa
,' A|r"), qtEa npu fle.nrara crpaHaTa ce pa3uxpq-
rrl I lrr t rrocro ropesfie Hn cb3AaBa eAHarutr yc-
l {rl|r ilit xilBoT 3a II_ilaTa CTpaHa.
llo'ilr | fiKara Il llcroptrflTa ce oflpe,[emr or ABa
r r,rrrrrrr rlrartopa: noqru trbJ]Ha {3orarltrq or
.t|\ilr ilrpoAn u KoHTpacr u/y lopeH u AoneH
i r rrrrc r. lOxnara 3eMqr Hap. fopeu Eeunem (crc
I lt, rk il lrr'trner), ce cr,crou or nbJTforo nopeque
,r,r //rr. rruporo 2-20 w, c ManKo rpaAoBe Ir
, r,rl,,r lircc-qeHocr, I{eurlpr,r i e n 4trara Ha
llrr r rrpr TI4BA. CesepHara 3eM, Hap. AonEH
I rrrrr r. o6xeaqa eerpmoo6pa:nara AEnrA c
' r.' Lt ilirt'eneHoct x MHofontoilHu rpalloBe. Hafi-
,r,r'rrNli or Kouro ca MEMoI4c u TAHIc (Asa-
1,rr, I lcp-Pau:ec).
I r,nr r colpa$crm
KoHTpacr ce ,qo6aBtr u pa3nu-
'ilr'r ir r! pacure, Kynr)?Hure tt pen. Tpa,uuullu Ha
il,rt r' rcrneTo. B rsx ce KopeHu qecTo Ha6nIoAa-
lrrlrllttll Jl]'afltr3bM B efI[IeTCKaTa KyJlrypa, Ka(TO
il rnoTo nontrTltqecKo cbnepHllqecTBo, (oe-
t, I r cr l
,,, rr(lllMeHHo 3aruIamBa e,IUHCTBOTO Ha Uap-
, rrr,rro E,rarogapeHqe Ha cBosTa u3onaqm qpe3
I l\ ( r rlrrrftq norc o6aqe EmeT npexuBfBa AbIn'I
rr'pn(JJlil rra 6e:lpenrrcmeuo pa3BIrrI.Ie.
( rlrlrrcrBoro e npe,{trMHo cercKo crotraHcrBo.
I lrrcl e eAHa or itttrroI1ure ua,{peeunn cnrr.
I l|(,il rBolcrBoro 3aBucn or npuux,qaqure trpe3
lr o r o peqHn BoAu (l-n u 2-u Hu,rcru.r PA3nuB) u
,, I | ilxrioTo opraHtr3npaHo pa:npege:ren4e. I{eu-
r
l)()rc Ira trpOtr3Bo,qCTBOTO Ca IOneMuTe 3eMeBna-
r( riln I{a AbpxaBaTa, xpaMoBeTe I{ apucTo(pa-
(ilr rit. KbAeTo B orpaHmeHu paMI(Ir ce pa3BHBa u
rrlrepr6orearqo cypoBuHme 3aHarrwficreo. PyA-
I|illrr re. xaMeHonouuure, ropa6ocrponTenHulltr-
r( il MenHuut{Te 3a trarulpyc ca AbpxaBHtr npeA-
rrprrrrur. ,{o roneMure crpoeru Ha nlrpaMxgtr,
\lIrNroBe tr ABopqu ce KoHqeHTpI{paT ctrelluarlt-
rrrplrrr pa6orurHttuu.
ll r, rpc[Hoerunercl{lltr EproBcKIr nbr e HIIJ],
'll( ntara ruproBm o6aqe ce pa3BtrBa caMo B
( llJ0MHtr pa3Mepu. BtHruna cpfoBltq non Abp-
i\ilreH (oHTpon 3ailoqBa eABa s Cpeduomo 4ap-
u ce pa3rpblqa 3aeAHo c trontrwecKaTa
' tutx)
ttcnausul s Hoeomo 4apcmao. I4sHacsr ce Haii-
ilr''tc 3bpHeHIr xpaH[, MeA u 3Jraro Karo cypoBu
Nr( rilJrtr trlu foToBLI I{3Aenm, KaKTO U naflHpyc'
llilircsr ce npeAruHo AbpBecuHa (nueaucxu rce-
, )r/7) tr nyKco3Hu croKr (norupaBKl{, TaM{H u
r rr.). I:rannara ftproBcKa 6a:a e Etr6noc ete
,lrrrrurm. Xereuosmra B tr4. Cpenu3eMHoMopue
( Cmapomo u Cpe\uomo qdpcmlo ce Buxga caMo
L ocHoBaBa Ha MeAoAo6[Ba.-HaqaJloTo Ha ,tt€-
rfl rHaTa etroxa e nofil4TfiqecKil nperoveH vo-
lr. rrr :a Errner.
('ouna,,rHara crpyKTypa,,"qbpxaBeH uarp4ap-
\irr", e crporo iiepapxwHa. Hag nuporara uaca
rlt 6Hu cemHr croff uHofo6poiiHo qxHoBHil-
'recrro (nucapu) u gpe6Ho sauasnuiicreo. Yn-
Bb3-
lri[]nflBailIaTa npocnoiKa Ha eAptrTe 3eMeBnaaef:
ilir. caHoBHIUilTe U XperII4Te e 3aTbHala B ce-
llllrrro't/()cnotrr rtr r{yJrr}ptr1tr l{ll
Mei:icTBelocl il (itl)ltcl)l t t,u I lorrrr r rlrtr t,rt t rt
r
uHulluarnBa c tt pt'tlcte ttrt t1;t;tl lrlrrtlrrtott I,'
:uu gou), xoiiro tx rll)xir rir iicltttpttt'ttttt trt tttt
paMtrna ce palBa lla tt6ttxectttlttlttc lt,ll;(,r'tl,rl
Ha Bnacr. Mopa.rHara o6ul,ptitltoe t c rrorlillllrlir
3a cnpaBeAnuBocT (ma-at) llpcllllNllll (rl /(c(llrt
ruqHu 3roynorpe6u.
Pernrnqra cnea rIpoAbDKtreJIeH trpoucc clloil-
Ba pa3rltqHtrTe npapenumu B HeaofMaruqeH, olF
TI4MUCTTeH tronuTelr3bM, qtruro boroBe ce no-
quraT B MHOrO6pOfim lpedlnrrqeHlfi. Te ce
cwTaT 3a cb3AaTern u k?etruTerl.l Ha cBeTa Ir cb-
ulecBlEar B HeroBtrTe BnAI'IMu npoqBneHm (fo-
AuuHnTe BpeMeHa, npupo,qilTe curu, He6ecHme
rena, xuBuq cBfl)..I-{ap.rr, raro cuu Ha 6oroBere,
noxlr3HeHo HaIrpaBJuBa cba6l.IHure Ha cTpmara-
u cJIe,[ cMbprra cu ce n3altra or BpeMeHeH BbB
seqes 6or. Ha urr.rporara Ha 6oxecrBeHoro He6e
cborBercrBa rlpocrpaHeH Kynr c xepTBonpmo-
ueHr.u, npa3Hurln, Ilpoqecm lI MHOXeCTBO Kyn-
roBx cfpaEr.r.
Apxrrerrypara, KaKro u nplr [p]TtrTe,q)eBm
qmmu3aul{rr, e Abpx@BHa IIefiHOCr. Maqa6noro
cTpoxrejlcTBoro e cpeA 3aabJDKeHutTa Hd \4pfl.
folqua qacr or cpeAcmara Ha qapcrBoro ce u3-
pa3xoABa 3a ubpxaBHtr cTpoexu.
flpu crercroro crpoureJlcrBo yAapeHuero naAa
e/y u:rpaxgaue Ha npocropHu ABopIIrr B pa3ntru:
me pe3uAeHrluu., Ocneu rrx ce IEsrpaxlar OyI{K-
r-uoHatrM crpa[tr 3a AbpxaBHu qenl4 (c(naAoBe,
alMuHucrpaqrr;I) rI Maro6pofo{tr rpenocru. Ca-
(panHoTo crpome,lcrBo HapeA c xpaMoBere 3a
6oxecrseuilTe ceueficrga o6xBalqa rpo6HtrIIIrre
tr Br,3noMeHaTeJrHtrTe xpaMoBe 34 d6oxecBs-
Bamre qape.
Qarpaluoro tr cBercKoro crporlTencrBo ca pa3-
nxqHu He caMo tro trporpaMa u Tunollorw, Ho II
no crpourejlHm Marepliajl, qmro ynolpe6a uMa
cfiMBOnruO 14 peJImtrO3HO 3HaqeHUe. B CBerclto-
ro crpor{TeJrcBo AopH trpe,ucraBnTenHure IFop-
qoBu KoMmeKcu ce u3fpaxaaT npeAlMHo oT (up-
nuq ll ,[6pBO. Te C.nyxar Ha cboTBerHoro BpeMe.
Xpauoeere II rpo6HuqHure KoMInIeKcu ca or ec-
TecrBer{ KaMbK. Tona cuunolu:upa rtxHara Beq-
HOCT, CbrrIO (aKTO U pa3nOJIOXeHUerO Ha HeKpo-
ilomre B/y nycrtrHHoTo IUraro, KbaeTo ca Heno,q-
BjracrHu Ha Hlurcxm pa::run u cBbp3aHlrTe c He-
fo IlpoMeHu.
Te:u pa:ruuuu Mepru 3a BpeMeHHoro u BeqHoro
ce Bllx,qar u AHec: or cBerujll{uara u rpa,[oBere
Ha MbpBuTe ca 3atra3eHll foneMu KoMueKcu oT
pyuHu, ,qoKaTo rpaloBere I{ ABopqure ca trorbHa-
nu B TLII'ITa Ha HUrn UttU Ca Ce npeBbpHaJIIt B Ky-
nHUIa pa3BaiIHHU., cSerCXOrO CTpOI.ITeJICTBO Ha
B r{3o6paxeH[flTa B IIapcKI.Ire rpo6HlrUtr. Or 11o-
6omo qapcmeo ca pa3KpITM caMo IUIKOU pyIIHHu
MeCTHOCTU. cSunerelU Ha cTpourenHaTa ucro-
pur Ha nbpBo MJIcTo ca rpo6Hl'Iqure u caKpamu
crpaAu: Macra6[Te r, trupaM{AltTe or cmapo'
mo 4apcmao, Bb3trOMeHaT€JIHtrTe XpaMoBe oT
Cpeduomo yapcmlo Ir roreMl{Te xpaMoBe Ha
6oroeere ot Hoeomo uapcm(o.
 F-,runel npel efioxara Ha OapaoHure/XpoHo"qoruqHa 'ra6Lrnrta I0']
102 Ernner flpei erro\ara na (rapaoriure
3eMeaenfre, cencKr TpbcrfiKotsu Konu6u, traonil. KepiIMuKr
, ,,rtt) 3100 o5ulHocru xiltHrtlil, o6uKHoBeHh rpe6ro nnyt I

rpo6oBe

06pa3yBaHe Ha.,ABere npexoa KbM KupnnceHo ManKa nnac1uKa

3eMil' lopeH il loneH cTponTencrBo cBpeaen 3a KaMLlttr llLl)lril
Efuner npaBobrunHu f,naHoBe iepornilOM

rlr) LlapclBo KynrypHa r clonaHcKa roneMu Macra6h or KilPnilq rofl9Ma nnacTrKa il

lLilrilrcKa enoxa ABTOHOM/f npexoa &M KaMeHHO BAbn6aH peneo
IioflEH ErilnEt r r!) 2686 6op6a 3a eahHcrBo Ha cTpohrenclBo npfl
I ll /il^HaoTtt qapcrBoTo caKparHhTe ctpaAu CTEHBA NOTOHHA
, XeOpeH XilBONUC'
Munephf [xocep,
/ lLrt ),rMtrAil1e
, r 2686-2181
qeHTparr3bM
6oxecraeHo l-lapcrBo
qUHOBHilVECTBO
KoMnneKc Ha
n(paMrAfl B MoAYM,
.qaxuyp tr fil3a
Haqano Ha nilTeparypaTa
U MATEMATqKATA
lll Vl JttrHacrut xynr xuu Pa xpaMoBe Ha cffbHueTo B

Y"aYt A6v-fypa6
.l,4naxyH 3. Xa.6a
tXepaKneononMc

I rLl)oxoAeH nepuoA coqhdHo HanpexeHhe, cKanHff rpo6Htrqh Ha nureparvpa il cKenTuuu3bM

', : , aHapxtrt MecrHq Braaerenq

Apa6cKa 4. H;"y;;"i"it; II 2r B1 -2040
Ycepxa+ pa3naaaHe Ha qapcTBoTo
' nycfuiq MecTHv analeTenu

x"orononr" .t
ir

FeHu_XacaH
!9-yg"p-1" I
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Axocep & nptr MeHryxoren I l\4eHryxoren rottMaTa nnacTilKa I

yr-'"?-c-. _,, _ -. - - -- -, - _,- -,,., 4,
_
't,.2040-1567 pene+a
Ac;h.;. I
nenh a xll AffHacTtrt Kynr GM AMoH xpaMoB[ cfpag/, Ha{-Beqe
AxeaKap l ()( 1S91-1786 B KapHaK Ky6uqHa cKynnrypa
n6v Bb3XOA AO BenqKa cuna
LUencecKaQ 1] ca*grd ycaoreare ra Qaou xpenoclHo crpoilTencrBo tr3EHqeHa Kynrypa
','il.
IVH\C . I9l'gr-9e---,
CeHycepr lll
-. - --^ 6eApaueH rpalcKo cbcnoBffe {5yxaH)
anoretl Ha nilfeparyPara
.,
A6ilaoc. Hun
""" . Ae':ePa (qepHa n.) a
r,Konroc CHo+py a
HeraAa a (qepBeHa n.)
e luea CHo+py a qyxao aocnoacTBo BbBexaaHe Ha Konenoro
roPEH ErunET rYxcoP"KaPnax (npevynexa n.) A li rpexoAeH nephoA cKanBh rpo6Hilqn
KOH n Kapyqa
AMeHeMxer lll rrr 1786-1567 Ha xuKcocilTe
EcHe .. (cepHa n.)
Xueporo"no
'r. . HoBo qapcrBo e(cnaH3trr, Bb3xoa,[o Bb3noMeHaTefreH xpaM Ha anorei Ha crenontrca
oK. 1578-1075 CBETOBHA C4IA Xaruencyt
Ilnpanmgnre or A61-Poau /ro Aax[\'p noxoatr (TlrMoc lll) qapcKtr rpo6BH/tlu Harypanr3bM B nep4oAa
XVlll AilHacrxt
Jltr6tricKa nycruHq nep[oa ila AMapHa pa3urpeHa cTponlenHa Ha AMapHa
oK.1570-1345
aeliHocr oco6eHo B TuBa
(nyKcop tr KapNaK)

BoriH[ Ha PaM3ecqAure c/Y rpaAoycrpolicrBo, xotocanHa nnacTIKa

Kaf,a6ua. XIX M XX AffHacrflt
xerure tr MopcKilTe Hapoflu KOtOCilHT XpaMOBe nantrpvcHa xuBofrxc
oK. 1345-1075
BblpeuH{ 6e3peAr!i4 (KapHaK, flyKcop,
,[aKa . ynaAbK PaMeceyM, MeAilHer A6Y,
A6y-CilM6en)

A6y CilM6en I lll npexoaeH nepiloa eThonqil, carTu npoabrxeHile Ha npoabnxaBaHe Ha

nocneaeH Bb3xoA cTpouTenHaTa aeuHocT TpaauqrhTe

2-il npar
/ BaAil Xaroa AlllA oK. 1075-715
B roneMrle xpaMoBe
\. I Ceril {

I HA en/roHcTBo
AMeHxoren I KbcHo qapcrBo acrptrir.iu, nepcil OCHOBABAHC
+X MeHryxoren r oK.715-332 AneKcaHAput
CeMtse.rj Xaruenclr 332-30
lll TyrMoc lli AneKcaHAbp BenrK4 HOBO CTpOilTetCrBO Ha enilHr3IM
ll PaMeceyM nToneMeil xpaMoBere B EASy, KoM
Hy6urcKa nycruHe lll x AMeHxoren lll, OM6oc,,qeHAePa
xpaM TtrBa-x3loK
lil PaM3ec lll 30-625 PUMNqBI, Bil3AHTilqqU xprcrtrFHcKil 6a3vffvKv, HAqdO HA MOHAUECTBOTO

lll ! AMeHxoren lll, nbpBu MaHacTupu {AHrotstrr)

025 u zkM

Eruner no tropectrero tra HIr,[ I una u Heirunre HeNporro.trfl

.iltFF=ga:lGr*:-
104 Ernner/Crpor{Te,rrur{ Qopiuu I
rl.|t r^ilr( il'l efntreTcKaTa apxtrTeKrypa ce fBsBaT
r o6uunxu, ce 3aBbp3Bar
,'r'r,r, rrr a6crpaftqtrf u reoMerptr3trpaHe Ha
,rlr1r,r 11111 1y1 lreopraHmuuf cBsr
F,ru{, McrilurHu $opuu), onacm crtrJrtr3a-
lu{ rir pilcrurerm QopMtr (nanupyc, roroc,
r,r r^r,r ). (fqacru peMuHncqeHllm Ha caMo6urHu
' rpurrurrru TeXHUKT.I (CTpOHTeICTBO C A:bpBO,
ffiffi
rlr,r ilil(il tr fnuHa),
lltlrrrrusr Ha reKToHItqH[ It
rlxrpuu c eAfiH or rlocrofuHme 6ene3lr. B 3aBx-
| ilirrx t 0T cTwa Ha enoxaTa u npotpaMaTa xa-
I'irh r( l)l,r Ha ClpaluTe Ce Onpeletr
qpe3 noMuHu-
lrrrr' ilI cIluHm ux cTetreHTa Ha cblnaclTaHocT
trt \ liltilra KoMnoHeHTa, KotTo Moxe Aa locTlrHe
rr.rrr(, cltrBaHe. To:u 4ya,ru:tu e oco6eHo t3g-
r,r f r r l(lAtroptrTe. Texume wcro mermoHucHu
,/r, '/) 1/// llOKa3BaT flcHo KoHcTplTouBlro-cTaTne-
ffiffiMM
I r,, (l ntoueme M/y trognopa u roBap, Ho 3a erun-
r il il r r c lo-cblqecBeH e xapaKTepbT
t Ha MoHonm-
r0 r (). rB}paoTo, BeqHoTo. flparo:rrmmr rpa-
-ffffiffi
rrilrerr crrJr6 B aoJIIIHHII{ xpaM Ha XeOpeHoBaTa
nupaMnAa u o6etrxcK noroc tr nantrpyc r r r I tri(a (owe o) u npu3MarlFrHo {3pq3aHure
I
)r I M
ir [r (tHentrpaHu Kolom BbB Bb3troMeHaTeIHuTe
\llirMoBe or Cpeguoro \apc-tBo (omdncHo) cna-
,,r r r r,u rpo6uwHara apxurerT)?a, Koflo rpf,6Ba
r,r r(cNroHcrptrpa cepuo3Hocr tr Bewocr. TeKTo-
ilrr([ril troqnoptr ce cpeulaT omocmenHo prlro.
Itr,r tscruKu enou ca nonympHtr KoJoHtrTe!
I Ljll,l)Xalqu eneMeHTU OT paCTUTenHxs cBqT.
I Ilrc;prouurauu ca xepanquqec(ure pacreHuq Ha
I ()l)cH u AoneH Eruner roToc u nanltpyc, Kouro
rror i[ [a u3nbjlllgBaT caMo cfiwonuqHo-.[eKopa-
r rrrrrrr rpyurqun.
I llii-crapure 3ara3eHu (aMeHHtr (anureru ca IIa-
rrtrPycoBIt KoJIoHIt oT ceBepHaTa crpaLa Ha KoM-
rtt xce Ha [Nocrr (c. 122 cr.). Te ca uouyueu-
r;r rrtr cmnu3arluu Ha rpupb6oro cre6no tr KaM-
rlrroRu[Hu uBtT, KouTo ce oTIuqaBaT cbc cIileH
(ilypaJII{3T,M. or iroroconuq uBtT cbulo ce pa)I(-
Textotuvxu nognopn PaHeH nantrpycoB u naf,MoB Kanurer lir KatrurerHa $opua, xomo npe3 cpeAHoro tr
I loloro qapcreo qecro ce cnma c nannpycoBm
hlt ttrTen.
I lpe4lovnrar ce cHotroBtrAHtr KoJroHn, cru;ru3a-
rlilq Ha paHHu aeKopaTuBHu nolnopr cbc cHono-
[c oT TpbcTLtKoBI4 n narutpycoBlr cTe6na. Kanlt-
r clruTe ca BapilaHTff Ha ABa ocHoBHu Tuila, om6o-
l)u v 3amaopeH. llpe: Hoeoro qapcrBo ilbpBo-
IrirqilHaTa cTpoiHocT ce 3aMeIJr c o6eMltcTr4, qu-
lrHnptrqHu crBonoBe Ha (oroHure. Te qecro
rMilr lpocrpaHuu x3o6paxeHr,It It .f,cHo Bbrurr,-
ItaBaT TerrAer{qmTa KbM KoJrocaJrHocT, 3atroqHa-
rra npu XVIII gnH.
ffiffiffi KopHn3 Ha xpaM I lalmonnre KatrtrTenn trpou3nu3ar or,qbpBeHtr
r(onoHu c BeHerI or natrMoBll nucra. tr{:pa6orrara
ffi r"^ro"r""n ilM OT ltaMb( BOAH AO CTI{IU3aIIUJI Ha C'bI{eCTBe-
r rure eJreMeHTu: creo:r, nrxexu o6pbqu u traJrMo-
l. .fl;l op,"n,"""
rtr nncra, KaKTo noKa3Ba npuuep or V guuacrm.
OpraHtrcHu noAnoptr (nanupycoBu o cHonoBtrAHu KoroHtr) Xo"txe,tnllqr KopHr{3 cblrlo e crrurn3upaHa pe-
NruHucrleHrluf Ha paHHa pacTuTenHa yKpaca.
( )6u(onHrarr Kpbrr,Jr rrpoQnJr B 'brnure Ha crpa-
Cauocronrelxn Qopun rlara ce pa3BrBa oT Kpb?rume dbp6euu 6uwema,
KOUTO, 3a Aa yKpemT U nOKpmT Tp6CTUKOBUTe
Ernner/Crpoureruu OopMr I 105
3a ,{e(oparuBHu c(eneru
mu rnmeHu nuoHu.
(cKa,rHu o6pa3y- OcuonxHre QopuN ca u3urcqurenHo Abnro-
rpafiuu. Te ce noflBsBar onacru B ftai€oiuffia v
He3aBUCUMO OT CWHara Ha CTmOBere Ce 3ana3-
Bar ,qo r<bcHm repuog. Ha roBa trocro.{HcrBo ce
ocHoBaBa eaHaKBurr cneul,{suqeH xapaKrep Ha
apxureKTypara trpe3 xrunAonermra. yMeHxero
Ha emnTrHuTe Aa npunaBaT pa3mqHu 3HaqeHus
opraH[qHlr Ha $opMr.rTe npaBrr HeHyxHo oTKpuBaHero Ha
Aplru oOPMH.
3a erunrqsure ecruM crpourenHu $opuu uocrr
KOMmeKCHa CI{MBOJrI|Ka. oyUrqmra tr CT.IMBO-
nuqHoTo cb.qbpxaHtre Ha aaaeHa cfpana trnH
Cumormsocrra
$opua ca noqru Hepa3AeJrHu.
ua $opuure e e,qHo or rnaBHure xM trpegHa3Ha-
qeHtrs, qecro lopu r{xHa eau}rcrBerra qer. EAua-
eAuHcrBeHa tfopua uoxe ,qa crwonu3upa MHo-
xecBo fBneHm, cwv v Tpagut\vv.
f{yuu:urr ua reKroHma u opraHu(a, TpaAmruo-
HZUM3M:br t4 CUMBOJTUTTHOCTTa Ce CBbp3BaT B He-
pa3p[BHo eal|HcrBo oT (brr3uKa u ueraQu:ura,
KOeTO e XapaKTepHO 3a CBerOyCeUaHerO Ha erun-
uuure (,,uuruuHo-noerusHo uncreHe") ere
BgrrrKr.r o6nacrr.r. Hanp.3a reorortrra n iiepo-
rmtfuoro nucuo. flucuesocrra e rou6uHaqm or
o6pa:Hu, 3BFoBu u EnK)tsaremu suaqu (Ytu
c6r{).
Tosz pe6ycoe npuH4un Ba:M u 3a apxureKTypa-
ra, oco6eHo :a $opMu, Kouro BbnpeKu cBosra ro-
treMI{Ha He ca crpaAlt uJlu qacrv or rtr, a ,,merc-
mouuuuu suatqu", Hatrp. trtrpaMtrAara u o6ertrc-
rlr, finere ca eAHoBpeMeHHo caMocroflTeruo Ir
UflocrHa rfopua, re ca a6co,trumuu fiopxu.3ag
reoMelpuqHara rM qcHora o6aqe ce Kpue MHo-
roclpaHHa cuMBonnKa.
Kracuuecrara $opMa Ha trupaMunara e nonyqeHa
or pe3yrrar or,{brbr a6crpaKreH npoqec (c. 122
cr.cr.), roiiro e rqcHo cBbp3aH c ryrra rru tfa-
paoHa u pentrfmra Ha 6ofa Ha cnbHuero PA or
XEnt4onon14c.
Kru crulara $opuarua o6racr cflaga lr pa3Bu-
Tr4ero Ha o6ejrr.rcKa. 3a HefoBa ilpaoopMa ce cMs-
ra EEH-EEH, cBerrleH KaMbK em @opua Ha u3npa-
BeH HetrpameH KoHtrqeH MoHorm (uewup),
K:ru nrpxa cn roii uMa qynra, Korro nprl o6enuc-
r{r{Te (r4 npn npecyneHama nupauuda, c. 124 ct.)
ce reoMerpu3upa. Or ououxure u fiepouu$uu-
Te 3Harln MOraT Aa Ce ycTaHoBsT pa3nuwu cTene-
Hfi Ha oopMoo6pasyBaHe. Oco6eHo BcxHa e Mo-
Hll\'eHTiurHaTa $opua o/y KoHr.rqeH rIoKbJr B Jpd-
iloBeme Ha crbH4emo sa Y Nm. rpu Asv-fvres.
floclegna ce trorBrBa Kracuqecrara u?aeHa
Qop.ua, rotro or Cpegnoro qapcrBo ocraBa He-
IrpoMeHeHa. Brpxrr, uapeueu nupmuduou, uec-
To ce noKpuBa cbc cruffi or rnaro u cpe6po
(ererrpon). CrpanlruHure noB'bpxHocru uMar
Haanrcu.
Ilnpamu4uoH e u Bbpxbr Ha BcrKa romMa trtrpa-
Mnaa (c. 124 cl.)- nrpa6oreu or uai-relplr xa-
M'bK. 3arla3eH e caMo e,[I{H: or nlrpaw[ara Ha
AtueHsl,txer III. Herosara cuugolxKa ce trorBbp-
x,qaBa oT yKpaca u Ha,qmcu.
106 Eruner/Crpor{reJrHu rfopuu II
I r rrrrclcxure crpaAu or BcuqKu eroxu ce xapaK-
t,'l)il rupaT crc ,,ceueiiua npn,rHxa". Ocuoesn-
rr rrcpru ce $opuupar oilIe B eKcnepuMeHTar'r-
rrr r ir llaHua $a:a or saqaaoto ua Craporo rlapcr-
r" r cc yTBbpx[aBaT ff3rlrjro trpe3 enoxaTa Ha
r llr |
)rMxl{uTe.
,\llrilTeKToHlrnara xa o6eMnte s woro crpoe-
4'il ilMa 3a6erexxTenHa nprIJI{Ka c roneMtrTe
rllrl)oaHu $opwr no nporexeHue Ha rfcHara
I lrr rrcra Aoruua. He:asucl4t\'fo qalu yrogo6rna-
Ir'ro c c'b3HaTerHo untr He, c6c curypHocT e Ha-
,ililIc 8pb3Ka c enlneTcKaTa trpeAcTaBa 3a MoHy-
nrt r r r arHocr. Baxso e o6aqe
npeALI BcIrgKo xella-
llilelo 3a onpocTsBaHe, Ha KoeTo cboTBeTcTBa
rNrrrxero 3a a6crpanlm u pe.[yKrlm [o npocru
r,.oncrpmuu $opt',tu.
I o r lcrsure nocrpoiiKr4 erunerc(ara apxr.rreKTy-
I
|it ilpennoquTa croroiiso JlexaIIII{ I.!II4 cTo.{ult
rir r ropeuu o6euu. [opu lpl-t u:nncenwe nutoHu
rir xpaMoBI4Te $poHroee BepruKaJrHoro,qBuxe-
ilrc cc cnupa oT noartepTaHo xopu3oHTiurHr.Is ro-
lrfil laBbpueK.
I orrcmure KoMtuercu safi-qecro ce cbcro{T or
rt"ltc-lrua ellra$o il]rpaneHx o6evil c pa3nnHa
rlrcoquHa, o6eAuHeHtr orBbH or BHyuurertw
\ol)r3oHTa.[ Ha orpaAHl]r sug. flpn npecl4qaHero
KapHaK: raEtrrtroH Ha AMeHxoren I
ilNr qoBeKftr Bb3npueMa (aTo nopealtlla cBeTiII{ u
il,MilK 3OHI{ C BUCO(U CTSHIIJ TeCHU trOpTU' OT-
l\|)lrr tr ABopoBe Il TbMHtr KoJroHHu 34tru.
ll r,rruHoro *sgeficmze n:bpBoHarlaJrHo ce 6a3u-
prr H,/y t[opuupaHero Ha crrJryera c roJreMrr, He-
llir'!qneHeHu noBbpxsocm. B Haqanoro Ha Crapo-
to (apcrBo ocBeH e,[pomorrlHx eneMeHTu uMa u
| ilcTnqHo HasyneHl,t 3LIIoBe, Ka(To npl4 MacTa-
(rrre u creHara oK. KoMnJIEKCA HA AxocEp (c.
1"12 cr.). Tyt uua MecotroraMcKr{ rrmum (c. 82
r'[, ). cB6p3aHI.I c eJIeMeHm or AbpBeHm c(ejrereH
r'rlroex (c. 112 c:r.). B cmtnanoeuduama nupa-
rrrida ua {xocrl cbrrlo ce AeMoHcrpupa npentro-
,rrrraHne K:bM nracTuwo pa3ABmeHu KoHT)?n.
(' nfipaMnA[re ua IV guu. (c. 124) uucrara He-
|ir3cr'IeHeHa noBbpxHocT cTaBa AoMuHupaula,
( )r-roraBa, rexaqa xopu3oHranuo mu crorofiso
( r osula, Ts r[opuupa rourypure Ha crpaAure.
( ) r Ka3br or ['IacrllrlHo ueHeHue tr MaKclrManHo-
ro onpocrflBaHe o6a.Ie c63AaBar He caMo Bne-
,nTmBarqo qcHu ctr]IyeTlt; fJraAKLtTe noBbpxHo-
c ru ce ora3Bar npeBb3xo,qm 3a e,qHa or Haii-ca-
N{o6qTHtne xy,{oxecBeHu, v3sBV Ha erutrTsHtr-
rc, n4r.r6axnr pereQ (c.105, nlrpaulrguou).
('jruBmero Ha l[o6pa3ltrennoro ri3KycrBo c ap-
\ure(Typara 1ocrura uafi-eucua creneH B em-
ilcTcKoTo IIJTOCKOCTHO LI3KyCTBO.
lrlrHnercxnrr MacoB crtrr BG3Hu(Ba qpe3 cb-
rrarenHo pelyrlnpaHe Ha HaqanHoro Mnoroo6pa-
rue or $opuu go HsKoJIKo ocnoBlrrr eJreMeHTa.
( )6paMqBanero Ha brrure Ha crpa,qure c Kpb?tu
u po Sutu, xopu3oHTalrHrl-flT 3aBbplttelt c xonve-
t(H KopHu3, opraruqHure H rerroruum (ropuu
ilil floAnopl{Te Heu3MeHHo ce Bb3BpbtrIaT KaTo ca-
MocrorreJrHu Qoplru (c. 104). Iloao6so e noro-
Iln.nocrnu Qoplrn xcHuero c roJreMure u rlrulocrHure tfopuu: nu-
.[oHLT, ABOp6T C KOJTOHtr, XnIIOCTnJrbT, mOC-
Eruner/Crpoure,.ruu QopMr II 107
KIrqT noKpI4B,,qLJlrI{Te BbHIXHII CTeHLI, naBMI4O-
HHTe 3a cBerrleHure Jranuu, aneure cf,c c$ffHKco-
Be ca u3truTaHu nocToqHHn BeruquHu Ha (aHoH
oT ror'reMr.r $opuu, rouro HeyMopHo Bapr{paT
npe3 BeKoBeTe.
fluloHrr e oco6eso xapaxrepeH ereuesr. floq-
TU Bmam [BofiI{ara nmom-6rusuaqu uaprupa
BXOAa 3a CBerrUrurlara. or
nrpnure eraru Ha
paHHaTa apxuTeKT)4)a oT rnuHa, TpbcilKa u ,{6p-
Bo npe3 MexAmuu $opun, Hanp. B cKanHme
rpo6Hrrqn Ha Cpe,qHoro qapcrBo (c. i20 c.n.), ce
pa3Brua crarunpruara $opva Ha nBoiiHara Kyna c
u3AbmeH npmobmneH rlraH u HamoHeHu cTeHtr.
Z:o6paxermra HaA Buco(ure BxoAHff Bparu
loffrepTaBaT cr.rMBorrrrKaTa Ha sopMaTa, KapTr.r-
Hara Ha ,,6owecmaeHw xopu3oHm ". B Erurer
TOfi Ce OnpeAem oT cKajrHr{Te Tepacu or ABere
cTpaHu Ha peqHaTa .4oJIuHa, Ha,[ I{ofTo ce I.I3,qr{ra
cnbHuero. 3aururara sa cBermunrero or 3ntr cu-
nu cbrrlo HaMupa ctrMBonmeH u3pa3 B rpynaTa
KynH. B lllnnuono.lo6Hnre Bo,r]6HaruHn ol flper-
Hara crpaHa ca 3axpeneHll crr,Jr6oBe 3a 3HaMe-
HA, KOUTO Ce U3BUCSBaT HaA nOKpUBUTe Ha nmo-
HItTe n ca yKpaceHll c BLIMneJ[r: MoHyMeHTaJtr3u-
paHtr trpancropuqecKr4 Oerr.ruu, npeBapHar[ B
urpu6ytu sa 6oxecrsesoro.
B roreuure KoMnrercrl Karo MEALTHET AEv
(c. 1i8) u Karulx (c. 114) mrrr KbM xpaMa e
pmMu3upaH c MHoroKpaTHo pe,q)BaHe Ha ilmoHu
u ABOpOBe.
Xunocrunrr (ronoHHa 3a:ra) B trpocrara cu $op-
Ma e flIaBeH ereMeHT Ha erlm. xffIntllHa crpaAa
(rocrogapcra xrqa, c. 1 10 cn.). Omau ce npena-
cs B ABOpTIOBOTO CTpOUTenCTBO, KaKTO U B Ca-
KpatrHaTa apxmeKTlpa, a MoHyMeHTilHaTa cu
Sopua gocrnra B roJreMure xpaMoBe Ha HoBoro
rlapcTBo KaTo trpexoAHa 3aJra oT aEopa c KonoHu
KbM BbrpeuHocra Ha xpaMa (c. I 16 cl.cl.). IIpu
TOBa Hafi-qecro ce pa3uup.rBa cpeaHoro Mex,qy-
KOJTOT{HO pa3CTO.{HI4e, 3a Aa Ce noFtepTae UeH-
TpatrHaTa oc KT,M caHKryapus B I43rlsiro rBn'bJrHe-
HOTO C TIUJTUHAptrqHU KOJTOHU npOCTpaHCTBO.
Cllqara uer ce npecne,[Ba u c u3BuceHure cpe,u-
Hu pe[oBe rorouu, 9pe: Tsx ce cb3naBa 3aAur-
HaTa cpegHa qacT, quuTo Bucoltu npo3opqn ocBe-
TqBar rleHTparHara nbreKa no'qo6Ho Ha npoceKa
B ropara or KoJToHu (.6asunurcateu uanpeveH pa3-
pes). Tozu npr.rHurrn ce orKporBa npu roJreMrrt
xnnocrnn n KapHaK, lro ce cperla u B TaMourHa-
ra npa3HuqHa 3ana sa Tvrvoc III u rleHlpilHara
3ana Ha gnopeqa B MA,TKATA (c. I 12). Bncorara
cTpaHuqHa cBeTnuHa e eneMeHT Ha,qpeBHoem-
trercKoro tpopqoBo crpomencmo (c. I 12 cr.) u
e npoALIKTyBaHa oT It'IrIMaTHqHrITe yCrOBr.IS.
CuuerpHrra u pa3Buruero Iro A6.rrara oc ca
cpeg Haii-naNmre npuHqxnu Ha eftrnercKara ap-
xuTeKrypa. Te orpa:jlBar n:r:rr'leAa Ha efnnrqHu-
Te 3a ilpotropquoHuHocT, xapMoHro u qcHu npa-
BWa (c. 126). O6ycloneHoro or ocoBara cuMer-
pm orreAarHo yABorBaHe Ha sopMure (arefo-
prirrHo onpeAenr 6a,rancupauo crarnqHm xapa(-
Tep Ha eruneTcKoTo cTpoIITeJIHo I-I3KycTBo.
 108 Eruner/Tutrorrorur I: rpa4oycrpoftcrno
I rr r|cl( aHTmHure uarqa6u Emner e fbcroHace-
'rr ilir rcM9. 3a pa:rura or 6e:Jrro,qlrrTe IrycTtrHr B
t lrrcpra Arppura HaceneHuero ce qrpynBa B,qo-
!ilil;il ir rril Hru. EcrecreeHara nocJreu4rla e KoH-
il, r rl)ilrlnqTa B rpa,qoBeTe. ,(OCera Ca pa3Kpmu
I ir^ro ilrKou tfparuenut or re:lr rpagOre. AH-
urrrrr ilcropuqu raro XwoAot u [tto4or orutc-
til r (triltulxl xvBoT u 3HaqemeTo Ha roiIeMI4Te
rlur(,rc. Ho He sbpmr cneuuua n/y rpagcrure
l r,rrrouc. Haqeu(ure, pa3Bumero u cllcreMme
rr,r r PiploycrpoicrBoTo Bce o4e ca noqTu Heno-
iltitIil.
I 1r;rrtorcre Ha paHHara etroxa B63HuKBar (aro
\ rl)errcHm a paiioua ua Pas:rtma, Karo lla3apu
|,rt l)c3trAeHrluu Ha MecrHI4Te BnaAerenu. B or-
rrlreral a KbM cBera ,{elra rr,prorrura Bo[u Ao
r" i)r,ll3 paclex,3apax{a ce rpaxAaucro o6rqe-
' rrrrr I pagoeere-pe3r{,qeHur{u B CpeAeH u lopeH
I r rrrrc r :ana:sar iiepapxrrnrlg cu o6lur.
il rorlrrrropnu l4,qelr u maHoBu Kouqeflqu[ 863-
ilrrkrrir l eABa cJIe,[ noJII,ITIlqecKaTa (oHcojll4,[aqm
r (.lllrrtra AbpxaBa c nbpBa croruqa Menronc.
I lr'rirroro ocgoganaHe lt crpoexbr Ha KpenocrHa
' r( lir
(MEMOT4C:,,84:r,r CTEHA") Ce nputrffcBar
r,r rcleHAapHuq qap MEHEC, Ho roBa Bepo{THo
r r,unAa c ynpaBneuuero Ha Axocep. Cbc cb-
,r, ilcrr]treTo Ha xpeql{Te Ha 60r IITAX HeroBI{tT
r llrcrr apxure(T IIMxoretr nocraBs Haqruloro Ha
r( ilrKara enoxa Ha apMTeKTJ4)ara n Craporo
rr.rpuleo (xoumexc Ha Axocep, c. 122).
l\lr Nr,btrc craBa nbpBmr rotrM tpaA B ApeBHus
rrnr. ,Jauu no-nbcHoro uaJrupaHe sa TtanA ce
rl)lr0rrupa no maHa Ha MEMoIic, e Bce orle He-
,rt rro. Cropeg goceraumTe npo) IBaHr.Iq ocHoB-
rr rAcu Ha en4nercxoro tpagoycrpoficrBo ca:
l. Opnexraqnr tlo ttoconure Ha cBera, aKo
rororpa$r.rnra [o3BotrBa. flocorara cenep-
ro| e 3a.qBJtxItTeJrHa,,ecrecrBeHa oc" B Uqn
liluler. 3a cBerl4JTrlqara ce Harara lporqBo-
llonoxHara oplreHTal[4t n3ToK-3anal (xoAbr
Ia cn'[,HqeTo).
l. Oprorona,rnocr B oqepraffira a yJrr4qsara
Mpexa. fpaAc(I.I llloqtr (aro npaBUrrlll npaso-
rn-brHnqn c scHo orpaxAaHe or oKonlloro rlpo-
crpmcmo qpe3 creru. flpanorrurna yluuna
Mpexa c opToroHiuril.r oqepTaHuq Ha rpaacKr{re
KBapTann.
l. lIeHTpaJHo pa3rroJrolrceHr{e Ha cBerl{Jrrrua-
Ta I| ABOprl[Te, npe,qu BcwKo B roneMI,ITe
r palloBe-pe3uAeHrlun. Acso o+opMeHa AoMIi-
ilaHTa B rpaAcl(m rIeHTbp.
'1. llpucrcrnue Ha aoaara B rpa,rcrfir nefi-
tar( - KaHatru, e3epa tr BoAHU orneAana, cBbp-
raHu c rpaAuHcKtr KoMrureKcu. E;raromopuo
lleiicrBue B/y rpaAcKm uuuar. Ee3uyueu u
l rpaKTuqeH TpaHcrIopTeH nT,T,
5. Coqno.rornqna crpynTypa, anaJrortrqHa Ha
iiepapxuuuoro pa3neneHtre ua o6ulecreoro.
L)rgerem xmurqsu Gaprm, pa3nwlHff oqep-
'raHlUt Ha ynullme n napqemTe.
)lpr,x npuuep 3a pealm3ar1mra Ha re3v rpaBma
r r ptrAc(ru{T maH Ha Kaxyx MaJrcK rpaA Ao nu-
Io,rriM rl MaJrbK rpaA [pe3 etroxara ua r[apaounre sa CgHvcspr III, xurlrrqex a anMv-
l)irMtrnara
Ernner/Tnno,rorus I: rpaAoycrpoficrno 109
HHCTpaTUBeH rpaA trO BpeMe Ha yCBOSBaHeTO Ha
<De.tou nCpeluoro qapcrBo.
fpa4crmr mau rcHo orpa3rBa tlyurquara r co-
rluanHara crpyKrypa. Brn nrrpenuocrra Ha npa-
Bobra,THara KpenocrHa creHa Ha 3anaA, KT,M ,,He-
6raronprlxruur axrrp", e o6oco6eno pa6orura-
qecrto rero (c. I 10 c:r.) c recm penuqtr or pe[o-
Bu Kbulx. Ha cesep. rlu ..6raronprorHm sr-
rrp", ca BmHure napqeff{ c roJIeMu Ktrrlu Ha
qapcKme qtrHoBHuqx (c. I l0). Ha Ior u rcrou3-
TOK C TsX rpaMqaT KBapTZIJ[4Te Ha ,,Cpe,UHara
ruraca": sa :asasnuu, gpe6ulr vrmoeHnlu tr Tbp-
ronqz c pa6ormuqu u na3ap.
,,Axpono;mr", pafioH :a nonurllqec(a rI peJru-
fxo3Ha penpe3emaqur, e u3BbH ynllqHara Mpe-
xa. Btnpexr qe He e B cpetrara Ha rpaaa. toil e
n[eaJrHurr rIeHTbp, oK. rofiro ca noApeAeHH
(Bapranr{Te. To:u rpagcru maH c npenre,qHa
$yurquouarua opraHu3arlm Moxe.qa ce cMtra
3a paHeH nprzMep Ha BW ,,KoroHuaneu zpad"
(frpqur, Cpeguoeexoeue).
T[sa rerose Hapeg e cronuqa ua Cpeduomo u
Hoeomo qapcmeo It Ao K6cffi nepuog ceAann-
rue Ha,,6ora ua qapcreoro" AMoH (KAPHAK, c.
I l4). Or ua.nr,x flpoBilHuilileH rpaq roii ce npe-
Bpbrqa B cBeToBHoI,I3BecrHa Merpononuq, Hap,
crc i00-re nopru".
,,TtIs,A.
B onura cu 3a pe(oHcrpyrqr.rr Epucr Euu ce
pbKoBoAu oT pa3nonoxeHl4eTo Ha pyuIIHuTe xbn-
MOBe 14 Or AHNrOfw C Apyrll fOneMIr fpaAoBe
(T,truac, MErrlozc). Tofi u:eexga rpanelloBunHa
rpaAcKa moq or or. 6/9 ru u/y rrcpnouaua:ruo-
To reqeHue Ha Hw u rana,r n nepntfepuara ua
nycrllHsra, :ag roiro 3anowa rpa,qbr Ha Mbpr-
rr.rre . flpanotr:r,:rua cl4creMa or fnaBHr.I ynuqlr
paltetr rpalcrara nJ,Iou Ha Gaprilu ra o6ura-
Tentr c pa3nr.IqeH paHr.
I{eurrprr e orpaAeH crc co6cmesa cresa. He-
foBure crpaau - cBeTr.rJrurla, qapcKn ABopeq, an-
MilHucrparuBHr I..t crorlaHcKu nocrpofixu ca ra-
o6uxoreuu or naprone. Cpe4nara oc ce o6pasy-
Ba or r(aHar c qne r.r3KycrneHu e:epa. Ha rcr nu-
poK u3KycrBeu pbran na Hlu Bo,qrr KbM trptrcra-
Htrrqe,qo nycrtmoro n:raro (Eurxrr Asv). Tau
AMEHXoTEn III u:rpaxga HoBlrs cu ,qBopeq
(MAnKATA, c. 1 l2), rau ce cr6upar u pa:npege-
mr ropa6uure roBapLI 3a Hek?onoJrure.
AMEHxorEn IV (ExHAToH) ce orrrima BpeMeffio
[a Hanoxu ro-coo6ogna Korrqenqus c/y crporo
oproroHuHoro rpaliluuoHHo rpaaoycrpoilcrso.
Toii npeuecma cronullara B AMapEa (AxETA-
roH).
Pa:rpumre ocraH(n cBu,{erercrBut 3a ,,auHea-
peu apad" to tporexeHue Ha lleKo rI3BI.IToro Ko-
plrro ua Hur. B rpagcxun qenTr'p IBopIIoBxre,
caxpa;rHr.rre rr a,qMmcrpamBHure crpagu o$op-
Mrr pexaBa rpyfla oT ABere crpaHtr Ha rnaBHara
yluqa 6e: ocoBn Bpb3Kr4. ,{nopeqrr ua 6pera ua
Hul e orgereH c ynuqa or qacrHara BMa Ha
ra My KbM ynuqara ce orBapq ,,npo3opeqbm 30
nonea",uaxufiro qapqr ce noKa3Ba npen Hapona
ltPU TI'PX9CTBeHU CIYqM.
 .JIIOdIIIIUIilI
oHr?il]rsrrfrrr ct, r)b9osf, rrs|JJollJclu lr /7,{{/t?a
-.)1111 lllt Jtlg0l"orr o1r uHIln]dr l0 Ilt]JIiOtfi00c€
0) elIIrHg aHtH{uf,d rt r{1.lo1lr{oMr.r{ 3hJaoil
llrlrrf Jdu'?r{ilrxd.r-l'Bd.r o.1.[) H:]lndrau'uHdunv
'KtHltf,uh0u
-tiJalrr al.rrHhlilt f, HJtpdgocf, a oJ[o) 'rrr.r rlagor]
-JO itlJIlJ Crr n.r.fi8r{LlgH Uf, llln,lt t1:3-L J.LiliFnduri
eH rrdJr{rcd rrarBrjiJ orrlfarrPH trdf,l'ilmqJ ns
-ofad HHIilotrtrodYJ o r.D) Htiiit?) eH ullenrroll f,J
oH')rodot)e ) nin.* etvt..r.o ef, aJ 'lmf,dnsx H3s
-Jtgol tcg.{tcdgo )tlilil1)lH9olltth Dtl L|(Ddtt )LattH
-htnt nu; H.ixu)l cil rrtlr-r1 u)f,lled r sfiHdJNraiu g
.HqSXII
rUado{tult tI ltH:JJ l0 xilJL0)lxgollf.3 ll.llllillr{ li
-horl ou'ltHdotSodu-ol Urlr Brrf,r.r-01r JIi.Lg gli 3x
-or\ 01119:! /tr1-rl-al.r N{uxE.r J.r..1flollpal-r ltJnt llttpom
Jir ll]ri fl Llf, of, JtiHax0[0uo-l.Jf t! r o .r ]or\11 JUrlllf, [J
'lltIIJJag t{ oila€J f, EIIxll|Ll.r }r Bl\x xfelldPL llr\irJ
I xuHJltrJrlofi [ i.nodosll r])JHlruof,3 'Iraloli
-o.r HdJ
rdov:.0 tlgnqttotr Jf, srrrrf,ln3r{0rr illr{d: cr:u[
'?-t?ri1:JirLIrr ur J.r.utrJ tr uIItl
-Jlrranou S.ttiHttrgalJJ uJ o r l:lo)r 'ro 'n.r uH1:lltrf, ti lll
-urrfltirll Ii:clil ltHouo) J cloqf vqrion f, or-teh JIH
-ixoiiorl oroHra)ltltof, ro r:ot{rJrttut; a Pttdttrt
-odr orrrnw-itu ririlr ahJ{olI '[nrJruni tHIr:tuo.LJ
-orlcf, urrier{ o t?f,uHax llH pltlnc} ulltclr()all xl
-f; IIJS I,JIIId.L]OdI IPStrAUOIi E'JIIJIIIiI\OII O.L IIdEII
-al.toalo.tt u E.rtsFre9'ptrHlltu3'gullJTnJI{otI a.ruH
irlHrdrJ (81 I '91 I J) oHf,Jr:f,rlod.tl ololtrucl
-)lll g tH:I{Jr3 Hfa?fi oil]) llr!illthlttg e.l,,Ixos
-otr trJogtr.[l] x etrEf eNodr{m'" Pr.on[redoll
'JJto)torr NJ JO crEHIledJ a oJJlt lief,
'Dl Dt t11i!.11I.U)t)U1?r f,1ilrO1iO)ilCjllr:h tU It{dO(l)
a(1.1r or{:flouxllgo'JJilIJrlJl{oH oHfluli.r "(lxnl! t)od
-rrrr) rrra tHtlJndu f;IthcLltrurrclluHoltul) llfilchf,o
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r,r r lirhtsl ill ctrotBercTB:lT FIil ro3il BilcoK pititf.
uapcKu aBopeq
, ririlr{) lltsoltrloBor'0 clponTcf,cIa0 l{lllae B{l-
rcxeH EBOpeu I
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l r
ceBepeH aBopeLl i()\t. 3a xarlocl ca laIa3UHU citt{o [ta]lo-
cpeaeH aBopeq
' , rrrit r)crAHKu oT foncl{I1lc !(tsoprllt.
:F
naBufuoH 3a aynileHuuu
xpaNr Ha AMoB
npa3tsfrqHa 3afra L
3ailagTLrMu ' ri! inreJHara rrr4 pail[a Qopua ce 1,crailo-
npilcnyra ',.r r o u:o6parNcrrrgri! FIil ,lBopuoBa apxrreK
rontM laop I , I fro6HilUH, capxorfa:r r cre,rn or L'rapo-
Bvtril ;r,rlr. rBo. fJr,rruHrrrc (tporrToBc na rorerrrrrc
ynrqa
,,,,rr.:rirr (c. I22) I uHoro6pouttu tupruxftu:u
t).ll orlopNlctrr Karo,qBopuoBtr Qaca4n c
r,,,rL;ilt:gll It3IAlrlrx- VaCr OT KOl,ttt,il-iit,t rra
, r,{c. l2l) ce cLCloll ot cuNrBonrirrHrr.vtr-
r : r, raKtr crparlr. fe lralo;1o6rna r utii-1o5prrc
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| cLC cl'cIefi IIn]Hex oT Jt.1d7l
^/)]k)!il1)l|;IlLilt
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, I irrlLlU ol rleK0 tl3RIJTII t|117)ulouLi PCtLlalltt;t.t (
jt t I ti(\ta ilt)hp Ufi1 U(.
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LLI riritKTcpn3ltpauil efrnelcx:lTa apxxleKrylta
, r.!rriir lleplloll: IloclaileHI BUCOKO troI [0-
i tt l)ruttnlbqtut npoJolltl!t. d1taett tpt<)oper).
m ;:til:::??:i;"""""'""
t,iut iur t:uilunte,tu u tsoJ)HLt3u (c. 104. 106).
t,, .r ilrpulnaHa scc oulc ctraSogtr{cpctrqnpa-
ffi *rntt1*u
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fl cronanrreo, , ilr r ir tlccllrilre cTpollTenFtrl Mtlcpxlulu rlp!'n-
L itruhHflcTpaqilg ,ilri,f irrit 2lpxutcxlypa. Il3nor3B:trlrirr leK.
f] unru, o"uoo"" ' r1ilLraii MaTcphrl. Kitr{To x l{HofouuclHrrre
orue HenpoyleHo , ,)li llLUu tr rrpH.[aBaT l]pt.ilrffceH r ,ltoHr]KbJlc
i]] I I il( itdlOcIcil xapxKTep.
l,' rLiilit|r,ilrHoro pa3Bult{e rroqru Hc MOXC ua ce
, i, iL rL ru rJ ilex.[lrJrrlirc ltv (ta:n.
,,1 r ro ro rl rp06rtnvlto 0 ctltolrelcrto
t ;o6l-
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'.rr1! 3:t lpocrplHHil lr3Bofx. Pat(prrlirc
lt r\!L rrril or llyxltx, rraii-Beqe crpau rra XVTII
r r, I'ttg,l u AN{ApnA. ca tseqe or Ilosoro rtalr-
llLoilrrlbl'Ha AMeHxoretr III n llalnara s
, irine (paii Ha TilrJ.{ (c. l0E) e trocrpoctr nr
L
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r,tr\"faTa N{y Ttttt. Pa:troloNcrr u rrepu(lepru-
, LIYCTUH{]'I. IlellOCpe/lCTBCilO ito IOrl'N{OTO
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, rr r piltr it llefoBrTe Hcy,qo6c r Ba. r{o ce BlDKna
r, ,r ulra npl:ra c TlIB,t.
l,'rL.rir( r{ut.lBopcq r r{)ireNrrrrc cBcrli]tntrtil. Kit(-
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ABopqoBa Sacaaa (PeKoHcrPYKure)
I ., rltl)!illql {{lN{n,feKc. !(ICCIa pa3KpliT Ct[1O
iIrr{r. cc ctcroB 0t fpvIIIJ c iotreN{[^ BKONI-
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llc ce :a5c:rg:na toqar llpelL)rirl)riralicri lrrllr' rrii
Ila.lfit tsouil rr-(c. Lrcct'O ,It{ilctst l c t[]oilt ra. octi-
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I
plllrlroro cfpoltxclicruo. ilarti {)Tllc.illfltc (rilrtrl
Lil r',1\,,\'l,rl ll:l Cl.rlttl ff ( t{t.lr ir'Jrtlt r't rrr]ir r"., .
tsoqc IoI0tsxte.
Bnc,ntrrclrrre Itp?lBu orr-loltclruclo tlti IltatsIuJre
ocfi: ccrcpira]a rpyna (3.5 9) c u:lrccrcrra c rrl-
l(oir(o |llilj(yca Ht u3ToK cln)rNr0 ro;iGLIlll il rtcxrl
ttptr6:rnllre.ruo Hil Hit1fbxllarit oc rra crrecl{ulre
ceBcptill IIcKpolr0_ [J.
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qeTlrpnTe IBOpeun l1 lrpnIelKaillIt'c IJNI no-
c lpoiil{r. Ila rurorararl c ;Kr]rru(rrxr r r{Bap rajr Hil
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txfoprrr or xpaM irr tlorr r[r rlapcruolu Alr0rr.
('rpl,ture N{/v forcNtlq rltsop | \ltrrit c.rviKitr:iil
trpcrlcrilrlrrct1rrI rl!'itil. Hafi]1. :litItJa]llct1ltrI (or{-
II]ICRC OK. tsrlC0ifirr IArill.rlIoH :Ja dvilIIcilqIIsr
il;IlI 3il etollaltoctsarrc ri lr0lljtlll)iiltic tla jI!{4rcutl,
dnl lpilNlcp f irvrrr l c cr pa;(r1 3a 3at{iurT.t}[1] c. lrl)l!-
c:rvrara. pa6orntrHilrllrre il uaraqlrrc.
I IlltuoruratrHo rlJpo lit (o\{lLlcr(ct e rlllrlfla t)T
llpcrlcl eEn r erHu xrJjiuulHll cfl,.aJll la ltitpeiilr il
ant>uxa, tlttpr rulnt deop<'ty Il lo-tctrclrir I r/.]t cH
t)uo1ttt1 ttit [apxulr il.
l[apcrnrr',qBoperl. Ku:ito cc rull]li r'liLBHa tro-
cltoiira u nxrrard rpvrn crpaitx. ce cbcrrtrl or
Jlre \llofo pa3-fu!ilIII lopcllilllx rrolteqenttl. L'c-
tscpria il l ropelut[it cRbl]:li]1Ill Ipoi illr I rll]1eN{H}1
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Koro c upe/(craBurcJHlrrc rfyrrrurrr. JTurrcsa ir
rrttaqc o6ncar':iHara ocoBil opf cll filullq la lr)uc
lIeHlttTa.
3a pa:turxa or Itcg toxlilril )KrLIuulHa qilcf I{3tjc-
rra;tBa clc cTpor0 clryel puqHo pa3ilo"toilsilfic
lla UeHlpA.lHtrle trOYCUClrilt. lior'ro l\\, ';lr,rc
c ttc:rcc r,o6Pa:so. fil,urara ucir rprlu re (t)roHilllil
c clrartxrpatra or ellHaKBu rp)rrri lro\lcmalrrr c
Il0 .leTupi{ qnapnl4_tt(Htn({. (oxTo ca /itrilt]Ilt 1ta
'lrrrsoprrrxrrrc ot lul)Lhtrq \illc\t.
B lltlrolo cit ctJ[lllcxnrc uapcHII iloKolt c cltii i:
rr2t LitpoHHa .tu ttt, npei)t:t'ptl(. (no.l!, u 60H.!.
Tyx. irrgcro rlitprr ce lpcBptua B qlcrilo lrrjuL'.
JIBOpUOBaTa rpxxiCr{1yPA e Br3rrpriejla cJcrlcrr-
|r|e Ha !,roctro.q2lpcKaTa Kbula't (c. I l0). Iio-
p[]lopu cBr,p3BaT rlup(^:rL.t dcop(ri c lpvrure
crpa,qn. Tc soilrt o1 clr\,)Ke6Hrre ltolfcltcHuq lta
qiIHiiTr cflr:ltrx ,;tv t lrcittttt t)ttopt,4 w rotcrtnt
)tBOp, oT xiltnflilIlaTa lolra n,Nr rc.wttu:t L)Boltt'tl
III Uilplillil]il il cTOtritFICKoto Kpuro.
,(Hopertr,r R N{A.lti.\T.\ e lllii-pa}r'lirr or Hoso-
To UapcTrlo. (l:,iltccrBcrur {lcrl1 oT HefoB[q
rr,raH c-xyxai :a o6p:rcrl rpl npocrllpf,lc llil
uo-KbcHlr ,rlop{lr. rrarrp. H Alr tt,rt,r. uuri IprJ (rz,:],
nt).\r(Httn(,.11!tililc \lrt.t.\n6t ita xlx tj xx.qrfi.
(c. I l8).
I I4 Erurer/'['urro!'lorlltl lV: csern"nlrnla Ilruner/-[ Hnoirc]r'nfl l\r: cBerrlr!trua I l5
Nor!roseTc tta Erlrilet o6pl:vutu rr0qtit ttc06rt Xpanrlr na,\MoH B KaprraK, Jtrrocrlirr irpcl
,rrri\ri) \1lr(Jro,rrIK0 ccltcii;1u0. cbluualt0 rtllcS { pcIHoro qapciro. croirjrnq Frirpcti cc 11]r'pr)ri,la
r t)eioilraarrc rra fa:r-t|qfill rpiliuiltrL llapat xar0 Naro uilpcHf! cBern.tnuJe. C ll:x0tta lla tsJlltlc-
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;r r.Jc tt t' ctptrir,r rl:ltit).ltJ l,' r.l)\t.ii
( \'lFH[\,\ort-.1. fioLlr rra rpiljn A\,1()u ul]crlltil c
1- i : ri r aHantrTc 60r ()B!'. Al)Jdll,J (ll LLdlr, !C ll,llll.r.1,' Bl1r1"s.11 ri.r1.
k, o,,, firlo cc 06cltlrHrRil c lpyr x1c orlronc (Xoi,. P'r).

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pa Ha l'l.turt, (c. l0E).;prelrcli K,rnurr. cc rt-
fltaxla KONIr re(c oT TpLj cactltrtrulal.
ffi ,: rirrrlrcctru (taxtop nopa[u u]ultoKirto cli lty
IIair-rra;rxo c cBcrnilrrulero Ha lIonrl. rnero
lro p13\iuprJ I oifoplr.icrrrrc N{(J)Ke lla cc nptclrc
,'iri,o Stirrrrrlre u HKoil0N[rrccKalli clt u0u. {'r,-
/:r' {r[]'ntsll ctrtJ0pilliqccltso !{r'v xpL-qfi lc t!a ijaR-
:iil Il()pNril-rcir ltlt. liolt6urrartlqlll or frtilBcl
rri.6r)roBc Karo Ilt.\\ or l\{Lr,t,t,t,tt. Pr\ or XL- xpl[1. ato]roc|cucfleH xpiM tl iilpirKilile IIpil-
,,rrorllia iljri AN1()1l 0T'i'ilu . flL:pdterrrto 0p- Cl,CItsa ts lI0-ifrrCVU par\{t'lllt B CBCTII"qHltleTo
r lnparrrrc iiepaprrrrr uNtat Hrli{).tKo Ba)r(lrLt tra l\hT" cl,npvrn lm 6or .\ntott.9acL or t.nit-
rxl xparr. irotsolroctpocrr llpH A\.ntHXorFt [I]. e
'i,r itrirqr:rt. Ic
60roBere Ha qapcraoro, 06u nnaH
:ao6rrroleiilt or cB!-[lcH(] e;epo. Octcrr rrcr0 n
CBeluntrqa Ha i ry;{tr Ha ilororcrc Karo floN{olr!!'n ltcllco}Ial ctscqcrra rii 'JOIIa uMit oillc jisit BIOflocT jltctrritl
1 3oHa Ha l\4oHry m xpaMoBe u KyflroBu crpaA[
ijll!i oprlctr r Ipiftr{t Io cc]o|tit c u cxcrlrtcBUc'-
(yil I:
\pirlril lra AN{r,F{\orflJ lil (A III) n P.rntr,c lll
U ! {) (P ilr).
2 3oHa Ha AMoH (qaPcKU xPaM)

3. 3oHa Ha
4 aneu clc
l\4\,7

cQilHKcoBe
n
m
aBopoBe
cBeuleHa 3oHa

CBeueHo e3epo
' f 1)ltaltucail r' llaPeHIIc illt atsc rrJiillul:tTit I otrc-
i

\il1 ilfi8x lr clrtnalltEat ,to6uette oL rrx;

I l!l,tLpxiir apxuuu" 5n5,rtrorc(r. vlitt,trillll rJ
l'.raruoro ctstrltJrltule fla AM0H, ual). u1p{)l utt
add,/(/, HlJXLLpirrr BcrLtr(t IpcllcliitsLl c fOiIe-
Nurlrlra crJ. B lqtout:uriclue uil Nlloro :iilIttcrlil
t'rr0t nt.LItuuir.
oK. ltt il)\rueHrJTe xpllxtotsc il ( 1tL,r)tutnto tqttlLt ttt
c
O3upuc
I lrlrqILI rc:l c(r.-1tn ea rpcrlltiliritrrcutt cfl]au. 6o cc illrpil)Nlar ilopclt[ltx o](pITLi iJ
(L'1-.. rq.)
I L'tj o n lo leNlllTe cBcTu"tIItrJa ce pa3prcrtsar i l()

s'
r, ilr ri!!itpTiljtrl: xlt,tuqUri cfpitltl ot. llcjtoBa
I r, !!r Ir llB0Pc[. cK]lelloBe. plt60rutrrruryt. :t,11[t-
r rrl)irruBirx crpalir. I{a,r rrx ttoivlurtrrpar cr-
rLrr rfiilile cReTltntiLua c e.lllH ti,lll It9t(oir1(0 xpa-
\r '. .'r l\:l tillir r,t \'tciiil cBeutcna toIa (///(1t/,
\l|()io oT tc3t{ cBerHJxul:l ca cB}p3atrll qpc3
'rarropcitr ilorrctrlc!rur c nrllol{lH patlicpr. l}
rflaBHATa OC UN{t IXCCr tlt}Oiitttt trtrJsiIn {\ta-
cutsrru uoirr arlil. I VI ). Ilpr P Nl3Lt n.l,Lr r t, Nr/'y
rtu.tou ll n lll rra lrscrrrro Hli orKprirur :luop ce
tslptli/Ltr1 1,roJitlItIflT rtrlloclrut" c HcfotsuIc IJ:+
Korolrx (\ilu.. c. 106). Or Jt;(niltlt crpaHlt /?/).11
turtutuiltu:ru.rzr rra Tr,rNio( lll (T III) :a|eap-r
llrarllliltl xpitu. B :aellr or JBa o6c"TilcKa ittsop

-mf- i ilf i f Ma oT cReilleHlr trbTltqa" I Io I rx rrpcul- lilit loireNInt xlltrocftll crpilHurlHo cc tsjill8it Bto-
rL.|' !r up0rlecxtlTc Ita |otreNtuIC ltpit3trrrrlti" Hiinl). pa f.qaaua oc ot cucfrillrnicrtr Ha M]it^ xoqro
cjrllo ce cbcrolj ot tropelltr[it \{or]v\4eHTaiiilil

ru
l,'!t.l i0llllHil. Kpaq lIt lit)lBitTil nlu rlapCKilTC
,")ri iLru. Te cLllbtcttsitf clllT)tTa trit 6oNecTeo- r)coltoot: t.r nttrouu (Yll X). Iio ro:r laar rr
) riocro nLtcllrecfBil B cfJotlit cBeillctlt tlitlur. ttl'tt!tt t lttt!ttt ,i,rdJ([{..'t.trr .ilrurrf,it {,i,Ut\trJ il,r
I I ii |itlKilutc trr lc3ll 3c\tllt1 fi BOjIIIIT ltllorlcctru t{ex!) cx. Kr,rt gqxolt ol lllopoBcre crpalxJluta)
I rL ilE0xjlaT 0T caNfI{g llilll. ca IlptlcTirocllll lJ rlll)lll (\'11otsH ctparttl. Haflp.
al:-.. lll xparr Ha Prlr';r,r III (P tll), ilupu^.u.!(. c rpu o'f-
,l r rJrirrc I0 trtTs ca o3HalleH[ c traBItJttroHll:
r rr lll tLIlliiHll nPu(:ntuLILl 3ii lillllttiil^ ilpe,q KO9tO lcrrculr rrr L'titil II (( II\. ottnotrcuumt ttrtt
i,,,,,r,,,,,,,,
rl",,rcr{l-0 crrpailc cc riltsl,lutsa xcprtsulptrHo- xp(.t.noc( Ha-fyr\r(x liI (l lli)h ANrr,ll\orBlt lil
XilN-
,r, rrrrc. Taxa rrailp. ctarvrrr nr 6ot rlHlra XArop (A rir).
lt ir \L)ir\{il B l{ln11lr"r u3r{nHi}ut rroBece or 100 xlr
XoHc , r' iirr I ro rpAN,tA H/\ XOp R Etl(t,y, 3a Ja orripal- Ot urroltrro llpyfrl caKpillr[u crpilJl{ rJ r]tNts[;-rri1
. ri I \'ECiltCtraTa cBaTSa. 3{)Ill JOCe|it ca pa3KprrrI xptNroBeTc ila ,lcrcl!
a-, I r, i)\rCl!0 l l,CTil IIbTHA llpCXa CBbp:]g3 iOite\tut rra 5ora Xoil(. rra llt,r,r. Oiilpt.l( x I'ltrt-t. rarro
x ltpyrrr cqraltil rrr Ptv3rrc lll (P ill). flL
Fl 'pr:r,l lra AnroH n Kapttax o Herolu{e Btop(}crc- ^Nlr,fu.\
tt 'n"'' lr ijtsclrJtrxtrla r{ xpaNlil B Jlvncop. []rnol or
r, rir,r'r{rta flpccuqal rpajr'lt[]A (c. l0ti) nu
(llc) u TAX,\PK\ (.1'a).
IJilcl tu tc:l cl
l)altr e otlacatlril I o-rflN{uro npa-
$; I I il)t illupoKlI. o6paclrl c ra,,rNril a"tell cbc ao!,rf,,rtHo (xt'ttqt'uo t,tt,1to 7)ittuinuwl c B lotiit-
rr, i ill lll ir, llirr{i:r'ii rrrr/
, rlriirliroBe. E;rrrr rrr vapupyrxre cBlp:toa Kirp- tlt rn Arron Joxattstr. co iloctr BctqKil Bn)KHLr
. . \' u(^.t)()ilo.te B l'tiLrA-3,\Ir.{lL ri Bo,1t lo jlO.iu 6onttc cl rrriilirti no-NlatrKlt xpirN{oBe u IIilpaK. llj-
U r l \ I(ApbiL c nciitlle rtapcxn rpu6Hlrnn (c. cn oK. xltt\la nlt r tltgtutg itor .

tr rl. ll7,Jt1().vL,t1Luilt.uilt.1t1t vu.\t Ha X,f ttilf n-
Cseruntrqe Ha 60aa Ha 4apcrBoro AMoH, cnryauuoHes nnaH tr. 1.20) c oSr,prrar riln noco(ata" or l(orro
.r r'tseilleHaI:l lrillliltl. il OCll My 1t0 Bt,3lvxl
',llritt c ilpo/fL.nxcHttc ltil fjrilBIItlli oc tral
Ceeru"nNI{ata u I{aPuari \li
11 lpntc ctrcttrrrrr[a ca B:tpilttlru rra ejtr]lt rclfll:
npaiiun rorrn Ha rBeulcrltre rlr,TntrJil. litiln
OC IIpC3 llollc.lxllil llONleu!'lltlt DOllil jtO XIilIIIIIC-
to u:t 6orogerc ts ciil{r{t}apulilc Ilt apilN{ouele
(c. I I 6).
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Ernrler/Tuno;rorHq V: xpaMoBe I l7
Eruner/'funo'T orun V: xParlooe
I rrrircrcKull xpaNl e ilIJIIIUrc tta 6oxecreoro. B ocrrotata Ha raJt trope,cn[a e cxcN{ilra Ha xlr-
.r.it LTeHo or rrtMtrpat[aTa cc B caHKTyapilt IIc- iillulltara crpraa c daop. Ko.toLI(tt t1t)Pmtlt, tlll!-
t'rjil Llaly{. fJocrutI go Irelo rNral c:iN{o uapsr' poKu 3d.to u iot6oru noKt)u (c. I l0). IIlrqr rr,n
r l fior c^cl 6oroac Ir xpe{eclBoro Kzlro troN{o- cilHrflyaprlr MuHaBa rrpc3 naxolro iloprrt. 3aetttrc
( ri rcpcolilu na 6ora (6or ocrl'xctlrrc). Hapoir c ilocnc.loBale]llIocTT:l oT olKllHTH il SalBopcHu
r rr( \{acIJ ca jrnrrcllll ol rora trltauo. JIHncua IIOMeUIeHXT tC Cb3jlllBill BneqilTJIeHljc 3a pllT-
r,l irira. l(ocTo Ila cc trpollollgltEa ilpc.l l{naTa MuqHo crecHflBane tr pa3urlrpsBane. To cc:a-
'\' lilioct. clllBa OT pilSlhqtrIrTe crellcllu tt:t OCReTCHOCI':
\ ,.r\1bt npe.leraB]ittsa cuNlBotrxclro cBeTa (T. e. cBeThr lltsop c5c cxlllltr ceHKU. cyMpaqeH xffll0-
, lrirrara Erurrcr) (ilro cer:unule Ha Ooroscre crlll. rr,MIIo cBerilJiuxJc. Cnopej( tn:tctlttgara tta
KaoHaK: cBernnuue Ha MYT. rtt ..6o.v(t:(:nceuLt:I iopu30ttnt" (c. 107). t{:- (o\{[neKca T03u ptrr'bM ce pclyqxpa Jlo tltKon((]
xpaM Ha AMeHxored lll ,,,,i ilic OI XUBOtrXCHTi C(eH11 IIOIBI,PX,UIBA Tl3X qacru (K.lpHer: cBerrrnrulc Hil Mvt) ulu ce ttotl-
i ilrl r 11 cIlNlBonHquu {vlrrtuu. CullBl LIpe:l nOBlopclItre (K'rlHer: rOf,tM xpaN{ Hll
KoM OM6oc: xpail Ha l\t,rNli!.rt€XCbT OT trOMCllIeHllg CJyXll tra Xpa-
6oroBe c eAHaKbB PaHr
,Avot t. Mrrnulr ABy: gt'lncttvtlt l,trE,llEH XP,\M.
,rrlrro flopoggyxalllrc c rreroBr{r'e clloxHu pr- c. llE).
',.., rrr. Axo reoJrorltqHara
lrporpaMa ce pa3- llpn rpngerrutrro creneHytsatlc [a npoc rpilllcrBa-
ceerar c"e-ux ilriIi c Hapacllauloro (ronHTfiqccKo) 3Halqctme ra rllnocTlr.lrbT cnyxn KaTo llocpe;ltlllK It/y
I .- rlr 11.1il lll\rlC\lilH\' Hil If\1il dtrlitRC r{..CC-
|-]]F f\,nroBil noMeqeHuc npcgHxr JtBop rr Blrpcurlocrlr Ha xpaua. O6rx-
Ll!,,1J1 eropocrenenrr | ,:. r.r ,,6ilrirocr' tr'. I I 5t sir r|rrv;r. r,ril r'uuo rot{(.trr, tOij ( Htn|CtiltJ h0.ril[ilir rlnr 6(l ll rlbc-
noMeuetsilfl
l,'.,,rr til cc pr3iltilplI urlr llit ce x:llpa/1il oTHo- llf, nu\'(thil. aClfJHH ol llpo\(, !r. h,'iiit^ ( B \lrJ'
J--l suopo"" ,, -llcrlrrc Ha crapt{ xpar{ craparcxHo ce Motara oc. r{ecrn rntpl]e (o}rrrrxTHure (oiIoHIl c
r r:r1.rtr B nogtra. Elunlqtttre pa3Inex.trar xpit- pL..rlF{u u ToqKoBllllllo fialaulara (]1 IaBaHa cBcT-
r"r', ! iJl0 r'1,( llaNll Hil olllllllqllllg cglt. rOii- irrila cb:l,qilBar lrpu tro-fojleMHTc KOMiI-re(clI Bne-
0 50M , i )iri i c. yNtupa u lpr6na /la ce
, ct,3JlaBa orHoBo.
ealfrcirue 3ir 6e3i(paiiHa ropa or roloun. Tona e
I l,',t I 11 11411.11i11 IO-leMrl Cl(palHH Cfpallu lltlTqlaT
ocofiero xapaxrepHo ta foneMtrre xunocrttlJll IIa
, Li!ilBoro uapcTBo. 4rparveHrn o] itpcBH[re
EAOy: xPaM Ha XoP Jlvncop u Kapnan (c. 106).
l':irLl1 t{{)fa] jla cc i)TKpI4tl caM0 B pliBlnuHrle
. :,, | |\'rthr( \irJ\t')Bc. B h{'iltrrcl6l.ttt trtlrai-
Xp:rurl Ha Xop e E1Qy, HoeooocrpocH 237
il
1.1il
irpr I lTolr.rlF.l1t l'.. c oco6eso qplK npttMcp 3a
i'r!r!!JflTe xpilMoBe. MarKu (:hAPo6LtrLltILtLlu oI
lropManHo pa3qJIeHeH rolrtNr xpaM. (rteg cluuo
l, ll\hCIllKil il | lHlll-Cll llrq(illJlil6cre.tct
ri3Ia,[eHllre nu.touu (c. 106) c laoptnt L; No'totIL!,
,, , lrillIlc Tllit.Iiltun BcpOqTHO Ca llpotrbnxeHl
3all Hero npet)ducytttcmo. Koero c alrcoKure clr
, t riii)arrr[Te cfpalln lIa lJoooro rtapcTuo. rarro
(a\{clrrrff rpefprirtu c troqTH IlLlpcurlO JIpocTpaIJ-
rii[(i crl]ollTcililr rc\IrKfi tsr,ts tfopuure ila
) \ r.riirilre enoxu (c. 104, i06). BaNsu eritttn
,
tteo. Xtutot:ntu:Lt,/l c orHocurelIrIo Mtnb{, llo
,1., ,)liriirrrxe e (lraporo urpclllo cil trIrpaMullaJ-
fl,c caonTe l2 rorreltH Ko;IoHx c rctlo otftopltcuo
rurL. rpaMoBe 1c. 12.1). {)r Opc;1noro uapcrtro
r'fu!lp.llt( lllo lir nrr' ll' lLl nf(( l{tli.
-'Ja,t olcrpa ilunpcLutu ra-ra 6e3 lrollnoplJ cllcllBa
' ', rtL ,r rllo6Hrrune (c. 120) ca 3ana3e llil cutrlo
r. Lrrr clpallr. rafrp. iloloK-n.r(l)nr Ha lvln,'prttl-i UCrllpu.lHJIf, rrrlla ( rr1l{f,l///,1 14 1,11)v3n14. A'
KapHaK: rnaBeH xPaM Ha AMoH o(rlrolcrra or napilr(rilcu u ill)yl u KynroBil IIoMe-
1 06u nnaH ,l '.lri ic. 106) i:rt ri.t6it.t!oH rra L'i.ttvcnlr I r
I \ '| \h. [Io crH,r u rpa]lex rc u:rtroxrHr r N{alIKu- ulclnu. Ocra ua trbrt e llollqcpraHa qpe3 llo-
2. nnaH Ha cAporo
I , "aP 'Pu,*,uto 'ana Pa T\'rrvoc
lil
r t J|i!ltu afr lteqiLlolo ttal{oeoro ttaltctuo. fona pejllua or BpaTfi il l1o-fontlfo Nlexlyoclre Ha Ko-
r{tiltt'c_
'r ! lalllJallo IIa BiIXU ff 3a IOjleNjille Clpa,qtr, Lipaerierr c lo:Ju KoNlultcrc, xpaMbr Ha Auegro-
L.LrLi) rzr \lAN,tA sa Avtltt e K,tPttrtx, qr{irro pa3-
iliilii ((lp II.) ca Btpai1cH[ B olpor{Hut xpaM url len lll or cBel trnllll(ero ua Mvr B K.{PHAli n3-
I l0ti(tlr| riapct B0. ilrexlla u3Br'Hpeallo Mdirt,K. a rpautr e Kom
(r(!ro!!Ha'ra KoHileIrltr{ Ha xpaN{a ce ]ala3Bil Ov6oc rrro IIcluB Brnilf,rr. T.ri:i ttva He tlvo
r rr ilc(otserc lIa Hogttlo lllpcluo u rrpc3 (%c- 110-cKlloMHil ila3Nlcpu. Ho x lltse ycnope;(Htr ocu u
, il I rcpuorl, KaTO tsaptrpa cnopertr rrllofpr-\{aTa v aBoeH callKTlr:rpnt-t. Tyr c ceAaltrtttlcro FIa !tsaMa
r, ir r;it ctroxara. Erflclcrtrqr xpalr c troJcep- 6olouc c cIIHaK,ts parlr.
r r) ltacoqeHa CrpaAa, quflTO OC e trpoBeAeHa
' ir rxra illlxlula [o caHxTyap[q (c. I ]:1. 120. I-:ralrroro cRer[flfiule or (pc4noro rlai]crBo e
ir xpailbr Ha AM0H B KapHaK (c. I 14). OcItosuH-
i.,
t"!i ' . xrrir rt rr( r.r \faMUBCI. tttii qeet,' uit sT nprfrtlilll u eneMerlmTc Ha cxeN{aTa TyK cc
[ ""uru" "*"r^ . iirirarnl (lJ Tpfl lJlaBIlll qacTn: r rapqr \{HOroKpll il{O n AOcl ufaT ofpoMI Ili pa3-
rou
ffiffi| xvrroelrcueureaun ii \i)i)Hu nt.r.rattLl c lrOpTa. ga,q tlx r)e?. ntt \rclil. rrril r. rrcllil qf( < tteo6l,t.tiiHtt ll0llc.tillllt

0 50rJ rrrrrrl-lo :ao6urotrcl ot ro.totudtt. rroNleil{crrffq tr illfrer pupaHe Ha Apyffi xpaMoBc u

r--]-ll BTopocTeF€hHll lrapaflllc$.
rr nafircrro Kbr{ ;tBopa npeddeepue ilJItl :rarBo-
|J noMeueHiln
i .1 \tllttt, //r'J r. ll! p! Il.{' l{ hrrrlritllrJUilfl. VuHrarrrru ca ilpelll BcurIKo I'o,ceMHflT xtrno-
t]l cruLr (c. I l4). cr,:rlauett nptr Pautccngure rpe:
l-- ^uoooun
iir,rperilHocr 1la xpaNta c nupoK.tt.!tt.!. (aKpu(-
i t t. t ti tt t; o. t u t.t ti o 1t do St tt. 1) ucHTbpa [Ma K./-
t tt 3actposBaHe Ha [sop. ]AJl[tTc 3a -leroilucu or
I
' '1l Lt CltiU(Hit{C tit trlfl il th ! tilt)t I'l 6(rtil fBere crpaltrr Ha callKD/aptrt il trpa3HnqHara
| .l I t1 I BtJtlltl-q ( 3eflLU) . :ara Ha Tvlvoc lltr.
()6nnuoeeun tl cbcraBHIl -lpailoB[l KoMtrJIcxcn
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Eryiler/T'Hno"'rorilfl VI: xpaM r'r /xBopeq 119
I l8 Eruucr'/ [ rIao.rt]Ful Vl: rparl rI ttsopeu
ll,.rromcrrarcrHnrr xpaM ua Pam.tec lll n fiil IJ3OCtprflrl0t0 ce BbTpelll]lo- [ BSHIxHOIIO-
tl, rIurT 46] troclejtHara |oI'NIa MOHVMeH- ilrlulrccxo noroxeHre I r(pas Ha Honoro tleec t '
i,.,*fit:i-trir.,iilri,.i$lll:.trlHrltiirir .r{
rit I ll)itjlii lIa PilM3ecullure c xoltottHiilliltl o1' t,'. I rrrrrr r c iloct,,tHHu tr ot6prttrtc.tHa H0iittr
i rlr ilJt)llcI ri KpcIIocT: I]ulailejra 1Ia uapcKaTa c,i1, lrrrunu nparoue (ltopcra uapoul, ;tH6ttiiqn).
,, r rr o6urrpsrrr.7ru) uu.tn'stncttne B TtIBA-JA' Bln nr;rpeurrrocttt tilta cr'rleirrilqccrR:i. pit3\rl{-

HF ,
i,' 'r
r .r
r, ll)2.
rlr
108). B rr:ratta ce noBrapt (orllcrtr
Pamece)'Nr, fioiiro P,Ailt:Jlt ll 100 rott.
l',ilr() e irocfpollq KaTo Bb3lloMcllaTc-leH xpar{
r.. !lr HJ rrh. i.j rrt r'cncPu,, ( l,uo u \ n\!-
pir(il- rpy$rocrrl ct,c cIIa6.qsBaHelo. 6ylrtoBe.
Haii-uaxpar P'\Nl3EC lll craBa ,(eprtsa Ha ,q8op-
rrots 3afotsop. cro,qurraTa T,qtlnc-llgt'-PeNlllt.t
6rnr:o ro 3acrpilualrara rpaHtrlla, lloKaro cRente-
c

L I I ilrc Tcllilcfl trpe.[ 3anailHara ll]TaIItrHa. llfir'c N{ecra n Ibpcrr Eruner ca orr{ocurcnHo 3a-

tfltu , rL clpaln N{or a1 [a cc npileMar rno o6o6n(e-

,, , rr cn0rfiOIIlJt lla trpolpaMaTa 3a Ky"lTa KbM
'r,plrrtrr'c, pa3Brr' ol r,frpaounre Ha II(luoro
'' r ir, r. llpu Auesxirrerr I ro aperre sa XVIII
.
' rr,l,l{il lli[(.t!HCtl ltt tP,rdtttiUit ot
1'rr!illtrcjlcH xpalr. llpe;t lalralllara b-IaHrHa
IItXTerrr cilMo ciy elntilHu nparoRe.
PAM3LL' !' HitrcHo cbc ctrTyalrllsra. Ka ro upcepl-
uil \fJVl lr lFop.la r t'p"'ttoct. toii
L ona:ga rraqrflcnHxre 3aracli i1 6orarcrua.
rrl.{.
rlilpynailIt B TitN{oilr[1 l c cKnrnoBe:

r.#F
,
2. cr:1ana 6a:a l l'open lirnrct npn Bbrperrrtrx
,I r IrB\ (c. 102. 108) cc ubllltsa rrope.rllirlara

qt
lt Bl,tiIrilx lillll3u B ueilBpa lr:i fllJlcN{tlTe jlbp-
i L \ilr tsr)31r0llcHaTe,riJr xpaMOtsc ua llororrl
xatsillr cBeTuxlJil(il c rcxllllTe txoHoNlllLlccfiH I{
Irr I tJO.
IIO]ttil u90cl(II cpe[cTBit.

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I lllill-)qBa Orqe C BI3llapttsalICTO Ha B-la,lele
1,,
ij rrlallrirra]a. Haii-nerc r,{o"ttttttlr.\ ItA iIAPL:-
lcil-
Il.raulponxlra
:cua ira
ua Mr:jlrtHnr Asv crelsl o6pa-
P,tN,tt.( gyN1,
Iro c ilo-crpol o pa:*ineHeHa
rr no-lrper. rclllro crpyK ryltuptl Ia. IJcrtrlp Ha xolt-
,rl. " ; .' i r. ".,i rto .:t
-/- ( t,rr[rHCKtrqT rpo6 ce I:clua gutoctxo e cxa- nncK(.1 ( uOll\\lcHlA.lCH \paM. Koiitrr ttrr lort-
rro3nu[s x BcrlgKr CLTUCCTBCHU eJIeMCIrlfi CbOT-
r , li,lv rryclnrHerra rcpilcl rpci{ crornuara il
Bercrtsit riil rolcN{lrrc xpaMone B Holoro uapclro
,, rrilc cBerxjrfitrIa (c. 144) ce ctpolr xpaNlrr.
(c. I 16.): r)oc ieoiKu nt!.toHLt. t')ttu dr:rt1to r: ro.to'
rl r.".;rr( ftrucpr rr rrHuttoct tpri't,r rJ )acKo-
t.t, tt p t' di e ep u e. t Lt ti o un t !.r I nr 3d.t Lt g c u r rt t tr): o
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I rt riri!{J IlacleuHHK}T.
I r! Bb.tfioMeHareJHil xpaMoBe ll\{ar e}ulilta
l'\rrirtril. [aKro nultuttttituna Ha CTAPo]o UAP
r r r Ir 5lu:ocl r1o rotiiRalllHallil c lo mrla Mgtt
XFaM, HaInbxeH puipc3 t t (ia.vil.teK( utt il.tcot:ep. c. 122, nt.rltuuuiu.
L)1). Ja tra ri3rlrJllrqar ra:u {ryttrtlur. xpautr
E *pnn
rt, r[n8t lllpeHte 0r :]crtfi ll ntloBe ol llbpT(aB-
I I r lrprlxoIu. KaTo 3a llc-qTa pa:lllt)Jrala cbc
ffi "lnr
kvjf oB14 L/ Bt LlDoaireTi-ar lHil noMeuleHil9
r ll:ptsc R cbortserlrrra ynpana. Oceett qapr, cc
o"o,-o*n r(),ilttilt t 60rogere. iil,M qntTo ceueirua o6ul-
[]
'r'( r rltrrFrajlrcxH caurgl
,,rnruL"t ri crc'atsc{il crpaltl roii. loraro uapere
[--l r.rrlir. B],:iuOilcHaTe-lHflTe xpaNIoBe cilyXal'
*r,nrqerr l"op-.u \pir[!oRe Ha 6oroBere. Te ca rx-rnlenH e upe-
ffi
tll "] .,ouo.n -,,,
I iilit Hil cBelllclIltTe nbTllr(a, lrblc[ccTBlItTa Ha
!\ liotstrTe craTytr [ TbpxecrBilra llptr foneNfu
I rlj,l llliitlli.
fl Iftl tfiiffillft lf,Lrtr
I,irpri rc o r XIX [rH. lrpcMccrBar pe3ti](eru[qra B
lf rrara (TAHilc-llEp-PAVI3r,c). IJapcroro cnc-
I triue c BnfftfcnHoTo cu ilyxoacllcTBo ocTaBa B
I L rr \. Orue Xcti,tlt-rls nprrcrposBa ABopeq KbN{
r |lir ab3lloN{eHaletlell xpaN{. u:JrpajleH ts HCKpo-
,',, iri rrl TtiBA. Toii o6xsaula crpa;1urc- rtcofixo-
Lrur ';li rrito6nnanar(ilr ryK carfo Karo rocl uap.
rL r {)BliTi:l CBU II U OXpaHa.
ll)\ru cbllecr'ByBaun xpcMotsc B :lacrpoeHoro
rl)()cIpaHcTBO CC HHTefpilpar Il ll0uaTa apxtrTefi-
r \ prn rpvrra. l{paiirrr :ncra Ha 3anoqHajro ro ryK
tj,r iBHrire ca P.cl\tLCt.ylt r I(oNrrrlerclr Ha \{F,'lu-
BMco(a noFTa". M3rren or F{nn ,r I AEy.
XnaM, trsnpeqHn pa3pe3il
I Lr,igx1116 P1.N4L(F.\'t\1 tscc oule IrN{a,,tlutsultctt"
rl',K,.1. g \lt .-ttttl I \t r t,pe,ro-tr lnBa Kpc-
\Xt,rurier .!6v: ar,:so'rea;r'rercn xpanr il.qBopeu tra Flnlrec IIi rlr{r}Itrqr rapaxTep. "] o:n ttol acueKT e uJpa3
[HLr]raTil ocoBOctrNfcTpHqHa ilope,{rilla ilor{eule-
ilHfi B Kpar Ha cBeilICrtrIt trbT.
Xpaur,r e o6rpalen or rpyux crpa.qu c xnJIutrta
3A )KpCrtrrTe. neilcorlarIa u .vnpaBara. lltsopuoBtTa
soiicra n orllrqcpure. octscr r9x o6opu. crtauo-
Bc r{ crarJ :Ja ajlN{ulucrpalllJtra. flo[cr4,ncHa Karo
lrpx KltclncT sncora.+ [{ clcllil :JaTBal]t lo3ri abT-
peuteH (oN{ilicKc.
B ncro Rrru3a r qapcxuflT llgop€q loro:lana;tHo
ol r 1 bptsHs ABop. I lpc;1 qetnpunara 3ilra ia a)[n-
eHulllr ilMil rllr{ilcn[O noMctucHrc c ,,ilPo3t)p?Ll 3d
ca
3a iloltla . riLr xoiiro rlaprr npII trpa3Hlrgux c:lyqau
ce noKilJtsa npc,q N{HoxecrBoTo (c. 108).3alt
rpolmrTa 3ilta ca pa:llroJloxeHll noKor re xa [ap'
c BTOpOCrCilCIlInTe IlOMelllellllt, cBbll3ilHu c Nla-
nTK XOpC.)t: rpll eJHaKBtr tlLt'lULtlU. KOUT0 CC
c LCTO'T OT rpeJ! lBCpXC, .qllcBHil-CI 1A1lll, .qpcn-
Hun fi 6ilrrq (c. I l2). Tyr uilpt r xlrBee c Milr(a
cnnra. To:lr BbTpcrncrr xpaNroB n lltsopriots KONI-
trxeKc e 06llalcrr c trpbcreH 01 c|pafiu 3a nepcG
rrarra u ytrpaRaTa.
Btunxuqr iaBbp[eK trpeilclaB]lrtsI Buco(:t
17 n xpeloclua creHa, Kotro ouactsa ue,tilt
Nu\1il.t.\1 il qllillu llilptq tt uCttCU ut tt'6cpn
crrc;rar acupui:icrulc oSpa3un (c. 82).
flaara nopla,ruu soMnJrexca. ocoficHtt ..Buco-
Nrrr noltJ" Hil h)r(!rr{roK- cu gr urii-rt0 tcpttotrt
tIllBo Hil TOfatslrllIor0 KpenocTHo c I potrTencTBO.
f opuu rc craNu Ha HeirrI r'e gtrcoxn 22 \{ tr-]r-?r/ ca
o6e;lurrcrrn tr npeBbpHaru B xlllffilJa. (rt(ero tlo-
rifiKofa orcrulal rlapqr I HefoBrre Ncnn. 'fe
npcll]riliill H:rrne.[ KrN{ fpa)l TuBa. oxtrB,rleHrclo
lro Hn r rrprc rlra nper troprala.
1
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I il i r til,r{ N{t)prtsurcetJtaI}Huqitcror pcjfiltir-
irl)L i rlrrtaTt crhrrcrcKa rcroprH.
ocTitItt nt,Tq 3iiubpllBa B (ru.It!0 ilutl!(t HLt.lit!_
c)ulptarran Hata cretia. Xpaltlr c, ur,y unpora ol?allcHa
,l r, r,) i:llxlll.eKypa trOCTCICIHO
, rr tta: MOHy\leltra,tHOCTt,a tlilMartrBa
lI3MeC.tBa atr_ JIBOplla ll,lolU. Kb\r K0'TO ce Ill[!cBl 0flacaHa
IDt cbc 3tuoBe, ,rlbjrra 1.2 Kr{ pavflt.
|',,',,1r",",li\,,,,,,,,,I ! ,,,il!iIr{UTe (.truc:na6o,
f nupu.ttt.ri0. c. )21)
, t,.rt ilril []lrr BbjnONreHaTeJrHnTe XpaMOBe. u
lr I L LI cTclelt4 Il ToBei pa3Btrrle
Or. 500 ro;1. lto-(RcHo B cbcejlc1.BO c ltoctpocH
Cii CXaiHUTe Rt3noMeH-aTe-[nnqT xpaM fia qap[qa
I
l',,r,un{Ul. flrpsHr.e ce npaBxl Ja NrecrHxt.e Blra_ xaT_
I)aMna
, , ril (rrorrapcI), xolrO Orual rrorpe6aul [encvr (XVIli rurr.). Tori Bb:]rrpleMa tr pa3tsrrBa
uc R clemcHlilrc oL. rpobllrrtrlre rril Nrec.rurre tsJarre_
't,r, rllltot () nOJIC /rlo ltltpaMtillilrit. ,i TitNt. KbIleT0
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I r' L r ocoSetro 5-l:u ottpal r c r.ea Houij,
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le,rlr li rlt cnonBa c Mot,nJlu ot. xpalra na N4lt lv
\,.,1i.t. [J lril\lrt,ljt. llrt'.t, t.rh.ltBll1J A.tefl cbc
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B N \1.
U\ tt t,,ti(u (.c. 124) lpnrrriurra rja noc,lelrjru lr}l I 9 {.rBr.lutHir |l1r: t
l0X].
11tt tt,lt!rilt. ilit Io.rtrata Iepa_
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I \rJ. t)t t.rrl tp)tir /,./.r///,/ \.i trliltir qo 2_ara
HaAnbxeH pa3pe3 I l,r r r,llBlrc o6rxttogctrtt (o1{rllcIcr. ltanp. re_
2. nraH pacat crrro (;pol ra_rrra crclra c orfopltenl
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3 pei.oricrpyK{rt rilt clc ctbrra_rt il t;o. touqdu . C. regtaulara paMna Boj(tr
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r i rr)rclaH ua IJltircrnl 6prr.. lla troxoBIlHat.a 'l'ori c nocrpoett
ir,,'!lilt!il ttbitT j:ill.tllltUBA Ita t.L.pact. KOflTO B cxillHH, cKjror tr c.rbrrilloBltll_
Illil( \l\ n/./1/ ,2,, , ilU..t6,',tr.tri,HUtHO HtttOtooy
.r ut lj3roK. t':re,rua tlccqerro B cxa-qtile.
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Lrirj uoNrctlclrle. ll cpelirn x{y
e xep.tBelnrt. ooacc TVK rllporo e )aoptnt c raropa. Or uer0
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, ce cTlll il .qo u3ceqeHffTe B CKiLlt I C KV,qIOBX
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Toeit paca, cTpai[{qHo oT XpaNra sa MIHtyxcttEtt.
' ir li(.( ttU ilr'II{CilO B illtl)d.vltt,J ttiltttlt Il,tt- s
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uapcr.so. rlocr[il cLc ct(li]Ira Kaxlcita.
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rpo6_ Ilpu ra.;l apxitrcrrvlta orrpejtclrrultr ca repaco_
I c"era" .ee-r" ,',"r:l n Kat-e:l-Ka6lrp, rrocrpoena lpe:
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lMl -epaco"ugeu xpat ! i'ri) rlipcrBo r (lpc,teu ljrlrrcr.
:a uorrapxa 13e- pavrrl. Br,.:npncNriulero Ha rcrJu encNlelrrll ot
f- l I'a repaca (aBop)
ll jriloqBaxtata or Ltt.!.totlB ttorxHara ItoKDr_ \pinn dt vttttr t,,ttt oiltt,illo ol-ie tilrtSal lBf_
I l)it\IIa cc t{3ilut a rlo Hafipcqllfi{
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I rllorrparqt KL\I I.Oner{tlfi Ilt,:ltroMeHafeleH TI{KA TVK ,:toct.trra cliHa 01 BIrtr\lrITC TOCKII
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L iLr( rVf:lTa. I(otlT0 cIeJRill Blla:leIcilt] B cNILpTIa
I r"l ir:. ,r.ll IlJCllr\ hl ll B('llll t \l! r:l Ill,lfiill
l, i),r\iotlllalnir. cBl'plelI c (y [Tl Kr)NI \t]pl
rr,( Lr]1CHir0 cc Ilp(l11cllt. Pca:tlt:vrl Ha I1\14ril
rL i-:iiOl'0 llOJjIlpXall{C ll:i 3ilrltlChTe OIClblllll
rl),-] cilr{!0.lfiiNla Hx Kl'.trTll Kb$l cJIbHIIeIO XI
'r.r'.1t. l r.
tr,rl,r n.ilrtlltl. B ) I l) ,,illllqHirril Jl.\rr
, i|ripa ilcN{olicl'pxpa Hallp. .vtutntu6u ''Yt -1105
, ri1)ilq rn I rlfitt. Palittl,ttixella IIil,ll lloilSc\lcll
r,r leir r pOa). 1t ilNll ciiNfo ellllo roJtN{0 Bl;rpcu-
rl) rr(luailleHrlc. I OT LlCnHtlil ClpalJal C trpUCryO-
rdarlbK aJrrl.).r/cH.trlt{teH fPuv. llpe:t Apyra
t,t.llui)L!.N.1506, ltNlt uaop. u (oi{ro c l./d?l-t
t)tt1 iIu (.17tr!tl]ilo. I]uipexl 1oBa ililpcKilla r{ilc-
riLilr 3aIIa3liit trnac rtrqHal a cII B1'rluHil $opua 11o
' r rr [T tttp.
I \ tlte t c n o.t Lt n u L! t ! ul) u'tt u () Ltwt c .vILI o?1 o o Ll il t a.
t 11
i,(. Oiltc cTp()i0 fcor{ctpu3upflllil. {lclaIJa tbopN{a
.. l.,oilttiillrr. Hil ilt.llHillc- Krrlllrr illrblr flu-
l,rirarru rrt qaDc(oro rpo6uue llo ll[pafi{uJlrrc
1( ll,+).
CaKapa: KoMnneKc Ha AxoceP
I I' itlilu-lMcltcH uL'Tt-r llil llilillllluol Mil f ll I llpcliii
r{talr[Jlll] cT2ll]l BHelll tlio LIpc3 cT blt2.[08IIIIIa-
OopMI Ha uacra6a: KoMn.trerc rla,llxocep cbc crbllaloBIIAHa trnpaMtrAa l
r! nrnpaMn/la Ha {tap A}Kocep. '31 tlclttt ctlliltl
VIII: Nracra6a Il nrrpaNrnAa I23
Teir cc c\{rfa 1,1\lXOlLll. lilaBell apxtllcKl llil
/J-,rilCt l. rrplt Korolo llfilllcT or6elrs:sa 6lp: tto-
.xen -Tpalu tlnouH ata .uut'ntit.t, Iloc llloel'l IItll
BolrarraJrrrr rr A7i(x uP. uo ts KBa,rlparHa QopNla
r oT I(aMbK, Ii lllle xlla. Belle Ilc oTI ullilpt Ilit
crpeMexa xllr 6:ttttirc r go 6ot olerc. ( rell ltu)'-
Nl1lril,' illlt\'rl\{'!B.tH. trt f. \l .lr B } llc, L\'lrl lll-
11 rlr cclupnclLrrt,rHa^ rucora ot.42 N{ crparla. Kot
To R rrocire,llriirli crtrlolt-tcriita tlla:a cc pa:Luuplea
go or. 1(X) \t I c ilecl cr],lla.la ce 3atsuitrltBal l1o
(r0 u.
Toul ltpuo rr)lrsuo Ilocl uxielJlle Ilil !f-rllcrcxll a
apxl{TeKrypa d ct!\tB(!1 Ila HOBa CnO\il. llltcTl,lltl-
la cil[1o 6latuapeunc Ha ucHTpi]ll[3Iipa!larl
fbpxaBr tt rrciigttTo rcojlol uqHo )/:laKoHftsalle
Ocucrr uHolo6poiittttt'c crt lollr rtuccrr tf ,vHx
r{rrr. 14Ntxo IEfl c rt trbprloxpel( tla 6ol P,r. ol Xl
-;ltolo-flt1(. liy.rrtr rr,m Pa cc o6clnttrna c ryl-
Ta (],Nr Ilapt B ll0tsa /bpxaBtra p€.ltrrllfl.
l-orrgltala c fbtrltjroul{[Ha t]ilpaNlxila e ilell l bp llll
o6unpua aaxpajura :ortl. fo:r KoNlnJIeKc IIa i'
,{xocep :a pit3jlfiKa o I N4 Fl\'i,l,l{c [pc!cri]BjtflBa I
f,cqHare pe3ri(ctlutlt rll uilpr. Ilapelt c vrtuclte-
,1
lntre jlo \loltyN{cITa-llloc f eJIeNjcllTll llal lpobllllq-
tl
1i
r{ara apxHrc(lypa ce cltcual rlopvtr tta ctpligtt. I :l
-rulrtrY[tr 3a l]]lc\fcFMara pe3trl1cillrl. fipll [olrT0
i1
trl,pBoT0, K[ptr]I91'l tl Tp}clilKilTlI cl 3a\{ellcflll c
tpacH ecfccrBeH (aN{}I(. clP,\j1A-tA lll AxoclP
lli
ooc.llttrul r.JrofaBalllllnre (lopmr I lcxHtllill B
lI:]
rnpur o6Eoet ulcrcr(r lllltoltotllqer n tfoplta-
.tCtt KJIlilrl. B.lXlrH.nC\l\'lllll (rl N'riil(' (i lillJi- iili
|il
8rr Jo i(pas Ha IIoBoro LLAPtTB(1. Cl'utcapcltcli- rrl
lto ryr( cKcneIJlrNfeHla"lllo ce pa:lBilBaI TexHuKrTe
Ha Nloll-vNelITa-fH0l o l(aI{elIlto cTp0trTeJlcl Eo 1i
l [c.nirr roltllerc c llo6trxoleu o l f,ull c llb-lx(ll-
uu 5,15 n ( 1000 crutt. laKrrr) or cetscp Hit lor
rr 177 v ol u3tor Ha rrlal (c. 106). 3ttrtr c no-
BIICOK f rl lOl(rlirBttullllt\ ttt'ttlttttlt tl'lhtlttlltttt\ tltl
ttt.tt tttu6unu r rJcltotliro c ctlN{tsoIItlLillo Ilotsl'opc-
llrc rra Kpcrtoclllara clcHa rrr \4t ,t't'ttc ;rll.tra
3iLril ocbiltcclBflBa Ilpcxojla KtN{ tsblpelullocrla
llt1le.
(5). [l]ocroplto IIpor'KTvpilll KoNtilrlclic c llaopollc
il r pynrr c|pa.nil. Ox. ro.tcurtg mxeH llBop (4) c
ilcfoBrrr c o,ln1L!p1.{ cl p:r:lnoilo)l(cIlu Hi]11p,,.1/a/-l-
tiL!.qut .\put!" (7) u .,a.wuu.un 4uri" (10). tlrpa-
HxqeH.uBop orRexra.to..JtBola rra Xe6cca" (6) c
l)ttlltlltt t,tl',tt; // ::r llail.llllllllllllllll- lo,ill lfll
ttt,
IIa Bira;1cre.rrtc. l{:ro.nio or llllpaN{illara cl !'ce-
BepHilflT gnopeq" (E) n,,roxHnrl nBopeu" (tl)
( rt ,rnuHelc crr. I Ir .eHcp (e llnl'ttJ!llillt:ll Iltrr-
pt cxc,,tcpiu6 ". noN{cu\ellllc:lii rollsl{ariL cc-
ilrular clilTvt Ha Ilapt, u npuclpoellrtll (1,\{ llttpil-
Nril.qara,rBb3IIoMeHareJr€Il xpau" (21. Ocrarra-
lroTo N{flcTo ce 3ae\lit oT TepacoBu/lll}l Haculrl
lflfLB,l,'CK.lil loltc.'l il j ttt,r ooUHptto tlr,""t'UU"
troire.
f:rc.lasa ur Hnrt, rttclar':tltrlnlalla rpylla cfpa{Ir
cc clcr'ou or:tLllIIIfc xOllil3otlla,[ll Ila olpa]lllt{t
rtr t. rt.t r t.,,tit,' rr' r' lttr.r . t htlil nruil lllrlqI 06\'\l
rrl llipiiui{rlara (c. 106). KoHrpacrlioro cbrlela-
rIIrc \j,l) rcprcoBtlrtio llcxalllll H B!'p ll,Kiulllo Il3-
rffarrtu cc o6cltlt ocrlsa erlHa or \apaxTepuclll-
KIile lla efil!lcTcK()10 crporlc,lHo Ll?ffvcrl]o
 Erlrner/Tuno,rorus IX: flnpaMug.u 125
Erlrner/Tuno,.rorua IX: nupamlr4u
MoHyMeHTanHoro AocrpoqBaHe Ha Irfla pe3ItAeH-

ffiMffi
l{ rtr(rqecKara rlrrpaMtrAa" e tr3rpaAeHa or
r | |,, r r r lcoMerpHqHu $opuu: 3acrpoeHara rIJIoul
r qm or. rpo6a Ha rlapq, Kanro trpu (oMulleKca Ha
' rrr,rrl)r'r, B'bpxbr - rpaiiua rouxa Ha cpeAHm ,{Nocep, 6una u3ocraBeHo. Cruroro reorornno
! I \ [( l) r rJr(iu, qeTt{puTe cTpaHmHu noBbpxHocTl{ ,@nJ(eHue, (oero BoAu go Hoaa rbopMa Ha nupa-
,' ;
ro6clpeHu rpnbrbrHuuu. Ta:u nupauuga
r,r rrr MuIaTa, pe,[yqupa u3vcKBaHmra K6M nupaMuA-
. rrol)crrtrc Ha IV guu. u cryxl{ 3a rpo6Huqa ua Htts KoMmeKc u ro lluuaBa or unoroo6pa:ne, uo
re fitxose ot Cmapomo L{apcm6o. c6uleBpeMeHHo nocmfa no-rojlsMa MoHyMeH-
'r,rl,,
TarHocT I,t clporocr.
1,, r.r rr.r rfopua ce crxra nocretreHHo. tr'Icropu.re- Or eleuesrare ocraBar cawa\a nupa.uuda, eeeu-
CaKapa: Aaxuyp: Aaxuyp: ' I IItl I II Ll 3aloqBa CbC CTbna,IOBtrAHaTA trtrpa- ryalHo c nmopocmeneHHu nupa.uudu aly mepa-
cEnaroBtrAHa n4paMuaa npeqyneHa ntrpauuaa qepBeHa ntrpaMuaa rrrrqr ra lxocep B CAKAIA (c. 122). IlocnegBa- ca u Bb3troMeuareirex xpaM ornpeg. Te ce go-
il!( r CTpOeXu OcTaBaT He3aBbpueHn. LIap or AoJruHeH xpaM, pa3nonoxeH Ha fpa-
rrbJrBar
I ri{rr,r'y (lV guH.) ercnepuueuTllpa c Tpu nupa- uuqara u/y lrJrolopoAHara 3eMq u rrycruHtra! Kb-
{il trr; ilpeqytreHara nlrpaMlrAa a [e-ulve ua Aero no HnrcKu pbltaB Moxe na aKocTupa ,,na-
Ir I r()llrtaTa cu BucoquHa cMeHq bruna Ha HaKtro- dusma ua Mbpmaume", troKpura paMna BoAu Ao
rr,r ,'r 54o Ha 43'. Clce.qHara qepBeHa nrpaMlr- Bb3IrOMeHaTenHIUl XpaM npeu nr.IpaMl{,[aTa.
rNra HenpeKbcHar HauoH or 43" 3l'. C ses
ln
Ta:u rpn4enna crpyrcrypa Ha nocreaHuq n:br e
r lff | rbr e HaMepeH. He:antpmeHara crtna-
)r | | | |
IV Aus. e ll4sa.
r
|
peanx3upaHa B nl{paMxgure na
rirrrllrra crpaAa B Me4vu no:ryraea ra3u +opMa
IJapcxoro rpo6uIrle e Ha trycrnHHo uaro oK.
'rlr( r rpubBnHu o6luqoBaHu noBbpxHocTr{. II[-
pirMrr1ure B lrr3a 3a qapere XEonc, Xnopnu u
30 u uaa nno,qopo,[Hara :eur. Ioreunte nupa-
\Irtil,ptlH 3HaqurenHo HapacrBar BLB BucoqtrHa uugu ca e/y o6oco6ewr, orpa[eHu ctrc 3u[oBe
mepocu v ca :ao6mo:reHu or rpo6urquure no,re-
rr rrprruo6roar ruacuqecKu trponopquu nopaAu
r,r t,-ra [a no-crpbMHut HaK]'IoH or 5l' 5l'. xeotr- ra c uacma6u Ha caHoBHuqure (c. 122). Ot do'
tuHHume xpaMoae flo HIUIcKm 6pxr ce u:4nrar
( (
'Bil
r a n[paMr4Aa e Buco(a 146,60 lr nplr lrirxs- norcpumu poilnu Eo ,[aJleqHure ab3noileHamenHu
r,r lir ocHoBara 230 u (ttnucmep 6 Cmpac|yp?
xpaMoge or ll3ToqHara cTpaHa Ha trupaMLI[uTe.
I l.) .v\.
I\apcxure naIItI4J cera Beqe ,4 oduu ua cttuqemo,
Lrr rc ru $opva,rHil onilTil or Haii-Bt{coxa uaca
( ca pa3no;IoxeHu e co6ctnesu KaMepu oK. nupa-
( l(ptrsr KaKTo $opua:tult n rexHmecru, TaKa u
MuaI4Te.B rn Ke ua uapere ocbuecrBqBa Beq-
I(1).[OrtrqecKl| npoq€cll, ocHoseu no,qrlffi e
HOTO nbr)tsaHe u 3aBpbuaHe, Ha (ouro e trocBe-
ryir lbr KbM 6ota ua cmuqero PA or XEnI4ono-
TeH KyrTbr BbB Bb3trOMeHaTenHUg XpaM.
rrr'. Trrxyraunero, qe nupaMtrqara cxMBonu3u-
l)r la cHotr cnbHqeru muu, n/y roiiro Kl (gyua-
lt, rBopqec(aTa,qyxoBHa cma) Ha uapfl ce x3Au- C nupauN4anxure xpaMoBe or npatfopuure ce
il KbM CJII'HLI9TO, u3IneXAa, Ce IIOTBGpX,qaBa oT pa3BuBa ceMIrJIa, uo gu$epenqupaHa calpil;rHa
' apxure(Typar Korro cb,rl:bpxa cbrllecrBeHr ejre-
rcrcra n/y nupuuuDuoua Ha AMEHEMXET III
1c. 104 cr.). MeHru Ha 6rneuoro pa3Burue (c. 116, 120).
flplrxuunrr Ha nbrfl Ha trpoqecnl{Te, HeroBoro
AonuHeH u Bb3noMeHareneH l cxHflKara Ha crponreJlcrBo Ha trtrpaMtrAltre rpoAbnxaBaHe qpe3 ocTa Ha xpaMa, pmMuqHoTo
none Ha nnpaMuaure s fr3a xpaMose Ha Xe+peHoaara ntrPaMtrAa
( flolfomeHa B cTpoexllTe Ha roj]eMuTe MacTabn crecHsBaHe u pa3ultprBaHe sese scHo ce sa6e-
tc. 122) c srHuHa o6gusra u qApo. OrraM B fitr- rg3BaT B ItrCtrO3Uql.ISTa.
prMuAme Ha Axocsp u Cuoopv ce pa3Br{Ba KoM- B fu:,t uai-go6pe e 3ana3eH KoMrlreKcbr Ha
I nfrpaMuau 6trHupaHa crpyKrypa or xopr43oHTitilM u Beprtr-
[iilHil n]'IacroBe. cpaBHr,fMa c yc-rpoicrsoro ua
XeQpeH. [oruHuI.rrr u Bb3troMeHarsnHusr xpa-
MOBe Ca 3aBOpeHU HaBbH KaMeHHH MaCIlBll C
: xpaMoBe, paMnil, couHKc
ity(oBurlara. or.
xouuqHo sApo ce pa3nojlarar HaK,roHeHu creuu. Brrperunure noMelrenu{,
I roqru BepTtIKalHu creHHIr o6BLIBKII. Texsm se- oco5euo llluporcama u ,Qtt6oxama 3tu1u c MoHo-
liiliWll{ nycTuHHo nnaTo

*rc rpo6uqHo none

|rraqurereH I{aK.JroH I(bM ueHT:bpa e AocrarbqeH
ra pe3yrraHrHure (c. 26) or nepruxuHure u xo-
JII4THure cu rpaHImHIr crtr6oae, Il3ulex,qar Karo
H3CeqeHU OT e.[UH CKaJeH MaClIB,

W nnoaopoaHa 3eMt
(paBHuHala Ha Hiln)
p[3oHTaJrHilTe cuu, Kouro Aeiicmar npeauMHo
r,/y rgporo u caMo qacruqr{o n/y ocuoeara. Tara
EaHaxsara B ,qBara xpaMa tropeAlrua noMexleuut
BAB Bb3nOMeHaTeJIHm XpaM e .qonbnHeHa c.I'c
rlacara ,{o u3BecrHa creneH ce HocI4 caMa. 3arBopeH navstt deop 3a MepmsonpuHoueHun.
Crpyxrypnpanero B orAeJrHIr n!'IacroB€ 3a4 uero AManer napatnuc4, B (ouro MtprBmr
I ro3BomBa u ypaBHoBecflBaHe Ha HanpexeHmra u
qap ce noqnra nog pa3mqHa $opua. Teceu ro-
cjU{rar{mra B ofpoMHara Maca or Marepriafi. flplt punop Boan KbM ocHoBara na nupauugara. Tau
r onewTe trupaMl,IAu noqTu He ce (oHcTaTupaT [e-
uua o6l,lrHosen MepmleH onmap, cBTp3aH nv-
rfopuaquu. flupauuqarHara $opMa [ocrma cBofl peKTHO C HeS.
lnofefi B ln3e. flo-rucHme nupaMunu ca tro-
cKpoMHu u He rara nep$errm ropa,uu reojrorlfi-
Oco6enocr Ha rpo6nuuuara apxfiTeKrypa ca
HtrTe npoMeHu B Kylra rru P,n (rpauoBe Ha cabH-
nce\dospamume Il orKIIoHeHmTa or tr5Te(ure,
rleno n Asv-fvllE) u cb3HaHuero, qe npe(oMep- KOUTO B trUpaMH.qUTe,[ocTUfaT ao cbBbpueHcT-
XeoncoBa nupaMnAa, pa3pe3 ceBep"or
r{oro crpor4re:rcmo ue AoBege Ao [bpN. 6aHrpyr. no. Te npegna:ear rpo6onere ua qapere or troce-
TATEICTBA HA BbHTIIHII J]UI]4.
Tona crsuaHue uIBa rBbple rtcuo. flupauuglrre
CC I{3[trIAT (ATO AOMtrHAHTII HAA CbOTTETHATA Onpegerrrqa 3a Btreqarr'IeHlrero o6aue e no4vep-
llrpnuunn Qopr*ru, craH,4aprua $opma' trtrpaMnAeH KoMrIJreKc cBerrleHa 3oHa, IlllpaMnAHIIq KoMnJIexc. TaHaTa cuMerpnfl Ha rJraBHtrTe eJreMeHTtr.

I 2{r llrll rre'r/Pe"llt I llo-ill }t o{ Holllt lI:l tll.r \ M €ff 1 } 11'lr$
j{rrcuua rr Kaf l ll}lil Iiil .lPclllloal ulla tclill la lllxll-
l-
rcK r ) pa cc ()lipcJc. Ir or cill(pii- Ll l(il 0 | l lloll l lll
rro. fllallost-'te ll f(r,rlcNiIJrc clJcIllKll fflii,lli cil:jit-
''
Ilt!erIu c [3](]1rorteililc {tli }rrlttl07(Iirl tlcrlttxtt Ilo
It Ifl Xilo j 0 IL lillillllrll !c. I i Jl :lc7l. iil. c- iljl l1lil ll l)ulli lc
lCllrlCIlllllU. liilKl() lil(lllllHOt0
Ill-llllllltlllll 11
ctilor{lcJlcltso' lltKilIJ ocll(}BIlli ricIril cll Bliilll]l-
ilq u lil Jp) l 11 tll!-ullfi llillljilil lal lrlll i itl loBl Llpll
I I
[1rirl xi!plKTep Ilit elll]lclcl(Lro clilotllc'll1o tllt-
(vcTBo o6a9c e Illlo;t lll ilpcllulillJll (_oliI(i tsbi
lij(Bill B llpalicropllLlccKalii cllo\a. ol'itj0 llo-
Cl ni ilT j(l a bil bplllellC IRo il lIilocl'lU\lr { Ll,\'llil I
\li-
l!4l(),fc I llg llallell.
I'eoMcrpfifiTa Haro ocHoBa ll:r apxnTeKrvpa-
TA CC llpll,lalll \lcl0lltlLlllo I lltttttt:1. (aT() Ll illiil-
ra tr (lopltlrr ilil cfl)alulre 'lcci! c cBc]lcHl,l.(r
qliclo BLt[puqrrlc. {)6eltucxtr tl Inpa]llljlara
qrlcto leo\{crpllLI
1c. l0-{) uaLrp. clt lLiico.rtottttt.
illr tf opNlll. 7(c- trtrrtgt tl qllc:l oi p()Ni l{u f'a3Nleilri
IA Cf flllllllale LJCLICII XllB0l Iiit rc'ti 4)olll{tl t]\l:l
ltcrillflJoltlil lloil6)i1il. F,tiLitrrltttrc lltlpBlll
ilbB
iicrirtrjt ]tillBof. R roiito rcuulrqt llLl * clNltl c,llJil
tfa:l. Toii a rpollllKtiill c ()o;(eclBc1lil ti K()crtil-
rrccriLl CLtil. lioillo clllBiIl Blllillli!l Il pul'l'l{ll IIa
rlHlITe lI CC:lOtlIlC. A;\llilxe!1[er1) fl:! ]BellltllC'
ts
iloc0Kilrc Hil cBcT:t.
qfi0rtaTa tl qLlcttoBlllc cl,(rlslllilcllllt- tItFlll ts oc-
r r0tsllljl c' I e0\{crilltc tlu
(bollMn. tiailejl c \1lTcrlil-
#itl ill!cuKlllc il\{aT ti Teoiiof,IItIfc$t{ *{aqeclBa' Ic
cl u3lla3 Ha Beltllt) ttajltl:llllrl0. \'l I rerlll ttl
qecuri c
cbctitBHr llacfu lla nttTtttttttdurntt cLl lllr{tiolltl liii
ruc[ItrrlccKL'tt pcl- lil,Nl KBiupalla" cBeulellolo
quc,ro ;l {.-l lloco(ll He ctsclil. 'tr Lttrl,na. ':l l'll-llll
ur ctrcrll). ce lloc)ilBtl .i n xiipaxrclltrrra (loplra tte
prBrro6e,illlclI Tlltll'l b"lIlrK. tllltll(l CtrNlll0-titKll
cr,BCCNr llil-l(0 olclblltsll jll KB3/(il{ilil. l\rpcrarr
SIICt il ll(oll0\tultccKafil NlOU. lla IlellTpll{ll3lIpa-
llala -ibll;{ill}f, la M(l6xo,Illxl[ 3a f,rp{)c)iil Hii f0
'tl
licl{lfjC IIIIlla\lrlI}l. ll0 Cl,trUIOCl lll rl\l NJOXe rle CC
pN36cpc clluHctncllil ol illcilllil ll)ql(l Ilil lcojio-
ffi!ccI11ic llNl Iipelllll)cTat]iill.
!l Ito ttsctrtitc tsci(otlc locll{lxcrlloro Hl fe(JMel-
p[Jlla Hr(ofli relia {]c c l0]lK0tlil ,tsHO FiO llpo-
jlbrr)(iltsl!.lii cc 3llflerltl3llil ts cilNlelpllgTa l{ oco-
Rocrra, Koillo ca Haii-!idllo cpellt.aHxqr ll}lrlll-
LIilcltr
Llllr It trjlillloBcfc il IlirlllclLllc lla oucllllli
or cfpa;!11 Il Ilil llcilli I ojic\lti fioNtll]lcKC6 ]lU( LnU'
ia.nt ut I iiilll. (c. i22). \!u.u()(cttl{ or cllo\aril
llil rtlpil\ilIilllTe ;1{r l{l'cllstil crtoxl (c l06 l 16"
l211. )ao1tct3,nt Iril A\lhllx{)lFln lll (c l l2) ce
pallro|oxcllll cllNicTpuu;0 llil llajLlbxllllll oc'
ilaatn ,r', cryrrrr. HatIp. iltt.toHt! lt tt!ttttt:ttttt tLt lc
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ua MactrBnrr lu,qarrrt crt,:r6otc. a ltpcll [IaBiItrTc
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xf,e6oBx:lHu l3pelx 3it tpar[ jtrtr .,xaplfoullKa,,
u-rn Lrr4o6uit Konctpyrul{il. gpe: orsapxrre u
3aTttptrre I ja Ilo_f cTillit ol.{e,rlltrTc l1oNleIICHIL Ce
fJ1JC r9r tJ.ilt !.b',lrri,il| illlt HLoo\r, lH\lilCI. a|(._
lreilyBar{nff r lPexo! oT c}rN{paqlroT0
uerrTpanHo
II0lfcrllcHllc (b1{ cIt.[Ha ra cBet.r[il1:t Ha ,rlBop0BeTe
lr lcpacrrre ce [o/'lqepTrBa of,pKut.e qBeToBe rril
Baxlrrr apxlr.cKi\/lllt cjrerreHtll. Oprralreltr:nrra
r-qt lltr 03iloIrJclllLtHa CTeHOIltc JacIJJIBa TCITJICII_
qiltril (bln ilr3/ltsxxcHII. IpcN{rlilaBaruil eIItit
ts
jlpvfl rpoct.paFrcrBctru Kapt xll,.
Oco6ctro uMjro3itrJTcH xo[I1r]reKc o r ro3tr Bffjl cil
qapcxnrc trot{or{ fla /lBopeqa n Kuococ
(c. l:12). l-c ca rou6Hriartte o). .tuJu (:bc L,ntb.t_
ot)6(. o( 6('llitilt,.!Hu Ltlo.tillu u mepucLt. I\at-
IllllllillO ilr'\t\ttaHilC. ..rt.tAta Ha .1SOl'iltUrC
ceKtrpu' (lJa6i{pLur. r}eporr}ro or liibrys : rtsoiF
rJa cc(hpr). nNra carl0 ejlHa HCrrpc(bcHaTa cTe_
ttl. Or rpurc crparil{ To e:aoolnotrerro c xa_
paxrclltffTc crl_16osc. Kotro nltct ilpel!BeplJs
u Kopl,lopai ce orBapgl.KbM OCBeIflTCIHa IISX_
Ta ritrnoBit latioparlHa repaca. Ta:a r-pvla to_
N{CtrleIItrg. !J:tIIeXjl:t. e clBtrllueHo B1Illtbtue-
sue rra lrulroilcrurr trpoct pailcTBcH iljlea-ir. He_
rolu usoro6poiiHl
napuarr r[ orxpr{BxN{e ts /]pv_
I rirc ,qroprtlr u roc[o]litltcKit Kbulrr (c. I 3g)

134 EreslTrrrro,rorlts l: tta6npnlll it licl:ll)or!
I l, r i ilrqilllTe crpollTe.lllll Tllai llllllru n Etcr ce
, LLrlrr .tBe IrpornBOrlottoxIItr clctclltt.'Iextlr-
,', rir)lrIr lcl]TLI ce clopur4lar oulc B Fleollxla.
L / jrtcl}r' rNr onpeJcjlt u fiJlilctltlcctrlfil fllll.
' ' '|
,, ilr( riry|it. 3a or6e-lqlnaHe c. 'Ie or-tl{aucu-
I , il/r r pllJrrxqut B cxBilualllitla 3a npoclpail-
' il.,;h\l {. cLbfitrill . \-lLnrlrclltlllle r)6
"' ' r|( illl ClllyKTyp[ Hll CUillITe. KOIITO Cl Cb-
rialNloulrtc n Erel. Nlopcrnre ry:t-
,rr IrirIBiltsit't la6npuxla, ii K.l1l lllllcllril-{Hllrc
, L!iilr &teIapoHa.
I r,'.rfrilH! {ilc\il,.r Ol (l.ll1oil\'iicNil Ht ll\hu-
rtua 6 i , ) rllilrlilRil all\llleKTypa C llCllperllCJtCn nlatt. B
. rri cllouerrbr'3a llBoltella ts liHococ cc cer'p J-
nilnoc: rnMHeHa nnoqa, na6MPUHl , r.lrLrratrrarHur NlllT la l Ell.i. Ilcropuuccxoro
rlccTtsil
', r i'\r(rrliilclllje Ol KIIXTCKO fOCtrOJCIB0 CC
,.r'ef r lclo c rlrru. e roiiro Ka to BOj(ellla 4)l1ry-
, .Ir!r[.]t...rri,tllrllHt' I Lut',rt ttltti-rtlPttte
K$ococ: abckoHeonfrTHa fPYna Kbuu
i r!rr(trilqrril u:o6prNcttlr creKct \ftltteul)Ho
L BObl'bltHXK CbC 3AlaopeHIl CTpallllqHv c'reHll'
,. rrl, 6) c or rpxilBa Ha NlxKcuc(ut .lBopell
l, l, r
| )l\.rrJ rlJ llr rll Ll)xl.! uit .rxeiiutt tt t , pul
,. I rrilYpil ce (opcHli lt K,[eIl,cllo-illlylxllIpa-
,Lr rL ! ICN{eillLl llil Kl,Ulllle 1lA trpeJlOplCIITaJlC(O-
, i).1 ()vcrpotjcltso. Tlxtloro pa3ilIuprtsalIc (a-
{.i t
I
J
... ,ttl,ttHtuuJ t u' ttlt tttt c tt tti-paHHotrr nu-
,, r(.il1ra Ha ltttgoiicxata apxllleKtypa Ha oc-
I ,iI l\ltr{T.
Ke+anB: KbcHoMnHoitcKo cefl uu€
r ( ac Oclr0BilRil tta tfuxc-H.1er la KaTefolluLICH
,,, \r. rrrrr0 rnr,p:la tfoplta ce Ilollpa3.f,eilf cxe-
, r,rro: seiilttqr opfitlru3aullollell flpuHIlltl
riilrrr Ipocrp:lHcTBeluTc lllytrH of IIc-HT1'pd
,,,r rr hr,qara trlti fpytrara Klultl voxe la Ha-
rffi1 , L1 I ril 0Pr alllltlH0 lpi:: ;106anlne lla lloBll llollc-
, rnr,r. Atlarrrnpllrero tillt tiropntala tla fcpeHa e
ilti) Lr(il IL'cHo ll0clllxll110. l(ilKTo x BllllcBlHe-
tJ6
,, | (rr rrtr\Rrtr opfaHlSbNl.
ll,,) Lilirra Ip)ila KbuI( s Kuococ BeLIe tloKil3Bil
rLil|'rilnTe eilcNtcHTx Ilit xlltlloucKolo pa3n010-
ilrir lt2l ttoN{cillclltlqla r 3xlapcKlllil fc-xttuKa:
AtrMtrNU
| ( )6ll-llt ocHoBHIr creHu :la Ht(ojll(o Kbilll].
l'.rijtcriITejtHtt creHu. repllcli.qllKyilrpllu Ha
TupuHr: apyna MefaPoHu
lilll1lufc, tt3lajlcllu u Kpbclocts:Iil{lt ce 3n]lo-
r llrrrlexltllellilClCHllti lll\lLlltL
rrrroOpa:rto B Iropctlullil. qeclo 3llBbpluBauILI
! lllA,r1UHIl.
' lIoc"[eAoBare.[HX npexoIHIl IloMerIIeHn{
I ilrrlrlttr{o obclyniBane ro IIcflpexbcllaltrTe
Tq
rr t, t0Be.
,l l'.1 i 'f,Helo llil r16ulll rrflluBHil etcl'rl \l \
Lr r' rlecTu N{f,cTo ff NlaTelltlu fl fapallTl{pa B3a-
ffim
,,r r\) )KirenBallc (:levcrpecettnr). Britpcunoro
$:.f ,. t .r.t{iiltC Hiii,tCCtil rtttHlttrr nntl:lii ttCttnc-
I llrl lll CTelll OT flONiCtriellIC B IIONICUICHHe. T C
r
L-"-P ,LLr Lflrlfil nHHIg IaHfilpil ei(HaTa CTella lla nON{e-
I riilcrt- i1 ocTitFIa- ll{Te cTcHHll lJ tro.qoBrt lljloc-
CecKno lpof, ll TePMoc r rr cc 0cso6ox;latsar 3il llo-f3Ballc-
',
l r. r,anolrrrroiicKolo cetlulue KeQaln crapilra
KbuM-MerapoHn B KoHTilHeHtatrHa fbpq(r
, r{rllllil cTpyl(T-Ylla c IIOqTII HellpoNlcHe Hil
'L
I l il ,l,rllL ,t\ 11n't,t!'t ll! a"11111 O1 6tu ttOttttU"tt-
f,trpoluuono.uoN'ttI ocHoBRn erpYKl {l}il ma erciic*ara ap{ureKr}'}}a tt't tr<'puod (c. lJli) irora:s:rr I LLIKaBOCrra Ila
Erefl/l'tlno"rorHfl I: .r]a6llpllHr u trerapou 135
ctlcreNlara 1'l ce pa:rplttla I ooollrtBa ts fo'le-
Mure;ltsopuu ra Kllltrcxlrc qape (c l40i 141)
I r,puxre uaptruar MerapoH KaKro IJlaBIlolo llo-
\{ex{cHrie B xHJnJIltrtela clpa.qa (c. l7'1). rara
c6ul0 t ilo-foreN{Il cflla/lr li lloNtetrIcHtl9 'lfl cl'
6paHur. E;trrr'r' u apxtireKrypara 3aila3Bar cllo-
3a efeiicfiils nr,puoo5pa: cso6oluocros-
NreHa
llr rpilRorrr"bxHa cfpala c follsMit 3a"1a Karo Kyx-
ilt r llilcBHa.
Herout npeguecrBel{ttqn ca palKpxlll B Ilcpti-
(reprrHre ryrrypu ttl l4:roclloto Clpe!,il3cN1Ho-
Nropue, KrKro u s loror:ro'tua Enporra. flpe:
.\d.tKo.rLl1lo l Oii IOC tufa rl]illIiluurc ga Ercl
(Tpor. iltiNlntlu) lI c t:tBit trpcutroqtl laHO xl{'lunte
lra rocl ro1lcrB:ullirra if eo;1iuna I rpocloirrr. flpe:
6pol:onala cnoxa NtcfzlporlLT npu;1o6Hea moul'-
rreHra;rra (ropua.
MerapoHnr e crpara c qcFlii cxcMa: Llbjlrr llpa-
ts
lla3ilerlcrr IJa rrllEIIo u I 2 eropocrelellllu norlc-
uerrtrq. qelllara cretta tlaii-cccro ce orBapt KbNI
o rKpHTO qlc[nBepuc c l{3lli]llcHrl cl paHIc]lt1 cTe-
uu (arrn) il pca flollroptr.
McrapoHur rlecbMllctto e HacoqeHa ctpaAa.
Bcuqrl rtoueulegrifl ca pa3tlonoxellu nocllcaoBa-
rcnHo c tsxo,qoBe I cpeltHrra oc. Ilpu llo-roieMu
uuprlM noKp[ts'bT u T:ttsalIbT ce lIoctll oT I]oJIllo-
pu B clxH peJ [0 cpe)laTa IlJlrI B.qBa petril yctro-
pel{Ilo Ha Hilll.rl}xHill a cTeHa.
Clpe;q pa:lHruHlc BrlpilailTH n Ereiicrtrr perlon
ce cpcua Hai1-Bcqe c6ilrara 4)opN{a CLC c]'olllo-
rrrctntc l:2 rl:l qejrHara KbNl Jlbnfzira crcHa (Ao
\4t']lri1. (luLli.llo, Mrllf,HA) u u3IbjIXellara cbc
c'borrroilcHre I :3 ( l fllt). (lcsetl ux uM:r pa3llo-
BrtilllocTU c nony(pl,f6jl ltllctr,Ll€ll 3ilBl'PIeK
Irltt1t.111 4u,l,ttt,dt lC Cil IIN\\l(HtilnaHtt r.t glii-
pairrrara Tpol. K:IKlo u 3a KolITuHelrrilHa lbp-
llnq, K1'/{e'10 trOllI IIaIX}11}1tsf,T MII(CHCI(i11a (yjl-
rypa (c. I Ezl).
tlpu rpynu crparr ttpco6rtallaBa ycilopeAHo
pa3troroxeutre ua o6cutrre. Tyx cc:a6eltr:ea
'Ir e
u3Becrnil 3iiKocleritlrocr tta ra:u cfoplta
3aTBOpClIa. HCIIOIIBUXHa, CTaTIlqHa. vee;t$Ic-
llC6(- lltre Ha llole:lHlJlc n,loug u 6pol tla noMculelr{-
B ra 6el pa:pyturuaHe Ha ()op\{a ra (llo-m'loxlll1. c.
l:14) c nr'ruoNuo caN{o qpeS ItoBo c lpoltre:lcrBo
rre rpyrr N{eIilpoIIu (TPOt, 'l'FP\{oa) ulrn cpel
Brpaxllalle B xcfcporeHtla fpylla cfpallil. K0fl1o
ocl aB{ Nrerapolta He3accfHar (TttPl'IHT).
hL-
}'IouymeHralulnpaHc Ha rllopMala ce Ilocrufa
qpe3 locTenellFIo pa3llJelItBaHe II:I flOCtre.loBa-
re:rxu'rc o6enu (Tpor Il) Iljlx qpe3 rlo['IeplaHo
r,t.Le.ltltc Hit cJ\lu(loitcnHilH o6cv ol lP\llJIil
(Ar1Nlt1l]r.{. TnpuHr, flu.jtoc ). B rpzriinara dra:a Ha
parrHoerei.icKara L{cropxq cc crilla ro cacruqHo
nperlj[{I aHe I la trpoTHBollonoxtltrTe cTpvKT.vpff
B MHuoiicxuq IrBopcu rotsil c ,, tipuilI(NtLcm .vead
/o// . B Nlll(ellcl(llg lltsopcu llotrb,lBalreTo lla
N{efapoHa c ellcN{eHT[ or,la6rpnHruara cTpyr-
lypa.
136 Eles/Tuuo,rorlIq lI: rpaloycrpoiicrno ua oclpon Kpur' Eres/'l'urro,rornq
Ir.l)Bilra lp.ulcKr (y-irrvpa B efellcKlu ocrpoBeH
rlr cc cb3jlilBa Ha l[nn"lalcnnre ocrpoBs.
l.r lrlu a l.pallotsc ca cnnrro yxpcneHu. MHoRr-
, rL |,'iltaTa ur4 ce_quuHa cTpyrflypa citei(ua tpa-
norr-"u""*o penilrro3Hil qeHrpoBe i rirrrc H:l Erru:trrr n3r'or (Ehtn(x . TAp('oc.
I rHano H:rp:lcrBilHe clope;1 o6cr orr e:rc uar a. T sii
I '1 ilH). Parro cc orlopur runnqsara :a Elcir
f--l uo.p"r"n rpuo
, \ril: lllal1. pa3llonoxcH BUcoKo H:u rl0pcKuti
E ynrur, nrouaail. lBopoBe ,'1,,i . (
IlpnCIaHillI(e.
l,l,Ir lil,pr]orraqaJllIo c ts cgtlKara rla [HKqil]IcKil-
I p"*,
r tr! Lrypil. Ilr,pnure fpaitc(il cerfir{a c r bploB-
r ril Jrpu cc pa3tsrtsr r rra n:r'ox. :lAKpo. I lAjtl
r''. llr \ilt'\ tt Vo\.t,u rrl.lloJrrU.rr rrr;t'rc
r, rilr(! rlplicrarirrqrru u pu6apcrn rpaltolc. B,\-
il rril{ KaTO pcfiloHilteH ueHTbP BbB BbTperr-
r iL ri[r[r oporr:oaa ctroxa Bolrr qo 6rp; rojlelr.
i t l). Liua 1li] Oclllotsa ce cb3.[aBar ]roBx r]ra,loBc
KHococ: cxeMarnqeH nnaH Ha lpaAa
lir!ococ Karo nonlrrtrqecKH II croniiHcKu treH-
1. lsopeq (Bx. Tiln V) l, Mairtrs n <Irecroc Kafo p!'fuolrtuIlln cloltu-
2 r. Hap. ManbK aBopeu ,,, ,,.r '-trel\lnlt il t0XilJlt r;prii6pcNrrrr prtHu-
3. r. Hap. KepBaHcapai , r ( iaileH npHCTaHI{trtHrrre fpalloBe Ha r3Tot(, cc
4. rocnoAapcKil Kbuil
5. rpaHuqa Ha BIHUHM' rpaa , , ilollllllal llOtsff I MeClllOCIfflC IIpC,q fOnCI{UTe
,,lr rl: liAuAN,ttA n A\4Hilaor cenepHo or Ittto
' \urq TpnAltA 3aralilo or
(DLCIix . .laxpo u
lr \r ll llllill oCTaBaT BTollOcTeneHeHI rpajloBe Ha
" ,,r Nla,rxn celrxr(it Kilo fvpxHr u flAJ[tiA(-
1) f r\')Klf 3a pc3fillcltu0t{ IIit trltoBlJl{IluanFltrTe
, ! I r( rcjrn. 14: qcrug ocTpoB ca trp1,CHail{ N{Ho-
,,,"1rrriiun cena il tpoBrJrluuatrHx |pa,Llcc]a (rr0
I' ,r \( I llpAKtl n Til-r{l'Icoc. fpartcxaTa unlrr,rr-
, rr)r |lr l{pxT ce pa3pacTBa Ha ruupoKa ocHoila.
I r'!riruara Ir rpaAoycrpoircrBoro Milofo parJo
L'i[il]riu rurlrruJ]tr! :a Kprr xapanrcp. Hapetr c
KHococ: QaqHcoau nnoqKtr ,,yntrqeH cunyer Ha Ma^b( KptrTcKu rpaA'
lrr' ,llllUlllllCC(nilllla l[U ltrBiCCCl'r lirltll ll ]
\illCTIlTe CrinOHOBe BbB B'r;lpeUrroclfa tr Iro
, L ( r)rirrrc 6pcrouc. l3aqnrcrru or ropculr{Hara Ha
,.rLrultcxHule paBHnHtr. or 6ypl u ceu3Nril9rril
l, I ilillilu BlJItru. re Bna,qefT TbpfoBcK[Te trbTil-
|.r \r,\{ BrrTpeilJHoc[a r r]pej!raraT ilalrollaNlclI
I r r,rl rfl,Ni lrope'ro.9alro rrc cl cc O{aKBIll Ha-
Lr! ililt llo ltopc. rlii KaTo He ca Hat{epeHil cle-
I r ,)r v(pe[JIel{}1'.
L, ; 6f orr:orar a criox:t cc cb3.qaBa xapa(TepHil-
r r,r liplr rpalcxrr rtrlr: MtrHoiicKnsl'ABopIIoB
'
p,r l. HcroRara crpyKTypa e cNreclrun or o6unc-
, il() iljliHllpaHe ti Op|aHtilrH0 HApaCIBaue. f]o-
iililr,rec(lrl cloltilHcKu n (yf,Typelj qeHTbp e
rri,lr({ll,l Hil ullt l|il \lc(lHilt B.lJ.l\'lu.l (c.
I lll) lJr(oU rjr. yjlr[]r ca oprerrtxparru KLM rcfo
r lrirJrlrqlrfl rocoKn. Krro clc.lear rororpa(r-
fypHMr: sbrpeueH rpan , re lalcHocrn 6e: rcsa cxeua. Cnr,p:;ear ru
L ili1 rpcccrl(ui .Iccro orfopueHn no cKnoHa Ka-
,, r!r,tril.loRlrrHtr 1ruqu. B rro-roireMUle lpa-
1. ABopeu , ,
'i rar o Klto( o( ff MA.lnl oK. lBopeua ce rJ3-
2. napaKnuc
3 xiln crpaAa (BX. Tiln. lll)
,1,.r,1\rrr rpalcKo rgpo. Crc cBoero pacrepHo
4. orillecrBets nnoqaA 0 40M r'i l() 3aCTpOtBaHe XXilXtr(HXTe KBapTailx CJIeI-
, r ,riirqairiHara ol ueotinla tta6rpfflmla ccnrlq-
r '. il,. Iil\111. fprr tcrttte rrul ttrti-,lr'ct,'.;r l,'-
r! llll Ha l(ajl(aH I EKON{llOlIUpilllu llONICX:I\'CU.
lllr, rcrlrra 3t \illt{Itit ctr,lycr no.tyqaBaN{e or
I ,rrcolute trnoqxu c tr:o6paNeHiu Hil Kbullt. or'
folru u Ma"r'bK rpal B MnHoticxlr KpilT , l,L r it n Kuococ.
II: rpaAoycrpor"rcrBo Ha ocrpoB Kpnr 137
1{r,v rpalcrolo s{po cc nprcbc.truHrBar ro-pe-
xaBo cabpralrfirc KBapTinu oT BIHIHHq IpaA.
Iluecro irorrccpuilriltslrala pc4oBit cucreMa xp[T
cKOro rpauoycrpoilcruo lperlrovura aKy\{vra-
KaTO ,ru{ItcBar KpellOCilrff CrCl{I1. BbHUHITC fllil-
JoBC Vi,rar rJ ilJplcrsJr \'!orio lHr) Il .lir (\'
cBr)pttsar cbc ccJttu]aTa B trpc.tJexait{a]a Nlecl-
nocr. 3a pa3juKa or vKpererrne fpa.[oBc
Errulxrts rrtox. T-yK cbuecrByBa ilo-crlrra Rpb3-
B
ra lr/y rpa,1a il cenoro. Ho u olacrroci of ulBccr-
llil 6Cri.bi)l\V\Ho( I {l(JKlo B l|iU,r\ClluilclBill.r
rra XIX r XX s.).
flo:tttLttqccnata tr cronaHcKara Moul rra ocrpoBa
BCe noBeqe ce lioHrleHrpffpa s KHococ. Or.qa;re-
qcrr roa 6 xu or N{opcKm 6prr. r'pa,tt u r cc par:rBuBa
s,ly aucoro 60 lr rlraro. Tyx cc npecHuar lRara
rretri-uaxttn lbpfoBcxu lr,rr Ha Kpnr'. Pit:rrroro-
xelltrTc nperl littococ rpnclarrutr{rirr lpuoBe c:l
rpaiiua u rl.lxollill roqKa Ha rpa,irriluoHHarit n,p-
lonrr u/y 14:rora n 3ala.la rr Ha lrerlperbcnaro
:lacffnBa[il]]I ce o5N{eH c rolrTnrretr|utfia l-tpqlu
r\lilt 'il4r. rrii xuro lit,, , 'r' c ilJfi-r o rc\ilrql
rlpou3Botr[Tei Hil foror]rJ c ro(n.
fpa.lcxoro r]lpo or(. lluopcqa c oBar c itb-rxilHr{
!ra oculc (r00 H 1000 lr. llo-rolqnara My cacr cc
cLCirrtr or Kbull Hil H{6r'taIr rpal, nrrrr t pr6o-
TrrnHnurr lr Milra3trHri B recHu y.lurrK[. M/v rqx ca
BhjllTe Hit J(BopLloEulc apucToKpaTx I1 HflKOU
naNnn o6uecraeHlr crpa.qll, Harrp.,,Keprauca-
pari" (crpaHuorrpuelrurrta) r .,Manrlrrr qno-
per1"" roiiro e ctsLp3arr c .,rcarrpr" [o ro]el{ut
gurr 200 ]{ n roxprr c niroqrl rtLT.
,r.Bollc[ qpc3
Pa:ro.roNesnre s o5ccr 1500 1800 M ox. rpa,q-
cKoro ,l/tpo flpe]IrpaAuff - rraii-scqe R ceBepHue
paiiorr (rrprcrarrnrqcro). o6pa:yaar BrrHureu lpelt
c r{erojrr(otsil rjfbrrra crpyKTypa. L)6rlrprrnre
lpo6lrqa ca B xl,lNrrcrrrre NrecrHocr'ff Ira cclcl].
ri:rroK rl nr rr uuar dropua ua 6olau HeKpotro-
rlt.
Epoar ua xnreJure (cilopeJ IIUAH( ) caNlo B bD
BbrpeuHnr rpar c oK. I 2 000. u ucrrit rpa.q oK.
80000, u llprclarrurrrHrrre trpelrpailur o(olo
20000. IiHoaoc e rrbpl*rsr ro,qrNr rpatr a ('peau-
3e\rHo\r0pcKIr pcl u0rr.
llolo6rro ua Kttctcoc ca liocrpocrrH NIa"r[q n
q)ecroc. llo-NrairKxre lpaloBc clre.qBar cxeNrara
Ha JlBoprloBnr rpall B lpoBnlrlluiuHn paltru. Kr'v
Tsx cna!21 .fypHra.
l pagll e Ha cK,roH 6lu:o tto lA"iruBA MtIPAbtJto.
llplclcronu;1uure fnaBHH yf,ilrtx ca ctsbp:rarlu
upe: t'mtna.toeur)Hu )).iuLlt! u npcce uxn. 7 r'rrr4l
BojlrIi lo oiilcmir KBapr2ilu c no l2 20 xt'rqu (c.
l3tl). l{crlrpruno pa3rio,loxeH Ha Rpr,x e
r{a]r-
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llil il r.rH [ o!il"lrrr crll)hr)l1l I \/ll,l, ilili[.nH,,
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l-J8 Erefl/l'uno,rornq III: xllJllltl(Hll crpaitrl Ha ocTpon Kptlr hlr*:ni-tr'lrno"irorur
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fl I
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, j r lr Li tiit\t Ili ctiltltc). (lclltttttLttc ctctrt
Pa3pe3 npe3 ocBerurenHa
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, ilil rirl (l)\lriu11r. Tc l,rrllLllr chu(lr're' IpIri
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D r i 1 ct llu3trpHTli ()t tscirll[t! altorlt iril xpilT-
lii rirroprrr. Ouc l parrrrirl ncprror ra cc or-
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I
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.... t'd Nbdla,,r l\..,1{..i,'.,,;1,1.. ;t.j,rr{,t.
LI uilir y!ril[iiir]rr 'rit Kpri titoplrl l rcttrrr oucp
r,ir;t rr:l :ltarii err eprrx ]iit xr,,r\i. flpourrrqlt-
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Tunfrcoc: tpvna xmnuqHLt cfpaaM
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iillt !i1 NIxII{)i,lclatt cilrtta\t:t. Pl.;ttta trrr ttpo
, il,r :ltl/(lBg. iiilipi,Iilellt{tl rl llllll}ile lla(llli.
r MIIHoI-IcHl{fi llepllon
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)Kn;rnuHn rp] trH x [oclroaapcxtt ltbtu[ o
I riir 1rt flrvllit clc cTr!ralrrKrj II()Md[j:!'rlI11 Hl]
Ill: xn.;rrruHlt crpit/tu Ha ocrpoB Kpur 139
ll l1 OK ll ,IsC I llYltrl C bC Cllilrlllll ll ,lIlCBllil I Il CCIJCI)
il ror r ocBeTnTP.rillaTa nt8\'ta. Ta:r r r,irr;t lro-
r)
xc c\lqja 3il llltllIoTIlI lla itoiil,ctlllIc IOC-
Jla cc
ll0,lilpCl(Ll Il,lllli.
llourtr crtrtorpclrcHlin c Iri)cr1(icHa r Hn,unrrlnA-
'ra f,p) nr BbB Baclr.[iriifi. Kr.lurrre ca l]l3roJi0-
;riclri lril cKjou r r'a]llc{)ts1111il0 r';llrr ilarl jpyra
iJr,rrurrur crr, r6fl cBr,[]:lBaf ertxxrc. r(i]KraJ rr tc-
l1opcrll1111c \'.lxur1. Oouccttlclrut tc n qile tlu le
lt tr I[tua ltc ca fr3!c]tcilt.
Ilo,ttSrru ts rrrarr. rro ir{r lbDrittsx ts orl)ojl\1-rcJrLra-
() cl iir,ulilrc ts Nur.rKrrr rpajr flpililq (c. l:l(,).
fL\trl't, ,I t.]tr\' {}t t.t.( t'rvrilt'}il(hilt ilfl,,t.} | \'.r
g,r\ no-cl'lpu ocitoult. I;taeu|tc )tlnuu ca tcir(F
l-lcJllll lla Iill(.lolll. ( tilt,t irt. ttxtt.tt)tttt ttt( .v. tt tIt I ! 11
oi)i rl)t I ttL!tlta ( tnh.ti!r g',l,1tBHtBilr llculBc. rilrtnt-
rr. IJa llpntrc al;lxti cc ctllfit tio Bl,rperitulr
L l l.l6lr. tl I llrr.l ! ( l.lr,.r.l ll',-!qr';r, LiH
I Iagcgr r[c I I l]trlolle l e I cc:llra ll\ta [ocilolap-
cKH Kbulll, B rclrr rrr [i rit tsbp,\vrl(ala cc il]tc-
il ril.:tt . lJ\l([|trtL rt.t l,,lrtt.r.\tttrtr,rtii\tit. hI,utr
It \t()TLtBtiTc IIit Klcurtltitlt0iicKliTr Jil0lttl()Ba ap-
xrllcKr)la (c. 1,12).'Irrrara xo\rofcrirroci cc ho
pclrir n lrrorpe6rra Hii cttHedBrr tlprlclpaijlrBeHll
cre\tcltTli. I TqxilaTa uH.qllBH,q)il.[HOcT B 1l]-
l t,:ritaltl l a c rltlrt r a:la BJllliluirl il tp\,rnlltallc.
l-p1'rrrrr locnoll:rpcKu rlbulrc * Tn"qlrcoc rarrul-
rio or Ktlttror cr'cj,erox o! rl)tr rroll,ttBlurrj cc
flt peIorrciil-rrilLrr r()n1u r! 1]l1i' ruu.
Iiuula .\ c c ptr:IKu :ii Kprrr rarnopcrrocl laabrl
ir riliit)Nrrr otst-!1llrt rr,rr{a s Krlt,li,llltt.
libultrte B tr B ui,.riit;slr irrlluqiril lilILtrrricua
n r,rrrrrrrl tjropva. ur Korlro ;rrrlBelclBil ts rl pclrl
r)o p:lupcitircurc. ,lllpo ra tscr[tL or irts(irc ]ib-
rlr,, \ ''l.r,llir llr)ll:l \ .Nlllr.hr' \1\rl:rl\r'lr'! ll,,r'HC-
rr'tc.u{it rril:if[. lir,rrta i] c lilllr]ito;Keua il(] LIr)-
coria rara,rl-lJTo(. rr,rrla ii rlcHTpanro c rro-ry
oftriro,nqit Kr!loHa,tlit It fxlft to trpocrpitHclBeHo
L,.ifoprr.rcrrilc. ii'sn ;rr.rrUrrilrc ro\rctrlcrilrr cil
t1,i:tu.,ir i. tj.ll\. .tt',tt.11.,, ,tt, ri,rt.t_. tr,l..
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rrp{rrNreTli. 11;r0.llr0 or Dxoj(rPgrc Ha JIBeTc
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:l(]c-ix lil.rti\la.
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1
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llolo6ur cejrcKlr rr rpr:lcKn Brlirr r{\{a riirilp. B
Fli{pt -X\t I t. BA ilil ili tpot l. (l[]I,\LloN.\\liloc. A\l
t u tc ot . Oco6crro r ojrrr\i 6poii uhra oK. unopcur ts
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1
cxa tsrl n" r .,Rf a-rmnrr .rlBopeq". riuii ro o6acc
lcllorlrrro c 5li.r 'ia riy-[T(]Brr ltitil qlJcro rJpe/:tcra-
Btit cjtJju llc,ll. i(nttHuuta ra rvlr]{pe tj IlrIRItntJlit-
'i,t,,t,rt.ri ( t. it,.ll' rt., t.,,' ilr,\lttilr.iithilt( rir!il,,
rtillicilll lil)llili lC lh)Clufll (lTlJ(its0 Cr{llii BI)B Brljlil-
Tt HA Lilil[tj\lt LI dlri]\iltil Itt ritxltKuTc ll\fllcpa-
TOll u.
 140 Ereni'I'fino.rroruq IV: ivluuoiicxn gnopeq I
L 'il ii)Br|r:t cnOxa c ctoxa Ita locno/:lcTBo Ha
',t"'r rr)lillATure. Hancrxrgc no Erciicrolo
' ' rrr rr'rlitlC ICptilOpHtulltfilC u_rta:1eICitlt C]p09T
, 'rr rl i{penocrfl (c. 111i46}. flpe: cpetiuara
., rit \'ilo\il {Lpc.lHU\lilHoiiiKil nfnilo t} il.1
i t, r" r ( r ( r, lj(aBar yHuKaJHilTe :a Cpe,qrr:euuo-
't'il( rl) Mr{HoiicKn lnOpqH. TrxHara ucropur
rL m ctJbp3tua c ulllillatrelo ua Kplr xaro
, ,, rit att,[4.
r1 | r n ilu parruouuuoiicxna neprJO/X peritoHanHu-
. rrnctnli ct rollcllqt llactla. Bt,e Bacnlllnn
I r irl)rrr rHatqure-reH tfparuclrr or rgxrra pe3u-
, rrr llpe: Hacrbfl[]m ox. 2000 neprron rra
'",l,ilDtL' r)enptlt Bjlilcrra ce KoHIleHTpIIpa B tr-
r , 1 r ortKr{ rra ocrpoBa. Tan ce u:rpaxclar
' ,, riol]uil: Knococ u Nla,rns Ha ceBep, O€c-
,,'r L ,\rils'l'puaga Ha rcr. 3anpo Ha u3rox.
l', '1,t1111g
j1n IltKOx Mil-[KI fpaloBe BepOSTHO Ca
! ri)rrJiacrHu. Or 1600 npc: rrcpuoia ua uoeu-
EreR/Tnno",rorur IV: MllHoiicnu ABopeq I l4l
lh,paoHava,luo re ca 060co6eHtr 6.ronone (riar:r'
,/rl) or(. rleHTparrHns llcop. V;rucx[ rx cBr]p3Bar c
rpa,'ta u fipffcraHnuero. Vecro RaxHu v;ruun 3a-
tsr,p[rBalr']{rpeKTHo B ueHTpanHil' JIBop il-lil B
crf ilrr or' ts L8milu]c rltsopoEe (3arra(rrur ). 3aclroe-
HfrTe il (I ( d )t( t.r. 6 b iltp ( rL! H(r n a r op u d t t p u tt t u tt n e
.1ri il CJ\lOClOtlCnHIIlC ('|Jcnllll 6.lilKoBr {3nlt-
BaT CTapaTa ocHoBHal cTpyKTvPa u B Klcr{rrrc
lIBOprlx.
Tr,ii xaro nurrcBar vKpenneHxr,.qBoperlr orHo-
cr rerrrro cuo6oguo Mo)Ke jla ce pa3pacrna or ,tBo-
pa BbB BcilqKil nocoru. flpr leo6rolnvocr u
BbSNIOXHOCT OT.[e,[HllTe 3OIIH Ce .[Onb]lBaT X;tH
Itoiu0BqBaT.
rote- flo c'rpyrrvpa lorreMure j(Boprlu ca tsapuarux Ha
o6ura ocuosxa cxeMa. llpororxrnir :]a unrocrria
Jlflcrro3urlur. Br,TperrHa opraHu3aurir (c. I,12) H
crrlroo6pa:yuaue (c. 132) ceporruo e Ksococ.
\;tc,r.1,'1 11qggx11, c rJ\olKx rni.i-vcc r,' rrr r.rrrl r

' ,Lt)/)l(t B,taoTTa Bce noBcqc cc npcMccTaa rl cRe.qeHns 3a H0BUTe .qBopuH.

I nL (,e , [Oii'ro 3HilqrrTenHo ce pa:uHprna. MH-
r,rluollrloBa apxureKT,vpa JocTufil ilrrofcg
L,'I IL r Il l
! rr)riirrr) N{ol[r'a Ha Kpur rtocrcleuHo orcraSsr.
' , I lO{) fBopllxrc ca oKorrqarcnrro pir:jpytrreHil.
I 1,, ( r'lt
" pong IIa uapctc B riollxr'flriaril" rKOlo-
,,r.ril Lr peilurHqra obyclaer KoMtrJeKcHara
il,\ rrilltrf Ha.[BoprltrT€.'Ie ca
ilrl.rilr'trqecKn ueHTbp: pc3H[cHuuq rra uapff
flpu /tBopel{a n NIa.nHq iljrilHr,r H? crapls itRo-
peq. ullllexllil. ce e 3atra3lrjr ts ocHOBHil JIilHttIt.
Tori e pa:roloxeH B cpeJara Ha orBopeHnfl
irBoprtoB fpajl. Fr'y rror'refaT xb,rrM ua! rjro]lopoll-
Harir xpali6peNua paBHrrHa. B cparrrcrnrc c Kttct-
coc n Ol,t--tc.tc e no-NrarbtHtro-ccN{n6-f. c ilo-pa-
IluoHalrHa u orlpocreHa apxtrTeKTypa. tro-trpe-
ltellilo 9ireHeHUe.

Fi flpn3eMeH erax, nnaHoBa cxeila

ilTuqecKo-pentrruo3tsa
nofr
peFpe3eHraufr9. fnaBBu loMeueHMt
noMeueHrt
l
2
6aHKerHa
KynroBM
noMeuleHut
3aa
B
9
7 il3TOqHtr CknaAOBe
pa6orunHilqh
3anaAHil cKnaaoBe
Lr rr cprrropilajrHxs
r RnaJleTen c [bpxaBHa mH
ri r irorlitjllla aJNrfiHxcTparlilfl. rftcTo 3:t trplte-
r,ilr rr :irrpr(aBru al(oBe. cb,l. IlbpxatsHa (aca.
flpanorrrrHulr qeHTpa"[eH ABop u\{a pa3Nre-
prr ox.22 x 50 lr H xarro o6ursogeso. c opucrtr
TupaH B trocoKa ccBcp-ror. K)NrrHqr x u3 rocHxe r
fl "ropocrene*tsr 3 uapcK/ nokou l0 ceBepHfr aBopoBe rlrr rflltlr: fjraBHx BXOtroBe ca npoeKTHpaHtr KiiTO (bcil, oT-
4 APXilB I1 ueHTparets aBop r r(,ilrrrcfirr qerrTbp: cpellulr(e 3a cToKH oT Kpul u yirxcKu Kr,M fpa.ua. ceBepHusT c MHoxecT-
ffi *rnru1nu 3oHa, rtaBHh noMeueHnt 5 ceBepHil 12 aBop c
cKnaaoBe BOAOXpaAfrnMqe
Lr,rlrcltHOcTTa Ha cTpaIlala, of9acTu 3a BO qynK[ trpcMuilaBa ilpe3 tsropocrelrerrHll Jltso-
[ noMeu]etsu' poBe H Korolaltr. Ororo qcrrrparrrxr JlBop ca
"ropo"r"n"nHil 6 KYXH' l)CIlllJUt IlA3ap. OTqaCTH 3a II3UOC: N{SCTO :}il
r, r, I
I !' ltso.lcrao Ha KacecTBeHu ce,rcKocTorlaH-
rl )r
l)ClnOlil)NcHtr B\'il'lKil l[y[il noVeUleUHq C O6-
, ril. 3rurasTqniicKu. xylloxecrtseHil u3llenfir, uJccrBernr tfynrrttr.
rr( rItll:Ltll Ha Ila.qerlHaTa TbpfOBUq, lta3apnqc l exHnre Qacagn KLM .qBopa ca nollpatsHcnu u
I r r l):i[a Il o(o]rHocTrTe Nry. {acr Hlrr ro o(topueuu Ka ro ilByeraxHr Ko-[oH:l'IH
oiirqccrBerr qeHTbp: ltapcKx jurop c aptrcro- u rlo,1x[r{. O6ulpuure ceBepuo u fanagHo
rJ)ir u1.IIIo u qtrilotsltlrcecKo o6:tteclao. nrpu u KptrJO Ca ilpc,qfra3rraqcftu 3a rperlc faBUrejrHil.
ill)l lrrxuH. qyx/]il npaTelthuil, xylloxilnrlfi r{ (yJToBx ri a-qMnHlrcrparuBnn rlcrlr. [loplala
L li( llCllTU: crpillia Ha ceBepHOTo Kplilo ce 3acN{a oT troN{c-
lr('rrrrffioSeH rIeETbp: cclanuuc ra llapq- illulril! 1a ilPilcvil il ilil1)utc( I BJ (dagxe rga rr.tr t.
Nrrcro:a 5oxecrsesu noreu (nrpa l na H31oK e go,qeneH KyxHeHcKtrrr rparr. Ilpu:eu-
^l)r11.
l',r;rnsra 6-raroc.Ioerr) c rylronu norreue- HIHT eTaX Ha 3aIUIIOTO I(pItJlO Ce C LCl OU OT 1rO-
ililr. orTapHJ xcprfloilptrHOUreHnr' (y,tToBrr pe.qrrqa noN{eucililq 3a,q6pxaBHsr rlelleN{oHilar.
ilr I)u B IBOpUOBUq IIBOp ff Ha repacilrel flolreNgy lil{ rrMa trapr.trHa cnr6a. xon'o eo;1u
,riiljltrilleH aBopcq: noKou rJa BJra,r(eleIr c rO,M r oprifffl erax c ilpeltcT:iBrrTenHHTe noMctrlc-
rircltcraBilTenHri qacTHU noNferueHru; fpyril uur. Te scporriro floB rapgr' e uo-ceuruta $oplra
r r ( ) \icr(eHrfl 3a ceMeilcrBoro,,qol{ilKuHcrBoro r.raHa Ha Kucroc (c. 142). B -srr,:ia M/y ceBep-
il ill)llcnYt'ala. froT0 r1 3a[a/THOTo Kpxno yN{eno ca BN{ccTcltlr tro-
, ,r! rirEaHeTo Ha TonKotsa lrro|o cfynrqurr e KOffTC HA BIAAC'IE.IIg.
,il'r1rHa la
pa3uup{BaHe IIa IBollIlHIe ff ftrxHa- Irl:roqsoro rr rcxrloro Kpr:ra ca orlpocreHtr B
r l())Klta opl aHtr3aullt. rlrarr il He ra(a trpocropHu. Te ssHo crvNal:a
I I L[rIpaHeTo orB]Tpe HaBbH B to,lcMil pa3MC- rrpcpa6orra lr cKJloilnllaHe Ha ce;rcKocronarcKlr
| \ rclBa troAoor[r ilpli]Jru{1ltr, (al{To Ipfl cTpoil- flporyKrx (uacro6oiilra) tr cro(il 3a unpo(o no-
, r'rJroTo rra xuiluul|il c|pallx x cennua (c. rpe6reune. O6nHplne cK,[aIoBe ca cB]p3aHrr
I i)l) IleHTbp Ha KoMn,[cKca c cpelililsT ABop, tro fpyntr c [IaBHxTc IONlcllcttnq: 3alra]IrxTe (ii-
, ir () lro foreMfir{a tr apKtrre(ToHxcHo oQopltrc- ro lraii+orrrua r pyrla c allMrHucrparrrBHnre no-
rt rrl)nntlla tta o6uecrsen lulotr(a/l u lI:JItbnHt- Nreucrrilrr, n:lroqnrlc c pa6o'rHtrHrrqure u na3alla.
I r( r oBllTii pon{. Pa:lHlnu rpvrru c|paltr ca ul- ceBepHHTe c B,lagcrencxlq ,qlop. L)co6euocl ua
llaopcqrr s IIa.lHq l,.r r( ilil tiilTo caMocTosTc,uln clHItHtrtr B 3atsrcff- lr,lirrns e IBopbr c BoAoxpanrrrnUIe rra nr c 8
,,1 Lrr LbyHKuurrTe c[. r'0t1eMu llficTepHLl.
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rt,i'lrr'r!r,r B KHococ UpeBb3xo)l(i(a,qpvl.ilrrl
i r rit('lllr rro rr:rttrrq (22 0{)0 rin. lr). o6cnr ir
r,rL rrio 3rrlqeHltc. lOii ce Ot.ttqtsa u c rlt
' i, r riur I tto-6or I ro rpoct.paHcrRclto
r
''.t.. l.rrNfqr,il( H.l\,rrhil (,0\[irril:tr
L Irir rracTil a)l llotlHltlc ctalTKIt 0T KLCI{O_
,'L L .r1r rrcpilo!. Per0uctltvtrlrlril ila roprJI{-
r,il illirllttBcllii u A. EudHC.. 11ol]fl(bjle c!-
ilt !rrfit !(oulr"qel(c c ltocTpoclr 1t0 TpaillllltJOH_
. il r ililt (r:. l4{)) ori. rpaBorr rnteH uclrrpa,tcu
', ' rr';'ttrlilotrr ritil.tJHrr hl\il tu rr;r\lj:il[ir rl\)-
. i',\rrrjicriu{ t:l Kyttotsu rj [pcllclaB]lTeltIx
, r ;ir l]t:l-t|Ka or Jpytri [BOpIlx. Uapc{l]Tc ilo-
L' B lJ3T0rlilOrOKlttli0.
L'r.r rrr{!trt} xp[Jlo ce clcroil or 4 r:raBnH rpvlt
I rr( j[tH. Ito]lvgc]II 0t O(rcltueHttCTO IIA Ot-
| 1L il roi(OBc Ha ctaptrq l8operl. 0r t|JpBolia-
!r ir cucreMa ila o6cJ\')KBaHe ca ttlrtleriil
l,rirtr (l l) n lor{Hilrii (9) vtrficxn r(bN{ rlcl-
I , rrlr ,llolt (10). Kllr nxlritra qitcr lra rroBrrq
, , l,( L e rjf [cTl]oclril c;loxHlt Kopruoptra cfic-
', \'.' (: 7). C' Icirna roMo!( lJxrauture ol
rr,rrrrr ltOCOlit Ll()CCTllTettrl CC IIaCOqtslT Iit,Nl
I ril tJAXtlLr \{eCIa ts llBopcua. Ej:iul or.rertr
,', rlr r,r iftorl]il B l:tiltrllrjrlr Juop ( l). ot unti_
: rt\)lu.rou r. Hap. KopLt()op ttu ilpo4?e!tln(:
I ( L ll t(AqBa Ka10 paMnr. pt3(0 :Jatrr{tsa it trO
! ,', r'Iicllfie Ha IOXHaTa CTpafla CTIlfit r(0 /1.r..(
lrresl'l r'rrro,rorru{ 1': MnHoircxn nBopert ? 143
rpura crlt16r Ha cclcpojatra:t c ropes tccr.u6rr;r
tr r{()tollrt ra:ra. l'p\ tra Itp:liuItqHr{ :a.tu o{op-
\r! rolnra lii rllleJcfatsuicjtuu 4cttt. llpciiat,-
l,'t, tt,,' t))t \:tt r.rttt ttt.', ttlt..t,,ttt,t, H(,,il t.t,\t
L!(Hntp(r.tHLt t(.t.u.t LIt t il1b.rit)61 1J .lBa pcttr (2-l).
riorrLrilcrral orctplltr c n0-MiltKil:ala (24) nlt
riroplrir rra Kl)uilt(^t! lt,:u1tou \c. I3-1). flolto6iro
1t0\lculcrr[c e i)l ]lr()rtoxcilo c t.pilHllqilo t{ii ct.}tj-
[uuclo (25). 1{ucie inrlr r3xoJrl (bNr roprrtrir
ra"rrepHs ito uctrrpa.rlHflrr l(Bop (26). Or.rarl
JlBopUOBoro o6qecrno 11o7ic Ia lraOjrk)r]ata
lll'.'lCl,lF LHllt. ilirlll'. rlJ\,,'t\ tilt Chr!ti,,B! 1. \
[irrxorre. l'pl to-Nritjt(t u o6ocoficrrrr rpvnrr ro-
nlcueHti' c ilotil)lttiHu r/cll.1..t/. riftluxuil. ca
flllcjtrJxjteHii 3c lo-llntN{rio o6rqyrraHc (27. 28.
291. flonreucirrlrl 3itin,llro r[ orl(p!.rn{ rri]r!rb-
)KCH Koililjl0p llltcJ c(trallotsfi' TpaKl 8epoflTlo
cirvxit r lil i)urttttntu ta.lr (10. -l j ).
l'rtetro ro rp)'rtilar rL' ria rilc;lcritBltl.clr ir fl o\jc-
rlleHllr cc r]oBtal)r ts u3TOrtHoTo KpuJo C qap-
cKure loKolt. I II cceclt 3lll|JTeHo o r [l]ljto ct,c
cK-r]uotse, Ha t1J toK x IOIOI{3] OK TO CC O t Billtt K r,NI
)riti HAt,\ ] t^ li..\t:i t,A I 0( . O r NJnrilIMlrr ccTullri r e
. l(
crlrKa ltBaru jlo,rilnj ca B(ottrll B cK_lolra. Tc c!-
cr)cTo9l of I0 IlBe pa3N{cclcrrx [0\{cx!\ cll I.p}-
lfr iloNlcl{eHi}i. Bclra olrrx truii 3u rle rlt bp
Kl)Ltn(tiL! .tr(tuloH. f[o-rotrelrurl ( I )^ ,,]a.tara
Ha gnoiiuure cexlp[". ]{ilto !.rrcr.apoH ua uapr''
cryxr :Jli npcllct itBlrrcllltr.t r1etl. I (eurprtrrra a r

' r ^ t,t! 4cumputHut daop (t)) ilntl l1o or.pitrrrrr- :tt.ru (tt t rttt.r6ot:r, (c. I 32) e ortsoltcriil s I Pu tro-
t i,t /)LlLu eH npo lt L!.t )t l.
: tI (
coKE: rra SaliaI rit)\I illlctutBcptler0 c ocBeTlIt.ctl_
, il \r t
ltajla RTopil IbT no Ka\{eHCII \{OC r ltpecI- HeTit iltilxTll. Hl ll:lToK x 0f ft LNI r{o.[oHltMe
,

ilr,iilFtO rrr B,rr.tXr,rrj (c. ll6) u lo crrilato 3afffi c bfitor]i] 06uKo_[rra Tepaca.
,, ff rir)jroHiulil (.\'t(l)!)(l lt)fli(o.,1) ce u:ra,rra lltyrrara ttolrclqeHtt oK. tro-NiilltKara l,i-rril ctrc
't t,t, rtJ(rnLtdHlta npotu! totr. llo rtttttttn nopu- cr,l6orrc, 1,M€ralloHr,T Ha qapuqara., (2) c;ro
' i' roii Jocrrril Baxlnra BR:luotsa roliKa uo cTil- jretrellt oTOTpaIlLt cr[uIHt, uN{a xapilK rep Ha qac r:
| lt) )t.,u ilpotllt.toH (7). orK}.qcro rrpe:l laca)Ka rr0 xrlrrfllie. 'lo cc ocnclnBl n upoBcl]lrBe qpcl
1 rr t)rllerKlla ]Jo Ilelllptl]tHu' iIEOp rln lt0 Crila- t)L8t'!11l.lillt.tLtl.t LL!o.\nlu.Ht) c I JoIIpal]o oT BbilLu_
, Lrlrrl crlrrita l1o roxHara ra.lepnl (211.'l'l llrr L ,ilecrc t pyrrrr ltoNtculeHilg cit x:rpaitct!r
cBq
'
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, ,L LrejtHit cfpaHa Ha lBopertr Kifro citNrocioglc;ilrH cjltrt|ur. Fto cil clllp3arru
, ill,e L,ltlt lrilHr]piil{crr x:tf;lcl Kt)NI fpai{a I oK0_1- iloN{cxtly c}l c IrillrvleH (opullolt. a c t,c cxoJtrrrre
ocrilrilrrll craxr rtpe:l luc tstrTpc[rrr crrlOu (3).
\ ( rr(il)c,Irroi o npoBexllaHe ila KopurloltxTe rja Konll lr'fll il rilr,l-)r,clcil(ilHll n(r\tiIjcilqH. \l )
''.f" iltrt)it [,,I'il tflBit ]1cAtt(xl\ililc [] KOllTo ,.K.ro3cT c ycrpoiicrro :a npolrnnailc'(':l).
rcrlcTBeH. TlpxcclBeri r(cpc\{(iHr{alt }a npi}_
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"1 xutltiulllrt.
lloilT,,itsaT
irrlilte. rpo4ccutlc" rpt6yrunrf lcjrera- [.raellara ctl.I6nlrtna n:rerxa 15t c \rror\,-
ffi ;:i[::";:i;"""''*"" 'rr Haii-ga;rgr tlc]r IJ BT,:l-[orJ!r logxr a ro3u eTaxla (oFlcTpvKtllIt. KOrlo cxyxx 3a trllcjtclr-
FonLrrurFcL o o6ulecrBeilr
r,
'illlllrII c lrbTpeullilffT trp0trtr.fl0H c Nrr]0f0- 8I{TCJIIa BXOIITI 3a,qa U0 rleHTpaltijq nBOp rJ
,J- l, pelL\eleHlaurq, TflaBFil I u,rIilra clr'.il6ilqrra .)ajla (lli. 19" 20). flo cBblltBa BcIIqKIi eTaXlI lia t.oBit Kpxlro, Hc3aBr{cu_
xilfuuHr FoMeueHilt r r ,tiio .Iu9r1. ue roii e nrpa;1crr iioflbitlrutc'.rlHo ts \ro ol tsrrllc[rLue crrtrSn. CtcLorr ce o.t derpr
-l r rr!rcrlyuilruur clap JBoperl. B npu:elrHlr tt, pu,t , r,tr.ti',t, u(BCtiltc lHu Ul\ta tt o6ttto.ttt,r
f_ )KilriluHff floMeqeHilt
"aup""r,"n"nHil .r/\ (rpitr{trrlHll tspaTn fo cltlrl3Rilt.c KVJTTORII- rallcpur c KotroHlr. il c 6oralctloro cll ot trlto-
l-- l "nnu4ouu,
crora'c(/ noMeueHut ,
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i,.r ruir ltBoll (14. l5) u SananHilq cKJaIoB HOCrlil II CC rlltBa tpci(rtiecTBcr{IK H:} t.ojre\ll]c
Fl nonpr.u (oprropil, crbr6il
'lr,rrir'(17). [3 lpu:eMnna x rollHxq cta)Kff cil crb,q6xr[a rpai 1ul]oKl (c. 5{r I r. 2,}. llo,loarra-
, ,rrKrlptllluTe fpylt loNfcuelriJt 3a oxpaFla. !o, Hnrra. KaKro B MltKFllA (c.5.1). ocraaar,u
f l a*opou", orKphrh Kopuaopu.
r rr ilcftso u o[rclyxnaHe (16"
noKpilBHu Tepactr. ocBeTuTeftsf 321. cKD0NGr4 pa3\repri.
1,, r'i r, ri;iluclo ( l9) cc uocrHra
rlopeluutra _1o B lpoc'rpalcrectrirril Jllcltoliirlxf, ra jatalrroro
r'l'{ (craB[Tc.nHil troMculeHilfl D rol]j{nq cl.ilx. rl\ll.lo U It,rlr(ilil. il,rNil1r ytrHoiicNAta ap\[-
ll r,l1() tojrrrMo crur6lrulc (ll) Bonn j{d trlx (rr TCK1'\'p Ha CltCTeXIa pa3f plulil rjilltb. uro CBOI e r
i I DrjIlrJr ,xlop (c. 1321. Illro,rrirt Bnrfcurr[r lr, JNtoxlocl it. I Io u r rorooOpatut
,lrrfepcrrrlaa-
rr
r, rrlr (15) ocbllecrBqaAl Bpbl(ltiil t 2'tty rtt- llrl' Tq lrpeBb:lxoxlla IOfaaarrrHfl t.c IlrtslJjtil:ialluiI"
I-o.leunnr,[a6ilpuur:,tsolicrlbr u liuococ
I i c!ax. Ilc c:ioxa:atro ctrulccrBVtsuHclo rraor- (aKTo tr rroc,IclBalrilTt tltl,[(it tllfrrcrjoct..

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145
I r r")r rrrlc ca clrcl nai'i Ba,(HUre rlrxolrrrJ lo.r- o or. 200 u. pr:rplrrrc r3ts.r,H cr.apa.r, [pclrocr
r I !ltlJalllclfltItlOTO pii3Bl1TLle. Oe.rltrL\li uT erpaJl Ca t0llltCleHfi B.bB tsrit llA
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rraeuu xilflrllil nouei{ets!t rr| inccrrclrlJe or jtilxcrr
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J xunnunu il cronanckr noMe ro 't(e 0e crpoflT trit ileJlocrbilltLt NlcctJ Bt,B 11 tucllrtBpcxrQaDtpfiailrr(ta[p.
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', r, irr)ltrrl M€rapoH, Tlrx II npenl:xoNua
i,20 200 M ,V 6
tu. . I l) r J l! IBCCTUff trpl{N1cp[ C ilpxtileKTOHilril]Ot.0
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, r r ! Bauc rl:l rlf,loctJrut (or{rlrc(c. Ocluccr_ crl DaqtlH |a uilcrposraHc (tpbclaro ccltrue)
] Mr*u*", ahpononbT
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il,1!'CKXg ICpUO/{. cac
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I etroxa.
l)vcprartrrra lra rpala tr ylnrurJTc clclear (rop_
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ir
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146 Eres/Tuno,roruq VII: MUKeHcKH Kpenocrlt
ropHa KpenocT
cpeaHa KpenocT
aonHa Kpenocr
(yKpeneH rpaA)
O6u nnaH
Eren/Tnno;rorul VII: MilKeHcKn fipeilocrrr 147
il| I I t10HHtrIlX pa3BJjlrilr Tilna llat vIINeHcHa IljlrlEolIifluHlI. 3:l .i(a CC fi lKlrcllt r Njt)pTtsr Ir Iu rr
,,'.' II re.tcra KpeIrocT oI Tpa.IItUI[Te I]a KOTJTI{_ jla cc )lare BLlrJoxrrocr :a dt,lrrrruparrc rlr u_v1r
I I It1)t() KpCnOCl.HO CII]OITC,IC]!O. OT llr(_ NIVIraulut t{clrpurre"t. I Ia u lt roron:t.or( ct Il3trc
f___-l a"op,lou nornnen" ' r i ilr! tpillcKrr VKpCIJeHUt U ejrellclilllre FIa ccrl 6aclroglt KAfelrartr. B:arritlltatl qlrcr
IJ
i !!11( r\ltlt JBOplloBa apxrTcKtypa.
ffi xpenocrru cbopbxeH/q ll'bfoBxlllll cTcla clc ctltitHllqiltr ..KVJlt" ocrif\'-
I r r l,|rI1tc KpelocTfi ca oT KtlcHoMtKeHcKata
ffi nonu-rvecxo-pentrrilo3Ha penpe3eHraLlor pf,ta Baxllltr llocTlIt ll0 lI3Bop B ItoJ[o)KI{Ct 0 ui]
rnaeun xunilulHfl noMeueHilg
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ffi
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[1:,1trral1nrr ce B u3rocHara clcr paytroR trl,r
f-l nonprt, Kopraopil, cftn6u , ,L rl lr iiotrllicxn tsjra/tercjru nr{a ! trrr,qa Kotr,
guopo"" ,,' rrr,r rla l.lprul.
prl3KO JaBtille rloI npets bf3"t jrpeJ u clcjt TccIrrt
f 01tsOll B lll;lil tl 3ilBt,ltuBl ts OfpArtCHa OT JtsCtC
, clpailr tropTa"tila l"trrua c r.laBeH Rxojl B foll-
l) i[t \{riKcIICt{iiTi] tsJllct HCtllr{eFluo c Ap Hxr Kprii (rlrr ..,llrlcrara Bprra". c. 130 ). lrg
r \ { ltaBHa peuu,Ierrqnr Nlrrxeua (c. l.+:l) tr
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il Hclon qcrrrr,p no clapocreiicxa rpillrJunr e Me-
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rapoHbr Ha qapr. LJblpe(tr ,toMxHupatrloro crr
,'.'r I r:r t I'upuur. Dlu:o rlo :u,tuott ttt Ap:ot,
Nlcc1 oltonoT{eHue roii o6aqe He e n3olilpaH. riitK-
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' r r( I xltcoer c i('bnxlHa o(. 300 u. urrpnira 40
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, r I rrii clyxu 3a +yHIaveHT la Leni,t.onHunc rl\)aJ crlJ til. R lt.lrilill)r'EKirrr .rilqH rrluiliicto
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KA3EMATCH ABOP loxgBa HcilpilKTlrvrrirra, rlopuanlct rr!Hii 3a(0-
BbHUeH nponilnoH ' ,r,r n crpajta c O 26 u). flo pa3urrrpenurrril
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a , I ljL llllilHtltla Ce pa3nuqrtsa't Tltll CTlloilt.CltHI c1 eururoct ua crapoereiicrara B,laj(erelrcKi] ripe-
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asop
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r, rrllUe lla itBe 3OItL \reHocr' lJit lutroricxulc Isopun.
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n3TOqHa
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crpa!il 3a cTonaHcTBo, nepcoHan
aBopuoBa oxpaHa
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,i' rrir rilllajleHa rrloq. Pa:xput.ure Qyrrltauclr-
Kr,M r"lansnq MerapoH c BbrlterlreH:llopnoB
i(BOll c rrpucrpoeHa 3atralHa rp1,ila (4, 5,6).
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it,r ila orpaleH c lrlcoKtr 3,lloBc /lBop. ot6paHuTcjrllurc cbopLxcrljt Kollletr[ttr{ Ha
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TnpuHr: B.raAereJcKa Kpetrocr or MUReHcKara etroxa
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ri rrillloltStleHcntlercl la
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fl req/Tfi ro.rrornri VI I I : x-vno,.rHu rpo6Hrrltr{ I 49
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patHrl paicr oqrrrr 6pou:oln qudtrore npnllp_
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Paril mocil.
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r
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ra KVIOjla nopTajllrHtt TIII Ce [OBTap, B rro_
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tntta h'ur epH e I1to6tt tttqtt.
..Clrpourlurrurtar a ua Arpcri., I npolllltxeHUc
aa I400 r'o.1. ocraga Haii-ro-rreNril, r KPrrLr Kvno.ir
Ir e Ha;N{rrrllr:l c.lBa ol crpt.ratt ua pllr. flaure_
or, trocrpocH trpu [r{rreparop Anpr{A]r (c. 252).

150 Eren/Ilrpnara ecponerlcra apxlrrefirypa
Lllericrco ro clpox I cirrro ll3(vcrtso npc3_ pallHa I a
eltoxa cc or,lultitBtl no-c[{)l]o c Nltlofoobpa:lrc llil
tiln,rrr\'r( tt 'lUprtHt<. ol\,r lKUltr i ,16uorlt lt' t-
xlrrcnHu ltJelr. lrpofpaNitr Il llpaBulla B:tnqttflg It
Tpiljlllqlrli ce HacjlafRar. crtcctsitr 11 OllIOB0 Ce
pN3]tc,lsl ria pcrxoHilllHli (ynryptr TcxHurr pa:-
nLlqeH. oltllCTII xlopcKIr. olqaciu Kolrl]lHellTiljlclt
xapailcp ce rpottstBll oco6cuo qcHo a alrrilro-
Hu:va u,ry ltntroiicrara ll NltrKellc(ara Kynrypil B
Kpa{ }la 6poH3oBara e[oxa. l] rxr ce [oj]tlpllll{-
pill cTollilHc(ulc" flo-lllTltgeclillle tl xyloxiccT-
BeHfirc cHnu Ha crciic(xq cBtr crc.rl.[Byxtixt.lo-
Jrcruo pr3Burue. Carlo6rtrritlcrra u flpoluBopc-
quer0 ca llo-tcHo Hspa3eHu Il xpxllTeKry/pilla" or-
(o lxoIo B iI3o6pa3ure.lrlolo u3(yc'tBo.
\'lnuoiicxara aprlrrenr-Ypa qpcl cBotra,, -/d-
6t.tltuunua (u(ne\tu ce palillrlalll oqcoffLlllo
KilKl0 0r I1)llc\{ure KoHl ulleHl anllx ll}ltsullti la-
ntrn. r'a(a u ol ereiicrirre rrcpurLrcpHrl ryrrryprl B
n-taua r (ropuara tra cl pa]lara HaHCTUIIa roctroll-
clBl npilBlltT r'fbll. HO lltlllctsaT 3alBOpCHOCria
tpoc lpilllcrBara u scFIo pa:lrpallrqlaaHe lla ooc-
ln]c. llpu ItellyBauxlc ce npocrpallcrBa ce
upeu[oqrllar ITJaBHH trpexoAn. Tc ce noltyua-
t{Jl qJ(lilqllot\l I'lllffrlHillu lJlllxpautr'16( l\x-
llpu Koc-
rlaHe lr0 IIcllpcKLcFIaruTe llIiIBHIl CTellu'
1O Ulllopfle 3a tspa uTe llapYtllaRal bfjltrTe rla
n0N{eil(eHffeTo.
13 rcHrpa,rrnre rpytrti iloNleulcH!1fl Ha I ocilorap-
cKlrTe (bilItr il trBOllttxrc clcHllre ocBCII TOBa CC
[pocHcaT I or tsapfT Hii IIqKO]]KO NlccTa qpc3 nojl-
nopu [,[H orBopu ]a npa ru. Tc N{ol ar i1a ce o rBil-
prr cJcqBaull!c lloNlcilletlils. lcpacllTe xjltt
l(LNl
ocBerllrcllHurc luarrH. f,{exopatnBHtl ufx nllo-
SBOHIICTUgHtr ClCHOIII]CII OT}ICNIiIT CTATIqHIIf
3nftsllptnl( xapllKrep oI ocTilllllillxlc cTell]lll Il'[oc-
xocrn. 3a orScitfl3Bitllc e. !ic Nloruuure LIcclo
npoAb,lriaBar ox. hf,[xIc 5et an]luuo ofpatlllqe-
IIUE.
Oficrty;ruattcro Ila lloNlerlcHll*ra u:6lnla lctto
rrl\uts(a lallil octl il llo l(lclllJBJ paBHocroillrocT-
Ta Ha IrocoKsre. I lprt rolteltrre llBopl(oBu KON!-
rr lcKcu c KONlvlluKtrpalua Kopt{.noplIa cxcTeNla Ta-
:lr rcHtleHItur trocrlil il cqleKTa ua:rafiupnura: no-
pe.L(uuaTa Koplljloplr r llo\{etrIcHx9 He trpeKbcBa
flpectrqaumc cc rllil Kp broBll .qBuxeHuq (rlp'-
,,r,1,,,r, ,",., r,, L tlttp't tdl. I q ll.ll(Hil tRa r
'rJt'pn-
gpcl roc]oqHllll lloBlt !lpexollu
8a
flo otsoueHre Ha trpocrpallcrBelloro Bb:Jllplu-
rtte Mt{HoiicKara apxl{Tenvpa rrc e crarrllHa' a
i{ilHaMtrqHa! tle e HilcoqeHa. il H€\'TpaJHa' Ilc e
el{Ilo3HilqHa, a MHOTOS*IaqHa' He c n;lalloNlcpHtl.
a cnoHTaHHa, IIe c3arBopeHa. a oTBOpeHa. Tt
He c lc$urHpaua cpe3 rtsbpltil Sopua orllH. a e
opraslrfxpaHa orBbrpe uanlH (cnopel N4'rq:
o6nlp:atI IIpocrpaHclBcH 3ar{fi-
.,ueHTpfiqHO
cr'r"). Tern 0llpe,licleHur Baxar I10-cIopo ]a
creHOIllicITe ti llplpo'[ara, oT(o'[Kol0 3a apxu-
r L'KTypJTr.
liaprnnlrnHr xapaKTep no:]Bonraa Ha Mllrlotl-
cKarr ilpxlllcKlypa [a cc cnec c llcpe\{ollxiLIa.
e. cbc ccSeu:gsara tta 06olectgolo ntu ttit
r'.
cblilaile cBox opHllN{ellIllpllia PaMKa (.'paNI(('ll'l
l). 'l'a:r pattrtrr
{rynrr{Hl" clopcx llle\llltritt
cLoililocr I N{llofo3llitq}locr lla llocoKric cc \('
peHil N{oxe 6n nr'tt ncccrplttHo opllellrllpllllol(l
rrpocrpallclBcllo qyBclBo (llen(cpil. cKajlllll l)ll
cyrrKx. qepfapclBo) or:(llcBHocrrii' t ltoNc 6lt tt
rra6;rrcjlasatrtrle rf Hof oJMKlI lrpoNlcHll IIa Moll
cxara rottorpaQlHl (ltopcrl nlreuecrlHl) l llttl
riffxaril clr llpuBtr.qHa upauuoltilHOCT TO3il ll'll
KaB rlalifflI ua cTpouTcilCTBO C HeloBala patllll('
HeHe cilopell tpylnrlnl rc op[:IHu:]ailuq ce trllllll il
B lllla(r tiKiflil.
OSetrurIrRattero IIa Ipynxle llo\{cu(cHtlq u clfil
lil B AllBoflll(llo r''fttltlf irtt uf.loclell 06l)tr1
IanC{ IldllxBbp-ilfl xprlNInIuBrlaTa a/llllllBHa cxe
na IJa ;lpyr rl paHlilJ Kynrypr (Trol) Parlyttttit
llcTo rIa IlpocrllaHcltseHafa par{Ka fi cJtlrBilll("lll
rra IIpoc rpaHcTBaTa Ce Bbslllx'rlilT Ka lo Tellllcll
urq B xola rra licr opnqra (6apor. XX l )
N'lrxegcnara apxnreKT)pa c ll:lnLilno rllloIll
aoroJloxttil. 1'r t'o:lttprrelta rulclleHilsra u ollllil
rreHTuKara sa utrttoiicrlta llBoplloBa apxtrlcxlv
pa. Ho tl3uJIllo ce 6a3tlpa Hry lctlo otfopulettttc tt
c,[eHcrIile IIa rpocrl]aHclEo rt o6eu llpertto'ttt
trn cr]la/la c MetapoHbr. Fleltocrarlur rc
raH 1 , l,.rrrilr tfetta tra ltoHcolu,lauxq Hapacrsaulnsr
rm,pJnr o6elt ce ilprcr{ar 3a cNlerKa Ha tcllillll
dropma. Melrporrbr c Hacoqena
crpa.qa c (illr
l opulrHil oc Ha cuMcrpllfl. Tg loqlu LInKol il
ll{'
ce trpecuqil. .qopu rprl MHOfoi(cnHlltc t(llolll(rlrll
r(lrN{rilcKcll Itit KbcHilta etloxa. a ca\{0 cc tr3N{c(l
Ba ycfloperHo ([poltftroll n {lpoul tta Nlcrapollll
JBopr Ha IBOpcqa B lllPnllr. c l46).
{.)6rrrtt, rucu, r t o \ \ flOpc lHt ) |i l\ l!l H( tt.t o6Cv tt tc
(TPOt ll) tlpll \{llKeIICKxle I(pcnocrti orcrr'lllril
trpell palqleHeHo IO CTetrCHJ-BaIIe C l:loN{llllll
paill nraBeH MerapoH (qpe3 rollcMu pil:lMcptl ll)lll
pa3noilaral{c Ha xblINI). Ta:u t pa;a[lu na utlIll'
NreHTa.[Hocrra cral]il ofipe/tc:]tlll $artrop. o6y
cJIOtsCH o',r BocHHtrs xaila(lcp Ila Kpctroclllol('
crpourcJrcrtso. IIa npcgcrasulcnHr Nlecra llll
KIOIHaTa 3trnapls tla KpcflocTure ce3aMelll
(
npr-I(n3err elPOKRaApoB tpa;reN. 9pe: u:6opa ttrt
N1A repxiL[ r pel(yqllpalle tlo Haii-lpocrara $o1lu;t
cKpoNtIIara. tlynrulouanua (loplla tta orleil! lll I c
qacrl{ ro5trBa cneMcHTapHo-lloHyMeHluiltlx ll I
r{epcHus.
Tosa riaNu u 3a lone\{ure xyltoluu rpoblltrtut (r'
1.18). O6rxgttucHt!Ic octIoBrIlI tfopun lta ryttortrt
fi [poNloca ce oSoliltxgaT cpc3 eilpoK8aApotr!
TerHtrKa, KO9IO He Ce Hyx,rlac o1 Jlon'b"fHhlclllllr
lixerlcHuc ltlttt o6ttttrotra
TexroHuqHa flcHora. KareroprqHa qlopNlr lltr
o6eu r npocrpallcrBo, pcnyll[paHe [o Ml]l(r
6poiiur e-remeH rtr. nptrnuKa u ycrloper,Ho pa lll(r
nu*"nr,a Ha o6eN[lte. n:]nojl3Raltc Ha ronot pittlr
c(ara cl{Tyauut llplJ crponrercrB0 il paSqJlelln
BaHe rla cTpouTeJliltrTe Nlacu. Ipa'[aqut cl)ll
qcl]lll
cTerreH)'BaHo q"leHeHIe ca xaparlcpHuTe
r{a N{IrKeltcKa rl apxllTe( r}pa
E,raga/Ilo,rnruuecra lt KyJtr.vpHa crpyl{rypa
ll r,),rir ila flopuiicxoro trpeceleHtre B (paq Ha
'l 'il {,,lllillt cnoxil il.rcvcllx ol l()plliilUl ll ceBe-
I'r,r!ilriljllllr rbpun 3aB3eN{aT rOJIeMn qaCTU O1
,,, rrrrerrra-llla lrpuur u ocrpoe Kpur. Eoluii-
r rr r { irxeiiqx l'lonuii-
ca noKopeHu H nporoHeHu.
, ilrL vcrqBar aa cc 3a,qbpxal n Es6eq u Arura
, ,r r.r rr r,lil r r npe, t{rmrrr'ru tu ('c rpoBx. [lpe-
, ilill,tcc(Ara BbnHa /loclura Mara A:luv. qqcro
,r .r Ir.' Klirii6l\cxile !( jacc tgl c coluiiutt tt iio-
rrilriltL
1,, 111111esgxoto, couHanHoTo u KyJrrypIIoTo npe-
l,\ililPAHe panqaT HoBIr troJHTfiqecxu tropqA-
rr. LrurHua lparlKa ,rlbpxaBa He ce o6pa3yda.
',
1'rl)iilrrrreHoro flpocrpatic'rBo B fplt{Ko-ereii-
, ilf l)cfuoH- pa3nuqHuTe TpaAHuiln Ha trpece.l-
,,ilililrc u ilpofoHeHilTe Kopeuquu cTuN{ynHpaT
flpe: IrpeccruHqecKara e[o-
"rl)r'uRy"raptr3Ma.
.r rirl)crBoro ce 3aIIa3Ba caMo r EnHp n Mare[o-
r r l i llpyrule o6rracru or VIJI B. BrlacrBar apu-
,,,\pirruqurr otrurapxtril. O6pa:ycar cc caMo or-
, il[r pcl ilorrilrril [.bpxrBx (cnrpla. A lillla,.
llo rxcbr, MallrK He3aBuclIM rpaA-&pxaBa Ila
r ll:ll)rril ocIIoBa, BUIK)qCH B perUOHaJlelI Cbrc3. e
',,r,rriiHara opfaH[3autroHHa (ropua. O6rqecr-
' rrrrr qu$epelqraqnt x crotlallcruqr troaeM
,,".r'rc rrapynaBar ucuorpatfcruH 6a,rasc. Cleu
tttt
,,;,,,riNuieru Bo-,qn,qo co(ilanilIr G:pegntg u ua-
!lr{ /(clIIe.
I cr trpuquHa 3a rpbqKaTa Ko,qoHu3aunf.
l, rirruTe qenrpoee rfa 3ana,q ca s CHqlrlnq u
' I r r,r 14 ra.rilfl (B(.rrKa I bltuxn). Hc tr rloK no
rl
l!
I l)1roro rcpari6peNHe Ha Efcq. I-pbul(o'to xH3-
iL il(J lrllocTpaHcTBo ce pa3ilIHpfftsa u.qo lpaHx-
rre rra cpenu3eNlHor{opcrllt csrr. Ho guecto
r r{!oSpaSyBar 3arBopcllu repHTopil[^ caMo tro
, Ir.rii6pe'xrrHre uBilutr nocreneHHo ce ocltoBaBar
,l) r roBe-,LlbpxrBu rro potrell o6pa:eu. Xurtrep-
rr fbr ocraBa ,.BapRapcxx". M/y roroHuure u
\ilrrrc MeTporlolffu ce cb3ilaBl fbcTa N{pexa
,, I l,pIoBcKo-IlOJIuTuqecKu h (yrlTypHu Bpb3Ku.
i.r( e.rHffcecKoro,qBr4xeIIHe 3a npbB llbr nopax-
r v fbpl]uTe qyBcTBo 3a rlaql{oHanHa llpulra,q-
,
l' r\IIOC f.
I or HefoBnre ocHoBu e eAnHHara pertrrilfl.
Lilr
I rr ctapnTe
cpeuu3eMHoMopc(u KynToBe KbM
i I'rl)oila ra u moJ,oponucro ce tlrf opur iicpapxu-
',.r rra o;ruvnuiic(trTe 6oroBe
(Hanp. rtpu OIutre.
'. rLloA). OcBeH Tqx ilMa NtHoro6poiiHu vec'rst
' " 'r\ccTBa rJ n(lly6ofoRe. 3a rrepuoguvHlre nrpu
L, it ttroHa,rHr I e cBeru,rxula (AEJ lou, OnuNinl4t,
II I
I l, N{OC) Ce Cr6npar fbpur{ oT BctqKn cTpaHil H
t'.rii6pextrq.
I l.r|3;1 g 66u1Hr Kynr BaxIIo rucro 3aeN{ar ctrop-
Ilrrc tr My3uKaJIlIUTe ClCTe3aHUq.
ll,t,r a npellttocraeKa e eAtrHHuqr e3uK. (Jr ene-
,Lilur Ha $uHuxuiicxoro $oHeruuHo nucuo
,rtlr'r Jo6aBqHe Ha fnacHII fbpuuTe pa3BuBaT
Lr l\rilra qqrocrHa a:6yra n rar(a ilpeoao,uBar
r, r |r\{oTHocTTa I{a paHHuTe UusHjtn3auuu Er,p-
I 5l
3uqr pa3uBer rra HayKara u o6uloro 06pa3oBa-
HHe Ca ttpel{nocTaBKa 3a c10traHc(u. TexIIIlqect(lI
tl uIIBilnll3auxoHelr no,qeM.
frpuure ertrrpucMar cBoflril .,ttauuoHallIlocr"
xaro 6erer 3a npeBb3xoltcrBo x lroctrTen Ha
eaxHHa K)Jrr"vpa, Tr catp:aa pa3lipbcHarilre ts
cpe.ril1e\rlo\tonchtrs cBflt tprttrr o6uHot tr
(oriryveru) noBeqe o r ua,ro6poiitnrc o6ul ar-
qrr c.'/y nruurHur e BparoBe.
llo6eilume or6paHHrelutr ooliHn c,/y rtcpcure Ha
I{3TOK tr KaprafeHrlUlc Ha 3atral IIC BO,(flT llo
lrar]r{orralHo o6el1rlleHue. To ce lponau or no-
croqHHoro cblleptruqecrBo M/y or,qenHilre cmr,
oco6eHo M/y KoHKypilpaqure ce 3a TIaAMoIIHe
Cnapm r A rlHr. B flcronoHccra rr soi.iHu ttretc
rpoilrlJBJr crcqcnerrro a tprxo-nepcriicrHrc
goiiur lro,rlrnqecrr rpccrux. E;tua nptr A,lrr-
CAHjI-bP BEllllKl.{ Ettaga ce axruBil3xpa B cBeroB-
lrara floJxrilKa. creg cnlprra My eJIHHtr3Mlr
npoHH(Ba KoIlTIlHeHTa-.llIIHTe ql{Bmx3auuu.
ts
Iprqnunr troJ'utc, 3arBopeHa o6quna-glpxaua,
ce rrurara (aTo xapaKTepHa nor'lh ruqec(a eautIII-
ua. Toii [aBa cBo6ola :a ;eiicraue Ha .4bpxaBara
ilpu jruqrrHs aHfaxuMcIIT Ha BCeKl{ HefOB fpaxaa-
uul. Ci6lrcrrlure u/y apucrorpaumra u Hapo,qa
BoAsr.qo HoBx o6rqecrBeHu orrloueHm. lolcltu-
tc {f,KuHunilrc ril (APc(OHl. C,,Jloll} trpollpaBtl
nbTq Ha tleMoKpaTuqHHTe (bopMu Ha yllpaBneHfie.
Lhe[ saxlrara Me]qlilHHa cretreH Ha rilpaHuure
npe3 v B. ce rr3fpax[aT,qeNfotrparulll{tr uHcrury-
qrru: HapollHo cr6pauue. ctBetrfarereH cbBer.
KOHTpOnHn KONiIICUIT. II3ItljlllHTenHU oprafiu, cb,u
cbc c1,.qe6rM 3ace,qarejru u ocrpa(H3bM.
Crponrelcrsoro Ha rpaloBere e B pluere Ha
u:6pauu rouncuu; 3a roreMure ilpoeKTlr ce npo-
u3Hacf, Hapo.lHoro ct6panue, (LAero apxllrel(-
TUTe Ha Cfpa,q,uTe qecTo ce BbBnuqaT B tronuTtr-
qecru c[opoBe. B mrolr rpa4oee trMa apxureKTn,
Ha:JHaqelru Ha flocrollilla pa6ora. AbpxaBHure
ilopbqKu ce o6rtsqtsaT n pa3.qaBal no ToqHn cln-
cbuil.
f pruxara apxHTsKTypa cJtyxu u3Knlocul enlIo
Ha o6ulccrBoro. Cxtnure qacrHu crpagu ca 3a-
6paHeHu,4o Haqaroro Ha KractrqecKus repuol.
B rpagoycrpoiicrroro cnlapamd tLtcmeva npo-
,qbnxatsa cllluecrByBailItrTe rpa,qnuuu. c,rneaue-
ro Ha ce;rara s o6racrHff IIeHTpoBe, HapcqeHo crl-
uoirrcustt, eotlu ]lo o6pa3yBaHe ua urroro6poiirtu
lroBil rna t',8e. ( ncD rpuro-nepcHticxrlJ Boiilll
or Mner ce pa3npocrpaHqBa oprorolrilHara
,, xtrnoia.uoca t'ut:rneta
" . T t cst'pzBa pauuoHaJr-
HUS OCHOBeH ilpUIIUUI C a.qaffil{paHe KbM TepeI{4.
C o6rqecreesflre crpaAtr Bpuure cL3,qaBar trpo-
TOrr[H 3a Cfpa;lKtc Ha caMoyllpaB]leHlleTo I
o6uectResuq xvBor'. KvemcmBa. xoioHadu,
cretctdoee. Teampttme ce cNsrar 3a caKpa"qHtl
crpaAtr. B roneMure xpoiloae n'pt\H'Ic pealx3u-
pal trpctrcTaBaTa cl] 3a u,qealnHata apxlfeffypa,
ocHoBaHa Ha KollcTplTuilfl. MspKa u pell.
I
il,''
 E,raqa/Xpono,rornqua ra6,'ruqa 153
E,raga/Tepuropna.nen o6xnar Ha rpr,uKara aHrllqHocr
papluaBdlc Ha ffieHcMe Haqdo Ha xent3EaTa etro-
L \ l)Nril(cHcKa enoxa ilopdiic(o npegencHue (petrocu u rpiloae xa: opbxldi Ha(mu
,,,. ll50 1000 :acersane sa I4onns

rlj, I apxMeH ilepftoa 3aBnalsBaEe {a Tep{Toputr cetc(tr fiocentrtrIa; Mgoio_ reoMcrp., re,qdc(a ape6Ba
(apcTBo o6pa3ne or rEtoBe (epet(a
illr)rofcoM. treptrol
,rrr 1000 900 rocloacrBo ua aptrcro(pa- treHrpuM, noaooE onqwuricM 6oroBe
qa rp4loBe cenuua Ounp
If(rMeTpweH trep{ol {rqra, ctttoiiKu3lM
,,rr 900 725 r?aaoBe-AbpxaBtr flbpBu Man(tr xpaMoBe Xsuoa
I -n oruvluiicrn urPu MefapoH{

qlpuoun xpauoee c o6noa- saquo Ea ro@aTa

lrpxaxqes lep(oa xonoH{3aII{t
uacrua
Vll B. A9MOXpaffi3ilw Ha rMeprff: CaMoc, AProc.
rtrpalIeu TepMoc BBOmA
3UOqoAar€ncrBo pa3BnTtre Ea MoHyMetrTU-
or. 624 apxoumr o Ama Hm (aMeses fpaAex; [o -
puir(u: OntMru, KoPuHT, iioEtricM Haryp$mocoou:
KoD(uDa. necrw; Tuec, Xepax,m, flffarop
ioiuiiixr: Caubc, E$ec,
,[III[Ma

\ '-J^1"5 " I u \rV .-\ 6

Kop/qi-.f-/ 7 AIITKA
o "\Eruu"a \ triouroc \'1\ L $ Vl e. 594 3arom Ea CoroE
ny!,nufl;l\,1aprure-n Heueq I \J', V.q ok iJU fiuonogecu curcl mper o6rqecraeun crPaAu noerm: Ca$o" AnuPeon,
.% 'no,o..nq,o?"oQj ^ o
"? *o.c\i^onQ s46 nruucrpar tr16trx
i 'Eacao?%tt"\\rfrro _\,nooo" 50s pd$opua ua Klucren rpanoyctpoiicmo no,,cra- mceM (a apilara
t #o"RI para lucleMa"
* d
f*:,R"nqr"t"io-"\ Kp14rcKo H?fl
- "\,?""Y.'"
flracficecxtr treptrol
iof,tric(o BbcraE{e tr rpb- fpaacxtr yKpeueHtfl ; pa3- rulacru(a: cTpor cTu tr alu-
vecxa uacuxa: MuPon, ilo-

\:r-r
D-Al \{\/.* \
"o"' ^"'*:t^,
"Nj"-aQ
500 479
480
(o-fiepcuiic(u Boitm;
no6eaa uaa raptareuqnre
npu Xnuepa
uup{BaEe Ea
oploroEalEoTo rpanoycT-
poiicrBo; uoBo crpomencr-
Ro B Mnreri X{troraM
ntrMer, Osatri

li \\ Menoc u cno6oaex cru:

aopniicrr xpauoee. xaaonr-
\d\j$
npeannaHuHa v
4'7',l
443 .129
ATxHcxn MopcK{ cbrc3
Ilep{(rI ueu nn: 470 rpaua ua 3csc
(lluunm
C(oirac, Ilpa(crrer
MoH)fiernMeil cTelotrucl
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a) nec6oc(a KHMa,6) ioHtricKa KuMa
Kopuxrcxu xanmreau
l,Iogniicxll lenoparnBHrr $opnlr, xoprrlrc(il KanilTeJril
opAep 2
E.ua,1a/CrpourejrHn Oopvut V: ilosHiicnll op/rep 2 163
ilosuricurc crpitllil ca 6orart yrpaceHn. fi,ta- NICIITbr a(TIlBFto IraBrru:la B TenOlJitqltaIit cTpyti_
f ill(4. xuBollllc 11 oprral{elrTx IlJrfLJIBill. He CaMO Iypr Ha cr pe,qaTa.
!clitc|lrTe ot {oFtcrpyKuxtTil lroB}pxHOCt,tI. it cc
rrpcuactr r tsir), KolrcrpyriJ.uBnx l I crcNIeFt r. IIr;rac-rpontre KatrIITCJtr ts ,\p,\t\tl ira A jto,[()ti
.)llHa\teH iltt(t lt lrU I rcl)tJa,l rral-ucve
eur.p.- B lltJlli't\1,\ He ctMo nocrr Koprrfila Ha creHrrrc B
r..l'ilil ti \lcx ililtHll 9a! il: Iiriltne ilt. .t6ltr. uttl_
1 xpiiNroBtJr JlRop (c. 192). r tr pa3qtreHqBar riry
'ri.r r 6a:u rra Kojlor;n. rrporfurti Ha (optrl:;lr ri Kil- ttttttt!ttJ 4'l'ttt il,'t trClo. lllrrr r;r,l CrtcUHrl,riqHr
LcTlipdHu rtnaH[ Haii-c.-cr0 ce Erltq(tl rlucTo- ,l'olr\l,t llf IOHtrtC\ilt hililUt( I ttjt.t tt,.ttlfJ..,t Lt (
irff:Jr[r tsbJrHIt (ru,vul n neptettu rftltttsoat \ut,n_ Pit3I10_f0)KCllil lcl[.:i. vKl]itcc]ra c po:tct11t.i y :twc_
,,q ta. t tt\. ttl. B rlrite rt c cltnlo otlltilril Il lilBl{t,t j(o
)t t t t tt ttt$ tt i u u tt/r, ila. l/1il HaBcfl {tr,qc ce IltritfilT
t.
- t Nll)i|itt oo.1.1)111u. .lletlrlr rroar qpe3 xojt(ex npe_
i8a BaptrHTa. Nrrnana r iiortnilcra ruma. OceoboNttaBx ce rpa_
llcrlotsruljo lo,tc li1 l{-IolrKITC {tf uFuHilt(\Ju !t!(,_
l,ionnr"rcxala KnMa (nlitl(sLtDel r/rpa:) c rteno
i)iimtscrr. (oplrtr3 c rrpo{tntr lcrrl,pr rpr,r. [1opc_ ///a/. t(ofiTo cilfllliiilollljltro cc axgt ilar.opc lt 1l
, lrlirlJ !rlltCUlltltil tloirngllll riro|\ilt Ir r,l(rCtlctrff cllclara J0crilfa] a6aKa.
iiilto crpcJit llpaBt caclfi ilocTul.il IIt.totTIlot.o cil
il lrilciicr sHe qpcS nt.pan lrit ctbrrceRa l I eBc r rr- KopHulcrure KatrrrreJtr ff 3rp!lo ee xaptK reprr-
rir r rrpcj,rBluu ce | [oH1]lac.rHll cCHIill. rJr{llt t ot a(atiloBt rc Ntorllar. Te ttas-rru:at xitto
,fi*c6ocnara KtrMA e Bapltttir Her cr)ulnr rrplllr- roroel (topun c4ua B r{pafl Frit nracgqccKx, rcpr-
r[r]r c lopcJ[luii cbp[cBlt]llrr JI]icr.t tjll ll0lliilI {)l. I bc LBi'ttil tJ(f\.lpjtltttil\.1 tf ilr;rrttrJl Kr)rt
llil_ (lr Iil(lit ltit il')liltilCKilq hltntil(..t
:rcHrrq. Ijeiriitnre KoHKalrro-KorineKcrru lt trrir Hrnpc.t CC
{tolinu lI(lrtrrlrilt ilit,rt t( il1il \lJctJ. ht..leto ttulttti,iulttlt
\ra pe,LlyBar c irltitBlt cticnt. rroero cr,:rlea
{;rrrro KJlllllL.l tUttO e lp\Jil(, rt ilil, tHlt\r. lt t.rplil\.hiltC
l)it J,rlBlIXe H cx.tyet. (O lOttlt r'( illN ilU,tLiil [(,fitllt L.B(r!llt tlr,rVltilrr.t.
Lilr,'li, lr\'tyrllt,L.lrir ,tucv rt pri' l,ItJ il jtlrtr ac- I'lruttrrrc,]r,tlrrlr tr:t \ s. tt[orrr.ttriJt r I topilii_
'rparrJa (1up.terr (itrttt:y c tropciltrlla rrepnil rr
c(rirc xpa\{oBu r1c,rn (li.,rr.,t. Tnt ul).
iipbr tlj uaii6rr. Karo parlejqulo i] cts trplBaUt)
rlcrro roii encfalllto rro$rcpraBa naNnr Qvr.n I[.rL-r'rrl'xrr tr{Bcct(tl t(rcctir rl!ilv\,f ot \pava
,:: \l llillJlJ. il1o{iggp 111rq11' rrtc \t tla AtrO.tO[ g l;ltca re ilpililtrCHil ilJ illrlillchtJ
) lChtilHilc llt rttt lflrnre'ltrrl { ,r,,n.,
'rri orlxtpuenir rr 11cropaluBnrl .lacril. , - l\( KollL l l)\ NUllr lil
ll3 l\/)l fP, I Hil I tBo! H tr(.H(U ul .tXaHtOBt!.IilC_
liouSunatltlra c NIIMIt Bo]11 j(o lllr]Hqcuocr r! Ta rtc l{pfi t ttt
jTL(tsa ptrft)Mit lIa Ilporuuoti0llO;KiIrJ.fe cltc\leII-
r . I u or} tk) t i.t.t a o.rl u l u ce }l3.turat r(l)N{
r'
LLilrTr Ha jloptiic(Hr a6aK.4)porrTbt rrit Kilnrre_
,il oT lBata opHaN{errTil: lrcpjllltc ca ltapcllcrrl B jil ]tl,:JI{polI:JBe)Kl{a cTilpll, \{0THB O.t J,BC (.nt!pu
rbolnouclrne 2: I trol r{c)[tjrr{]toro npocrparr_ .lllC yBCHqaBillllil il(.tt.\r(nlo. Kalrrrerr,r yueUUa-
CTBO Ha llrcTot0 tr npaBaTa lacr.; rlxrtrll :ao6_ Bil C[nHttcHatt trO,tol]a ll trpoxOita Or Ue-filTt rit)I{
rrrl1a ce Ha cBer,rrHara dropvr xorrcrpacrupa c
3atH01o ION{clUcrr[c (c I 82. D 2).
ll. I L r IIJ l.l r'elllhJ HJ hlt\lit I J. I \.J[il I C fAUilllu \JH-
lf xpaMa sa Anoirorr n [n1uma /IBet.c Kolto]rx
ioBc lra uaii6trrc ca B ocrfie la.]uc.roro r{ rlpiirla-
Ira.,ilnyr(onoHrrara :ala" (c. 192) loctr rlrrrtrc_
r it rlilcl .
,[t. qlitTo {toplll aele e cTtjjr}ljupalta 3ac]Irro c
ilottttit:nuntt vt .rt'tioLranta (rlr/(/ M(irar tu cc B( H Lll{ille om L{ Ku I u11 OGI I - I lt ( ulLl.
r13ItOlr:JBat caNlocTofl ellHo IJIII :lae,[FIO. C6C uirit E:telarrtcH BapilaHT or I s. lora:gat Killllll.crrllre
tie: nep,u:u (pu:. llpu cbqct.aHxcro Hit jtBet.c or R1,'rar.a Ha Bel.poBere e A rusa (c. I 7g).
rlrNtil B oplIaNleHTlra nctrra llctoattguntL o6elt
Opalncpenara :Ja [o-]text apxur,crrypa {roplra
tii elHala cc ulNIccTRa tscTpaIIX Ha! trpatsara ce orl(ililtsa or c1tptl rc Borty r rt. Or llol jlil, K.b[paB
rracT ra /llpyt aTa. BelIeU filpaCTBa Ltaua C r_rliuJr0l. OCTpr rluctil.
lit,rt opraVCrrrUotil 60tiilCIBrl Hlt riottt[ittrtte. Kolrlo_o6ura.rql pttsHoN{cltiro ro1 llpo{ujrnlta-
iirKto ff Ha BCilCKU tl,pqtr. ilpw[iljLnaxaT (nufk Irltt anaK
t ilil (, .v ( u Hd p u nrc, tL rc m e H Lil
{1.! ftI a. ni. L\l ( nt u tl ( Ipri trtr,llcrpoanl Karrt rcjl a Etevluaa ,,ttrcutttc
I
t I
, I Lt / Dl e V Ultn (. octsgH fff x (! h- u H tltl 6 u tn
{
e N. I o U; t.t lt I l!LI Cputilu.rntc Bllcc1.0 bfxoaijTc BotryTff rrocrl
k ) t n c (ti u.u1t e .uo n u B u. Pa:uolo;xeHn cilNloc i.o-rt_
i
jlllilf otrillr ro [3I]ur]ifi tta g bH a6.tt<. ]i p u. t u - :.t u eu
lc.rno unx B l:l'Llrtr,[cHTu. re yrpacxnar.{tputoee. t1 tio(tl BriLt tf)op.ttu rtu.rrrrr, ,," ,rp"nrraria a ,ra- l
i q( Jil Hil {il.toBe h r.t b tli',a,. J ill)et (.ilt.
"l\rrll{ll. lufil4ITc Ce or jlojilrrrr Berlclt Klotrff u o5pa3v_
r I trct uqlra lil cl rox:l u JIo,triaTa .lac r. rta autl6trelt:t_ Ba1 ILrtact Iqrt0 ol]IlaN{eH t auHO c,rluHCTBo.
IiU-
6olr rcr Ho rtr na $oplur B laHHrlr.c r{opilrrrcnr Ka
; Ipil ljp[xl r-iioH,\ n ;\ r.lt.t oprranert
L tra -[elr r.a or IlilTei[l t]oKa3tsa. 4e ilo(ntK.tu(utruil.u LI e,ntt!rrJ
l
, n10 3a1.lal 3atsl,puBa R OH nU)6 K( t t] t.{!tlc. t.
('61',1)t ta
.ubril ca lte caNr0 ilcpllojlx IJa aKalcNttrrlHo o rpcS_
I lrrl lroftclulta t)oottutt t nttlttt.ttt li()cjtc]1oBaTcllio Brlaac rt laKoct.culBaHc ua (topllrrc. trhaclrc_
ac r:Ji(Iil aT ctl|rn3upaHil nu.!.1.tu111t A .r0ntoL?ett Ilor0 x xIBoilUcH0 mtor o06pa:uc Ita aTHqocKaTa
7 {Roclr xopl tn: 0 I il:J.liilluHtl K t !, u c |l _
i u i.' Dr otse.
u rroHullcKa r a apxrTeKTypil cc cBbp:lsa c _frqfifi,
'..il:r ltljc\il tJ (bv flp'r+tr.lIpiltrJtJ [,rrplru.rJ rloqcp_K 1ia xNrcHrl.u apxnr.eKTrl H cryrn.ropu (fiK
' ril'i.,.,[,t,rrrrquril{' BL{\il!rurrile iliru+rir[ (. Tull. CKolAa ). Apxnr.err.ypara H3jlx3a ot.cBortil
r.r[r]ctrBa] ctlacrlqln IoI ailxltpaBa. Tvx uprta_ tr rrlIJIMIloCT.
 i. i'i' :'

E,'ra4a/Crpoure.nxu t[opruu III: 4oplliicxll op4ep 3 159

158 E,ragalCrpol{TeJ'rutt r[opuu III: Aopnfiocu opaep 3

/ topHiicKtrflr opAe.p.qTpe.{Ap 1q*luo. $u4clrpp.1tu xureroypHa Qopua u opHaMeHT HilbnHo ce ilo-

( ril 3a yKpacarar-eaxouTo.Ipe:.$opMa u qBsr
^r(
r I cc BtrllcDa B Te(ToHuqHaTa cTpyKT).pa Ha cfpa-
,r,ilil u s lo,qqepTaBa. Hafi-lo6plt Bb3MoxHocru
rl,rtnra roHara Ha noKpuBa lt atta6levaHa
/ [lrc6rropa:u,leueHara KoHcrpyKIIm ocraBs Mqc-
r,r rr npo$luru, crpourenHa macrlffia u opHa-
Nt( il 1tr.
I [()l]cA npol43xo,qa It qenra cI{ opHaMeHTure ce
rt( tt'l Ha:
l. Iiremenrn or KoncrpyKllusra' Kouro ocBeH
r( \rnqec(I{Te Bce floDeqe nprlgo6unar ecreru-
'r.r'ru (lyuxqnu. Toea saxu Hatrp. 3a qacru Ha
rrrlr6levaHa xato mputtu$u. meHul A pP?yno-
qenHn KepeMtratr c nanMeru: a) apxauvnn, 6) npeaKnacocecKu, B) MacilqecKu
trtr"tulu il aodorcanxu ntovu c Mwyau,3a cuMa'
ilrlc HeiHr,ITe souol,l:rueulrqu (c. 156).
!. (lBbp3autr c i6"c1pynq"ora eJreMeHrtr'
hor ro ca qenec:bo6pasnlt callo B KoHcrpyKTtrBHa
p,rrrrr. Ksu rtx cna.lar trbnHexHx qacru. Hanp
aUra6:reuaH, Memonume
B TaBaHCKIIS
^tt.(mume
rr r,rr ,lrpr ra. Ocsgl roea yrpacru laicru I ulu-
rrr ra npofrm4page Ha KopHu3r4 u qena Ha 3uao-
r(. ttc',rHu rcepeuudu v' aumeSuxcu.
l. tlncra optraMelrr[r€' Kotro ce Hyx,uae or
I
l)c|cp' Ho HtMa KolIcTpy(TuBHa Bpb3Ka c Hefo.
It tr ttn, ueaudpu, cnupe'lu il ntemeHuqu, narlMe-
tnu A lbecKu zrd6, yKpacBaT cT,trIO tr KepaMU(4,
rr!tlpo6uu creJII{ I1 TeKcru;l.
,1. llpotr3BeAeH[q Ha [Jacr[Kara,3a Kouro
CtrMa c Boaou3nsBHtrK: a) apxarqHa, 6) KnacilqecKa
,rl)xilreKTypara e paMKa uu ocaova: ()ueypatult
r n ae, SpoumoHHu ctyJlnmypu tr yBeHqaBalqil
I t
1
tt
'
xpunar. B ra:ll tfopua tranMerara craBa npe,qno-
quraH 3aBbpueK Ha KaMeHHu crenu (B). flpx
ctpaAu c o6uro:ren oryx ctrMara craBa l{ocurell
Ha 6orara ynpaca. ftpu paHHoapxal4qHnre xpa-
MoBe rr ce cbcrou or mepatomHu @opuu. xou-
TO CbnIeBpeMeHHo trpe[na3Bar [bpBeHm 3aBbp-
rreK Ha KopHu3a. Ilpuuqp ot Ca,ruuvur (a) no-
xarsa parHoo6palHxre opHaMeHTx. c Kofflo ce
l'ryaatBai nuconrre no(pl{BHtr p'r6oee. EgHa
trolqpyra ce pelyBaT AbJIII{ ,treHTV C UAXMAWHU
Momuau, crwu3r4paHrt tucmoeuduu ab'lHu, nne-
meuu4u, rpoitnu naemeHuLlu 14 HenpeKbcHamu
cnupatu (tnta:li.o ryue). B/y cpegHara JreHra nMa
po3emu, orqacru u3pucyBaHu, onacru o$opue-
ulr xaro Spoura.rHll moqrl Ha rpt6oeugnnr no-
AOIT3JItrBHtrX.
Haii-npegrouurauara uy $opua craBa rbBcKa-
Tl r.r4BA, oco6euo cne[ raro npo$uupauure
(aMeHHu onyuu B/y ftaMeHeH yBeHqaBaq Kop-
Hn:l :ai"Iei;r repa(orHara o6;ruqonxa (c. 42).
rlpe: rouuo cborHoueHtre or 2: I rev mpu-
ztufuun ()pus to'ttu tr3qJulo uacrmHlire nbB-
cKu rnaBn noAqepTaBar trpoiloplluHTe u ocoBocT-
ra B apxureKrlpara.
BaxHu apxrrexroHuqHtr MoMeHTI'I BbB Bbrpen-
Hocra Ha o6unolsara raJlepil{ ca aHTure Ha
npeAHara u 3aAHara :anu. Or rpagnql4oHHure'
3arrlltTeHu c A.[,pBeHu TaJInu cTeHHU qena ce pa3-
BmaT fopMTe qacru Ha aHTOBI{Te KatrIrTertr'
u3n:bJIEeIt[ OT U3Aa,[eHU eAHa HaA Apyfa neHTu
-(nplruep:

tt^/,mepuu.I-{uume c surlpu u caMocrofrejr- nPont4nEn B ATUHA).

ili[il trnacrnKa BuHafu ce c:6qeraBaT c apxl{TeK- Karo cnrp:naq eneMeHT ItbM JreKo u3trbrua,'tara
rvl)ara xtu n:auuogeficrear c He,I, Koero pa3- KOpHU3Ha njloqa noqru Blmaru ce I-I3non3Ba AO-

tvl q)il8a ultraTa (pacoTa Ha clpaaaTa, (a(To u Ha puficna xnua. Kpnot npor$m qpe3 cKocgaaHe
r rircrilKara (cpn, erulercro IilIocKocrHo u3Kycr- ce cBbp3Ba c rcopuuzonolo6eu xonrcet Yxpacata
ro. c. 107, 126). e oT cTluru3ltpaHu JIT.ICTOBU,IHI{ BbrHIr, KaTO eAHO
I r,prlure cB'bp3Bar-KoHcTpyKTuBHo o6ycloeeno- rucTo oT n3mKHalaTa qacT noKpuBa aBe rucTa oT
r o cxeaqaire :a $epMara c xyuoxecmeHo-ulac-
agm6narara. Vnorpe6ara Ha KtrMara noqru
r rtrgtrs cMucbr. Xaparrepno e He caMo BnucBa-
BuHarlt ce orpaumaaa e/y pa3[eJrureJIHI{ neHTu u
ilc r0 Ha JmpacHllTe eneMeHTu B KOHCTpyKIImTa, a
pr6one.
rI S3aUMHOTO I{M.rIpOHUSme. 3sawrre:rso no-cso6ogHo ce pa3rpblqa MeaHAb-
llllcuen nplnrep :a npr'sxa v/y $yHKrIItoHanHa lt pr,r. To:u npacrap opHaMeHr Itaro pene(b I{ xu-
yrtpacua tfopua ca qeJrHtrTe xepen'rugn. br:ro- BOIUC yKpacffia KopHn3HI{ neHTU, AOJ.rHfi qacrlil
AHTOB KANUTEi
|rrlc noKptiBfif KepeMrutr ua crpexara (c. 42) mu $poHroee Ha rpeAu, nomKofa u qenHffTe
,tccro 3aBbpulBar B npeABaplrrenHo 3aKpeneHu creHu Ha a6ara. OcseH o6m<Horeu, ce cpenlar
,rc rHff KepeMIrAu (anmefurccu), oco6eso rorato deoeu, npeuyneu,ntacrcocmeu ueaudtp u rou6u-
rrrcBa crpaHuqHa crua (flerrnuou, Efl4HA). Te Harlil{ or rqx. Ctqetamero or paqr'toualuo a6-
rrrcuar np6tfu-na Ha noxpuBHara KepeMI{Aa I'{ cTpaxreH plrclHbK c maSHo pl{r(eHtre, I'I3fnex-
IrrurK)qBar opHaMeHTa B HeuHI4Te OqepraHuf. aa, cborBercma Ha rpbuxfis Bb3r:reg :a $opua
l.ttHs or ruo6urrllrre MorItBtr e [aJrMerara c rl'r- Kacernpauur raBaIr e ecrecrBeHa l(oHcrpyr-
rrrrqlara rou6uuaqlu or cI{MBorItqHo naruoao - qut or KpbcrocaHx ,|pe,[u, u3lJon3BaHa B nbpBe-
ukno u erpat\lnr.sor)/mu. flpu apxauwara urr rpa.aeri<. flpeuacrHero I s raueHHna rpapex
,rcrrHa xeperii.rga or Tnpugt (a) nolyrara ce na- ce cbn:brcrBa or peAl{qa rpyAHocTu. cBbp-
I ilx[a Bce oule HeopfaHuqHo KbM njrocru npo-
:auure (xacerupaHil vril pegoeu) cucreuu or
rlrrrr Ha rorpmHata KepeMuAa. B npegruracuue- KaMeHHtr rpegu (cmpomepa) noeuar B nperBu-
KacerM Ha raBaH: a) norneA oTAony , rnr aHre$urc or EfUHA (6) rouryplr ua no- AeHme ropHll lllJII{IIOBe CTbtraroBuAHItTe nbn-
:----_l HexHtr eJ'leMeHrlI (xanuuumuu). Texnure lpo-
rl)rrBHaTa KepeMtrna ocTaBa oqepTaH oTcTpaHIt,
-rl'rcrl:"6lnaiop3 tli)oHmdrHa nno\a floeMa reoMerpxqHo crujrH- $urr uaii-uecro ca B no-nacre;IHu rolloBe,3a-
rrpaHara naJlMera. B ruacurara ocrporara u BbplUBarIIaTa KanoTa e u3nucaHa opHaMeHTaJIHO.
il llcTxqHocma Ha opraHuqHo-pacTuTenHaTa tril- folsua qact or opHaMeHTilKara e o6uotpsuxa.
rucrrra $opua ce cBbp3Bar c rnaBHo u3gllranlm flpu .uopniicrnn opflep rt oclma B Haii-crpota
,{eraft;run t[opnn, crpoureJleH opHaMeur ( e KbM Bbpxa KoHryp Ha noKpl'lBHtrre n:rouu. Ap- apxl{TeKToHlrqHa paMKa.
 160 E,raga/CrpoilTerHr r[oporn IV: iioslliiclul opAep I
E"lala/Crponre;rnu Qopvrr IV: lionnircms op,fep
ilot riliiurlI L x [()] jull j li'l I lj ce lillto jHlltsit.r c lpeB_
r u rc cl-ra[uleIrl]()lloltcKrj I pa,tL[l]lll I 1pc3 \{tKcl I
r
cKaft etoxit. (JtciictH t:rt,tlcriinti or critl:)oro cit
xrrSHeHo r rpoc rpiiHc r ilo lclrejlcrauc l lopniicrrtr.o
rritcccjtcrlle! u \,laroa:niicxo-iiorrrriicrrl paiiot
re ec orBilplt 3il BjuJtHHr or [l:loxr. l] Ot.tttprtr,
uttiouLttit xu.t lttttiott u A t ilnl Itct lrpnlvrta cc
,ri.trr'rq;rt \ nnjlrnllilr( rr.l r,,l\rr!K,lr.l .lf\li
rerivpa. Texnnar. iloplra;rer clrJtr e fto-mroro-
r l-rlacTOB. Ct rrnlT t{\{ itcl(oltxTlllre}t.
B p:Ntrilrre 1ta ptuiloHrilila (oltcl.ll\.Kt.riRHe cltc_
r cvrarioHniicnnnr op1lep rrpcllrant roBcqc rlrj l-
iLioxll()cru la l)t3ririrlc rr rou6rtulttllt tl elc-
vcrrrrre. l{:5opr,r 3alroqBir trr ocrronara. O6l
KonoHa h aHTa6neMaH: a) pa3pe3, 6) fi3rneA iio.r,ulrc lltjrclllr crt,ltBar rly r;penu,)u c 1 1
. l hllil lil. ll ] ,/,, illl 1/ ( ,rrKlrttl:t ttlre rHr r't t,.tirlr
tI)ttl BiV -1il!t),'o(iltblt(. I LILt o( t!()6Lt clC LIt 6e;
',
Nu.lOllllIC. ! r,ir,tHCiltr (,1 tl)il 't.t(Jrt ,.\t ttt. ilt.,t 1t,
ii t{lJpuMfll: xt,,\N1 tra AItlHA B IlpilEIlA).
^ililtuil(
:lpc3 altxaxcHxt ltopfiojl cljcjlB:il Mcilltrfrc tltal_
1 KonoHa ltjiit{u, cL(}t ts_ tsapltquu I c lla c/luH oclt()BeH I In.
2 KaHenDpa i.lTlo.qbt'r3plciBa crpoelr tJ nlcor (E I2 ii. {.)
3. brnoBa Bon),Ta t; llar\J u tLil.1t!..t61!il1 11 (,ilntu.il!(. Nlrroroopoiittir re
t.til!.rnl)rr rrai.l-uanpc;1 cc llorrilpilr c oclpr[.c cil
r)h6oBc. ilo-(t,ctlo cc y,lltrSouarrat BbB BI1r1 r{il
p r,fin I cc pal;1c,lr r e ttula
ry)dBu .tut n. l ole-
,rriirl urr 6poii. trhltBOrraqil.itjto ;1o ,lll" cle;1 nr,,
brnoB kanrren: a) u3rneA, 6) norneE orAony rixitllile rla rtpilBtflc qact.tr rraii-ccct0 2"1. lprr;tr-
iril tl:t l(oit{)llatii ctlcfitIilIo. IloJlcajlctlo o1 ctseT_
,. 1::rr,l r' iqIt,ilt.l rrporl'11 r1;1r.111,.
liarara cllp;ta [oJolitt.a crc crnro6ara. llprr
nrrirrrre KOtloHlr or. Ocrponrroiionliicrnr pailorr
!rfSojlLT ila KoJOrraTa ce noclitB' n,,/y r:la1ltx rri_
, t'.' ti c t t t.l t r, t t t dz,p. B r.otte'ltHr
t t e apxatrqHu xpitrro_
(c. 192) roii c -rcra llBrsr(it lrapacrla Jo Ltac-
',c
io od)opMel Ka'to uL,il.tpudr.t r)twl npu:ttcrt. xoit
r o ocbuccTarsil oltr itHuqllllr rpcxoll
Kl,x, Topv-
, *, I:r:u utrpoKr) (aHe,ttrpalra l:ilyrrHit
olrtu-
'[]c(II roeNtt HalucKit oI cTBoilil H:l KO.ioHill.it.
{ buJrlcKata ,tacr Ha oclloBat!1. Hapcqella ctrIl-
I,iil" lpn (d.ilo(titrntu tfopttu ce clcroil of KoIl_
r:rrrio o6pa6otcrr K:tMcHeH uil-ltrH]tbp c vHofo-
'rlririinn raHctrrupn y try)o(tLt vdalr// (Xt pAitoS,
i 1Nr(x ). ilxpoKo pa3npocrllarrcrirrc HaNrrpa r{
'rl):crtntt (xt1t_tru (Lvrr.Ntu.:l.loir) c peAvtsaHe Ha
rru l{l,jrf)o(tr xo,tretra (deocru ntpoxtt.tvc) u tpu
,r,iilKrt iltr1 rtrrilr. l[olil,ll.l t(Xil lill]Lhilt() Uy
, rrr:ro6ata llt nr'v raallpartn mota (tt.tttunu).
l\()M6urrartrrrra viy nopl,t:, e$etru cnttltu n
'.r,;///./ (tJBit H.tactrrtecHtr vil.tux,trr'icxx
llltr
r rllt\tcp: fllnlH.l).
| ! ilcecKo-iroHHficxara 6a:la Ilb_txn y6ejturcrr-
r.:Jr cL {bopNlir Ha lrperrc;lHo qjreHcrfile B trope-
...tt.t ttlt'P\'t ttllU.\lt tit -ulttl'.t,. Tl r'e r't,,tetltr,t.
Kantrren u 6a3a: creneHu Ha pa3Burne
Lr(()6crrocTtie I{l KOnOiraTa cpeJ 8al)tlpaHe B
1 a6aK,2. Bonj,Ta, 3. exrHyc,
I )!jr ropLllli fe [
4. Topyc, 5. TpoxMnyc, 6 nnv{ra,7. cnhpa i ]ta3,nilqt to opltil NJelt.r illlaIlit.
t !r,.r1THilqT KaIttrTeit (oltcTpylij!lBI{o ltpotl_
',1\:Lil oI Ce[]l0tsIt,(llOT.) llbpBerIO.tpynqe! 3AI(pe_
KorT osa H aHTa6.[eMtH , 1io c LrIIiltOBe lrott fpcllaT:i. 110_ctapnrc.tcr-
'11 \'tt1t1tilt\'ttt t ,tt
t!t lt ttnl lttt tiltt I i,,.tulict;u
I l6l
ttlL' 6().t.\:Itilti tiitiluillr_tu ( ] Il.,\l{/li,,.it. C. 3(t) lt;tr-
riir I .,l1ll\'H I :t. lCti' t{. til}tHrtj. .1,',r . r,.,,' ;r11i1 16 I 1,
,l','pv,','6p.r r1 [;irtc L ti.po ]itn.r rl. B I I(,ilrriiLt,lt)t
pariorr or pt:llru.ilr trpad)opMu u olle,rrrn erre-
i{eilrrl ce o6pa3ytst rpariuara rpn4erra rpopnra.
Vrpacerrlrr c JllcroBtllH:l nr,;rHa (rrr ral) <rrari,c.
njlrlL\lir hl\r,t.r:lr],lrolr11x 11, hr'.tIlti!t l. B r Hrr,,
,[9r il R]ocKil Btr ]fJaDrrL[Iil c ]lBe oxlrruBlllr{rJ Bo_
.ryTU. B!!jr6aH[flt B]B tsb3r,taBHlltlf,ra vJcii (/i.L
r/Ll /r(') cjrel]Ba lt[Hirrrle Ha BojryTlijc. loii rrpn,rl-
tsai Ha rliultclta [r1lil\rrrrlra crpvrlypa. firplo_
Harliuilr0 n3[paBcIaTa f{/y B0]ryTtrTc ild.!.uen0
IIo-(bcuo )Bl{cBa or Ltjrijrc lrall rrarut,rrr. N{,,v
Bf,IrilBllx[ilTt c 80,]y!n l1 illt\nTl)alla cc Br{ecT_
Bir ll lrrcLh.rr,.^.
,,_t.,...n L tirrilltil(t(r Ir.til tt(-
5ocxa ll.ua (c. I 62).
flpl rpxalvHHrc KalrltcJtH Bo_r),Tnr.c ce :ao6llr
rit.r"'r il {'rl,H \.\ilil)(t I [J]il\t(lr \l r tr rtt,,t t,
l:'t'1, l. H h tilcl't\'( Iilr ll(j1xuJ te c< trri,.111,5.1s.,,
uo crBotra Ila ro,ilorra.ta. xoilro clllcnpclrello
; ',iu il ,'1.rtiorr.11iltta clt \.tprrilil,)(I rrlpil\rcjl:
:{plN4 lrr A tt{}J.\ s llptlLttl). I(lacnuccxrra lpo_
lroplll' rrpfljlaat ro-t o.irtNla clefilat.ocT IIt l(Ojlo-
IIA IA.
I Iqtutruara {ttrprrl ua Kailnrert. nplrcMerrrttit
;l rlporrla:rctr x?flcl. B tttnrit Illl xpa\4a xltralla
ts np(lulBollc9ile c rSllc(litncro la pitrilrocroiJ_
rtr'L t rit.F u(il'ihil rtil(t,Ntt {iioltlitrrlt,,l,tnuS f.}c_
tlr,lnnr"). llpn cl(Ht ol c[cr{Hriluurrure cfoprrtr
cpcuarl[l!- ce [or1 lpats t,fbjt Botyr.r ce u3,tef_
ittT 3acJlHO B /:tttilfoHiiMlo ofbl{a ril Haa LH bI"ToDa
DOJyTa,'fts],llt]ot0 ullccr{qaile B}B lllTllctrtrrrfi
rrftjr c I oit(l)t{Til trllolilaopeqllc c Touit ollfttrLtq_
HO-Clefatr I H0 KOX{lrp0r{lJcfIo perIcIille.
AgraSlenatttr 3aril:JBa \1HOro or BlrrrrHrrr
-reKoT:l r{il t{t,pBeHru rpigcx. Ilpu ailxrit.paBa \o-
llIlOIlrArlHO I0 LileIlCI tIC trpCOJOIrrrBil TC)KeCTTll
rrii KaNteHFrflr 6:rox c rplr;rero rr3j(alleHil ejtHa rrail
lllr.vr a jren r n (t/icr t t qtr u).
B nraloa:riicxrs aapilaHT 6iroxrr uocu rr.rrl-
rclr lte]] 01 IeKI Lreira lra rperlu.:r,6ope.l, scpolr_
rro 3auNrcttsaH or lrrxliicrtrc jfLpBClrH noxpxBrr.
lloutqit trLnu f,t.{/.? Nl,/y Het.o u itpxurpaBa octr_
ulecrlrBa arrefaHllrJq rqrexotr. l1o-rrcua xlua
tsoAr Haropc KaNr cnnrro Lrjlla11eHuq reiicoH.3a_
Bbprrerbl Hil K(JpHulnrrr (onryp c od)opMcr or
S-o6pa:tro ort,lara 4)opMa 3a onyK:r (c(ud),
)-Kpacelra c il peil. I etn cH u
p u L u t L! nrc. I H Lt o pH0.t1 u !,
tnu r.tbn(:tu:_lacti. Blrecttt rtx ilpn Hgror xpa-
NIotsi (I{t,lttMA) rMa peqBqa tJr nqJ.venilL! aHn(,
tfnrrct t.
i'loHiliicro-arrcecilr'r BapraHT BMecro .l!60pc3a
BN{bKBa pcrc(beH (rpu: c rrelpcnr,cu:lrr rrlacrxe-
nr u;o6paxeulr ((-br{p()Bt:ltUHnr{tj B AF,itd,tr. AK
poroll B ALrrHr). ts urKol crpalu (l]uIiJN.t.\. rl
E,l,Flc ) ce cra|a ;o rolr6rrnallrn or peteq\rru n_rt
!rj)rl.l\rilrlllpilllll rl'p1tr,'trq q1 C jt.uolt\.i
[Jl'r iiorrrriicnrrrc \pt\l,rBc. o!,)ricilr' B to tr\rrilc
[or{n]reKcil. l ptrbf}]tHrfl cf polrrou qcc o,[trnc_ r
na. (ir pagala laB'bprrrBa ct,c cri-lHo [3[ajlcH 06r-
KOlreH Koprrn3.
l
lll
 164 E"laqa/Tunolonrs I: rpagovcrpoiicmo I
Erala/Tuno,rorrrfl I: rpaAoycrpor:icrno I 165
( re,T rfer:ara sa 3aBjlillrBaHe ua reprrolluil cc H3_ Ipuur BblttrKBt cltcj (jrl,,/l/.r16.1/.
te.
paxla
i 3acc.rrHtqec(a u cronilHc(a cTpyKt,y_
HOtsa
pil. CtpeMexL.r uel c ot cnrptcnuxtc H J'0 gs,ctaHonclDalD\_
nol
1 aKponon
KbM flojrlilllqec(a I crorraHcKil 3aKpmara Ha En,tvurrotr4 or TI{BA. Toii.
2 KpenocrHa creHa (e3aBHCriMOCT IrOAU H:l_
IO O6pa3yBiute rra rpaJloBe- llexJla. cboTBeTC rBa Ha cTapt{
3. ApKaAcKa nopra .qt,pxaBu. rpa.q, 3u,qoBcr.e H
4. r. Hap. aropa noprtrTe noKa3Bar lpeBHa rexrrn(a. KourypHre
ApxailcHoro rpagol,crpoiicr.eo il:xoxla
5. craAuoH o.r rrr rpa tr u{ipar;arr oBar {r(tKro fl rurl,i ra i
6. reatup tt ailu re MtrKelrctrr yKpetreHu rpa.qoBe, TLproBcKff pA ( \ltpilA B l.,loHilr,.
tA_
7 cBeTrnilule cpeiluu{a u (ynrots[ uec.ra. llpn rqxloro rpo_ o6rprreu ut otKtoHclilrt
or xiltMqtur paioH
pe(a C)dJC. Jlmrcnar KoilKpct itu
B. ocraHKU ,fLnxaBauo rxr iloBlopljo 3ace,[Barre rrpejl_ IaHHr 3a na3a-
pil x fpatrcKHre KBapTilru oT apxarqHug U Kla-
fpbll(xrc rpallxulJtr ce cMccBar c o6nqanri na
cilqecKtrr nepnol. llpe:i ejrnnucrHqrrara eroxa
llpeccIHIlrlxTe.
llr vttor0 ItuL t:t tljir ruycrpoticrRoto nrr,rvqtBt trpaBobfbnxaTa B rrTaT d.,opu c pa3Mcpn
. rilcr,K oi Clilroiirrlma: ilrNo rho ce r:l r)r pcr
88i I50u 11 orolrHxre o6uecjBeHn crpanu o6pa_
n_ 3)Brr rpr!(Kxr ueHil,U.
a)H cc cjlriBaT x xlllcjruTe flNl ce trpcceIBaT B qCH_
\4ecega sr.;lurur rrpcr Vl u. hJto BItc()qltHlil
q)a,[fltrr rpa/l. [o:euleltara co6ctsesocr
ce :a- Kpenoct.Ha tr4roll,t no BpeMe na MeceHcKure
riit3Ba u ce o6pa6orra or po6lr. c.borB. or loruc_ Bb_
cTaHns cly_crapTar{tltrTc.
rrilroro Mecr{o }Iacc:relue. B rpa{a Hua u rtpr_ Aon}rxrt. rpal e flocTpo_
e| cllaa 369 c rrotKpc[ara ila EuevuuoH,q or
iir
lo( ria tbpt.oBuu [ 3aHaerq{u. 14:rprrrga ce rn_
iur*ItTa nolluluqecKa. cTotrilltcKt x corutajlfla
tsA. flo rexrruKara Ha ,,lo I o,lrMa cretreH 3atJa3eHa-
MeceHa: nnaH Ha rpaAa
flpyKrypa Ha troJ'rflca c fpa,,]cKo q,qpo u 3cMe.qen_
Ta KpetrocTlra c relil Moxe Ia cc clAtr. qe e rr3fpa_
'Iil tterra or. 2.10 npl \{itKeloHcK[re rlapc. Oqep;a_
')KofroC t. ilp[C] OKpitutr il Jcvo(. Hilrlil Ha I |a lil oiloBlpfl Ha BOeHIttrtc HtilcrnJ_
lxrrtu ttltorrccl: lfn.rb.rAtBtu(,rl tJL.c rBJHc HJ
craph Mect.a n curroiixt:vlr n()llrxoftl cc ctqe-
llffi. lpbl lruilNil ttt ltt\'lrttrto ttt- !.teHata tr tflo tJaa
:Ja ect ccl.Belra OcHoBa oTceqKil
r tiiilr. Harrp. s Attrre"
o.r ox. g ru no 6u_
Kt/xet o A I uttA 6lp:o n:_ JIoto lla xbnNfii tr ctllbMHllre cIUroHoBe. Kalo ro_
|acTBa (aTo cTonllua Ha ellHa oT MarKoTo pc_ nqMa Kpenocr-y6eNtuc
r iloH:urHII []pxaBH. rr ooxsaua nro:a_
naIHHfl c(noH u Korloourrara rro;1 tr4loMA.
tlleqnre u Qparueurure or paHirlre rpaloBc OcraH_
KU OT )(mnrrlHnr paiion u r.pa;cxur ueHrlp ca 3a_
rrc rlaBaT Bt]3MOXHOCT 3a trpocreJlrBaHe Ha 06140_ !ra3cHIl Ha[_Beqc B,/y nt.o3allajuo ro I
lrilllxfta cucreMa. O.rJc_irgu re t;aupne.tu il cabp3_ ularo.
nepra: 016paHtrTenHa Kyna
1.!tLt ce c.lo6pa:loa.r c repcna. Mrtoro
{t.oue .\:.u.[Lltt Ynpcnure.nuara TexHnfia r4lo3 rinacuqecKil,
iu.lKo ce Brxna rrnaH clc 3aTtsopeHa. feoMeTptrq_ rrepuoll or 6etrl:ga rorrr{ iranpeA.bK. KpetocrHu-
rro rfnrcuparra tuluta le creilr
{ropva nlx lllalrroMcperr ce t3fpax.lar a )et,.tu4eett mexrntxa. B
r.{}\{rlrcKc or rpallcrfl KBapraril. I{neqra:}a MAHIlJHirr paBerj :rcMen Hicu,,.o6pa:yna ocno-
L KpenocrHa creHa no_
2. arcpa
luca c or tioxurtKo-cotltralHo ecrecrBo. T, Hc lara. fle6crrurr ox.,1,50 u 3ffIaH rIoKb,[ ce cbc_
ce
3 3anq ,'dl)LiBl ( il11('( tpailcIEeHU df\ffIuKIOHilqHJ TOH OT llByrrtrrleBa no.rLt?o1{a,tHa :udupu.t (.c.30)
trtH
4. KMetcrBo ll lt)-Cllll Bo. illql tt I tl)ClCt JBit. H ltbjrrrc)K or loNleH KaMbK u nplcr. Orrope
1. nopranHa crpaAa 5. reatup
'lr)p\liL
2. KpenocTHa cTeHa lllpBtr re ueHTpoBe B r:L ililB.rux! cj r cJCj]Ba BItCoK luyrHUeB KLtpttutrcH:rrd.
3. npoxoA B Kpenocna q opraHu3Lrl cc o6pa:yaar rpe: l\ur.Kx B MgCl-
5ooM llA nprr obtr(a le6enilHa 2 2.50 n lBc.re rtrua ts
trptroo4aBaHe Ha cTaplfl.e aKpotloJu (aTo flLnHara cH McoqffHa ca or paaHoueprra roadpo_
Kpe_
trocTu fi y6cxilrqa. eu strdoptt.t. Tc ca carp:aurr c riaflpeqljri Kar{eH_
cTpoex rra taenlu.lltulLt, cccl-o Ha cTapn Ky,r_ trH rpc.lH. \tilHlBituil ltlcl ilLnltc\i:t ol trpbct.
1 OBt{ r{ecTa. I lno,tcCto nohl)llt jte Hotil t,tlt;rluHUm.,
tttdnttr nb_
o6oco6rBaHe Ha obulecrneHl [uou]aru^ rraii_
)tege LrtoJru, (ogro BCe roBece ce pa3BuBa 016paxrreruNre Kyjrn norlcnltsar 3ujloBerc u
(at o ueHl.lp Hr o6qecrneula In pa3llejrrT Ha o6o3pfiMu oTceqKil, KaTO 1.tr 3a_
xtaor.
MeceHa: ApKaAcKa nopra lona ,,rpa,toycrpoiicrBo", Hoceqo 6eJJera Ha lttrTaBaT IO dt,latrroHere. B M,,tn rtrilag ].e
, B()uo rHnru ca ilo_
a) 03rneA HdpaclBril( L HAI\. Crapa cilcte_ seqe oT 100 Ha pa3crorHile caMo oK. 6,50 v.
\til llti hltoh t.t\ //?rpi,\ I Iiltoc.tC.lCrgttu B
6) nraH cr. o6t_ IIEpt'A B IIAM.tlLLrtult ca Ha tro-joJreMtr pa3croq_
(rrilBt or leobxo;lfivoc.rra oT o1.6paHa. jlpm;_ Illjg.Ho cc u3laBaT trpc/( nuHHSr.a Ha cTeHaTa c
'r.llt B VetloltO_txtta r. CbflCpHItcCCtBOlO M y rroqrff ur_[ara cr le6eruua. pa:no;roxeHHre or
i pil.iloBe re, a s Iloguq Ii (o-iloltxlr.e BctrcKx crpaHil Soitru4u ta l_ur c,rax ela,lelr
o6u.{ecree"r crpaar 3aluaxara
I ir cbce/trruTc BapBapcKn crpaHU. MexilxlrHilrc trpocTparr0TBa t{ rrpcluexauaTa
Nuruueu pauor l{petIocrHl|Te cTeHIt c(opo cratsar trpennocraB_ r{ecfHocr. fLtan()op:tunu Ha 2_ff, crax troeN{a
f] \r fi cuMBo.q la rpaAc(ara se:agrctvocr. KaKo KaMbHltTe oT c.reHo60i'irrhTe N{anuHll.
l--_-l ynrq, l
u nrourasu
+ r
ylrtrriuTe" re rrati-qecro cne11Ba.r TepcHa
ro_q38ilT
tr rll_
BCtrI(nTe My npelxI{cTBa 3a IIOUffillaBa_
I'paacrnre rrop.rx Ha Meitrnillq or.racrrJ cnen_
Bar [3BecrcH oue e Mnrena run (c. 14.1. 146):
lffifrl "oan,
nnor1,
i rc }ta oTopaHI IeJlHaTa
MOrQ. qacr or 3ntra o6xnaqa.qpyrus
H o6pa:yaa ycno_
MaHthHeq: nnaH Ha rpaaa 1)r tipxauqtrnre pelHa [opr&[Ha 1';rnqa. flpluep 3a ei[Hucrus_
ryaIoBc xlra NrzlIKo jlocroBeplttr Hara yKpetxrcjrHa rcxHrlKa upelllara AptiAACKA_
l)cKorrcrpyKut{u. l]o-xtcunr.e KoMrieKcff B lr3- tA noptA B MECEHA. Aec rsa,tpanrt x1,nr (xau_
rlrrailarlire lpoBllruuajlllH o6lacru ganar npu_
Ktrni| u\oJr ( noltdtJ. jl r urrrrurrlrr oparr
Apxanvuo rpalol,crporicrno. VxpennaHe Ha rpa/ta
,. Jrrrtrtenilil
nlf retaBa rt..cJilltIJ cUCrc\tt-.. (l(llop\lr Knbr I,n Iporu]. Kr,.tctu ce
( l\ii ,il(l.tOXCHI B pillrHilHiilit illo[trKillliltqt B
.r4;lHlltHeH Ia KllerrocIa npoTuBrrfiK cc al.aKyBa oT]ollc
I i ,\pfiAr1l1n. o6lacr. :a orc.rrlrciJuc sa axeirrrl_ BClJ.tr(u tlocoKx
o,r
 I66 E;larta/Tllno.norrln IX: l.pa,lo.vcrpoiic.l.no Z
E:rara/-I'uno"tor.un II: l.pa,IolcrpoficlBo 2 167
\o;l()i ILI:lt[]lrtil I r goiitlrr.e I ra
IatJlt\/trrcr trrq I a 0 7.70 E.50 lr. flae rrpcrurrrrmaar rrllct rojtc[1rj,
i,irrot0 NfccTil rJlIcKBt f \,(:Kopeil clpoel( H3 r
W canpan, nelt_ h)4.\'rt its,tlr,J r ! , ! | 11!r.q,rf,J fl.ilt.lu (u ,r.r. A,/.
"rprg, hr i nirl't.l,tt,, rtot!tt t;r;, r,,xr.. lrrt,161,illr ::iltr!H. t)t,t tr.,,t.,t. I n\.,.t. I,,,_ht.C,t I.l,tU,i N,tditJr.l \l
fllll o6*tu"ru"", r;l ts(uti [0 ilo cnpatsc;tJi]80 prtrrpclle,lcltric Ha \ .,
tt, l't,,ttlt.1 tt ),,.ttt!Jtttt .t. t,l\t ttt ,,,rut
"rpu* rcurIit t;t lacltottsatj!-_ lliiri_re.rc B Ko_toHJjlt.c ,,, .7,,r,,
t ti ( { il kt il o il 1 ilpIl JatrarIil{} t 0 trpfi ct ilHll jtit.
[
:
nuupron,n i llHtr(Bo I O,tcilnt.c nilpuc.llt 3a 3!.Nfcllcnc(u l) 1
t

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aipoMCjtcrB0 oTl {)I{3pt1 HA t{()ICKTXTJUIItC lipillr_
<lropuara nl lHc)Jrtre cc rrll(,Mcrrrr
clopc:l liBtp-
i vrrur, nro*"o,
',rr'li 'ln,t,\'H,,'titd.,[\ ttit jlr.i t,t tt tt,,1.t,. ttti.,,i,,,_
Iit-rrfiIe. E.iroKoBatc r nt.tt.rttit .:lttti a,, r,,u.urr.ar,,iu
lo-folc\It ot rrGcaapLITc B ceBc]lHljr. Ocuosgtrre
r{J for[ta]xto llit jc.noeHtle lrii toi:a.JjcHr'It oclri)_
pil3r{atllrr or 119.i r 5 i.-5 \t lrc ce ctril,lBar
l I e lrlr. Tc:i r o5c rolt etrc rtlt c I rit{v irltpt.t I rl_1or_ crprK.rHO.
jll f il I lil pilt tt{OIil.ilt !I Nletllfi l:l Bcgta llc:y. ra ce pa3.!tc-rr{ Ha pill-[rLrHo r t)ncMH
i
titOCKlll}titItC. nol)tl( ut c lr,lorr( o(. 380 1520 re. rr. Or.soclrc:r_
i lp rrroHa-tHor.o rpa/{o},crpoiicrrt $
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lirre rr eo;turicrr 3itc!-luLrlu ll()rlitfilt ilpiltJo_
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I llf ,lr\tiUrllir- lrilr'\ [1. lor,.t t\,,,1,,]t \.h tttltt t,.t:ttl,-
'iri! (c. I 36).
' lo -xt,ctto r o olta qctlJc r lit olt
irilplcttliit 6r,pro. rten.rpoecl,e ce pa3[lr_
,?arlzt
iorollil_f , roro fp:i prBat ltocl cr tcl rH0 cllopcjt rti|lttq I [tl.c cpe]lc r Ba_
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cTpofitcIfifi Cj.atl [l]xr{tra cerJep_lor ulpBo cc
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reKotse lltpei e paMRa il oc_
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rl\\:lli{lrlll, ll\'l\lt'i I rt.l'.trtBlr,
--{Jffigsi
r't:,'ri,,.tr\,,:f,.1
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'\llllillo r Ilrrlrt, tLlRI r' (t.t[oJr(ri,5111.'1r11.j,'.
rc (c. l-16) rroclcticFiuo tst,Jnpucrril lt noll r.[c-
rr'1 Itcrrr[ ll pa3,ulxa oT Ii13u ).(tiltlpLt ( il(.ilt.,u0" tJ
iilq[]rriTo IIll (o.loIrlJariIttlit ce pl]illilBa ..H|)altl_
't.ti, tt\ ut..tt.i trj.,)l\t,r"ttr:r rlj,, I l,it to)\ rlrliir r rr,r
(xl[ola\{oBii grclrua- c. l{r7). Ilciiua ocsonita
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artre( Kil, lrtprroll Il{)pct rjrillc (,\ititog.:ru, Iic
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s ril tt
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illlutorrattnlttc ilpcll{11e rBit'til tlitxNtt ula I a ct{c-
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o 4ou raNIil IiC x lNtectililr tlABCririt)Ic ClCp,frt Ctte1O\tA.
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r
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1 i
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L ricuo t((rlitrr) xNJlulccrircltrr!r otlorirerlrl 1rc ce
.tllo\rerrfll. fl rrlxitl lltallore ilBcru !Ircrcr{tl ctr
allafltsyliill )'CIrOirelllt0. Ftiiilp. trittO CIitlt l{ lir)ts
ila/l Ij_lU KaI0 oc{torictJ I l)i!i I1 nperlr.pa]lt]c.
l *ar'lla.lnnnl NRapl a.r n l{c:toc c ttac r irr Nlltr
[r1t fplul. Pil ]uoloticil lo[Ho (i1' r.]ra[]ltot,0 dBct.tJ-
rLr!rlc tl trofitfa Ia K)foilJrll( It0 clitl0Ht titr\t
iorlrroxtrcro rra il.IAuJjt{,\tA lirrtttric Ilonc.rr-ro
iibtrlri liiNt cr or ll rr I L II rrpctucxJanclo tjil \i,[r-
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xri)pcx11 r'ftjtriulti il B llililrl ltoLtTfi nc cc pil:jltrLta_
r:l ot llttroi.icrtttc tl rUlK,la/lcKurc fltitjleKil Ktsrp-
I l.iul.
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t)CJIIIlC IJil CKIOIjiI B IlOcOt(t U3rOii-jAlltrl yjrlJult
l)lll;{C,ltl KtsapIa.tflTC itr HepaBItOMepHtr [HCV-
lil c llporltBrlrtll lliltuepti tril rtapuctrlte. C'pe/-
rrrrc KLUnr ce oCc;ryxrar c iu.)'tutilu. ]a y.tLtttttt
tkii tilLt.tK0 cc t{:l[0]tJBiiT Ka\rcftHlI Il.toLtLl. tIllpI-
ii:)rt rr:t )lrrllllit c pa:lrtrJrm:t: l.:0 1.6{) u.
i\l HoroeraxH[Tc r{nilnrlrr}r crpa!(fl ., (}] qac I r
rtf, rL'lliicti c slJcorllIlia r1o l2 lt. cr.ecilxtar._v;utln-
it. fc rre c,tcl{Rar afpotl ltpallLltra: pc.r\'Balt.cc
,cciin rr rullpoftlt uiraHotsu cxcNtIL L{1tc: o6cillul-
OnffHT: nlcynu B HoBrr rpaA
Bllla lril lltllrlc tITc cc cl,3ltittstl il0-foltclJll eIlJ-
t_ 'rilrlr. Nl lUtt " tr.r'.il\lrt/.l.rt,l itl('\ t(,ilhjt (. r't-
.. lrrl, liL\l \l't.t.,'\ )tttt t,1,,t,,. t. t;ttt t\1, t.. t..
fpagcnu atr.clulHtr ",,1t
NBapt.a"tn Ir. I 7ri). la pa3ufiKa (iI lisloiit:xnll Ilellu(),:i,11Lrc-
j11 ilp03olltitr N bNl,!. il ItTil ocilcir H[Kotj ill](] ltilt,
t j
E,ra1a/Tlrnolrorun lll: rpattol'crpoiicrso 3
flpc J Ltclit uit inrllrrre noMciileHlr. IIa roltrnre eraxl
169
!\' nrl,:tl)t' r,r i\'.rltrt lt,tt,t 31lt.r rt 1r:1r'i,r1x.11'11;1g1.
Kotr r'o da ntt(rll Ntcc l it oSpa tyuat r{ut(rl f}pfoa-
cKll KO\tInCKCU.
Ilonrnl rpt.l sa {J;rxrlr tr3patrtsa /1.10 ,J.10 ctcu
l)a3pyila8tircTo Iii cTll]xrr fprl1 B fplKo-ilep-
crireran Dl)iinr. trlotlo5tro rra Mrr,nlr (c. 166).
loii c rroclltoce lto lpeillallllfc.rel lxtrl rril pa-
ricri [v]tcir [)xti(] 0t \1,_t\ta ria clilptrr r.pittt. o.r
ccacp Ha ioi tcpcfilrl e llo.icl:lr, I a rlstoqilhr u
:iattlt.1tlrrr rpail crltrlt.rr. IIo ut;lr,trNerroro na-
KilOHCll0 lLl:iT() Oi Cebcp ltl tOI Kat0lltrjllri vctr0-
t pcllilH lllrllir! lJtilritiriir .:/d611t#1t( \,.ilitlu a iln-
_
l'llllir \l r'.' I t,L I rcrril\ {rti. !1, i \!..! r,t .r tt,'N tt.t
t.lt:t | iltut/'tttut,ttt. t 11:!ttt \'ruIIl\ilttit 5 \t Ir.t |it {.
ctoraHc 35-5 v.
'Iitxlt cc rio.ttqlsil HHc\.-[it
f fc 5 : 2 . xoy ro c ocHoBna e.rlltunua or
rpaFlll
cbc cr)ouioLUclrrie Ha
rpa4cnltfl lty:Iu. 46,.u tt,tuLtl ttbilt c ulgptluLr
camo 2 rr pa:t.{c.rrr rrit,rl,LL)t(rio IlcrKil rrHC}lla trit JBzi
rirol'rr c,1r,.l6o,urrrr I(r.75 rr fi trct clrraxau ltitlt-
ucrlit c rulrpurrn l7,J u. l['crrr rol]Nrarrnu rtptreJrl
c rr:rou lc)i) Kil. i1 trtrtLt rrco{irolrrmtcr oe palllctlrr
ulril _\f0.rcNrllilT qitcl 3rKyil)BaHc !ra Ii0ltotstrH
fi,lil ur.ita chcclLHt K:rcrKa. Kr,ltptt.c vorat 1a
r\lilt llilj_tilr1il11 ltil j^{cpx. octlOtrIrrt. lti]ufllliln c
)'c Il[0IJclr.
['pallcrrr c uA\[Ji]]lllfl o6paterq or l\1il.il1t (c.
I 6(r). clrclenara s O,unrr tcl{olcrpilpa iralrpe-
I I.h t{ ( \iltL..b.t:t il.r H,,tr ti t\'il t. Nrrt: t.r ( t.,l B(.,et t{l
Ia u:JI1i_-lir]iil [r' f l la il0-ti{)BxIc l copclrltll : {)p I0_
r
r oilrLrcH r pa|. olt!cintlptjt ilo lloc0(I re tla ctsa tii
ff KirrNlii rl ( n, n,p. .tq t r{0 il :luNl}t0 c.I b1 il le ). y J}l!_
Hara N{pexa c 11H{epcrrrqrpllrra crropc; (iy,uxqln,
lL \r:: dllrpllllitlJ lr.t jf.lil ilttHfit( il I'i( l)7\l{itil[t-
lc )'jtilLln. rial BI)]ICxUjlt, ,,lnir I{c)Kll} (}tllltc" e
cloSpa:etIr c piujllJluttla [I[cl1jr]BHocr Hil JBu-
)ticuilcto. 1 pau:rrrrroto tlairxcFIffc BUHafll NrflHiiBa
Tccirxlc cfpatrU lla ililcvjtrtTe, BitxHaTa lo)Killi
1ro
crl)itna ocralil HCo6elrrorortaHa. Ccucpurtrc urc-
rII ita nrrcy-ltilc cr,u1o ce o6c-ly;rtnAT ol.()t.
?I{n.cnurrtrre crpa/ln B }{rrcvjrrrrc rrorar rrt ce
rlpocK.rpar pai-u{qlo. VcLariouerlr ca rpil oc-
IIOITHII TlTTIA:
c lcprlcrrr,lcu ;pop (cpe. l{l,itoc ):
c /rBoi:r r Nrc|apoil (cpR. IlptrF.tr,\. c. I7:+);
c llBop il Bl,ipcxtria rja[]le{Ha 3altil (ilacrallHa
Ifl,IIIA ).
TeLll ocroasu llrloBe BcllotrHo ce pa3BtrBar.or
c fponTclil{Te Tpl-lfirtlJtt jia pa3,[tlqrrrTe l]af oll-
rioct'Ilt rltviltt. xolro tacjlrro cc 3llcc_tBaT ts fpil_
r,'r{(ti l:r xr I tt..tt \ ttl\ilult(Ii,, tl)r,rtr tJ cl
Iroriru:lll). (-'orltta;trrull nttlNrilr. IlStlcxra. c
cBc;lcli ,10 cpejleH xtlsHcH crilH;lafl.. B qoeng
I llit I htrtr\.L.cni ttti tit h.r:l\':t. :t it,t. t it tc eirteti..r-
lJa [pcit ror0r'ra T fi J r orrHol.o trl]clrpallue. K blle r0
la3NtcpIIl c ril ultcvl Ic lto:JBojrtaa r 1t)-f oitcNtfl
r 11 r
Kbrlt . Tlk Be.rc ce Hilratii.0rrr6t ol f]L.Io(,(BX.
ii()-fopc) c rreprlclxjreH jlaop. Kaxro n llpij jlt\'1 tj
Jplit(OBC. B llllc)'jll11C INIii N{aIl(O Matf,3fiilii tJ pa-
60lnrHuLlll. lla;lpunrr KBaprll ce l-ril3arBa B ct,-
tcrlcllio cr)c cTallrr tra3ap jtl) ftl)Kltrt xb"tNt.
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170 E.rala/Tnno"rornn I\': rpagoycrpoiicrno 4 ll;ra3a/'l'nno.rorufi I\': rpaAovcrpoiicrBo 4 I71

lJr,il BceKil rpr,llKr rpa/l na3apbr. Hapeccra af,o- rlu OTpAltuill llilllilldUlaTa Ce IIpCI C"qlIH[3Ma
pitr e ueHTbp He car4o IIa TbpfoBcr{afa Ir 3alliltl: teH t(Hilil,t hr.\t |(lrniKl,r'Hillll.lllllllli ll o6urtlrutt
,ruiicxarr. a Haii-Beqe liA ufllara o6u]ccrBeHr r1 rr,loJu:1.[H]l (ot{lre(c11. B plltxrrrc lil IPONlll If -
I I

f "a*punn, ".p"a,n iri)rilllHqcc(a .lei,iHocr ts iloItlca. loBa c6oprro lIIfifi ce rplLil ill]{llcl(ala aropa ce pa:Jtsxtsil 01 pa3-
carparaa sora r$cro HJ uc.ril! rnl.r c r'u.1l.r r.r L h,il\JHIrr'. ill\(- iltqilll ellCNleIrlU il CC npeBp}lUil i] llullaMHqCH
ffi r r)RopH. .leoirru. rrpailr[urJ ri ]lbp)Kirriau rlcpcNro- i)pfilFIrlLM. Ocucti lpt:xara c ricr(rptt.tccKiira
[ --.l g&,'[lil, t,rililt l\.rrl)ilr ltl\ll ll(t IlClr l\rClrlrr' r'- rirti(.lt,Bil
i i {Il. Pa lBxr ilerr) lia llallilpHIITC I Ilr0 ulaj\il c Ll-r}T-
",0"o,
fl.-,'-,Jll
"6q""ru"n, "rpus, T i r ilil r j(ot(vNtctftrpa pil3titrrrHrl r'c [oi]uTuqechli
rrrO\il lril l palloBeTc-IllpxaBil. KdKlo ll llpo\{eHfi-
eIeNi!'rI lla ttNlIlpoBUSilrl,ut.

f ] nn,u, nno*u*
tl it B fpa/IolrclPotlcrtsoro ol ilpxiltlrlllara Io c,ltr-
!MCTILItla lil C1lOXLl.
3tt pttlrurt {rr nca llplt oltrof,o{Ia"Ilroro fpn,Io-
ycrpoiicrBo pa3Brrrr{elo ce ocLU{ccrBrna B pilrli-
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( )6ulecraeHo-[o,r rrrnqecKart {1."-u xunr rta
,irf)palit llcc IroBcrlc cc tacututl ()6uqet:neuntmt
,,pdi)u o6pa3J-Bllr apxilrcKr()ilil{Ira paN{Ka o(.
t<htc illt p{t(Nel)ttti 1tpclt{u. L(eultpll lla \'lu-
JtcT lloKillr],1. ci: tsf,Bcx(.iiulc-f0 il ilc oilBa .Ila ce
dBt,prJBa CLJc :laKocTeHajl cxeltaLtl:llu. Htlanlr'

n l.lOUlaIa. C;lpyxcllllt I NlCUClIaTll .ltaptltsil I rpa;t (c. l6(r) rre ce iralpacraa oK. IrcropHcecKo
i K1). ].-r

,utit.t. o.tntalu, t!clLr.uu 11 (:iltd!11:'Lr. OcHctt vpcr r,1po. l{errpa.rurle niIoullJ Ioxro t}r' at)ttlHotilo

t:n ,lilKpiIlIlIlC Clpa;1ll n (pollOcTlIala Clellil rllilAo-

|iTc /lcNtoHCrp[par llpccTlJx tl qpe] ilrolllrt tl
,iai:iHfr0 ilocIpoiiKr.
ilpuanluiluL4(' tr !13r01lHo of lllbpaa)a( Lqrilo lll)u
t nuu uttlt: ca o5ocoSerrtr Nli'v xlrirlilrulr (Bap r:llr{.
06uecleerrrlc unorqauil u crpiljlx MOrar Ja ce
crpotr ua rlr;'rrr[noliunto rocrtrlc Mccril B l]oll-
Muner: ceBepHa il oxHa i,rr rUparrrsra Hr flil Jri( rpr\T (or 561/560) aro- \ollfrruo tspc\1e.
aropa (BX. Tun. ll)
llrra B Ar(Ha ce ilpcBflrra B Haii Baxrrur 06- [eHTrprr 11ocrcncHr{o ce rH l erpupr c ptiBuBil-
r!iicrBeH rrrollLii)r I Alill{4. lleiiursr rrocroglt[0 il(rr c(- rpar. To:r rrpoucc rtpo,lt"rxaea or.200
rcxHa atopa
6yneBrepuoH rlF{)NlCr{fl[ CC Ol']Pt3 CJrC,rl8r lrr'il.rralioBa u[!'t. it rru. Ipcc IV n. ueporrrro c li:JlllirHlr cilNr{) lorc-
ffMHa3iloH rniar{uKiira na rrpollcc. n (oiiro A ltl}lA cc pa3- \{fitl KOrllllrcKC.q0 ccBcpHoro ilp}icl'xllllitic: f(}.ltl
ceBepHa aropa rjirts;l Kil ro l oltflNl fpf,jl 11 xcl eNlorl r] uq,[a l ]punt. vatJ tndlto-Jotlit()tlu )(r.ru c orP4rcHtr' o t llcfi
t!
AeflOffBuoH
34fr, i Il tol rt.totrllulrr lpaltrqu c xL.t-\tu Lld LtpcoilLt?u ll rpx ltpyril 3aIil riti Lcll rt,roual. flpucrlltlrlallc-
I\{rlrrr3ourillr 70), tta :ana1 c ilu )dlut!n \b.t.v (ko- ro rra JlyrH rgri ra oSoco6raa Ha $l ot (pl{1 trJro-
li)rDs agomios). Kitro [eHur]elriIuJr ul or ccBep Ha !laJ. 3artsollcll Ila ceBellotj3loK ol ctscItfltiuero
ror c or. I0 u. Iirtr ltrarona r dl ccBcllo3zlnar uir rtu ,lnonu )le r/ trtitt:tt u ua xat'toK ot ttt.t1tLil'lILl
100 M orlltoK ro npecu,ttt llannnt ttu I luttttttt't tettn L'.
r)! rrrr. IIrt ror rori rpelrurrtrn I n,roluii{it Ht li\{cr-
i ,rrcr or ( uculcrrrg {rbr ol Il;trB itlHA rtu Arpo crsoro. Tl:u ccBcpHa aropa c :lpxllrctrroHutrrro
ilfirtr.ttt.ir,r OlKl)lll{r l,lr'\'ll\illL lBO \l ) If\llllte
65
.'.\' ril;tl. Bcxosc' uapctt o6rurrprrrrrr n;roluiil{ cc
llplllurnBa ur uocrpoiiru tr ipyrlr crpr/rtr n JN (llrillll. !Bl'l\iillrlr . fJllrl'lllltl( l(iillilClll B
Ili:iBr ocrjotslrala (ropur ua lplllrcll cLc clpalllr l pajla.
60
I i0 l7() rr. B cpctlara Ha II s. c rats'r,l]mcxa x rtxHara aro-
ATxHa: aropa lJrrii-crapara l rraii-gnNult rp)Ilg obuecrBeHil pa, Korro c rrroul or l2 Hncyrln rroqru .qocrrru
-, crpaan cc npocrrrpa Hallrbxrto ltii [. IIaP. /ialk1.1 pilr Nleltl{Tc ltt arllrcKif ra- Tl ttltc;crite;trtit r llta
65 L CBeqeH nbr
2. MoHyMeHTanHa nopra t1Ll {ttopdill(t rr0rpaii l:roluul clCloll IIil llallll- tscccTllilHrro latfllopclla erIHucl'tfqHa aropar
3 croa noiKilfe []lJl Xt,JlN{. irall IIC' Ce tl3.dril-A iloclpocllllrlr IIpc3 fla,rl0)Kr1jr cc x B /tpyfx rpr;1onc (\4.ltltelrtn.
4 croa Ha 6a3rneBca riiritcriLrccr(uq lclluol -r/dlr uu .Ytdiacnt (.c. l16. fl fl tF.FlA). (Jcoeocrlrr c u:6qrttara; o(lertyxeatic-
5. onrap
6. croa tsa 3e8c fi l). xtlr qtrirttr rclrctroc Bot\\ onF!)LultLt (iltb.t- 'I0. l. C. Bpl'llKlllll C Y-ltlqtlATa \lpCXal. lallfUpa
7 xpaM Ha ,ia. KiNriti or ncr ca lroBoro Kxrerc nlo (ail?(6ri a- oT cllH:r'ra c rplna. 3a .lil He cc pa3cuqr uoua,rlltl
AnonoH narpooc { 3l pil3rrrKil o I Arlta). Toua o l I otsapt Ha c rapo-
B. lMerpoots
ltt.rortl. rrto.rocun (Kpbrira ci pai1r). KoiiTo c trltrt-
I 6yfeBrepfioH L:rpoiirtrre cu cjryxil ti\ rtpr!ill(Iul'lt. ouBeH Iflx cr ciicriara rpilttrrlLrr.
10. Tonoc r:Taporo (Mel c rB0 ( cryrreorepuon ). 06c:JlilIcHo B B cpcqara Ha II L rlil,lcKnrr [eHrf'p ua Nfuucr
1T. crparerefloH ajtxlr KoMIlqcKC c xpaMa Ha A,lcnrytoorL. cc cbc-tolr or rlopcr1lilla orKl]xrll llll(lcr]laHcTBa"
12. cpeAHa croa
i3. oxHa cloa i lo-xr,currro orpaxAr]rc rja aroprTr c KoroHaAn KOUTT) BCe IOBCLIC Ce 3aTBapfll ilpfl.qBlrxeHile Ol'
14. xenveA lrl)(r Ir. t)KIt t(r il9tft'.iho [e(J. (-/l/,r/ ttl ouu tra (cHrp Ill lol ttlrti ttltttttt!ttHl1941 r,.1 ,1711,) 1 Olnl-
J5 naBrnhoH c qeuMil .?7. rrocrpocHa lpe: VI'rV ts. (aro oeranxrle lrr prlqara cc Kl,M il{oper0 tsolll{:l flJ0lll ua,lr,ucxttl
16 N4oHe'rapHffqa
17 croa Ha ATd rirronr-6a:rnlcuca. rrpel.t V B. c lrocire;lBalra or 1il)gB, ('(A(l t taild trtopu c IIoJI-v341 tsopcll0-rlo-
(BX Ttrn. Vll) tnutu ttoitt;1t,rc: (lrapclla iilta) u crnou uu Sutt jyolBOpeHo r!poclpalIcTBO, lo)t(tltLiltd Lt?op{], }Ll-
lB. Xe$ecreiloH !i. tatrnqtttoL:. I lpc: errnlrc-ilvr ta ra cnoxa pa3x{e lBOpeila Or BCttqKU CTpalru.
19. apceHan
20. cBerMnilule Ha leMoc lrure la 3a,Irrre cc ytscrLn(ta!.ir. Asyelaxsala
u rpaLliluTe croa ua -A.rar ic. I76)c ut-rxuHii I16,5 rr ttaclta Tarn ncropnuecrll cr3.[dJil ce Ilopejtuua tulolu:i-
ilgniiril IJ:JTOLrFril c tpalta Ha afopara, a q)cL)l!ut||11 llff crKi[rI jtcM0lrclpupa nbTfl tll ll]bllKiiril llpxll-
x.t.tu B KllKITIIfl Kpaii s Ha/(x{urlrr}it cRc cBoufc TefiT.Vpa: lrpouJBOIlocTilBtL'elo I{a cfpala il 1lptl-
0 100M j.tr7 ur. 3ai{ttara u crpaua iparrlrlrlr c receH rlrro
i pojla e trocrc,qBaHo of apxllTexT0HnqHo-pa-
rrtatt (6a:rp?). roiilo rrilcr r rlalbilto e o6t palcti unotla.[HoTo r(H"rrocTIl0 il.laHllpaHe. Iiocto
L .lllyIr 3ajrr.il(rGU.tuott a tllLu.liL! l rc.lU(c (Ha' ILPC3 etrrrrrl3Nrit oulc BCIlHl,x( tiocll{Iit BIICoKa c'le-
I
l){ljtclJ cb,I). rrelr rra nilelcTittsrTe,urocl (lJepra\1. c. 172). Ll
fpa4cnH r{eHrpone l: aropara, cue}ra Ha ffo"luca il cpanueHrc c pa:noo6pa:roro 3lcrpoqBaHe ;Jil pxNlcrluo rpattoycrpt,iicrno ro e JaMctlcllo or
ccBeprrafat l:llla,qHafa clp:llIll [BcTe foJIcNlIl :lil- cr1rorara cxcNiil la Fu.tilll:.v povuH\rrr (c. 2l'l).
 172 EtagalTnno,rorns V: rpagoycrpoiicrno 5 E,ra4a/Tuno,rornn V: rparoycrpoiicrno 5 173

I Ipe3 eJtrHnfMa rpbqKara Kyrrypa,4ocrura Hat- OcseH:]a rlbllrure repactr r {rllallrupa-

paN{Ka Ha
fotrMara ch eKctrall3nt, AOKaTO gMncptrtra lla He Ha BDKTTUTe Crpallu, KoroHaAnre c,]yxar H 3a
A,'TEKCAHA'6P BEitu.KLI ce pa3lra.[a Ha orAejrHtr ,,apxureKToHu3upaHe" Ha crpbMHm xbrlr{: cKa-
rlapcrBa. oK.280 0r qapcrnoro Ha cenetsKtrAffre ,IHCTHTT CKJIOH, nnbTHilTe I]OAIOpHU 3HIOB€ C

! ""npunn, "rpua, cc or[ejljr Majloa3ni:icKoro uapcTBo Ha ATA-1ll4AI4- Korrrpaoopcx n oT(pilrxre $poHrone lla 3a[nre
caxparra eora i h. HeroBa crojruua craBa II€praM. -rexar eAuH Hal apyf Karo,qbrfi4 xopx3oHTa[u.
f]f Te loguepranar rpaH.[flo3Horo repacxpaHe Ha
Bratrererure pa:nollarar c Bnacrra u {iHnaucoel-
ffi o6uecraeuu crpagu, pesugsng/q |c cpe.4cTRa Ha ueHTpun3upaHa Jl'bpxaBa. B aN{- o6eMrrnre rpytrH crpaail, Kouro nocreneHHo u3-
fiHuuo:no canepHucecrBo c ,qpyfure Aua.qoxu re rnacKBar [pe6uopalvepuara crpyKrypa Ha cra-
+ ffi *rruunu u o6cryNeaqu crpa/h u3rpax,lar pe3ilAeHutrsra cu (aro cpetrHIIIe Ha
rIbrtNarJ Ky.ilypa (parBtrlxe tta nepraveHtit).
pnq (pcnocreH rpa[.
fopuama aeopd Hc 251 u nal Mopcxoro paB-
ffi unrur, nnouqapn, qeopoee, repac, Crparermecru nolxo.nruHqrl Ho He3HaqxreneH Hntrre e npexog KbM oK])onotro. O6ct.t,xeaupn.a
IOlOraBa moual or oK. 9 xa ce pa3uilptBa [cce- l.luL{o oT ropHuq fpaA ilpeclna aropaTa I B uu-
loKpaTHo Ha HsKoJiKo eTana Hafope tro xbxMa. poKJ u.rra npevilrtJBr no.n n.trttlHcrm rpe6er
Cb3[aBar ce pa3nuqHu ueuTpoBe: achlenuottbm u/y carpaluure crpa.qu Ha 3atra,q u cbilrnHcKara
B paBHurrara cBerleHo n neqc6Ho wcro, do.tHo- (penocT I{a n3TOK, KaTO nOCIOSHHO Ce h3KaqBa Ha
na d?opd, ?uMHa3uoHun v caemuluuleno ila le- ceBep. CneIl u.opoma u ceemutuulemo tru !uo'
.rempa Ha uaHl{Hcl(tUl cKr]oH fpa,qc(o qlpo. /lrc ca pa3no.loxeHu c fon.{Ma ,]IeHuBillAtlns cae-
xpenocTTa Ha nJraHUIIcKus xp96er - pe3fineHlluf,. rnutuulemo ua 3eac c roneMw otmdp (c. 198 ) Ha
Ce;p:eaHero Ha ?opHuJoH, ts'lddemetcxu deop- 262 u. uexduuua mepaca c ,qbnrara croa Ha
nnaH Ha Kpenocra
qL!. caemunLil4a u czpadtt Ha Kylmypama o3]d.a' rpaMd |!a Amuua 271 v, 6u6.rttomeroma 290 v'
qaBa HoBa nporpaMa 3a rpbqKoTo fpa,uoycr- nrononto Ha Kpenocmma 310 u. BeAsara :a,u
poiicrBo. IIpu octuecreaeaHero iI crapure rpa- Kpeno(:mHamd nopma ca deopqume,3a,q rsx ra-
1. ropHa aropa
2. 3oHa il xpaM Ha !troH/chil lttrr]uH Ha fp'buKo-cpe.qn3eMHoMopcKaTa apxu- 3opMLrme n cr.tadoeeme.
3. Tepaca Ha Teaftpa reKTypa ce npeml{TaT c HoBH TeqeHuq: MecTono- flo.q ,qrrara Ha crpbr'tHus cuoH no)]o6Ho Ha onb-
4. Teaftp ruxelrilcto Ha hpcnoclla il clbtriloBu[.Hcla il
5. xpaM Ha KapaKila
Hara reruBa e repacara Ha Tearbpa, Koqro Ha
6 3oHa Ba 3eBc l,o\1n03ffuilfl HililoMHrl .ltuh(Ht KttnlL' B.nJrn( t- B[coquHara Ha oprecmpomu (c. 200) octuec'r-
7. onrap Ha 3eBc (KL! Kpenocmu (c. 146). E;ruHucrucHolo uapcrtso BqBa Bpb3Kara c fpaAa (cBermnue Ha Auo-
{BX. Tun. Yvttt) cc Bpbrua (bM Tsx Ha HoB eTan oT trcTopuqecKo- Huclaropa). fopHure pauroec Ha meanlbpa ce v3-
8. KonoHaAu
9. 3oHa tr xpaM Ha ArqH€ ro pa3Bxrtre. Iloscqero TuroBe crpa,qtr (lpd-v, trurar ;Io mepacoma uu Antutta. Eu6'quomerama
10.6u6riloreKa otnrup, cmoo, meoblbp) ca fpbuKH. reH[eHuilsTa (200 000 cenrtra) ocnqecrurea npb3(ara c ddo-
l":';lf;i,
I 1. rparHeyM Nb\t nnoua rHil npocrpaH( lBa e.lxllilclilqHa. ilr- peqa. Ta3v BeprIrKaJIHa CrpyKrypa xMa cBosr.l
i!" iti
'1":
:
12. 3oHa Ha Kpenocna
13. KpenocrHa nopra rpaxlaHero rra orAexHil 3arBopetlu 3oHx (Tpaq- cuMBo,[uKa: BtrcoKo ]Ia,u paBHilHara il rpana ua-
I 4. cMaDoBe rrcyu) oruacru reqe puMcKo (.$opyu, c.220). prr BjracrBa B o6Kpbxelluero sa 6orosere, 3a-
Apxlrerrypara ce orKr,cBa or crporun $opua- 06[KoneH or,qyxoBHocr, trpocBera u KyJIT]?a.
rIcH KaHoH. Cuecegugr crm cborBercrBa KaKTo 3a par ruxa or .[(lortBaurtoto ilorriiicxo tpa,lo-
';,lt,]liil rra BnaaelejrcKure aM6HuuI,l, TaKa u Ha noflBara ycrpoiicrno (uanp. flt'lrErn), MaHupaHero Ira
lra HoBtr TuIloBe crpaAtr u cBbp3Battero IIM B Tepacil tr crparu ct6,rngaea nepcrleKTxBHoro
cMeceHil KoMmeI(cu (deope4, 6u6nuomexa). HacJ'rarBaHe. Ko:ronagure ca pa3nonoxeHu Ha-
I I{apeg c rculur pauHoHilu3bM e,[uHucrtrqHara A.rlbxHo Ha H,{Kotr Tepacu u B )lblrru npaBu rulluu
I apxsTeKTypa ce crpeMu KbM UIIAUBtrAyIUIHO pe- ca opueHTilpaHil KbM XpaMOBere xaro Y6exxu
I lreHue r{ tro-fonqMa npeAcraBuTenHocr-B fF,r- ToqKa. ToBa, (amo u u3rpaxlaHero Ha 3arBope-
I AN{ Ce nocTrrfa U XtrBOnnCHO I|qJIOCTHO Bb3- HU 3OHU nO nOlIOoHe Ha mposHq)ila, BepotTtlo
.qeiicrnne, ocbulecrBeHo qpe3 trepclleKTuBHoro oTpa3qBa puMcKoTo,,ocoBo MucxeHe". orAe:rnu-
lracnarBaHe Ha cTbnatroBnAHo TepacHpaHu KoM- Te KoMnne(cx ca ooopMeHu caMocroqrenHo. Ho
rrneKcn oT crpa,qu. BI{3yatrHO Ca Ooe.[IrHeHtr OT 3aAufaHero trM BbB
Tepacnpanero rbpBoHaqilHo creABa repeHa llo BucoqtrHa e,qfitrH Han gpyr. Xpauom ua Amuua
recHro xpe6er. flpexoglr KbM foJIeMu fpynu Hanp. qpc3 MexAuHHa 3atrIla cfpaAa e cBbp3aH c
crpa.lff l{ crpbMHIIflT xbnM O6aqe MHOfo cKopo pa3troroxeHl{a no -HucKo oilmap Hu 3eec: nocpel,'
il3ilCKBar CTpOeX Ha TepacoBHAHU Cfpaau c Buco- CTBOM npeUn3Ho H3qucj[eHut 3pnTeneH tlLrl
rn nodnopuu sudoae u ilorclmarJ$ KoHnpo- Tpmueyuom nonala B 3purejrHoro none (aro
,fctpcu. IOMUHaT{Ta Ha.q ceBepHm Kpaa Ha mepacamo Ha
()co6eHo pa3ToqurejrcrBo e trpotBeHoilpv mepa- medmbpo.
t amu Ha meanrbpa Ha 3anaaHlff cuoH u Tepaca- Bupexu ve n rpa[a ca pa6orncx MHofo tro(oJce-
ra na .{euerpa Ha K)xHfls cKl]o}l B xilnilqHara Hur apxuTeI{TH u qecTo npeKacBaHuTe cTpouTen-
'rcta. xpa.uom, raKfo u HaMupauara ce no-Buco- Hu trepuoAu o6xsarqar BpeMero or ATAII4AI4TE
1. noAnopeH 3ffA Tepaca Ba.qeMerpl KO Ce\epHA C%OA, e ely cxtrtu. Cmtnq,Mna za 'qo uMneparop A,4PilAH, B oKoHqarerlluq
cu Btr[
c xourpa$opcu cftnila 3a ctaaH€ { .sl)aHe no rbirxvHa Ha nnoqaAa 3a o6p9Auu ra}F BCuqKU rpynn crpa.qu ca o6atpaaHu e o6rqa
2. oxHa croa ceaepHa cToa
3. xpaM c onrap riu ca n:gtl6aHu s cuuotta. IOxHamo cmod e Ha KoMtro3nIIns. C uen flepza.uctomo cmpoumel-
\{rroro BucoK n Autr uacul.4orryoma mepoco e tt0 ut(o.t0 Ilpeo,qorxBa KaKTo npuHqHtra lla apxu-
jlocTbnHa He caMo oT eTaxa oTXbM [onnHaTa! Ho reKTypara c HaIlbJlI{o aBTOHOMHU eAnHUqU, TaKa
Ipalcxu qeHTpoBe 2: IIeprau, rpan-pe3trAeHqtrq npe3
I oT aleqTa c naHopaMeH x3r]rcA KbM fpaaa tr x pacTepHaTa cilcTcMa Ha opTofoHilHoTo fpaao-
eJnHrr3Ma ycrpoiicrBo.
IraBIrulIaTa.
r I 7,{ llrraga/'l'uno.ryorsq \r I : iriH;r nu!H ri crpaitn
lltr,rtxoro )KrxuLllo crltolrrcjrctilo Ir3oclltB:l
$crioBe ot ootrIoT0 apxxTcKryllFIO ita3tsuft{c.
I roirc((Kilt( Ltr rx ce hr)rflrHtnillrir h \ ^.rK^J r
r1(/ro cTpoulejrcTBo. rrpli Rocto 5r,p:0 cc cr.Hra
{o rcurr rilroBe tr pa3BflT $opualeu xalrol. Or
/(pyra crpaHa. Io K.il,lcrFrccKt4r ileprrol crpoexlT
rra cKbl[t cacTHx Kl]ruil c aa6paHeH_
l'comerputunnl n apxailcHtrsr ilepfioA lr)-
iia3BaT [rr{ofoil,qlcroBa KaplrHl]l. FI:rpc! e parmo-
creiicrlrle crporrejllil.l r.llioBc trMa Kt,rIlti
rlpccoiilJuuu l fiNItrtpaflTu. KOHTO Ca ltorlTtl ln
ilHtsolo Hil Ilcojlxra. Kr,tt tgx cttt,'lar oBAJIIfrTe
iilruut crlcllu ol Kout o 1 IX e.) ca pa:xpuflr rrpe-
,1nnHo H 14oaHricxur pariorr (ApFollAt B ATilltA.
flr'ApA CNItlpllA. CArvo(). B Cctcpo:arragrrr
['r,pl1ur (O,rn,vtrnJr, TlpMOc, fio rr.ril_C6(x,) ce
Bilrrrlar crapuTc tltopul tra atrcilAHilTe KlUlfi
(tliolt.ttcr rtct $uiu). lS.qBat.il rnrril oule Be1lbx cc
iJcbx(ectBrBa rrpcxollLr xum .veeapou (cp}.
li'or- MnKl rrA. c. 13.1). Her.murr. rrbp.rl. ff30-
.rrpltn o6cu :laloBoJtrrBil npclrrroqrlralttrrlil Hil
r r,prlrltc lcrll Hant,jrHo rctrl tfiopuH, Uo e Heito-
itrtrr,Llclt 3a cIlcuil4)nqHurc ujLlc(Baulfl l{il
fpa/lcKnTe xrrJff [tHl{ crpaAu. Ilo-nolx0]tttuo
Ja rfix c crilpocr ciicxolo cr.pouretcrto.
llocfiren u:l palBxrrcro nr,l ncc rro-vuoro6poii-
ilr rc fpajloltc e cpc/xfiteMHoMopcKaTa Kbrqa c
Inop. Iipc: itpxaxqrrru repiloA liilBnrirc r Bro-
llocrerrcHlllnc 1roMer{crrur 6e: olpeile,rena clc-
lc!14 ce fpynrrpaT oK. Btrrpcucu llRop rr ce rja-
raxililT K Llr pa3MepH t e Hx ltaprlc:til n (topuar a ua
rcpena. lJ11la rroflBara uit oplor.oHlunrl rpailcKrr
lrilcrcNlJ (c. I 66) 6tra|utpuilcrBa diopMtrpaHe ro
ra ocrroBHtr T[noRe qpe3 tutaHrrpat]e llil paBlo-
lilil *rnr*n, noMeureHils rr'0illru 6lo(oae or cfpajlM.
()r crrcncccxrrq irepilol |pa/(ocrpoxtclu r tcopc-
fr- ill noMeLLreHilt
"topo"renentsr 'rnull ce HacoriBar u Klr{ {lvuruilolra-rrro o$opnr,
l-] o"opou" i4 ocBerfrenHil uaxrn Jrcnrrc rlt rp4lcl(itra xllrxutua crpa;ta. (irpa;rr c
rIpcIr]Ho al:rrlileKTollucHO ocfoplr;reriue. or e{rra
Aenoc: ..Kbqara Ha XepMec,,
c lllarrt. cc SxJlroqBaI B opTOfoltitjrFt0 ilpocKl,trpill{n
rIlocliril 6Lroxonc (urclar). rialltplr\tcp H O.ll.tttr
(c. 168) u lipr.reH.c, a or lpyra, cnopel crapo-
trciictitra rpalluutrr ec ctJlorI rro-cnobclgilo I aa-
pua6nrrro cro6pa:rru pa3lolo)KeHurto cl{. Hanp.
!r jlri,rr()(.
,) le rrrrrr. rhil(,t{f !J l\J,rln,'ctpilltH,r.il ililii-ilt-
rifcll o(. perrroHlrHuTe rleHTpotse: Hatrp. [ac-
'[aXHa'r:l xbrrla Ha Xa"rtrtr4ura, Eepn(Tl{rna ra
Nbula Fra clcrpoBl4rFt. B Art{KA u llt.ttcttogec,
I (bruara c /tBop n MerapoH B i,loghlt. -frlorcre
,lt riilllOIl:lNlcllg l ll0 MCCTil ff CI4 BJtultT B3AIIMTTO.
l! () iltrt; ln \ r rl r' ilrl r tt|c,,6 rrt tilBJU lll c
IJ
i(rcTilIHaTa xr,qa. I ltipua,rrrnr..r. napuc,t c pa3-
rrepu or. I 7i'1 7 M ce obcnyxtsa or cpe]rcl l{iljru-
llpueHai xunullHa crpatra
a) pekoHcrpyKuile
6) nnaH
T, lk 0 10 M
llcH trBr Hai1-qecTo 0T nf.
Ilo rpaculo cjlloeraxlioro. rrpcqtro xmuulo
iil !ilJlo :larBaprl lllrl Ttcl{o ro crodt rc npcdt)ot:1t c
, ,/,. K,'iil(' iltit-'tc( tr\ (,1, trilKilPilil rrr)\.rpilillto
ir jruK tr iaffa,tl) ol )t(fi-rlltllrJfl Ir crolja]rcKa troMe,
Cpelu:cvuouopcxa rlopva Ha N blr1a c IRop r,tcrrur. ll cclclllroro Kll[lo rialltl,]ril;o H:i KLxIa-
ir c irf srro,roxeHa :tr.tu Qncnudu). Tx cc ottap;r
Fl.raga/l uuo,rorilfl VI: )Ku,'ruulHlr crpalri I75
c c Ko-l()il(dn trii nf. ctorts. Kt,\{ IBopa Ii ctsLp:JBa
r'lraBHllTc itoMerrlcH[q ]Iit ro)ulara. fln,r6a eoln
KT\1 ?opuL!:t e nil)r' Hal. nx. rpil.ro. B to:rt r.nl
Kr,lun ca ocr,rlecTBeHtr ripaBnnaTa, rfqtvv.rrpa-
rrn or ltctuoq,otrr (c. 16,!).
{eopll e odlopN{en Karo uerlTbp ilpc.qil\rHo B tre-
pHcTtrJlH[Te nrrqn. oouxalrua 01 Tpu rrrf qc-
lIJpri urpall! ro.toiluit.t cll)p:JBa pa3_rttqtrlt e
Klllr.rit Ha cl paitaix.
Itil llprlrepn 3t (ioraro rr aprrlcurlirlo o4)opNltcllue
lrpcltrafrl cltlHficrrl!Hxrc l{},!tltr R Aeroc (cpB.
Ltk:uillp(r.tctr t;tJt.tpfrlu.t. c. 168). llc Moxe Jt:l cc
ycrarroBu otrllcllc.lctr ril1t; (]T:lpaj.a rpaju[ilr Ha
fbcTorlr{oMnoil[patI're ocTl]oBitu fpaJoBe cc
trpgrrlt Ta c rrpelliloctrTaIiltcl0 KbN{ x3IICIrAIBa_
ulrJr cibexT x c yN{croro il3tJorlltsaHc rra repcrra,
Kil(lu c lll)ll \'! llllltt(liltltlol{r t1t;1 1o11 11tq i11 1rril
(f]Epr c. 172).
^rv.
[o6pc:arrarel fll]ilMr.it e,,Klqara Ha Xcp-
Mec" r[ cK-torra [a.q reartrpa B rocor(it ceBcp-K]r.
MrroloelaNrruqr oOelr e pa:rrtlroNeH tepacoBUlt-
IIo rro cilolta. lltiqrn Harrgtruo 3ilrBopeltara r{it-
ztlt ttpcottu \L!(f11 a tra IBa eTaxa o(. ueHTpl!lctr
ncpt!(ttL!.1. flagnoro lloNcltteHue (uttdpttu =
rpitileraprfl il rocrHa 3a Mbx(e) e cbc ceBcpfio il3-
roxeunc x Ktu(To B Ojttt]tr. cc uruapr ua ror. C)l-
IltlllcKolO Xtrjllulc cc rlafi{trpt lrii ilbpBIJq cTax.
uaIl roilro no cxjrorril e Jocrpoeu ]toHc olqc clulr
CTIX.
'i;r pa:r,'tnxr o rre3[ nH;vrt]rrrlyajlHu B]f ril Irl r LP-
t otsrlrr xuJlufllHnre clpnllr r IIpreHa rrpe,l-
crilBnlBiIl BilpuaHTn LLt |)c.,LnIto.teu tnnt. Hetq-
pu napqc:la o6pa:lyBar g\tjLl uH(.v,tu.Tw|m roulu
( isop Heps;\Ko e:rr:lil s Hom6nualtrr c Mera-
poHa. 3a,q Bxoirit receil Koptr.llop ROAH crpaHtrqrio
KbM ila Kbuara. ortsap, ce c Ht),tottddu (br4 Bbr-
pcilrrrur ,[Bop] or. xoirlo ro rpa]lhil[olreH tractru
ca pa3[ojtorieHil Kl]rurara. ejlHoeTaxHtr u jlBy_
crartgn. ftraguoto loNlcxleHxe: .Me?opoH (aa'
ilpoH), od)opMr ltror{r{ilaHrilTil c yBelrriaitoTo cx c
tllporlrlrr npei)iaepuc rr u3Arlicnflr davtnurneu
tl0Kpua.
[]rnpcxu Mefapola B (]illarn jrulcBil f.[aRHa oc:
B63lrpi{eTa e c|apocfeiic(aTa cucTeMa rla nuH.,Lt-
1tuu1o tt6t:,r.t,.ut,:trrc (c. l-18). Karro rrpr o6utecr-
tserr[re nj]oulilllr{ (o:opa. c. 170), exo;1ll n o6-
cjryxBaLlrrqT KOllrJ.[op ca BcTptnu oT ucllT]pa.
Trnll or fJpttlH,q. o6c,ururma Ulallxr(lrrr.e Ha Kb-
r{aTa c JIBOp L rlefapoH c u3trcKtsaHruTa Ha op1,0-
|oHilJrHOro rpa,roycrpoircrno. Torj rroxa3ea rax
o6rurrc rcugcri[ull B apxnrc(Tvpara I rpano-
vcrpoiicrBoro (npot uo ot/)op.u: euue,
ntpa tr t n ae
) o.v t.t u tt t t tit u I rrilBjltr3alr B xiljrxrrlHoro crlloul el-
c11ro.
t.t
.}l{nluqrrirra
crpitla llocr ufa Blicot(ot.o IrilBo IIa
ocrai{iurrra apxutenypa..litrrtcta rcriepareu rrn
fpr,uKa xuirffr]]Ha cfpala. (jT pc3ylr I aTtrle Ha tro-
HoBule pa3xouru, rratlp. BbB BF,qilK,A fbpUI,tt.
NlOl ilT ;la CC OcaKBaT XOilbjltixTe.qHff CAeJClrUr 3a
pcr rroHiljlilr1e TuiloBe.
 rl

- 176 E.uara/'[ urro.rrolxfi \rll: o6uet recH]_.l1ri,r, t lr,ra;la/l uno.rrornn VII: o6luecr$errq c.rpa,ln I 177
)ll[{ecr-I}eHITe crpa,xil tirpc{ c (pcirocruLr]d lrlir\qrfrJ]c (.\lt.ltA. I Lri\ til .lt IJ{ ). .[o (l)nrr t]x
L + irL; Lr clleliljurrltlfa \)0pa3yBa1 lllcItlt ualri bll t.'.lr'il,r(rhrtr il!lrrtrrr, r,,,,! i..tit-.r!. i.,. I \'irr'

TIII IITf }T IIT T IITITT}

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| (turc o ur apxlig uo yc rpoiicr no toctclcnltata
,-
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! ariil rjolIII iIO clIOc)K ilii cjleulliltil[1 crpaj(tr 3a
r r,!ipaxnu !it tr,Br-rHfiuure lI or.[c,[III]ta vqpcx,
'trLiri. llaii eccr() r'c ct H ncpn{rcpnlra rrr d.u
, ,',;ir {c. I 70). rr,,1cro cc fa]rilp,rBa rllrNIa cacr
., r 16r{ccr aerure cr,Srrllll.
10 M
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'lriICi(lr! cr,tscr'. B apxanlutrr ltcpno[ Karo :]iLtx
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., i! l:ra,i rr()jllri)Illi. tla usoro Ntccra rc ct 3lMcrrc-
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i itr2illI ctltiitiil.
ll ripl, ua V l. cc o<jropur HopvaJrclr rrrtr: r o.l[-
i I riBlilLirtrrra 34,[t c u3ntlli]ullr cc B 1r0.1\,r(prrr'
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: r1i'Lut17,pt1- cr,61laiilret0 IIil af{ICTOriptlilfc cc
6) bfd Morr '. ,1 ,, d r. , , .., .,p.1
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r rr:r roclllodiroro ,10,1 ..Iltnlr rlrcrcrno" rr ArLt
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1
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ripbrlar or!trcrlJ il \tuoIo(rlpil6Hl{ u lDycrtxiiil
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tcH0 lJpoBCJclIlllc ctrllxrrxll rc uprrlittsilr Frll n.l{l-
UlSllille Illl0cTollcll lI tlIIflO3llIlCll XallSKir--ll q i il
o1,ic-rrl or itpc0rropa:uepnarl crll)Klilrl rlr
rl-riltlcrrJrc KBairll.lr (Nluint. AII]iA. e . 170).
Crropc;r parrpurrrie Hiixo,:l[n Karo:]run r)r ro3ll
Brr.qc ficKo}rcTpyuiralrNlil croa na ATarr u ATn-
Ha, rJfpiUlclla o(. 1.10 c !:tflclilrr il:l ucprilN{clixti
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u3ioclara crpalril lla rfopara. l{irufa tc c lsa
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It Ill llr(r( ( ll r\'( llll ! lllirillr (l.r' , iltr..t"tr',i'ttt
ti.!!t?1tiu. i1 or tiUlars crparrx c 2l vu;tt:tttiu.
Ornoperrara rl Hxll.rbxrra crllllx c 06bpllrrr lir,Nr
ar opilll. Pa:rcrolulelo u,/1i (:p()tiuttL, ilt)t)Dt)ltt! a
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rolllllr rltx rro-erirrrprrrrr ionttitt ;tt r4tr)r,1t.

irii-larra:crr c 6trierlepuonrr B trlpilcila" Nv- l'lunalttontt ri na"rcorpara ca 1Jpe. t!rii:tLla leurr

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3 10 7 10 irivlo n o6cvlt cLottscrcrtsilr rn o6rcriiHoro
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jiec'rpa a Orrnrrilrur. /tr:opun :tr )tpu.tt(ti(Htit,
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orritciirril c neiixtr. l'e ca 3aini :le (tutt.t.tctt'tt Itt
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()t Kliu Ha apxauqHtrfl rrepnog o6ulecTaetlara
L Aeiilocr s fpau(flTc fpagoBe cfaBa
rn(-rHTerHa
rro-pa:uoo6pa:Ha u rpocrpaHHa. L)csett crau-
r.;lrnrilrc lilroHc o6ulet tsctttt noctpoilrn (c.
I 76). uua n crpattil cbc cl]eu[a]llm $yHruur. Tc
t e pil:l;lenqT Ha fpylltr CnOpe,q npejlfla3ilaqeHliero
r r. o lqe r'rruBr TunoBe o6aqe He ce oopN{xpaT.
I rrBrra rpyna ca cfpa/'Irre 3a AbpxaBHHTe nHc-
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rr racrrr. uoretcH gnop).
lauqnlara Hilara npeuna3lfi r{ep(il, KaKTo yqH
orrrrrr ol l p bKo-repcHi:icrtrre eoiiHn x llocrotH-
illrrc Bbrpertrfiofprqru roHt!;rurrfi. 3arotsa ce
\' tposT xpeno(mu, ropu6ttLt xautupL!, apc(H0.11!.
('rra6nnnaHero Ha I{apacrBauule [o pa3Ntepn u
ilitcetrerinc fpa.[oBe x3ffcKBa c]opl'xelltrt 3a 3a-
i,)nrrnrBiltc ll BCe no-lo.tcvxtc Hvx.tu tta 0ttta.
rr lr1,pBo vxcto eodonpoaodu u vew.uu" B Atu'
rii oue flpe3 VI s. npr fltl3ilcrrPAT ca il3rpa.qeHlj
rrii,tonpoBoA u ,,qeuruaTa c gener uyuypa". vne-
il'qeHugT Rtroc Ha 3bpHeHu xpaHn ce cl,xpaHtBa
t t r.radoee- rranp. n fltttrl B nocrpoeHala npu
I IIPlrli b.JI ,,Marpa croa".
ir rrpronHrra, Kopa6onlataHero u :anaq-
| trTe Hrpel c foneMure 3air[ cc cb3qaBar cK'btru
rllffcTaHurqHu cbopbxelllrg tr crpoexn: Blnlil0-
roMtr, Kopa6Hu xallrapu, cKilaioBc. NfilTHxlul.
llpovlru craBar HtKo.rK(r Qulu- v y Koillo
\.rtEKc or CedeJlme ,lL
AHApur4cKt'ttr oAp, eAHo
.t\. d Hd .til utd. flo\ lloel npu l l tolcvetrc- tuii
rc 3ana3Ba l]o PaHHoro cpcguoeeronue. Mlroro
lHTilqHn (DapoBe Ha ilpyflr npncraHffllla tron3Bar
r rcf0Bilt ilpo] oTiln.
Ii ln pa:laurure oille B uacuqec(ut fleplto;l rlr-
rroBe c|pajlu 3a npocBeTa \ ttyJtTypa, ?uMtta-
]uoHLr, na.,rccnrpu tt cmadturutt, npe3 erlilIIu:tMa
cc [o6asrr 6u6rHorexnle, Hanpl{N{ep s ArltHq,
\Jr,ricArlApu-lt D fIEplAM (c. 1 72). fpauoeere t H
l}-lxar Ha [apr]TencrBoro lla 6ofaru rbpl oBtlx.
ilpocnuHucTnqIIo HacTpoeHu uape! pnMcKtr llMIIe-
lllt r optr u rraMecrlrilun. Te gaplaar cpcgcrna u :a
r(pyr'fl cfpa[u u lraMcTHuuu, Kou]o oxffBtrBaT
rfailc(trt cmyeT.
NlHoro or re3u crpa.qu ca il3BccrHH catN{o ol au-
r tqHx otrucarItrs II ctroMeHx Ha nbTeuecTBeHuuff.
I
I lpn :rpceHaira n llupen (croiiorera Ha OtI.:loH)
l,\KoHCIl)KIttrille lryK no l. ilonl Hul tt' cr st:-
\1o)Kriu no 3ana3eFluTc cTpouTellHu IoKyMeHTx
(rlrrrrypc). 'liofi e H:rpagcH 346 330 :a o6opytt-
ATUHa: ,,Kyna Ha BerpgBere"
uaue sa I 50 arrHcr(u Bocltr{tr Kopa6a. flpe3 lV B.
a) nraH,6) u3rneA ilflrHct(ara MOtrl u trpecrxx Bce oIIIe ce ba3upar
I qilcrepHa,2. Bo.aeH qacoBHuK
rra (xoriLra: rr rpr6ea ila e B nocrotHHa 6oiiila
roroBHocr. IIpc: :nuara o6opy.qBaHero ce x3-
irpaua 3a rrHcrreruus. peMoHT fl IloAjlpbxKa R ap-
Crpa4n cr,c ctre{fl :trHo trpeAHa3fi aqeHtre ccr{arta. KbleTo ca cK,ratrflpaHff u pescpBliuTe
'
r il cfti.
VIII: 06rqecrBeHu crpaAu 2 179
flrrrlara I18,40 rr (.1 merpu) r uupora 16,25 u
(55 cruxu) crpa[a 3atroqBa c lrpc,[craBurelllla
rpc/lrrii cTpaHa rpu BXo/,lil K]'r{ u.'opana, a 3a)Jrta-
ra i crpaua rpaHnqu c ropo6ut.otte .tott?ctpLt, B
Korlo trpe3ur{yBar Koptrycure. B nputopaSuu-
t1t0 3d.tu :!Re ileitlluil BuCoKu trOllltoptr ofllaxlaf
cpe,qHilq rpaHcnopTel{ Koptrlop.
Or.qeere crpanll tro BeprilKana aly parlroee u
crcf,axtr ce chxpaHsB:l o6opy,qBaHero la sccKu
ropa6. Ilognopure ellrroBpc\IeHHo tIOcqr no-
KpnBHaTa KOIICTpyKUUt H tsLBCX.IaT CxCreMa trpX
cKnarupaHero. But:ottwne npo3optltt B lrolcraril
\r ) Ilo,[lluffflC oeillyptBal ll\'tr6\olilVall cucl-
;I X HA.
B.rHsrrrero Ha caKpa.rHaIa apxffTeKTlpa B y
orpopv rfltlcro Ha cr nJ,[rrr .trqr vctto: o6uro t'
Ho (nrun.to (.rpenuda). opmouildmeH Llotib.t tr
uEodo.vruu sudapu,t. z.Iuleu Kol)Htl:Ji ()ptttttttou c
Ho K ulH eH t ei t:o t t. t u.ttu c . tTtlc t;u .',lag u Karo 60 -
ions.tuaurrtlu (c. 158). raxro c trpH xpaMoBara
uela. Kaueuogcrc(ure ejreNleIITH ca or .\tpuilop,
crelItrTc It KoJloll[Tc oT Bdpt)61!KoBLl OiloK08e.
Ocserr .re ullrbJrIIrBa tlyHruHna cu. apceHa,lltT
.Llcr{oHcrpffpa tr N{opc(ata uoul sa Arrsa.
T. uap. KyLra Ha B€TpoBere e I(apeIIa Ha ATIIHA
rrpe3 I B. or AII.qPoHhN or ltllPoc. Tr notyuaca
r{N{ero cff or pere(bllxtc u:o6paNeuur c 6orose-
Te Ha oceMrc Bsrbpa, (ol{lo yKpactBal fopHara
3orr:r Hil I(y.Ia ra.
OcvorruHuxlr Kiuo oclIoBHa $nrypa cuuno-
xu:JHpLl lrocoKuTe Ha cBcfa ff BeTpoBele. ilo Kou-
ro e optreilrupaH. flou pe"le$a Ha BctKa crpaHa
Ha N{oHyMeuranHtrt,,ropMUlcH qacosttHr" uu:l
flo eJuH (rbHlree vd(oerlLrK. TccHure crenu Ha
oK rofoHa oT nrallKu MpaMopHu KBalIpu ca illleil-
HX II.]IOCKOCTH ']A CgIIKATA HA TbHKA'IT LIACOBIIUKO.
lar ctnpe,lra. Kpuenre c .qelreHtrf,.ra 3a qacoBelc
ca ugtl6aHn ralo;r"rc6ose u ce pa3JlxqaBar oco-
6eHo gcrro Iia cIilIHa crlerJIrIIa. CrbHqetrata cset-
lIilHa ce [B[xfl tro roJIflMaTa ocMobf],rHa 11ptr3-
Nra, cnbHrleBule qacoBHullu MecTtT csHKara lla
cTpeil(aTa oT ljtoc(ocT Ha nnocliocl.
Harr va c ottuuxoaanu toH a cxerBar cilNfBonnqHu-
le pcle {u c oceN{Tc Bqr}pa. I lorcputtottt Ha.{ trry-
lllr3o c B ocMol,fl;lta rfoplra. 24 rc.tuuot:udtn xa-
.ueHHu tt,t]ttu ca palrrolloNcnu s/y nptcnrcuoeud-
1r(1 tpedo 3a! no(pffBlttrf, KopHu3, Rbpxotsere uM
ce onrrpar B Kpbfbn Knp\oa Kail,'K. B/y opua-
MCHTUpaHilfl trpbcmelr HalI Hefo ca B\pTv 6entpo-
noKa3u tl1e.Lam. trpe,qcTaBmBaul TpuroH, pa:vir-
xar rpl:r6eu. flocorala Ha Bqrbpit ce xllKlcrpu-
pa qpe3 cborBcrrruq pene(b.
[Ipcz n.opnu4u ua ceBepou3ToeHa]a u ceBepo3a-
flalHara creHu ce Bllx3a BbB nr'rpeuttocma. Tau
xMa r o lrM uo.lcu ttdt til<HuK. KUill'r c( tJ\llitHBd
or uilcreplrara Ha K))KItala lsuuHa cTetta. Bpe-
Mero ce 01 qtrTa no HilBOTo Ha Bo.qara B pa3jruq-
Hure ]?L6x.
Ta:u qAcourrurosa Kylra e rlptrN{ep 3a clroco6-
lrocr rr HU rpr'uKilre Jpxrrchrr tr ttaurprt ;rie-
Itrre.jrrru u uenec bo6pa3Hu (ropuu :a crpagure x
H3tsr,u,,Knitcuqecttilr'c" tunose x ltpt{lIurilu.
180 E,raga/Tuno.rroruq IX: cnerullrnla I E,ra4a/'l'unorrorn{ lX: cBer[,rnrt;a I 181
I r,purrre ca yceua,tn rrancrr.bue 6oNccruesoro TeMCItOCtrTe OCTaBa ilpellhMHo He)/Llbt]eHa tr
illlltcbcTBEe. 3aTOBa CrpaHaTa c oceqlla cbc cBe_ ceo6oJtua.
f ca*pan"u crpagu r trjrrflua. (]Bbp3aHxTe c Tqx (]TToBe 3ac\{at Bax-
ffi crpaail jro Nlflcro B o6ruecrBeHnt xuBor! pertur.tro3urrc Cneruluqero ua A(rafin sa Eruua e MecrHo
f --l
"ropoc-"nunHu
ynr,l, r nnouaail r rpa3Htrllx oltpeJenqT KateHlapa. cBcl uJIUIUC fra oTKllXTa XbIMtlCl.li MeCIHOCT B CC_
lcpoff3Toqltara qacr Ha ocr1loBa. Kytrllr xtu
{)praHr:aqunra Ha x\'.[ra e trLpxaBHo IeJo. 6orusqra e or lrluoircro-uuKeHcKara enoxa. llo-
IilB Bce(u rpajt uNra (oMilcurr 3a yrrpaBneHue Ha Hara tlpBoHaqarruo o6xuarua u)euleIr.te( c ne-
iBelurllxlaTa x opfallu3aum }tal lpa3l[lunTe c t4epu. Cte\pautwqHl c.ralrn Ha pa:elruc ox. 500
ilpoqccflil. xcptBoflpillrorueHrlr, My3tKiulHtr rr TeMerrocrr npHgo6una oKoHqare:rHtrr ctr BnI.
erropr lru cbcrc3aHffi (ar.oHff ). Bsprnr uir \L.rvA ec ilcrputBt c n,ltt,u.uttitto
llcpa-1ro lrrKonxo t.pajta o6pa3yBar KyJroBa npatsor,fbjlclr rrJIalH cJleIBa triraHa Ha xpofrd c
,)ONlLocr (aMOtrKTu0rrnl) u H:trrpaular ycacrHurlu oSuro,utu .airelnta a citMo Ha il3Tox npatsH ocrpa
it
llpa3ljHult.te B qcHTpilItff re cBel.ultrua. (a ro .ryrrKa (3apa1u ncuepara).
rl)eHultrc,rleiicrBus noMcx;ly HM BpeNrellro ce Pa.vnu cst,p:ea xpau2t c otnapu. or.qBere My
rrpexparrBar. 3a uqxou or roneMrre o6ruoejrnH- ( lpilllll ilva r.l.tilloRlt \|u.tnt)'lt 6 \ lu ttHt ocHu-
rr(Lr lpa3lrnqHx r|pu trtrtsirr lencratlun oT Uqna ua. Ta:r ocoea Bpbixa e caMo lr,/y xpaua u olla-
50M
l'r,punr. pa! BcilqKU OCTaHiUtU CfpajlH ca B nl,pBoHaqaJt-
rra o6ilIoeillrHcKIt cBeruJttttr1a Aocrrrrar uoro cr cso6ollrro pa3rro,roxcrrxe. Iiutlt.one uu
')iiHr
EruHa: cBerxntrqe Ha AOaie lrpcllr BcrrqKo Olnunns u [e"rQH, a 3aelHo c )K:p(Llumc u nponu.tetnte (c. I 96) ce o6c4lurnar
r rx I IFMLT, AE-noc h l,[i: tMoc oT KopuHT. Octse ri o(. Heltp:ltstllruara loxHa rcpaca u o6pa:yaar
xpaM Ha AQaile ut ffr'puTe, cjlaBaTa lra TISKOU cBeTmutrla, Hanp. B
onTap Irpc.tHJ rolit. Xp;rrrr.r a y eo6eraern rcfJcJ r
KynToBa cTarye '*nt o7 ,r(n"raru. [q1611n xilr IIH/]I4MA. cc lt brrxu x Ha aBTOHOMHa Crpa[a CpeI flpupO[aTa.
nponhnoH (BX. fhn. XVll) ,)llaKylrrlrc. Entr4le'sl u Koc ca ctseroBnoil]-
Kbutr Ha xpeqilTe
E_ rlec rHH Karo leucfirrn qeurpoee, a E,laB3ltn.l ra- flpH Xepafioua sa Cauoc ry,lmr rtu XllA

2
BropocTeneHHa crpaaa
repaca r () cpelrrt4e na lrrc repuiinr re KynroBe.
Btnperu rrpe: I rnl.
3al{eHr crap Kynr K}M tltotropo1lxe-
I OirrMoro :JHaqeHUe Ha KyJrTa lC ce o6pa3yBa to. Otnopom npe[ cBelrleHoro uac.ntuoeo dop-
Iile[I1:rrrr0 xpeqecKo chcroBxe. xpcvecrara do or crapoto cBerulrffnle Ha 6pera rra l4tr.tbp,t_
!il,xttoct e olqacTII IIacJIelCTBerj:I. oTqacTu u3_ coc craBa ueHTbp rra HoBOTo cBerrJnuute. Tpern
CaMoc: XepatroH or oo1;na. Klqn re Ha xperrilTe B uBe lrurxulara cit 6c;ler sa Ky)1Ta e cmanl1'nilru uu Socuutma. I)ly
paHHoapxatrchxr nepuoa
rrrrrir. ,lrnctal pa6orulrH[un u cxranotsc Karo Heiirrara ocgoea Bcrpailr or ontapa oule B paH-
rili
{\ { )pucrr ra nlH Er unel.
B
HoapxailcHur lrepuo,q e n3truriia r xpanmr. (Xlla_
1. xpaM Ha Xepa (Bx. Tun. Yly') ,i.rt:.i. ilH;rr u parnur ua 6oxecrgolo, Mecnrara dlop- t:ioH IT. c. 192) xaro npHeN{ntK uat trptstra HuLtlu
2 aFap \14 Lrpalt{uur Ha KyjrTa onpe,rtenrT trJlAHa Ha
cBeuletso abpBo JQ LtnUnlyLt.
K/nTOAa CTaryc cBerilrffuIara, I IpclrrouuraHu Mecla ca cBcule- Pagla,ruoro paixo.loxeHfie Ha nun, Ha n?.)-
KynToBu cb(po3truHuuil urlrc recoBe n,ltr ]lr,pBeraj r:eopu. clequrfuuHu (' nl e, ti.l. n o I u m e (:b Kp o Llt.LlH uqu u xp tL.v 0,
4e uu r ts
Kopa6
MaaeHeu
Npaii6pcxrrtr.perepH. ne]llepu. KaKro n rpo6HHqu cTpalfxcHoTo ltonoxcllte Ha npq]iluqHu.s n,1o_
KOnOBaAa r.1tsopun rra xepou. oco6cno Ha craprre axporo- ouecHnuo ca ronquHeHn Ha Kynr.oB npoLlec.
ru1ar),
aoaeH 6aceuH 'rr, cbrlo o6oco6eHn mfi 3allilrHat.[ N{ecTa r] itfo- cHtrTo cilHpxn ca ocBcleHn or rpatuulrrra. E4ea
10. nbT Ha npoLlecilure
11. peKa lllTa. trpc3 cne,qBaulaTa cloxa c uHTefpilpaHeTo Ha
I loulu naacrrrge clerrleHara 3oHa. rrapeceHa re- xpaMa c orrapa (ctptr)u ua Pcttiroc. c. i92, l9E)
ueHoc! cc ofpaxtra Karo luquo slarlesue ua 60_ lrocTeneilHo ce uairara IIots trpuHuilI Ha pa3noJlo-
1{acTBOlO. IllpnOuauuilO Ts cre{Ba ecTccrBe- XCHIJC.
ilule Koflrypu La lepeHa; r]otrpaBrrrBaHeTo rJ Te_ OlguIuq e ltpaucropucecKo cc]ro ts lo,uHoxue-
l)acilpaHeTo noqTu BxHarn ce u3Blp[]tsaT Ha Ito- 'ro Ha xt,.qMA KtclHoc, rocr.o ce npesptrqa n o6-
rir)ceH ctalt. Hai1-BaxHuqr eneMolrr R cBelnnll- uloeml{cKo ctserunuuc. flpoecxlauure lceru 4
rlero c orrapbr, Ha roriro cc rpr4Hacg xeprBa xrgHtrn olnunnficxtr nrpx Bolqr Haquroro cr
rn OoxecrBoro (c. 198). (ltrzroo Ltme (:mamlu rl 0T cbcTe3aHl{rla B qecl Ha IIoJ,ir"EorA f[t'IlOIlC.
\l)t{.lroaente ce [otBtBaI eaBa IIo_KbCItO. a B Itr_ 3a (oxro e loKa3ano ttud6trcaue c rco,rccHllL{ll
rior cEeTnnxIIa HuKor.a. oule npc3 I xnr. firapmr,rcpoot1, Hap.llllroll,r-
oH, qpe3 co6crneH TeMeHoc e o6oco6err xaro
'lcc ronoloxesHero Ha xpaMoBere B cBerHJjtr- sltpo B cBcqeHur :tec (o.tmuc). Kylron qeHrlp e
illil ra He ctraSBa 3a[trnxilTejlHa cxcMa. Te ca cso- forlrN{oTo caeuleHo oailuLL{e Ha 3lec. Tpnre ,rpa-
', r rHoctorrtx. 6cr ucoun epsrru. Bclc4crnHe uo c o1uro,rttu .alepLru ca Bcrpanu, 6e: luperr-
ICIOpeAHOTO paSnOJOXeHUe ilpu trKotr xpa- Ha Bpb3Ka noMex,qy cx, KaTo caMocTofrejtHu
1. xpaM Ha Xepa 6 cbKpoBhu.lHullu iroBc ce troryqaBa il3BecrHil opueuraqua. flop- e!trHuux. Vclopeguoro uu pa:noloxenue o6aue
2. xpaM Ha 3eBc (BX. Tun. Xlll) 7 cBeqeHo orfrqe riurrrrre crparu (rtponu,tou, c. 196) Ha rronxo;1e- flo]cKarBu rl npHrrUxil HJ iltCr'qeHoct. (uiito
3. MerpooH B npuraHeyM r[o MtcTo ce Bfpax/]aT B CtneHOmO HA meileHoco
Onuilntrq: anrtrc 4 TlenontroH 9.3anh npoJbnxaBa u B ntepuutma H0 cr,KposuLqHulltl-
5. (DilrtrneiloH (BX. Tnn. XVI) 10. cralroH ilc:,fuperrna Bpbixa c xpawa. Puyna Haii-qecl.o nc c pelyBauu cc qelmx rlpoHroHu. Elna lpc:i
L rjLll3Ba ocoBo O.tnlOpA C rLranulu xpalt. L)rrHru
IV n. urHcrr cc orlenr crrc 3rill or tpynara
lL rlrlamapaue c ltpyrn crpatrtr [nx o(bopMrr{e Ha clpanu x cnoprlrnre ilnoualxr. ClTpoexbr Ha
il roulallx ce [paBfl c!8a trpc3 eluun:ua. f{o r. Hap. EXO,3AJA lra u3.roK e nbpEusT onuT 3a ap-
Perlloua"ruu u HauxoHallHlt cBerurHtrIa
.lllfl Ha KnacullecKHr rrepilon (oMno3uuu{Ta B XHTCKlOHU3npaHe Ha CBerrleHus Jrec.
 . t ,.' tl/
Enaga/Tuno,roruq X: cneruJurr1a 2 -1.,, i E,ragalTuno.nor[q X: cBeruruqa 2 183
I laii-:uaq-Hr,e,rsara Kpenocr B AruKa ort1e [pe3 HdcmMKI [oKpuBa oyHqaMeHrurg Ha crapurr
XII n. e Axpono.ifri"fl Atd;ii. xpau. Or ceRepHara crpaHa BTopa HoBa ctpa[a,
L nbT Ha npoqecnilTe I 1ocrerriiiiii rtii ty6tr'yrpeneHur ox xapaKrep u Epexrefioxr,r (c. 194), :aequo c paiiosa sa ITau-
2. xpaM Ha HMKe
(BX. Ihn. Xl) D Kpas Ha VI n. creg cr6aptHe Ha (penocrHnre dpozeiioua o6egumaa Haii-crapme KpetrocrHr.r
3. nponrneu (BX. Tun. XMI) rropTu o(oHqaTe.JrHo cTaBa IIeHTparHo cBeTtrJIII- cBermur{a. Heiinusr uaneu o6eu e.r,snpueua
4. craryr Ha ATilHa rle Ha ATtrKa. PelurtorHure vy tpaltltuxff ce
npoMaxoc opueHTaul.If,Ta u3To(-3anaA Ha cTaput XpaM rI
5. 3oBa Ha ApreMuAa ropemr gr,:r6oto B ApeBHocrra. Eorumra Aru- ll q.p rruoua.
6. xaKoreKa rra ce noqura B xpaMoBere Ira Arpolola vpe: O,rraprr Ha Arnua, :ana:en n/y roJr.rrMara re-
7. flapreHoH urroro6poiiHu craryu. Kylroaara (ynMur{aurn
(Bx. Tiln. XIV)
paca, 3acTaa B rIeHTT,pa Ha rlore3pesueTo: qpe3
B. crap xpaM Ha ATUHa ra ro!trHala e .leffiT Ha llalK,[aHero i a rpu Ha ABara xpaMa KynroBoro cr6nrue nolyuara (:a
L orrap Ha ATUHa roru. Or 566 roii ce npa3HyBa Ha Bceru 4 roguHu npbB nbr s lrpum) unpo(a apxurerToHnqHa
10. 3oHa Ha 3eBc \J t o,, ?on (.v ume lla ua meucu ". pzura. Crc ct3narernoro creneHyBalte u Mo-
11. xepooH Ha llaHAiloH
12. EpenetroH lharoro Ha Axpolola (156-u.uat.u, p,). e€ lr3- HyMemiln3xpaHe Ha apxHTeKtypaTa h BKjosa_
(Bx. Txn. XVI) lrra or. 40 u uag oK9nH.9,gJT?;Ha ceBep, r.r3roK l.r Hero ff B ooua (oHuenuxt, nlaHbl Ha flrellrsl
13. naHApo3effoH rof ro ce cnycKa cTpbMHo,.Ha:a1aA cnu3a n-one-
14. clla Ha apxeoopure
npeotromBa o6uqaifuara caltocrofisoct Ha or-
r aro KbM xurub sa ApEonAfA. flo ua4lrxuara .qenHilre crpaau (cpn. c. 180).
oc Br4co(oTo uaTo ce I-I3,qLIra oT 3atraA Ha I{3TOK, flocreguqnre npu 3acefHarure MaJr(u cBeruunra
rro HanpesHara oc br ror na cenep. Or uuxeHcra- o6scsqear orqacru oxecroqeHara cbnpoma Ha
ra enoxa 3acTpoflBaEgio ce rosueHpupa s/y nFe KoHcepBaruBHtrre rlprroae naii-aeue cly rpervl
acmetrie€ul'Cnonilu iiieP;aCij iia cenep n Ha u:l- rotrM npoe(r, lponu.nenre (c. 196). Ar,l6lquo:_
ttft. ftaaHufrm nbm MAHaBa npl6lulureluo no Hur uaH sa ldHEcrar:s,rce ocsosaiia Ha oco6e-
r riltnlxHaTa oc. Hara cilryat\w no 3anarHr,tr cxttov. Ilomsm xa
(DopMara tr pa3rloJIoxeH{ero Ha cB€TItJrl{ula- npoLlecuume e qcHo opneHTupaH K.LM r{3BI,ICeHaTa
ra cc cMeHrr B \ola Ha ilcropffirar Ho Hail-,{ec- craryq Ha ATT4HA flpoM.d\oc or @r,rgr,tii n ruu
lo ocrasai eB'bp3aAfl cbc cBerqei{ure MI{TuqHtr npa3lmHm nroqag u/y EpEXTEhoHA u fIAprE_
rucc ra. M rxeHcrilm rBopeu Ha ceBepHara repaca HOHA.
c trocreIBaH or xpaMoBere na Arnna lpe: reo- tr4gfiruarmr cmtranoBu[Ho u3moueH Spoumou
McTptrqHilr, paHHoapxauqHufi u apxauqHm ne- nolqepTaBa nopTur{aTa ctpaEa KaTo lpeTlt fjra_
ptroati. BeH eneMeHT B TISIOCTHaTa KOHTIenUI{JI. c TptrTe
I laxogrure or r, r{ap. nepcuicru paseu.ruHu Ea- cu flnpa rfl o6xnarqa npocrpaHcrBeHo rleHTpan-
rlar cBeAeHm 3a 12 l.J gpyru crpagu u:a uso6H- HaTa qacT Ha BucoKaTa rutoIII OK. DraBHaTa cIIeHa
lue or xpaMoBn ,(apoBe. B nolHoxuero r{a nlta- Ha Kynra rruAruga H 3acrurBa B:b3AeilcrBuero
roro ca 6mu Hape4eHu cBermllrqaj M/y ronro ua oTAajreq Ha BI{co(oTo cBeTr{nl4ule.
'f E3Efi u
Ar,toHr4c. Bcuwu re:n crpaAu ca pa3py-
rtreHu Ha[bJrHo or nepcure 480. flpyrnre cnerNlulqa rpl6ea ga ce no.qqurr;rr Ha
PeKoHcrpyKr]ug no CTilBbHc flrrsoro pa3pyueme Ha yKpeneHm xbrM AaBa Talil tnaBHa fpyna. MaKap ta ca cBbplaHx crc
cmcH TltacrK u peanm B'b3MoxHocTtr 3a HoBo crap il rpaniluiloHel ry,r r. B snperu roBa xpcuil-
pa3trororlcertfie Ha cBertrJrtruara cleg no6e4- Te ot cBetuxueTo ila HilKL yctrBat [a 3aAetrr
tr ""np-", "rp"a"
rrm xpafi ua rprro-lepcuicxara aoiiHa. Peuu:a- uoIII.or romoTo Kpnlo Ha [PonI{JIEI4TE, 3a Aa
H3 caxpanxa aona Iutra e npuAplxeua or 6op6u 3a rraAMoilIue H rma:sr co6ctscffi cil MaJlhK xpaM (c. 184) B y
ffi KynToah",
",p"a, qeru
:lonolyuHm :a Atuue u:xog ua flenotroHecKara
uoiiua. lomuoro maHtrpaHe lpe: epara ua lln-
SqcmLtoua ua Hurce.
Orxsu crpaHara ua flapreuoua nnoulaAbr rrpel
lr.{K:bJI nptr r{3ftKHarttre apxmeKm I4KTLIH u crapara (penocrHa repaca e o6rpaneu or 3oHara
MHpcttxltt s ffiorr orHorxeHm ocrana $parueu- Ha Alrrrvm4a u XAnKoTEKATA 3a n3jraraHe Ha
rapHo, Ho l.r3rpax,qa crlq/era na Arpolola:a 6r- ueTanHil ,[apotse. or crpaaure 3a KyJt] oBr4 uenil B
4cqara ucropm. Toii e gouuuupaH or rpu rJraB- ceBepHaTa cacl ca cbxpaHeHil Kbua Ha xpeu u
Htr crpagtr c npu6lusrrelHo ycnopeAHtr ocx: r: Hap. KbillA HA ApxEoopt4il- (xpavoBh cflyxl.r-
flApr HoH. EpL\rEiiuH x ltponr4ihlr. Tpilte lpo- ren(il) 3an npotrmexTe.
rNla ce BHacfi or fllphKl,,'l e uapoaroro ct6pa- B n:roquara qacr Ha ibrMa o/y crapara u:-
r{fie tr ce ocbIIIecTBrIBaT Ha ffKoIKO OTpOUTenHU TOqHa Tepaca ca pa3floroxeHn It EpyI{ BaxHu
erara, :anoqna,ru 447. loFrfl. Hanp. rptrtrerHoro cBerunru{e Ha 3hB( tr
xepooH:bT Ha fIAHALtoH, MfiTr,rqHns 6arua sa
llapreuourr (c, 190) u3MecrBa apxureKro- .ErEt1..floao6uo Ha ocraxajrure 3oHrj u3BbH Kyr-
lluqHl,t.g qeHTbp B rcxHara crpaHa Ha Axpono,rn. Tt KIM A I ilHa. r e ca xSonHpaHIl no c rapur na"rn
Or rdboraJa.llgpg n)rcHa mepaca seo6nqaino Kalo meileHocu. C rlx esnpern uuporoo6rear-
lOneMmT XpaM rocnoAcBa lta,( cKa!'IilTe Ha Kpe- HOTO HOBO IrJlaHI,lpaHe Ce 3ana3Ba u qacT oT apxa_
lrocma r rpalcKffi cruryer. BtraeiicrBxero vy ce mHurl pea.
3acmBA cre.q oxoHqarenHoro cl6aprHe ua cra-
pru xpaM: BMecTo trbpBoHasaJrHo mmupaHaTa Cno6oguoro npocrpaucrro rr/y crpalure, oco-
ycnopeAHocT Ha trBaTa loneMff xpaMa cera AoMn- oeHo oK. npa3HuqHuq I]Jloqaq. e 3aeTo or MHo_
rrHpr eilr{Hc r BeHo flapreroHlr. xecrBo craryu u Apyru xpaMoBu aapoBe. Bbnpe-
Anponorrr s Ar[Ha 'feuexoctm e/y crapara daopryoea mepoca ce M HapacHiurr{Te pa:uepu o6lurur na Arponola
IrpeBpbua B trpa3Hr{q€fl nnouaA. fltouecma ocraBa xrrB u pa3Hoo6pa3eH.
 ;.
r-.i : ';
EnaAa/Tunonornr XI: xPau 1 185
184 E,ra.qa/Tuno,rorlrn XI: xpau I
l'ilrrnme ereiicKu kynr]?Ir He no3HaBar o6oco6e- pucra:a" e 6nra noxpura c rpuc(areH noKpIlB,
no carTilHo crpourelcrro XeprnonprHoue- mu e rpr6naro [a n3onupa crpaaara or rpynara
Ha Ap)TuTe ancu,uHn nocrpou(Il (aro Bu,[, TeMe-
W u"n" r rrrrra r.r o6pe4lre de u:ntpunar r npupo[Htr
na qapl-Npeu flpecemn-
cBe-
HOC.
ffi np"pg"epre, o6r. rrlluula I[Iu B ABopeqa
ApEPoc Ir TEPMoc ce Blixgar HaqeHKure
B 3a
KOnHa aMepht r 1r re-lopuiiqu cbrro He noHacfr rInIoBe ca(paJ1-
ilil crpaAu. tfopr'lupaue Ha ocHoBHll rlltroBe, Kol4ro c Bapu-
0 5M l'crrrnrertes ttMnync 3a xpaMoBoro crpollreJlcr- aHmTe cll BeKoBe Hape! rue xapaKTepn3upar
rlo .rJBa rpexo,tlbt ol noqrraHrelo 6er xylrosu rp'brl(oro cartpuno crpoure:rcrno.,{rrPoc cna,qa
niu tpotottnHte Ha MaJIKI{re xpauone (oilrcoc,
rr ro6paxeuro KbM hlnra c 6oxectscHl I to6pa-
,,"n"i. B rpaiiriqliib ua cBeIJIgHt'Ire :ouu (rene- uaucrcoc), KoHTo B MHoro cBer[JluilIa ce u3rpax-
rroc, c. 180) nr:ruq"4T.ll,b-"PlT9..qruu 3a craryn- Aar 3a MecrHn Irtru oropocteneuuu 6orone'
rc uni4 cI(p.gMHu-clpall{ 3a KynToBL Uentr' Texuugr o6ursoseu Tun e xpaMbr c aurtr' Kou-
ro o6urHoeeso ce cbcrou oT u3,[:b,'IxeHa Ilena c
nonera r,[.BycKa teH no(ptrB Il npeagaepue
(rpo-

W
l)aHH|tTe r[OpUu.Ua.leouerpuqHus nepltoA B,r]3-
rrptleMaT pa3iluqHuTe TtrllOBe xxrTtrlqHu ClpaAu' Haoc) c nBe xoloHl v/y il1.0c'D.eHxre crpaHuqHU
creHu Ha uetara (aumu).
r{ecro lpeg'u3epllero
,,"rp. ouu.nt" nt4n (Arl'tH,t, etronll) u an-
.n.qr" *tutt (TEPMoc, IIEPAXoPA, cpn c l34)' ia,ra ce gontma or lo,qo6na 3aEHa 3aia (onLtc'
'rilnnInilrunilTiltnrfiilF mot)oMl. TaKbB ABoeH \paM c aurn o6pa:1ta

A ttl
!,1:,irli|l,l;,ii r.i :' L
I lpaeo:lrlmrure nocrpoiiru orqacru npofi3nil3ar
,,1 uilpoKffi MerapoH ol vxKeHcKara enoxa (Mo-
*putoua e ErrutilH^, u nrFPoc)'
xgporo'(xaoc) Ha KaHoHlrwfit xpau c o6uro:rua
rarieput (c. 188).

@
,,"., o, Aflo,, "Hep.r4to
-ril:.1r.i:ri!. lllirrlr ri
orc&cTrl.oT tr346D{{eHaTa roctroAapc(a K:btrIa trpe4pepnero e o$opueHo (aro orKpu-
(TPofl, c. 134,144), r'osro noHgrora ce cbqeraBa ,u ronosata c uettpu ronoua (npocmut), ua rco*
c ancuduama $opua (Tenrvrcc, uerapou A) Ha- Td cborBercrBa orlq)llTa 3aAHa 3ala or cbulm run
Kpaq ce Harlara upaBara.u3gb;D(eHa Sopua' B (ausunpocmut). Kou6nsalluma or xpaM c arrtr
Apepoc: OntrMnuii CbKpoBtrt{Htrqa Ha
u npocTl{Jl Cb3AaBa Bapua{m, c Komo xpaMbT MO-
AoptricKtr xpaM CnKuoH (BX. Tun. lX) rtrra forqM xpaM c [T,nra Ilera' xeKaToMrleAoc,
r s ,qocrufa tr3xoaHara Toq(a Ha MoHyMeIITanHoTo
x" ga ce tpttctoco6u ruu cnequ$ruHara rlporpa-
a) nnaH,6) crpaH[qeH [3rnea
I'III MECTOIIONOXC}MCTO CII B CBETUJMXIETO'
a) nnaH ,aKpartto crpoHleflclBo {APloc. CnAPIA' TIP- MA
6) OpoHrdeH
v, 'i. O,rilN,rnn-fl, CAMoc. c. I 8b. lq2). Ocsoena Sopua na xpaua-c 'auuiflpeAcraBruIBar
il3rnea
flrnrure rDauone Hai:i-qecto cnyxar Ha cl apff- crrpountqnlnqtlre B roneMure cBernnuua Te ca
TepMoc: MerapoH E
," ii.t"ro", KVJrroBe: Ha 6oruHnle XrPA. Al14 pa:rionoxett B peAuIIu, uanp. n [n,rou u Olnv-
r.r, [nuntr,t, Arrnun4,t u 6par ir Ano,rotr' Bo- nlrr (c. I 80), n ca nbrHu c AapoBe or cborBerHm
]lerqu ca craptrTe trpeAnexaqu u ocHogHn o6ra-
rpag. Ktu peroHcrpyl4paHxre rlpuMepu or IUIactr-
qecrilq nepxoA cnaga CnrcponnnrHl{qara Ha
.r" na enoxa: APfonl'{AA, tr4crMoc
Cunfiox s Onnrrlnntr. Ts e fllneHa or BcqKa(Ba

W@
""rencrara
or KopttHt. Artlr,L. Clegme or flbpBure crpaAtr
ca uaii-go6pe cbxpaHeHn B ceJI{KLTe cBerll;ltrilIa
lra orgaltreqeHure trpoBtrHuuu. Te xalp:ur cnet-
rruua r/y encnepuueura,rnara Qa:a' B Kosro or
woroo6pa:uure paunu dlopuu flocrenelIHo ce
pa3BtrBaT ocHoBHtrTe TIltrOBe Ha caKpa'rHoTo
crpol{TeJICTBO.
Xpautr ua Anonon n [pepoc ua Krur u npe:
AruHa: xpaM Ha HuKe (Bx. Tun. X) a) nnaH,6) +poHrtreH r3rnea, B) crpaHuqeH u3rnea
VII n. :ana:aa $opMara Ha MuKeHcrctLE MezaPoH'
B cpegara tra c6poMrlaTa qela u/y '[Be nonnopu:
y(paca, Koero no[qepraBa qcHara clpyKrypa Ha
gopnficxm opAep: apxlrremlpa' orpaHfseHa [o
cblllecmeHlrTe eneMeHTI4.
Xpamr,r ua Arnna Hu8e-na aruHcnm Axpono'r
e u3rpageH s aruqecxo-fiosuficrr'r opgep xaro
ywuteu qu$unpocmun, flopa!:u He[ocrarbqHo-
to rpo".putt"t"o ao ni'orul'rstlrr (c. 182, 196)
roi e ctrpareu ro (Ba.DparHa uena 6e r npe4rse-
qpe3
pue. Kotro ce orBaps no Heo6uqaeH HacuH

'# xpemigu noxpuauun mau6yp, ce uaMfrpa oamap- KOJIOHa,qa.

ApxanvHrar xpaM rra Ar[aiin ua EruHa, no-

W
oeuurye (ecrapa). OcHoeara or 3aAHara crpaHa
roct4 K\IrroBure craryl. Tccumr noKpilB Hatr
Bxol1a crbma e'y ul$r moiiHr noanopn Or to-
3I{ TI{n ca pa3l(purlr Mo.qenu u cjre'[u or luaHoBe-
,e ra xpauone (IImexoPA, APfoc, flPl4-
ituAc, "-rt
TACoc, HreH4elr.r). Otmaprm-oeuuule u
)uuoomeodtm xapaKTeplr3upar MHo3trHcrBoro
or ie:r-r-.crpiian karo nocrpofirn 3a xeprBo-
crpoen 570, Ha Mecra Ir3rJrexAa (aro npororutr
ru ,onattt" xpaMoBtr uelIl. C:re[ MuKo nper-
,nBepue c [c6e:rl asrlt e pa3nonoxeHa uera'
B
rorro (sa nprn nrr?) .qByeraxua Aopltlc(a
KOJTOHaAa pa3Aens BsrpeuHoro npocrpaHcTBO
ua rpu ropa6zi: Orbpegnlu xopa6 gne sparr't ro-
UqT KbM ABE CAHAKBI{ KYITOBq flOMEIIICHU'
OT-

ffi
EruHa: apxauqeH xpaM np-4lri:uerilr-fl, . rouro rlo-(bcHo ce u3BbpuBar :ag (cpo. craptrt XPAM Ha ATI4HA Ha AKPoflorA'
Ha Aoatrt c. 182).
caMo npeA xpaMoBere.
Merapoi B b.. Tep[i-oc :ana:na n rAporo cu rtrila Xpauoeere or paHHoapxamHu{ nepr{oA npen-
a) nnaH
,orrobopr*o r{bll{a,pr Mlrrelrc.Kirra enoxa Bepo- cTaBnfBaT He caMo IIH[IrBUAyanHu peueHug'
6) HaMbxeH pa3pe3
B) OpoHrileH il3rneA qrHo e [peAHa3HaqeH IlbpBoHaqaJIHO He CaMo 3a npuroAeHlt KbM MCTOTO U IiJnTOBaTa npofpaMa'
r) HanpeeeH pa3pe3 Ho u BaxHu crbllKu KbM KaHoHuqHure $opuu Te
xynra xuv 6ot Anoros' a n ra ero.tt'tiicrure npat-
urlwl ct6paulu. 3a npouooca, 4etama u adu- ce urrfrrolar B Kpat Ha VI e. Haii-seqe s 'loprii-
Crpeuextr IGM scHu trpaBtr-
moua (1) ce npeAnotrara Haruqlle Ha peguua or cr<llre npoBuHulru.
cpeAHn flotnopl1. BepolrHo nper \4lI s e no- na u 3acL{eHa MoHyMeHTilHOCT BOqI{ trO UCTUH-
crpoeHa noAroBoo6parua o6Hro,rHa nr,reprlq cKl{ c-IItJr, Ho ce 3anrraua clc rary6a Ha MHolo-
Pausn n ocHoBHtr tlopux Ha rpbuKtrTe xpaMoBe ra:u ',ne- o6pa:uero il uHluBunyaru3Ma.
c 36 4tpeeHu trotrltopu. CnopHo e ganu
 186 E"raaa/Tlrno.rornn XII: xpau 2 Era4a/Tnrolorut{ XII: xpaM 2 187
ll xpanra c o6urco.rna rareptrs (1ep.yrynep) rryo-
r fi BoflonoxHl4Te cTpyKT).iru Ha [lbTHo 3aTBope-
ilnq, noAqepTaHo HacoqeE ileaopoH n oTKpxTaTa
,rinxorra tMc?M ln?put ma la) ce cntrtsar ts ilflc-
irrHnr Tiln Ha rpbrKoTo caKpzlrHo cTpouTeJlcBo.
I Ipou:xoqtr ua ra3tr ri,[eq He Moxe .qa ce oflpege-
rrr roqHo no MrcTo u BpeMe. cnegeHmra Hacov-
rrar ruu KopuHT, rluero BJrmHue 6rpso o6naqa
rlopliicrure ocHoBHff o6racru. lipe: VII n. ne-
I)lrcTa3aTa Beqe e npeoloma nbpBuTe otrfiru.
ffiml
tl.lpuro HapalilrilTe xpavoBe c o6rroroa ra-neptu
ce cbcrou or AtrJrcr Hao(. qecao xercamounedoc
(:rpaga or 100 cnnru). O6umoseso cperHara
peguqa ribglopu e KoHc'rpyKmBHo cBbp3aHa c
ilepucma3ama. floctpoeuuar or. 625 e orgareve-
rrara Erolm xpaM Ha Ano,ros s Tepuoc (A 1)
I OCHOBHT4Te CU eJreMCHTtrBepOfrHO CbOTBeTCTIta
ila (opuHTcKure cak?aJrHff clpa,qu: Kpetruna caMo
ApxauqeH neptroA. flbrrr KbM KaHoHtrcaara +opMa c I crua,ro, Abr'rlr naoc 6e: npeg,4nepne crc
cllcAHa pe,uxua no,uflopn, ilepucra3a c AbpBeHH
riorrorm 5/l 5, orrpura 3a,[Ha :a"ra. 3a.quara crpa-
rra sepormo c 6ma troKptrra c rpuc(areH troKprB.
Xepaiiourr n OruMnuq (A 2) loxa:na ox. 600
uanpctrbK B crpeMexa rlu uouyverna-rHa tlop-
va: $porlrorrr ra,[Bere qenHu creHu. patsHocroii-
nu orKplJ'ru trpeana l-r 3aqua 3dln. B uerata uua
ilaqeHKn Ha llpocrpaHcrBeHo rLtreHeHHe: petryBaHe
rra KonoM u l43Ia[eHIr cTerM Bcrpam or cpeaHllt
[opu,qop; nepr4cra3a c Koi]oHu 6/1 6 s ocoBa Bp't'3-
(a c BbTpeuHr{Te no,qllopn c e,qHo cblqecTBeHo
ffi lffil
il3KnroqeHne: y6eNrrurc rouru Ha npe,[Hara ri 3a,u-
riara 3alil ca u/y sropara u rperara KoxoHa.
l lpu xpaua na Auorou n KopuHr (A 3) or cpe-
uara Ha VI n. re:u y6exlru roqKu ca tr3TerneHu
oule ro-Ha3aa. flepucra:ara e tro-uupoKa npu
t|lpouronere, no Ha&rlxHtrTe crelru c no-TqcHa
orrrpenx! c (onoHxre 6/16 cnolloneHuero u,'y
KractrcecKu nepuoA- npo6neMil Ha npoclpaHcrBeHoro ooopMreHse
uupuHa u trbnxuHa r:uexAa 6utaucupaHo. Kpe-
lnqaTa c Tpn cftnafia 3lraqHleJllro noBlma cfpa-
Ilara HaA repeHa. flna pe1a tro11nopu o6pa:1nar
.,cpe4eH ropa6" B rrenara. tDyHrrlrrla ua 2-oro
r(ynToBo trpocTpaHcBo r(bM 3aAHaTa 3atra e He-
il3flcHeHa (cpa. llapreuoH, c. 190). Xpautr Ha
Alloros n rpyna cpoaHu crparu ce ao6ruxaear
lo KaHoHilqHffi rul. roi,iro npuqo6rea rracu-
qecxara cu $opua npe: V e. rxparrra sa 3esc s
Orumrnr (c. 188).
Kracuqecxnsr nepnog uo4u$urlupa He3llaqu-
ffi
TenHo (aHoHUqHI4S TUtr OTBbH U Ce HaCOqBa KbM
trpocrpaHcrBeHoro oSopu:reHue. XeQecreiio-
Hrr s Ar[Ha (E l), nocrpoen aepormo or. 440
or Kelurpat, B ff3rpaxAaHero Ha uenara cre,qBa
cxeMara Ha IIApTEHoHA (c. 190). l{nyeraxxa ro-
noHaAa, pa3noroxeHa ltpell caMara creHa, ofpax-
;a noMenreHxero U-o6pa:no. flogueprauo uaco-
seHxsr cpe.qeH (opa6 e :aueuer c noMe[IeHue 3a
BenuKa fbpqur. PeruoaileH o6oco6e| run
no-grmr npecroii. VarlxagaHero rra npoHaoca c
X q"n" il aguror f-_l o6uronra MrpKa 20 M
IIBC flOJreTa 3aCUnBa IpOCTpaHCTITeIIOTO Bb3-
raneput -...+ ,fcficrgue. I4:rocsara rfpourauta 3ana, cbruo
nbrfa ABe nolera, [pulo6uBa npocrpaHcrBeHa
caMocToqTenHocT ts fpaH[IIxTe Ira flepucTa3aTa
,{opriicxu xpau 1: parnnrH€ Ha xpaMa c o6llrolna raJrepns (c. 22) upe: crpaHusHo HillBecelruq or qenHara
crpaHa Ha npoHaoca apxffrpaB. O6uuaiiHara go-
ToraBa ilecrelruBa lrope,quua $poura"rua :a.ra,
npoHaoc u uena, e npuro6una trpocrpaHcrBeHo
HaflpexeHxe u gr$epen4raqru.
flpu *paMa na Ano,ron n Eaca (E 2) apxurex-
mr (neporruo L'IrcruH) or. 420 rpeo6pa:iysa cra-
puq MoruB c u3Aaaenu creHr (A 2). Toil o$op-
MS qenHnTe [McTpaHu c tsncoKu KonKoTo troMe-
ureHilcro irtruicxtt no.ryKo.tuHu. loxpaii xorto
,,H3rrua" npocrpaHcrBoro. Cpedua xopuxmctca
rcotoua (c. I 62) ocrr.qegrersa npocrpaHcrBeHoro
orpmmeHue Bt|lpe(u oBopa KbM 3a,qHoTo llo-
MerueHug
B rpaMa na Aruna Arres n Teres (6 3) or. 350
Cxon,rc rpann peuurerua ryaqKa Hanpeg trbM
pa3m{pmffie Ha npocrpaHcrBoro. Tofi u:rerls
Brlcox KotrKoro noMerueHuero ropuumcrcu opr)ep
Karo tro.lynoJlonlr B crel{ara, Te cn}xar caMo 3a
npo$mupaHe Ha npocrpaHcrBeHm orpmrouren.
Be.rnxa frpqnl Bb3npueMa BbI{uHo runa Ha
4oprlficxur trepunrep, Ho pa3JlilqHffre KynroBu
Tpallnuilu 14 trpocTpallcTBeHu trpeAcTaBH MIIOTO
cKopo Bo[qT,4o cb3[aBaHe Ha perfiolraJreH 060-
co6en rnn. I-{e,rara 3arra3Ba crapuHHm receH rufl
CbC 3aIHO nOMeIIIeHue, He,[OCT1'I]HUS aAtrTOH.
PaHuoro u:rpaxgale r{a noKpuBHu Kol{clpyKlluu
c roneMu nornopul,t pa3crofHm 6rarolpu.rtcrna
Hafi-eeue pa:ruupeuneto ua o6morHure rarepnu.
Oco6eso ilpocropHnre tfpoura:rHu ruepuu u or-
xpurure cru6u c/y olrapa troAqepraBar rratcro
e'lfouw (c. 192)
xapaKrepa I{a HacoqeHoro
crpourencrBo. Pa:uepnre qecro ca ofpoMHn.
$poHrooere c 8-9 roronu He ca ptrKocr.
flpu xpaua na Xepa n Ilecryu (B 1), ,,6a:rurH-
rara", geqe ocrapfl cpeuen peA KotroHu orHeMa
or rrpocrpaHcrBesoro srg.qefictsHe Ha I1enara,
.qoKaro nepxcra3ara o6urau c iltupxHa or.qBe
ocoBn tronera. 3arowa $poula-nHoro od)opMre-
Hue: c rpu noloHu lr,/y ailme npoHaocbr ce or-
Bapfl K'bM nepncTa3aTa, 3aAHaTa cTpalla Ha Haoca
ocraBa 3arBopeHa.
llpu nxona Ha xpaM B n Ce,rNuynr (B 2) ne-
pucTa3aTa npe,{ TecHuq lbnbf Haog. e pa3lnupeHa
go orrpura 4eoiiua :a,ra c grr6ouma 2 x 2 oco-
Btr tronera, Kpenu,qara ornpe,q e oQopueHa naro
oxpuracru6ac8crtrua.
Tetu xaparlepull :a"Cuqurm reHltel{qtru ca
o6o6rlenu il rolqepraHtr e xpau I n Ce;ruuyHr
(B 3). IIpn Haoca 3aAlrara :ua er:tlpueua o6u-
qaiisara :a MerpolloJ'lutra KoJroHaAa lt/y aurnre.
O6paruo, npoHaocbr ce pa3uupsBa noqrtr flpl'c-
reHoBu[Ho qpe3 npucTpoeHa olilpetr orKpura lto-
jronaAa c 4/2 ocoeu nolera. B uupoxara u [llra
rrena uMa ceo6o.r]locroflul a.quroH BbB BuJl Ha
KymoBa cbKpoBilutrrlua. Kuv uero Krro nbl HJ
[poqecmre Bo[tr cpeIlHltq'r Kopab, oqepraH or
/xBycTpaffia KonoHe[a, ,qo(aTo clpaHruHuTe lto-
pa6u crc caMocrorrenHu gxogoee o6Hralsr
cpegHua ropa6 u aAnroHa.
Heol'rolorcuHoto IpunoxcHue Ha lopuiicru
eJleMCl{TU nO,qXOX,qa noBeee Ha CTpOeHtrTe C}C
lauax Ooraru KonoHuilHil rpaAoBc, orKorKoro
clpoftrTe KaHoHuqHr Bpb3Kx K5M xpaMoBeTe B
MeTpoflojrusTa.
F 188 E;raaaiTuno,rorru Xltrl: rnarur
lOxHa (HaAnbxHa) QacaAa (peKoHcrpykurr)
l/l3roqeH 4poHroH H pa3pe3 (peKoHcrpyKuur)
llopniitnu xpau 2: rpannr ua.]enc n O"cuMnnl
-3
Ii \llaMfl Hit Jcsc s O,lnmnus Mltll xl)1\1 C
,,' 'ii{) iljA ra:tptl (nelttttunep),llllctnta l{liioMlLI-
,,.r, r cl ifopua. Iltrrpoctt or. '170 56. B Ilrlril.ro-
L, iil 1{rllcllqec(tlti llcpilo]l, oi JluDoll oT E]lll:l'\.
,ril \rllL)lO CKOpO CC lljlilClla 3il ClHil (I' Cbl]}plllc-
11i rL' lB1lpclrnt lia fpl'[KalA apxtrrerrypa K-lacr
Nl)',XAillKTeP Ce jlb'rxr Il3 Iil'JilIol0 pilB-
'rt rirlul
,,lrr,'Cllli Ilil IICIiLII(U Cti:lll.
! i.',1(!frolillocrra Ha xpaNIa
,,ricriFcrlr \1)' B CrelllnllltlclO (rclrcHoc c lS0)
lr'll:l'i;i lomitril llolitslt ociloBillll Ha crptlJiira
t i,tt'Pt'o(tanl ce tl3Jttla Ha 3 rl or repclta (l(o-
,rlr0l)CTCH Xb,lMOIl[,Uell FtaCnn C eCTeCTBeHfftT
l,a\t)il KIN{ a,lrllca. 3illtsopcllaTl apxtrIclilYlla
ri, i!rB:tr'la c teitacll tJ otrputtr crr,lt6u tl:;tolltr-
,r rrlrLilTil ! illlnpolla. I ce IpolllBOlloclaBt Ilil
,rrHufl 5c3ll!lcllgTc lltcH pitc cx Kil ro I ao\tcTl)titl'
i1 ir) tfrrllhlltellt{c Hit llyxoRell npll{llrln xptNrbI
1 | liiBll Il l0ilupall U cllptlN{0
. I u! I0Cii.
FraMna
06uKonHa ratepilt lir,ts 4)opNiara lly cc llllcIlJrITar ltBari! llllorllBO-
npoHaoc 1). ioxHIJ llpuHlllltll IIl HaCOqeHocr u paBHo-
uena
c;oiiHocr tra 4laca.lilIe. B LteHrr'pa (H'I{)''d) rlo-
\ynToBa cTary9
onucTonoNt [a rpatf t,-plnr[ cw ( ttk'dPott) xpav]l oc-
" 'ilno
,,,,rr uaco.iesa crpaaa' B o6srtnxara cu o6u-
: rt,iltJ til.t(l)tr! ttt. l)ttt ltt,tt\lt- loli t\' ! l|C\ll1
i l,\l BCeCI pililHil llaRrlOl{epHa ["TaCTtlqHOCT'
ll.railt,T !'ctrllirpfqelI tro IIa,(]lr.xllSla ti ll(l lll-
roeqrrlra t)ctr. lTtpucntuzutttu e ! KrilcllrlccK(lIt)
, r,olrjorrreltrIc or'5 Itollerl (qe;tttu cretrrt) rr'u l2
, r,,1ru ctallr) - 6: I I Kojlot{fi. Ilaocr;t ce ntlucsil
i riualpULIltO B lOllI Bcllel{ OT lii).loltI^ lI0 CilcliBi!
ill!-1o c}olliOlxctlffc Ha clpailille -l :!)-no;rcra'
i t)8,\ t! t.\t(:(tlututlC ttt! tlponoPtWtttta B ilOIlKt)llllil-
] fitircplltl IloiqcplxBa npllllilillltl lJA HaC()LIelllll
i i')i\ti\'. t:till)t.tHttttHtto1e a( t(pt.!It rlL\ ttt:pt!( 111L!3u
''.r h llr\ l\'(llll.lalllll \lliqJltll l'rrRi)Jli r'll rrl\t-
irltTe CICHI Llil ll:toc:t 0t Clllafii qCIIIa C{laHa lli)
Llr-vfaIa. TaM |)1toruttrt.tuunte J.1-lq?,il cc plllurl-
n!!Jirr Jlo tlb.f,6ocuHa or i,5 nortril. TIPottLl()(bn.L'
Ib0lLt.0ilu(illo)o.l/z,r/. ce oTBiiptl c ftO loHiilLil N{/y
!i r. ilIcHH re crpail tlqHil J etm
(.u Hnr ! ) []oMcx.qy
llr rtirtsJIIria u ;ltttSoqntta l]po]1Ii{(llatrloro orclpa-
11rr rurocrllarlcTBo Ila 4)polITiLlHrTe ra;rcllrn Htt
! lL\lO ts IIpOIIAOCA CC 01 BApt BpalA KbM
t'nr|rt lajllil LlacT cc Il-'lilfa oflloN{HATa
{csc. (lr uer tlpa3 BXollllara pa\{lla ql}l ltt el(ll[-
ltrBeHaTa oc Il cBelh-illllicro.
lilrql utl Brirpcurlocrla Ha \pa\li1 ce cbtrp()-
Br))K.la ol cTeIIelIlBaHo cTecHgBaHe HA trpO-
". rPaHCrBolO.
( lJ I r)rKlill'rlo nnocll':lllClR'r
' ir reilLrr{)cil llllll\''lllilIJ 'l)l',"1ll lll.l IJ ICI\ll'l
rplJi(ilHllil Kt,Nt ol.qIIX [J]il obrKollJ(l Ila fiLlcll{lt-
rr. (otTO c BtB tll{3ya,1}tat apbtl(l c ol(otrtl(lclTil
.l ie r o pu tn t rcu u rn e tlil:\ qcrllal a crel Ia Ha
.)1 e ttto tl L!
:iPt)Huout Htlco'lBill IIOiilejla Kl,\l BbTpeIHOCl til
ija npe.r]lnepxcro. Mr'y c-rplttnllttrl c 3a ltai-rtlllll
./'/7?{ .IlBt{xaHile lo llllll,lll Jil B llelraTa' AB} eTax-
r!il K{J.[OHAJH ClCCH{!aT llp0clplllclDoT(] troT
l
:1Be ClpaHX ;lO pitJr{€rprITa IIa "^cllc,lell
(opao
qtletl gcHo /IlillxelIfle g ilut6oquttl lililblllIItsil
[11CI (\',ifloBarl cll]lytj.
E.'ralia/'I'!tiloirol'rrn XIII: xpanr 3 189
I,{ rrro o6cnt xlt:Ittrir cc \rllal{e}ltlllJpl or 11Ha-
.tCNTllKnfl llil Cl i,lllo IIfHllt l,r \l \ rl,r lrl\'lrl lBil-
!rc III lt:lcoccllofrra (lloc) !! Liclrlpilnrl3allrlt
(o6nxorlta raitaput). 13r'lrpcxl Karcioptlctlilrii
113!1,il7icIl1l IIll()lloptlu9 ooiiK()illixIil rlilcl)ut
npx:1aBa rrr cfprtrala BceclllaHHl ulacTllqilocT
,:pe: o6nnrxa or crlHill{Bo o{hopNtcllrl el{c\lcll1ti,
B
i(,'qt' rtllil.il (Brr llrH:l ll (rH(1.
{)6partro. lottcfil r{sr ()6-1'('^'a ttt c I t tt oK l) t.td tIl)ctta-
illlqtl ol N{ecll)IIo- cr cfparurtrg xaplKTeil Ilil tlrlpoTt) (llbpllrqHrlq Ill-
,1r,rrNcH xpnlt) ttiy :ao6lxaltrllatit fo il(llt!(tno-
;a. Pt,6olcte Hi\ (:tttl)r.\u111(.1 tt 6u.tonto Ilo,ucp't't-
Bal ll:i!.rl],rl(lllTa llOC0(4. KOtIO trpOJJl'llil(lBll lIl-
'rFil r'tfJ lrr( lc'l. rllll clf.lllll. ( n.lJ(llt'llllllc cl'
t tu t I ) p rl u n t t H L! tt t' Ltl Pt t bab I t t t./llll oxll BlBii I
t ptt t r t I
rrirxqe 3arBopallillt ..racllBlla' allxLllcKTVpa tla
o(lrxirinltt,L ra:ic1itrx. Tc r) ttpu.4auar tl5'trtti. c
I roiiro [r oB]raJee rclftlllilca 6c: llctt6lttjttlulli:t-
ra or tfranrtprt(il crpa,,lil ll() Ililillll,xHiiril oc
llllyl trlC Cfpaj(Il B re- (prltcxr tjtclnyrt" c[lllcrc(rl xpliNl ).
Orrtc aprrit'rliltc \PaMoBa y.tlc/llllcjtllo JcNroH-
c'rpuprr 6a,tattca itit jtciiclsluutrc D xpitmoBala
apxrlcKr)pa ctr,tr. KJtAcu'recHuffT xapaKTep
Ha xpas{a Ha 3cBc cc o6ilcttnna c Ilpeqlr3llolo
cbcelaHue lla BcllqKll cacTll B cJl{tl u{'uocfcii oll-
I il|lll J bNI' HiiNlntrlitlll Ce B C bB t'pl[Ot{O pLBHOtseCxC'
lr n|,,r, nt,r ilH.t'rl(' tr rlu, llli\' \'l ll{ll1J l(Hll B)
ellllHeH Motr):lI. lexltttgl tlcttoRett parvcp or 16
.uopuiicxl crlttrrt ,5.2l lt roqHo cl'oluclcrBll
ilil \r,h l\1.(r.lr)llllol,, rlo lc l. ,16ll^r' iH:llJ ll j'
lil'i. \]1:r\loBllrc lllrilF,rfltillr ce 6l iltl':rt nr 11;l '-
IersIIero Itil rriraHa rrr 5: I I nollcra (BX. l1o-
ropc). lJaocll rl llcilrra Kato tlllpo cbill{) cx
tll\"JNrlllirllil B, ttllttlltl,t .ll llt^J \tt til ttt ttt l"H'
l3rn $aca;larl ua o6uxo"tsaL'a I a"lepus llprll-
LIIIIl,l llliIIpOIiOJlllllUle cC t)HilllleJLt{ts4 qpCS C]'-
If,ilCyrlaHOCl N{ry OTilCjlllliTe \acTn n (7/)ttBant-
t titllle Ha l).r:ttnte ot c t l toOala ;1o l(cpet{llqlJl c
floc:tejtoHarertt mre clicN{ell ttl Frr r:lrrl cll B cfr{) l -
riolucrue I :2. Taxa cc IlollyqitBil tropclllJllil or
nponopllilollajlllll .[ejlcllltt: NIcx]lyKolollllo llo-
t .t<: rlpu r \'\lclilllll B(,.irrll I.llll{llllh {Cll\ll): hcl'(-
\{HJtx : I :2:z1 : 8 . Ocra lia (oitoll}Il'c. tf-"-l ara Ira
rpxrrpaBa, rprtt ruif rrt, Bolloo3nIIlllltlKl' l lI l(cllC-
tl(LUn10' B \rr{uurc ca Il crHa oc. Or pa:pc:a cc Bil)i;it). Llc
CtaTyfl tla ro:lU (aIIoH e []lejltrN{H0 Of OJIrtlqH0-lco}leTpxtl-
rto cc|ccTRo tr B II9(OX LIllCTil llc cc iloKlltiBa c
I l\ l(U il! J.
hr Jrr(
I
flpr'nrrpttlttltr llil htr luHlllc II illllill) la\lilllil (:'
lreruo cpelIlo lt,ry ltaclrltnrre c"leNlcIlTll 0l lipxe-
uqnlt{ lr ircrlrc or I(LcIJllg ilclliloln. OltlHqltrlrc
KopcKrlux iIa t co\{elpllqHile opJel) (lIlloBo cBu-
Bilrc. eHlr3uc. ripttnrrirtl (l). c l55 cl.c;t.) oclo-
6oxitrgalra3il chpaSNlcllHocl or EcqtrlKua cKil-
BAHOC'I,
Orrprrlrnr B xpaNlii llx 'Jctlc raltottlqell llLI ua-
]lJrr3a l pcllrtua xpaltttuc (l4ttl'tuc {ll KoPllllr.
lll{ lyv. \( ) Ho lte itocrtlrll n}llrllr cl'-
^KP,\iXpaltoHrla zrpxrle(r'ypa cKopo
Brrprrclrcrl]o.
Iiorrr]lit rroll BllLttllluc Ila lccreHrcr0. lilfloqllllil0
Ilpel aTtiLrccKa i I KitilcllKli.
 190 E,raaa/Tr.rno.rornn XIV: xpalr
4 E,raga/Tuno"rotr.rfl XIV: rparrr 4 l9l
\ | [ilflHfiTe c lop,ugc-r ce Hapuqar troHtrtuu, 3a ]IIa HaB'brpe. B cpellara c ttt0;l6itlit llil (llll/(llll:
r,r iloilqepTa{T no-cTapaTa cfl Tpaluquq cilpqMo crar]s Ha Arlxa llaptettot or t.'l:l]o tr c.lrr-
rrrIrriicrure KdHtl4HellratrHu rrpuu. Te o6aue rosa rocri-s45o5a lo -tmltl ( I I M l. (,e I'tri)ttl(
, I l)otl I ro,leMilrq. qll XpaM,pP9 - HanbxHo ecrecr- Hq oT TecHofaTa Ha TpaAlquolllll{tl ..cllc.llcll l((t
r(il,r B l)opuicKu opdep. flasHrrr rpav ua . p-49::"JdenaTa 9.
flpoeKrupala raKa. qc ,]til li(rl'lcll
lrrrr;Lra 6orunq ATI4HA Ha Arpolo,ra, IIAPTEHo- rae sr:Aeficreuero fia cbodoiHocl otllllif l il ( I il-
rr r, t . n npeguecrBeHurltlTe uy eusaru ca 6mH ryr. I{uocrwata u n:racrwquocr e a cLollre lt l-
'n,1,trtitrci xpa.uoee
c oSuronia zatepun. Crapu. sue crc gao6rranquoro apxlreKToFtilclto pil3-
rr xpau e/y repacara Ha (peflocrra e pa3pyneH ufleueuo--fi PocrPancrno.
I I'i0 B rpbKo-flepcuicKara BoiiHa- .9.ll4lutl :19I f3.q199a uM-q. Brgpo troMeue-
( 'rlroexbr ua npd-Ilaprexont zly uozata nx' troqTu KBa,qpaTeH ILraH,,[ocT6nHo oT 3a-
Htre c
,t,t iltt'rdco e npeycraHoBeH. flpoexrlpaH raro 'naAHara or(pura 3ara upez onucptllt"d^ou. fltpso-
'L l,ui(nt nepunmep c h l6 KoJlollil. B Hero ce
la- HaqaJrHoro KylIToBo 3HaqeHue Ha ro3u cbuIuHcKu
(rerrH3Bar arroii .rep'ru ua no-I(bcHm IIAPTEHOH. ,,trapreHos" ([ou ua AeeuUara Aruua).e nercn<r
{ rponte.rcraoro uy e o6err Ha noruruqecKq (cpe. xpau Ha Ano:ros e Kopuur, c. 186, A 3).
( lopoBe tr TBopqecKo c'r'peBHoBaHue ndy eoge- l1o-rlcrro roii c.ryxu 3a c:r,xpaHeHue Ha ,[apoBe ,{
Irlrrle apxuterru u cKytrtrTopl{, KyJrroBu trpxHaAnexHocru. Tanautr vy e sly 4
I rra crponrenHa $a:a or. 465449 Ha trpe.q- KonoHu, BepoqrHo c ioHuficxu opAeP
1. o6uKorHa rilepilF 4. KynToBa cTaryt
2. npeA.qBepile 5.,,napreHoH"
I lrpreHoHa BeposrHo e pbKoBo[eHa or K,'t,'ll4x- . r-l{t-?crlt:Y,1"1:-,}1"P.?-{te"PJ1?"-.P}-u-ilrHara crp.ua'
3. uena 6.3aAHa orkpura 3da L,,rr.2-ara t!a:a rpu I4KTI4H u QilAnti sailoqsa He ce e 3arybm npu npocrpaHcrBeHoro pa3mpe-
l.{9. BeaHara cneA (aro ilEPI4Kbn uABa Ha Bnacr. Hue. Omrs llapreuourr nprulrrqa Ha yro].19.1'{9ll.
I oii y6ex,[aBa Hapoguoro ct6pauue Ia pa3rupHe qopiiiicru nepunrep (crmo6ar 33,88:69,50v;
, rpoilrenffi trporpila ua Arponorr (c. I82). 8: 17 rorouu). Cnpruo rpeg-flaprerroHa Ir Ma-
llriiHa rratsHa qact ocraBa IlapreHoHlr. cucecKtrTe neputrTepx no o6pa:eq Ha xpaMa rta
lJ ro rx Hai-rotrM xpa[., B IpbuKara Merpononffi 3enc (c. I 88) o6uro"unara ralepur Ha Ilapreuoua
twrct doBaiicru nepunmep ce cbqeraBa c arl{- ce oTjrlrqaBa c no-nnbrHa 3arBopeHocr,, KosTo
,rccro-iioHrrfi cKiiie rpagnqulr u uonl{re npocrpaH- BepoflrHo KoMfleHcupa npocrpaHcTBeHoro pa3-
c rBerr{ trpe,qcTaBtr, IloTofaBa ocTaBsM Ha BTOpO uupeHile qpe3 KoHleHTpaum x mbrHocT Ha

N1'rcTo B fpbIIKoTO CaKpaIHO CTpOUTeICTBO

ll ffraH paBHoBecuero uly uaoc u nepucmasa (c
I fiS). nocrururaro s ruacuqecKm xpaM c o6uro:r
ila filepnq, ce u3MecTBa HanbnHo B nojl3a Ha
rraoca. Pa:uupeu[ero Ha qernns $pogr go 7
lro;rera : 8 ronour u:qmo 6larolpu.atcraa ett-
l,euHoro flpoclpaHcrBo. Heo6naiiuo e Il fllMe-
HaAtrbxeH pa3pe3 npe3 npeMBepuero tr qenara
crBaHeTo Ha flpeAHara u 3a,qHara 3aJIu KbM ne-
grsmsm o6eu.
. Korosure ca pa3lo:]oxeHu H-eo.p1l.1afiuo Harlcro
n cbtueBpeMeffio ca c no-crpoEHH n crerHaTu
nponopquu orflpeAu. Clltttloro cBIrBaHe Ha br-
noBr{Te nonera x yAe6elsgauero qa trnoBure Ko-
roHu oco6eHo KareropuqHo o6eAumea trepncra-
sara e ruure (c. 36).
, Aura6neMaulr (c- I 56),,EggE .oraoagrg]rlrg H,q:_

Irtrcra3ara.
qpe: peqyqupaue Ha crpaHuqHnTe
orpaHtrqaBailItr aHmu ao (bcu cTeHHu I{3AaTUM
llBere oTKpuru 3aJII4 ce OTBaptrr c (oroHaAtr or no
6 KonoHu no uffara uupnHa Ha Haoca! Ka(To lI
crpaHuqHo rtu o6uronrara ranepl,ra. LIxrllH
rr3nptreMa roBa perleHl{e or nped-Ilapntexoua,
pa:luupanaiiru ro c 2 norera.
yMuueHoro yrrr6oraaaHe Ha npocrpal{crBoro
11 cTetreHyBaHoro cTecHsBaHe qpe3 cTpaHncHo
orpaHuqeHr.ie s gopuiicrm neplttrrep ry( ce 3a-
Mers cbc cTplHI{qHo pa3lIIl|peHne n cJrtrBaHe.
TaKa ce cb3traBa 3atra c qt,locreH tlpour, nogo6-
rra Ha re3u s ioxuittilme eoteuu xpmoee (c,
I 92), uo 6e: pa:mnpenue e qtr6ouuHa (6e: ropa
ol rororut). Pp:raaprHero Ha maqe qcllo orpa-
rrrueHuTe npocrpaHcBa ce troAqepraBa u or y(-
pacara: BMecTo 4opttficxu MeTotru u Tp4rnlis4
r(br peuffiT $pour ur Haoca rtoct HenpeKtcHal
rppnr or ilosuicxo-1uqecrut sN.n. rto6pa:reaul
xamcuaicxomo uk cmau(. xoii to yneHuaea t a-
I Io
;
repfifTa o(. rleruq Haoc.
BbrpeuHo npocrpaHcrBo Ha Uenara (peKoHcrpvKLtilr) Vccutartero ra npocrop ce lacMBa oco6eso s
npoeKTa Ha uenara. O6axuruara ol rpil crpa-
uu (l) deyemaxna xotouada o6oco6.ssa nAea,'r-
HO npocrpaHcTBo or MafictrMilHo pa3uupeHm
trpocrpaHcrBeH qerl4)ubr:bJlHuK. Tyr apxurerry-
,{opliicxll xpau 3: IlaprenoHlr n Aruua
prra uc o6uro,ruara la.repilfl troHtxb,le ce o6pr-
cbK, ce oneKoTgBa onTHqHo u qpe3.np-e-{axBaHe
Ha crpaHuqHara c uua. Cxevarusnara cKoBaHocr
ce npeoAomBa c go6pe npecuerHarll orRrlone-
HnR (xopu:oHralHu KpI{BI{Hu u reKo tr3MecrBa}Ie
Ha Mex4yKoroHl{ure qo.ltera). Ta:u xou6uuaqux
r'.r/y panHouepuo tr HepaBHoMepHo AnHaMu3trpa
to:reuro o6eu no noro6ue IIa MKou u3MecrBa-
'Hro n nponopunuie ;d ioititaruiari..nracrnxa
(flonr4rr[Er, OI4Autri).
C,sc c-rpoexa ua napreuona 3aJIoqBa arl{qecxa-
Ta nJractrKa. Heiinure resrenlrnu (crpoiiuu e,'le-
Merrru, no-lleKa cTpyKrypa, [pocrpaHcTBeHo
otlopwenue) ce npeHacsr u vly lpyrn crpagu u
ee[uara uo,uu(buqupar B KoHTuH-eHrartHa Elaga,
ycTaHoBeHUfl MaCnqecKH [opuI4cKH KaHOH OT
xpAMA Ha 3nec. B l'IoHil-q re3x reH,qeHlluu cne.[
noKor'IeHuq o(a3Bar BtrutHl'te s/y rlcHo npouur-
Harara raM MacI4Ka ((DI4TI4ti or IIPI4EHA).
Cno6ogHoro 6opatere c rpaguuuouuure t[op-
MU U T'XIIOTO BIiIIOU3MCHEHUC B OPIII}{I{ANHtrTC
rnop6n anHo ce orpaHuqaBar n,ty uantr rptr or
dnxxtcKru. KoffToca B lcccH KoHllKT cbc..cfpofl-
rersara uro:ra" ua Arpolo:ra: tr{KTI'IH (flAPTE
Hoil, EACA, c. 186. B2; EJTEB3I4HA, c. 194),
MTTECUK'bI (nponh,'1El4, c. 196), Cxon,tc (Te-
ru-r, c. 186, F 3).
192 Ela4a/Tuno,rorun XV: xpa*r 5 E.naAa/Tlrnolorur XV: xParu
I lor ruiicrure rpa.[oBe ]Ia Maloa:niicroro xpaii-
t-r|cNue paHo ce ooeguuraar B rpa.qcKu u pejrff-
I il()3rrn cApyxeHm. Tyr iiounficxara apxHTeK-
I o6rxonna rarepur
r ypa 6rp:o ce pa3BuBa Karo 3HaquM BapuaHr Ha
! npo"uo", u"nu r lr r,rl(oTo cTpouTelHo u3KycTBo.
( )rrlc npe3 VIII s. ce crposr flbpBtrTe ro,ceMx
0 10 M
/ f] ""no" rr palu. Te ce ornuqaBar c pauxoHarHa KoHcr-
CaMoc: XeparioH I
l)yriulrrr, 1torro,.rouQuiiupasa c u:o6perarel-
ri,rL IIr il npetrIlocuTaMelo rlV lxpaCa ua iio-
rrrri.iqnte, ce npeBpbl1a B npeAcraBtrTerHa u
r prH,quo3Ha apxureKrypa.
eratru Ha ueiiHoro pa:isurue ca peKoH-
( )r'[eJrHI4Te
e pytrpaHx oco6euo ,no6pe npu Xepaiiona e Ca-
r
nroc (c. 180).
I I saqauoro Ha VIII o. ntpenar ro:uM xpaM 3aMe-
CaMoc: XepauoH ll (BX. Tun. IX)
ur r{il(trTe KyrroBu cbKpoBuuIHilIIu. Tosu Xepa-
a) nnaH tior l) xeKumoMnedoc c nsttxu:sa 100 crumu
6) pa3pe3
t 12,86 u), Hanogo6qea flbpBme xeKaroMtre,qll B
riouluHesraqHa Erala (c. 1 86): xsma, TscHa crpa-
;tr or xapnm $opuupa uepa:ge:reuara qena, cpe-
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa raatoat ,(cn per iloAnoptr Hocu 6moro na loxpuna. Kyl-
to aa
ta
/ r oaaTa cTaTy{ e nonyc(pl4Ta 3aA nocJIeAHaTa noA-
r ropa npeA 3aaHara creua. flltrsme creHtr ca or-
ae UOpCHU CaMO OT. npeAHaTa TqCHa cTpaHa c (o,llo-
tl l liula oT Tpn noflnopu.
It, a aa I lpe: nrbpur Crpor{reJleH erafl (Xepaiiou Ia) or.
lr3u crpaAa ce tr3rpaxaa nbpBara o6nmo"tsa ra-
aa aa 1. ABy- u rphpeAHa
rreptrq cbc 7 : 1 7 roroHu, quuro ocu roqHo cbB-
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aa
o6ilKonHa
tanepqA ualar c Bbrp. peAuqa (cpe. TEPMoc, c. 186, A l).
2. npoHaoc ('T,c crpoexa Ha rperm xpau, Xepafiou II' :a-
3. qena
rroqga co6cmeHara rBfionoru tta fioHticrm
CaMoc: XepatoH lV
rpau c o6urorua rarepua (cpn. O:runllttq, Xgpe-
noH, c. 186, A 2). B uelara ilpeqeume cpeAHn
fio.[nopll ce 3aMe]uIT c paMKoaa KoHcmpfKtlw,
ctruTo troatropff ca oT BbTpe[HaTa cTpaHa Ha cTe-
a aaaaaoaaaaaaaaaaaa lrnre s/y co6ctses rpar. lloxpneuure $epuu
a a ceo6oglo trpeMocrBar uupot<oro or. 5,50 u no-
o a MeilreHlte.,fl:lpneuara nepucmaSa Bb3l]pueMa
a a. ocoBoro pa3rlonoxeHlte Ha BbrpelrHm Hoceul
a
1
cre,rer. V. AB.oeHa KoroHaAa lla qenHara crpaHa
a (xunentpaten xpa.u). Karro u adumoua, nocrrt
a a o6pa:yra npocropHo npeddeepue. .
ts ra:u crpbga c'3 qcHo oqepraHu saxslt oco6e-
a t
rrocru Ha ilouuicrcw dunmep:
a a t o a t'r,a ara a a I a f a r a a
1. BcecrpaHHa xo,logara (lo-rr'cuo safi-qecro
yABoeHa: dunmep);
2. o$opureHue ua yAu6oveuu $pouraluu
1. ABoiHa o6rKonHa rcnepvq 4. ceKoc (aAuroH)
2. npoHaoc 5. HaffcKoc orKpfflu 3ilu B nepucTa3aTa; oTTyK:
3. AByKonoHHa 3ana 3. noguepraeaHe Ha HacoqeHocrra,
4. cbBna,[eHugHa Bcuqru KoHcrpy(TIrBHu ocn.
llpu Xepafion ll I ctc csxau eneran:u cxor iio-
auiicrara apxureKrypa ao6una uouyueural-
HOCT, KOSTO OTTOfaBa XapaKTepll3upa fJlaBHure
xpaMoBe Ha crpaHara.
Or<. 570 apxlrrerllre PonKoc u TEo4oloc :a-
troqBaT crpoexa i{a ro3u lpbB rotrM ,{IltrTep.
tr{:rpageuara n/y c mtuo6am or 100/200 cauocru
AuAuMa: no-HoBuqr xpaM Ha AnonoH
a) nnaH,6) HaAnbxeH pa3pe3 :raxrrr (52,5/105 u) gnofrua obtlnorHa ra,re-
pnq otracBa uaocu. flpeg rpuropa6nara qela e
pa3noroxeH nolo6ea npouaoc c nsr6oquua or 5
Mexny(onouHu nolera. Koronaaara Ha trepltcra-
ftosNiicxu rolreMrl xpaMoBe 3ara e HeroBo trpo,rybffieHxe. Tpure cpegHu no-
5 193
Jrera or xpaMoBu{ $poirr ca no-u[poKn or ocra-
HaJIIrre, 3a .qa [oAqepraqr Bxo,qa rllt qelara. Or
3a,qHaTa cTpaHa rbcTorara Ha KoroHuTe e paBllo-
MepHa, Karo e rtpu6areHo enHo $pouratHo no:re.
Manro c:reg :anrpuBaHero cu ra3u crpaga craBa
xeplBa Ha noNap. KoHueruunra u e npolslNe-
ua n Xepafiou IV, grnrepa ua llo,tuxp,qt. Vro-
reMqBaHero Ira cruro6ara no 551112 M cJlyxu
rlpeAu Bcnq(o 3a pa3noraraHe ua dlpoHra,rnH ra-
xcptru c rpupegHa nepucraza..Iloduyuon e o<[op-
MeH c orxpura crt,r6a no u;Llara uupfiHa Ha
nxoquur Qpolr, Koqro flogqepraBa HacoveHu.s
xapaKmep.
Mexayepeuetttto B lo.reMille iioHriicru t paaoae
ce crposr Apyru rotreMu xpaMoBe. Aprelrnrno-
urr n Erpec o6eguurna pa3Buruq g Cauoc rul
dunmep c orpaAeHm gvop (cercoc) Ha craporo
cBerulrxrle, K'bnero ca oJrrapbr u KyJIToBara cb-
(poBlruHnrla (uour:xoc). 3apagu cnorra roleuu-
Ha u BejrtrKonenue ro3u xpaM e cpeA,,ceneMTe
uy[eca ua caera".
Herogara roHIlenqm B ocHoBHl4 sepru ce roBTa-
pq npx xpaMa Ha Anorox n ,{ngnua' rorsMoro
opa(yncKo cBerlnHrue sa tr4osm s 6,1u:ocr.qo
MI4IET. Ha Mqcroro Ha cBeru.lrlrurero nGpBoHa-
qanHo e cb3,qaAeH c(poMeH cel(oc oK. naBpoBoTo
gbpBo Ha Anolttlt u npoposecnu u:eop. Or.
640 e nocrpoeua HoBa crpaAa no-crapunr,{n-
gntraftox Kofro no pa3Meptr tr BeJluKonenue
(oHK).pilpa cBoure npermecrBeHullu or Ceuoc u
EDEC, Ho 494 e pa:pymena no BpeMe sa tr4onuii-
cKoTo B'bcTaHue.
IIo-nonunr xpau xa Ano,rox, npoerr ua flatio-
Hfioc oT EoEC n Ha,[.a.ounc, }Tolewga u o6ora-
TfBa cTapus uaH.
l(eurrp na romertca e MarbK xpav (xaurcoc) n
grl6or npocropes ceroc. To:ll Aeop c pa3ueHe-
Hu or nlrJracrptr Bucoru creHl4 e,,uenara"J pa3-
flo:roxeHara no,q orrpr4To se6e :a:ta sa AttolloH
Ao Hero uMar caMo npu3BaHure. Illupora orrpu-
ra cml6a BoAn or cexoca r<bM
zttt", npedua 4era c ABe BficoKtr "AByKoJroHHara
oK. 20 v rco-
puHmcKu rco,touu (.c. 162). f,r e (aro apxmerro-
HuuHa nperpa,qa u/y Anopa u gt,r6gr.'nr 3 Mexgy-
KonoHHu ltoJlera npouaoc. Orraprqara ce rtu
Heq BucoKa tropTa cllyxu He KaTo BxoA, a KaTo
o6tpuara HaB6H ,,Bpara 3a norna", or qniiro su-
cor 1,46 u rpar Npeuure Bb3BecrtBar BotrTa lla
Anolou. CrceAuH Bparu r{ TyHen Bo,4{T K}M ce-
(oca.
Bruuruo xpaur,r u:r:reNga raro iioRniicrcn 4nn-
rep. ,{noiiHara o6lrKonHa nepucra3a e l{3rpaqeHa
e/y eguxuqa Mex,[yxonoHHo nole or 5,30 u.
O6uxauuure 10/21 ro:rouu ca seo6uqaiiHo sa-
t'bcro u npu[aBar Ha crpaAara nttrsa o6ewa
crpyrrypa, xaparrepHa 3a KbcHnre ioHuiicrLl
xpaMoBe noA BJItr{Htre Ha aTuqec(aTa uacuKa
(npilLHA). l4r.4a:esmt cmHo Hatrpet aHta6re-
uas o6xsattla qrlara crpa'qa (aro yBeHqaEau xo-
px3oHT:LT HaA trepucTa3aTa.
 Y
194 E,ralal'Inno,'lor.nl ,\YI: xpanr (r
ld rl' [ : x pstI fr
!rl. r ;r:la/'!'rtno'rior*l ti I 1!Jq

. 1;,1 fllllrriirlrlli i'} lrl;il

ir '!|ie til0puu'' ltlt :ll:i\10ll0l(l liil{rll
.. {)ltlilirr,,tir 'r, allilillii
ll lr '" l r'
. r'il:ri,r \'r" r,li '. 'l : rtr " r' : l \,Ji,..1 ''l \' I ' , lil
"l
ffi "uorn, """r^ . F f, l''irl.) l1' rll.l, l ' ' Jr ir:' l' tll!lllli 'llltlt, illtlilllliit' ljLlJix lliiqll I(lTi] (lr (rI Nil1_

fl xynroer ncMeuetsut r, t!jlofljarlil itl)tHrcr(lllTrl uLl;l0lllhlL:l{li tiit lcdil I il ail{)riil-

_-l , . j, illr{rc lullOBa llilfi I L1 .l:illcaltsaT c illl;iil lri,lt'i I t,itirit LT u:ii.rcilitLil lJ ilitl.'i) (ll{}pllrlplJl it I
T- npcagDep|t
L-J n6fihrrnfi nr eprg rrri,jrcilrcFrrlr. Ha llttttto MellS a:l ycliillrl ! ii t vliilllrl l ll ij {l ll ili lcll li{}lifllilli I ll llpdl(ij!l'lil 1 ll_
. r -,lri art lt lir ctl*u,ntpnvnu {lopult un rtil!ir iri r rillilli!'IiLNI liirllilirllliill(Jcl Hll tl-rllil
l--l ,"r'",,r. onooo"n
' , .rllilTo fTp0trTcIcrB0" lio []il[1{) !iiifi 0l litli'. I ti . ri,)ilfllirl:llal ii'1lll,-lli(t ll Rp6IIIifr
. t ,rr.t ll,'l F,,lrr \.lqHjl \1:. llllL. :l I l\i rlla tuN,
(lillf. 'T
vtlut tlu t. titr' lll)Jil Jl;tlilirlll (rl lililll lllllll!lL'L:(Li l i:
'1 j3c]lilo KVrl-
flto6lmilr. i i'Itltilr: lt, irl,llipll{:r[liil
! [!il \'cl!!t!c'r'r,l rr \ttlt,a. t' tt'rr,' r- ,.. Lt..; .r..11:hr'l r'rl.r:,lr: lr r" r\'-"1{'l. l'
'll'll.l
"d!lt.f jtti rriprn tt tit {illlill llclrl ii I Il iltlrl ri ql I I I c lldi !tllll tr
L crap xpaM tsa ArilHa 'illlllilllllO HOUIII!lllplII X(rNlll.l!'i{C OT lillat
, a citLpJail t ttaii-ct:tlutlc 1i)':1r(llill liecl:l ltiir{rrc .1! r!cilq(n cll0)il1: !llP0lclili lll:liliiri ull-
2 r3To!Ha rarepit
3 AoM Ha Arrtsa . r!rii!iti til cr pitIJN Ila trpcll(icl"la llllSllvlilc:lli ltilr,illir !:li 11:lr 6ci tsl,Tl)cllJIill lio loHlJ.l {liLl!lll
4 nfouan 3a
r rr'rtrncpclitcrtt a srti:itta. clio:llcjl I!llllrila /\Iilii\}. (lri,r,ra i\till',ti)tit)tttit('l)) [jrI ttlllr i'l r
c6peg!ri ra!uil
5 ceBepha ratL€)ou! r r r:t IllilltLl'.]l li! tibJClll{oBrl}itltc ltlt Arptt- llir I l, \iiit ). {iltr, tit l1\lllX C Bhili('lrrljll li{);l{)llilllll
il-lll Illl.iil!ii:r!1 n ulilllllli, !iepilr:lillii. fotu tiltl c
6 rpil3b6eu r; rprtina,irt cc il(rc.lrttilt B lailj ltoli cll)(l'
7 lrorl Ha [loce|/]oH
I'rli.,tttittlit,-' ililI ail Hl' ilillKillt-lll ll ilpilllCl() 'r{r( re ll},.Ir 1)l rrr.,(r(-'Ili o , ll,t,i,tt. i)llil[]ilLlrl ll
EpexreL;r
B ,coreho tolope' . ;iti llpl)lctll l1 ci i!l,lc,li1M:l qa! f 01 lliulo- lrl;it., it,i't
L naHApo3eilof ,:r !|ot(iTiclllle. <irurlilroii*lrur' ts {l'.ft1{14itt{tl {r' i!Ll) Jl iliri:llci1
l0 MacnildeHo lbp8o r;lr$O [0 Ki.:ln.lO. ]paXl. Oplllll IfipaH l] llOilulill ox. .l lii ,-rr lFtltrttt ll. c llll.l-,tiJ !ili: ilii fil .:iL'ilt)t)tl
Ii cBerunilule lii)\ll0 c 10-
llirl- ()ll,lcll. tLltlltiio clttliir:tlll.
Ha Ke(pon
12 rpo6 tsa l\efipoF
f-i*l
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L I,i i il paJllalll{l?[dtit1e]0 ti III]OclpiLllclB!llllx
rtii |[ririli'ilelilll(]
i t \'rt\". I .r ir. .- ''r"lll l l \'tr'r 'r"! \ ll
1:i oxha ratepflfl _-..,,"-- ,----*----1 ...r\'.1rii'.1.,r"r .ill\lli:, \lllll.lnI "t ""'_ il0rl,0ol0ltcltr. Ileprtctlsll ll l lprlcl I)l.lJlllii iipc
(ranepilq Ha i(oili]ltll o[iLlKlx, N1]}l lllril
KapriarilEt4le) ,. reirlca. I(r,x1 Llltiitti cctsclletl {llviljiarcHl c lIl,ia c lE ililtttrilcril
,i,. rpilc!i. fl rrtttl'ritlttll ltc rx c lllllcr{i) l(lllHt) ttc ll. O1l.it'11 c tl rt':l-rlltt Lcntl llr.l'l\'l(o-l{lll11 {lllqll'-
AJffHd EpexreMoH, trail (Er(. 'iil|. X) Lr. .,ri!!tcllt1a...It0il* Hil r\'rrrl{il'", c !ilapala !}l- l)qlt.;,.,.11'.ll,l,l::l'( .'lil llrl\nl'1.:l'i l'_
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,iit n, llaltrrctrciicroro Il:ccrglic. llatlr;lttrrrt
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1

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l't \ li("(-
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1il 1,:Jfi il c lil)cl JOcTI{if I ll tcl)iicil l Iicct ltrlvl'lr:itl rrt Ni:e r:u na.
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ilrrkilifl(rii {)urneio*
a) il:lrrell, b) rir;rts
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i; rr1:q3 :,1 n,,;cl.'lcll" i:ll_,,oit
ilull Ila c{fifilllii Ji f]lvxil 3l '-!lLt!i 1l'lJ]M 'cue leir{}ii) ilc ct llarjlll3ill)il ('ilcii e[l]lll lr Hr llLl'i1
!il" liil N[i]l]iu! IijloIEaA ia 06pe,(H!! naHriu' li . r ..,l;t. i\ l.ll\1,,,'. 1.'t',"' 6' .":'|r"it
aaBelltlii 1l !lJl0:lrli1 Il{)(ll)ii:l lOll Vlli lO li:ilr(l ljtsi :.rr,. l.r\ ,il\( ' rll\'i)r, l,i trl 'i'L. li{.lt irll llil
lcllli!rarliiiiLlfllii iiil {!r(llJiL{)llal i I I illlilill lll l{)i rl {1}ir0r! rii
 196 E.naga/T[no,.rornq XVII: rrpo'nrron
ll |,[illrrfe etroxll BXoAbr 3a cBern]urlero qecro
, (,rNro llbpBeHa ltopTa nru{ oTBOp B 3u.qa c y[e-
,,, r, rrr clu6osg. flpe: crolermla roii ce lpe-
,,1,r r(ir ts MalbK caMocroqreneH o6eu: nponu:rou'
l'{rilrIre I{ trbpBtrqHtrTe Qopmu nrsuHrnar n
I r, rie(rq pefuoH oille B npaflcropuqec(ara eno-
,,r ll lpoa II (c. 144) ce troeBflBa Bu,[ yMareH
rr,'rl/).)//: cpeAHO troMetrIeHue C npe,[Ha il 3a.qHa
,;r f r Nr,ly u;la,qeHtrTe crpaHuqHil c't'eHtl (.aHmu)'
lllr{)rilrroH}r KbM yKpereHu{ ABop peAyuupa
,lrr'ltllolo ItOMeUeHUe ilO AbmpeWHO CmeHd C npoMeHeHoTo x3 ocHoRl4 cxBaualle 3a pojUlTa Ha
,,t,,rrttu. B npegHr{.{Bop Ha xpenocrra e Tn-
l,rilrr .qBaTa tropTila ce cbcTosT oT HanpeqHa
,tl,, l)tttt u sadua ontxpumu 34.4il. Ilpollnolrbr
I r,N1 llBopa Ha trBopeua c JIcKO H3MeCTe[aTa yc-
ropc]lHO Cpe[lla oc no]lqeplaBa nocoKaTa Ha Me-
EruHa: nponunoH (ax. Tun I ,rl)olra, qmTo npeAHa 3aila noBTapq u [oAcHIBa
a) nnaH 'r,llllid lll KOnOHHIe V y alllHle.
6) nagrlxen paspe: l ()lrll OCOBO CbOTflOileHUe nOCrtr 'UttrCBa B fpbll-
B) u3meA ornpeA
I ril\'cBetilnillua.1 unsr nponntoH o6aqc ce oflil-
lrir ila Mlr(eHc(ara $opua, roero
npe,qnonara rpa-
ilillrrs oTnpealr ucTopuqec(aTa ue3ypa Ha Ao-
l)iliicKoro npecelleHue.
il .uetr,r"ueto Ha AQafifl Ha ErIlHa (c 180)
r{ ilH(uTe tro3BotrBaT peKOHCTpyKIIut Ha apxa-
l Ilomnm ua npoqecuume ce Bue Harope no crJl9-
il,ilrus nponrrJrou (oyPTBEHUEP/o}4XTBP) Ha
ilr)llxot(fluo wcTo oT TepeHa Toii ce cntp:ea ctc
trr)u ta meueuoca. flouru reagparumr maH Iro-
rir rtsa lo3Haroro AeneHue: egflaBU npeaHa H 3a'l]-
|ir orrtpmu 3aJM, [Be ronom u/y aurure flop-
,,r,nata crpara ce o.rKa3Ba or xapaKTepHara Qop-
rur rra SpoHroua Han trpeAlrara 3aia. florpulHoro
rrrlro tr BbTperJHaTa CTeHa c BpaTaTa ca noapaB-
ilcrrtr cbc 3uAa Ha TeMeHOCa. Tora neporruo ce
rLr,Jrxff IIa O6UXsOSesara KoHcrpytclm, BnlcBa-
rc'o B xopl,l3oHTila Ira 3uAa HIIU Ha noAqtrHeHo-
r{r troroxeHue ctrptMo xpaMa. Apxlrerrypara
r( nutmo tr6araa ,,caxpmul" crpourclln $op-
!tr r rtpx trpyt ,1 ne t aibl. Bcrqxu qac I il ca c flpe-
rril3Ho, HO trOAceprallo npocro u3rlbnHeHue Ko-
loHure Hanp. ce cbcTosr or ceMnnh ocMobrbnHu
haMeHHil npu3Ml.r c aHuofll$u KaIIHTeru'
/{eumeraqlura c xpaMoBara repaca ce pa3rrpe-
jlejlfl M/y crbnailara u noAtryMure. ctuluucrara
iu$epeuquatua cmtt1a uoxe 6n nopanu no-
Kr,cHoTo yroneMsBaHe Ha repacara e pa3rto'[o-
xelra 3aA nponuxoHa Taxa nopra,rHara crpaga
ocTaBa HucKa u OTHOBO e nOIquHeHa Ha xpqMa'
B npoueca Ha pa3Burl{e tro-prar'IHure crpaAtr Bb3-
rrpueMaT BCe noBeqe aeTaulu oT xpaMoBaTa ap-
xureKrypa.
B ocragrure n clle,[rlre or maHoBere Ha MHoro-
6poiun caerururqa e AoKa3aHo Hiluquero Ha
ry Hev3n\nHeHV rropMaJreH Tun c Mecrlru BapuaIITu. Toii ce ctc-
cTpouTenHil qacril
tov or npedua u sadHa omKpumu 3a'?' c tro eana
AKponon, nponureu (BX. Ttrn. X) Ko.toHdoo B.[opilicKil ml irottliicxl oplep u
noprana crpasa
ATUHa:
ffil
tp(dHo (meHa c \poma. @po"mounusm mpu-
------ repacM,
6) il3ueA ornpea L- --l nbr Ha npoqechilTe izutuut Hait-qecto e qerHo HaA tsxoAa oue npu
tsnr3aHe B cBerurutrlero B olrpocreHa $opua ce
flo.nqepTaBa rraBHtrqT MOTtrB Ha CaKparHaTa
crpa.4a, roiiro ce noBrapq B xpaMoBm (bpoHT'
Bxog :a cretu,turqero. OcHonex rnrl n MoHyMeHTa,rna Qopma Harou nopriLnHu cfpa,qtr Ha 3HaquMIl cBermulqa
llo l{oMno3uurs u pa3Mepu llaaxBbprqr ra3u cxe-
E,raAa/Turo.nornq XVII: nporllrou 197
Ma, oco6eno rlportlltroHbr ua aruncnHr Axpo-
troJr. oue apxauqHara nopra"Ilfla crpaAa c lxupoK
19 u 4-roroses Sporn. npoceueua or 5 Bparn
cpe.rlHa creHa trpt 3uupeHd cpedHa yturla e ]]pe[-
urr,u"na au rotrMoro npa3HuqHo uecrBue Ha IIA-
HATEHEIITE.
Heiisure ocsosHq qepru ce B!3npueMar B 3atroq-
Harara 437 HoBa crpaga Ha npon[Jrelre' flpoe(-
ftl Ha MHLCt4KtJi cbqeraBa h3flcKBaHutra Ha
ylrHr(anHara curyauro ua Arponona c npuBU'qHO
lrpoflmoHa B 06U|ara opraH[3arl[fi Ha CBeTII-
rrruero (c. 182). Toii o6eAuHtBa IlopranHara
crpa,qa c onaHKupautHre I noctpoixH B cT'btra-
JroBuAeH crpaAeH ROMrI-reKc B lluptrHa, BUCO-
qusa u .(sr6oquga.
{pe: ner IoHtlKbIe 6e:$opueulrxr :ana.llex
curoH sa Axponola noryqaBa apxurerroHnqHa
tfporruna crpaua. B nepcneKrllBa r{ oTqnra
MorrBa Ha xpaMoBua $pour, no upe3 cy6op,ryHa-
utrsra cu 3acnBa sr:[eiicrsuero Ha pa3no;]oxe-
Hffr IIo-BI{co(o lla.ptpuou u onruqHo c(puBa
npolyrara rru tlpoHroHa IIa no-Mamnq EPEXTE-
t{oH.
Ha. I-Ipel xpiuonoao6Hua $poHr c 6 ro:rouu (!)
ceo6oasu.qr,qororaBa naugna$r ce o6oco6tBa
Karo npegeH trBop qpe3 usdadeuume Kpuaa a
o6uxolsara cmtnanoaudua ocHoaa. CBeil'\eHuffi
flbr, tro,qqepral{ c u3cnqaHe Ha crbna,{a u pa3-
lllupflBaHe Ha cpe.4Horo Mex'qyKoJroHHo rlore'
BOAtr noA HaKtroH AO ilOpfl1AffiAfrA 3Atd. flpv u3-
(a!BaHe npocrpaHcTBoro u 3purenHoTo nojle ilO-
cjreaoBaTenHo ce cTeclHBar u pa3uupfBaT OTBIH
HaB:brpe.
3a pa:rura or no-crapus ilponmoH HaalltxHara
oc Ha Iloprara e 3aB:bprgHa lloqru ycnop9AHo Ha
ocure Ha fLAPTE,HOHA u EPEXTE'IOHA u e Hacoqe-
iia KbM He3acrpoeHus IIeHTbp Ha cBernnllilIero'
cleg npeuunaoaue Ha creneHyBaHl'lre BbB BtrCO-
quHa u uupuHa rler Bpartr B U3MeCTeHara Ha3aa
cpedua cmeua or ropuara 3ana ce orKplBa u3-
traa ra" cKilttara Kpenocr il ueiHnre pell aauru
ce [oMuHaHTil.
fl,qasrr rra Mgpcttt<l,r He e ocbl(ecBeH Halbl-
Ho. llpoerrHpaulrre saduu KPutla. Knwo rr nqen-
HOTO nMHo KputIO He Ca trOcTpOeHI{ 3ap,aAu
cbflporfiBara Ha KoHcepBaTnBHU KpbloBe fl obpa-
Ta B IIOnUTUqecKoro IoJIOXeHUe- I4:g}rrnara e
caMo cTpaHuqllaTa KoJloHaAa' 3a '[a ocTaHe MscTo
3a cBerlrlurtero Ha ATI4HA HltKE
u3trbnHenue npotru-
Buperu tfparueurapuoro
nefiTe ca pasuocroiiuu Ha roneMtrTe caKpanHr{
crpaglr. Karro u llapreHourr- rPoIll4JIEI'{TE cra-
BaT tr3XOAHa roqKa Ha HoBa enoxa B rptllKara
apxxreKllpa: nporpecxBHoro o6etrx[qBaHe il
ounag"uatt" tra tpocrpaHcrBoTo. Ellgucruqsure
KOMUeKCU OIue trOBeqe pa3utrpsBaT I{AesTa 3a
orr(pmure 3aJIu, Kouro $traHrupar H (ro-puupar
,rpo"rputcruoto. floruxora, rax'ro s JIuH,4oc,
IlOpTanHaTa CfpaAa npeBb3xox'qa xpaMa IIO rone-
MtrHA.
T
 198 E,raaalTuno,'rorua XVIII: o,rrapu
I llr,rKure cBern,lrua Llecro BeKoBe tlapca ca 6er
, rl)ilril. MHoro ol l9x ocraBaT 6e: xpav. Ho ot
rnii gui60'icA gpetHocr npllrexaBar orrap Karo
rrerrbp IIa xiepreonpunoueuuero. Ooputlre ua
cboBeTcTBaT Ha pa innHuTe KlnloBe'
" ilJpxTC
liplr,rrre orraptr tstB $opva Ha ro.levu Kl-
IlecryM: onrap or xpaMa \r(rrHil npbcleHtr ca 3r trapoBere (tsilHo il KpbB)
ATuHa
Ha
rir \roHfrHilre 6orose I no-ty6otose. Te eo.atr
a) nnaH
ilirqilroTo cu oT llpancTopuqecKvTe tuu 3a xepT-
6) crpaHuqeH il3rneA
r{,rrpilHoucHu B ncvel lla noxoi:islul
l\il ro Hopi.iandH Tun 3a xepBollpuHoneHffr
qpe3
1. cBnanoBuAHa ocHoBa
2. noAuyM ,, ,raprHe uape,l, ctc ceeuleHume o?Hurya (O[I4M-
3. xeprBeHa Maca rritl, c. 180) or I xu:r. ce pa3BI'IBar xeprBennre
4. crpa{htlv
mrrcH. Kllt palmur€ uM $opuu cnauar otmapu'
ittttu A 6 loio'u o.lmapu Ha oftfvlo. KaKl o t{ o/-
ttrtfu-o?Huula Wxopo) BbB BbrpeuHoclra Ha
1,,',i"r'e xpavoue (c. IR4). Ilpocrnre ocHosur
rlxrpuH u-n.troqa qecro uMar
raro xaueseu 6lor
ririlcruqHa yKpaca: pora Ha 6ur (reparoH) un
rrl)nflHtril c qepettil Ha xffBo_lHil l6ylpartlol)'
r.'rilto BbubuaBaT clclillc obtIqail x cilMao lil'
CaMoc: XepaitoH, onrap Ha PoiKoc (peKoHcrpvKqur)
I JlaBHnre olrapu Haii-uecro ce cBbp3Bar c xpa-
NI{)BCrC Ha csuttlro 6uNecreo I
nuar ttonoSasa-
rrrr rfopua u rone[4ilHa. [lo.no6uo Ha \paMoBala
irfxtrreKrypa, u ryK ce c!3!aBar onpeAeneHn
In[oBe.
I onrup*u
"u"u
O.rrap}T or xpaMa ua Arnna n Ilecrym e ro-
ffi *ono"ua,
rqM onrap-,[opuicKu rulr or Kpas ]Ia apxallqHilt
ffi o"no"" Ha orrapa u"p"o1. kepryouHg.wa ,!!qga uua tltopua Ha-
.nn c l{3Abllxell urau (or. 3/15 u)'
"ug.2.r6oou
liauesss cnpaHu4u o6rpaxgar rptrcrpffiHo Ma-
cal a, 3a Aa rlpgAtra3sT xepTBaTa, obl{f u neIIeJl-
rir ol BSrbpa-
Xpeqrr crou By'y rq)rurrr'rc.H. Ha orxpl'tra cl"bnba
nor)a.yr. Karro fipu xpaMai onrapbr u no,qtryM't'r
Ca 3aAmHaTu UaA TepeHa qpe3 cmz'n1losudHa
ttcuoea..B flecrytl (nogo6uo Ha ErfiHA, c 180)
0 10
rs e uupQKa *otroro rcpenudana Ha orcpelrlHl!fl
M
xpau. B uaa:rtxua trocoKa omapbr ce cBbp3Ba c
1. cftndoBuABa ocHoBa rcro Ilocpe,[crBoM traBupal{ rrbT n lroretatv paM-
2. KonoHaAa fl L. Xgp.Tpor-rp-lllrgrxeHxero Hir oJrrdB. a-9.9 il3Bbpu:
3. onrapeH ABop Ba lrpu oBopeH4 BBarH Ha-xpaMa ilp€A oqlfie
4. crpaHhqu
5. xeprBeHa Maca ryrroll;] !.r.mYq
B IIc,4AT9,-".
(aKTo e trpu
lioxlltt ct:aaga co6creeuu runoBe,
xpaMoBoro crpozrelcrno -EleMeHmre Ha onrap-
a raca: ocHoBa. tro.u,uyM u crpuutlil- ce (oM-
"ir
6uunpar pa:rin'luo. Pa3M€pure cborBercrBar Ha
trorrocilHar4 ro,TeMIlHa HA.xpaMOBere.(c. 1 94). B
cruuuimvHara xp-aiiga.d)a3a ftouNiicxnre ro;re-
uIl orrap-H,.1IpegcraBJUlBar cauocroxtelHll o6e-
MU, KOI{TO nO pa3Mepu Ha[MuHaBar ]HKOI{ Xpa-
uose u aganrripdr gerafinurq na xpaMoBara ap-
\trreKrlpa..'
P.rrsu r rero o r r'xpoMHa xep rBeHr Maca .ao rontM
orrap e peKoHcTpyupaHo BbB Bcuql(u craAur 3a
Xepaiioua R Camoc. Or I xu. tbpanflr olmdp
nepraMi onrap Ha 3eBc (BX Trn. V)
om no$eH KMbK ilpe[\ cael4eH;1lo MACTUHOA{)
a) nnan, 6) peKoHcrpyKqilt dapeo (c. 180) ueu:ueHHo ce oi llItIIoBa c (BaA-
pour p"go"". fio o.nmap 6 or npeuero ua Xnrn
RoH II (c. 192) roii 3afla3Ba rpaluqnorHbl rpa-
Or xeprneHara Maca Kr,M KyJrroBara nocrpoiirca
epeaa ua CupuYc.
E,raAa/Tuno,loruq XVIII: o.nrapu 199
llpu rpeycrpoiicsoro Ha cBermuurero npe3
Vi s. (iEP/,abH III) r. Hap. orrrap Ha PoilKoc ce
opueHTnpa no ocra Ila xpaua n npugo6una uona
$opua. Bucor eempoynopeu sud
"ony".ntu*u
c tsgageu *oprit rpucrpaHHo o6uKutr' noduyu c
paiMepr{ oK. 30/14 u. Mac.tuuoaomo dtpeo u
wepmatudma tcra ca cso6oaHocrotulu B lo3il
MubK orpa,{eH motrlaA troqrtr raro n co6cmeg
meMeHoc (peroucrpyrum no BAnTEP/KPbocEP)'
floqru no c'buroro BpeMe B cB€TlrJrtlrrero Ha
Ilocefigou ua noc Mononen,4pn, roero e 6es
xpaM, e nocrpoeH Apyr MoHyMeHrarIeH orrap'
Iomua xeprnelra Maca BbB Buq Ha btroK e pa3no-
loxeua cno6oguo e/y lpocropeu [olt{yM, ao
roiiro rogn orrpnra cm,'r6a. Cmtr6ara u noguy-
MbT UMaT I{UCbK napaneT. qumo Bfnl,I ca orbHa-
Til K?fiO notymu BtB BI{A Ha poroBe.
Ioleuure €rIlHtrcruqnrI oJrrapu B MAfHE3t4t,
IIIL{EHA; EoEC u flEPl AM no(a3Bar pa3Btrrue lrbM
rar Boperr ap\xrcKlYPeH aHcav6rr'
flpu olrapa Ha 3esc s Ileprau ca Aocrurrnru
npafirum Cra,{rfi ua roBa pa3BI4Tue lr cLUIeBpe-
MeHHO KynMrIHal.&tlra B qepeMoHtraJIHOTO U trpe,{-
cTaBr4TenHO U3BUCJIBaHe Ha xepTBonpuHoue-
rimra.
Toil e tgporo Ha 3aroopeH morlaAen (oMnneKc
(reueuoc) e/y co6crreni repaca n alqonola flo
crap o6uual"t NepmonpuHoneuura B
qecr Ha
ou-
3nac n ryx ce I{3Blplloar rlog orrplrro ue6e,
(aro B I{,qeaJIHO npocrpaHcrBo.
Bclruru rpaluuuot{Hu gJreMeHTu ca yrotreMeHil c
pelc l not re.lHa ucl: floqrl KBa.[parHlra ocHo-
fl
,u c paJvepx 1t,.4 l'1.2 u c 5 o6morttr cnna-ra
lguNeluero Hafope. fonnuata ontrpu-
"rcoqga
ma cmoJ6q ce tr3l(aqBa xru noduyua lt/y u:rer-
neHure HanpeA Karo crpanl{un uoKb,ltuu 6,ro(one
3arropeHurr rplrcrpaHHo eempoynopeu zuQ ,e
:ao6gioren orBcsxt,Ae c recuu ralolada, rouro
rrpdEbnj(aBar trpeg orrpurara $poHranHa crpalla
r€To raneput. Tara noguyurr ce flpeBp:bxla B
try6-
,geop c xolouu. XepreonpuHoueunero ne e
Ha
lmuo, a ce u3BbpurBa zag npezpada on1 KatoHu
(aro B caHKTyapufi (IIEPfAM He e rpa[-IlbpxaBa,
a Bna,(erencKa Pesu,(enllltq).
B qorrrHara 3oHa trpoqyrxsr ,,Ilepraucrcn
tlpltt- onacea flo&x)rya il crpaHhre sa cnr6ur e'
fi7y 2.30 v pe,re$ua resr a c o6uta 'ar'c-
xusa"rco*u,a
115 u e u:o6pa:eua :u?aHmoMffiw ra3v
TeMa AororaBa e 6ma lanageHa 3a flonerara Ha
xpaMoBl{re $Pouroult.
IIEpfAMcKI4tr oJITAP e He caMo trMno3aHreH 3a-
BspUeK Ha eAHo ruflonor[qHo pa3Burl4e' HO I{ Ttr-
ntrqeH ilpfiMep 3a erilHtrcTIrqHa aplnJeKJypa'
Tq .geqe He ce trpl'IAbpxa KbM (iuloHuqHltre npa-
Bma Ha KracuqecKilre opJlepu' a cBbp3Ba eJIe-
MeHTure nM ro HoB HawH, 3a ,qa locrnlHe flb-
culuo et:geiicrnue, {oero uacuqecKara rpbuKa
apxmeKTlpa HuKora Ee e rbpcl{na. O6errmnara
cTpy(rypa u KaII0HIFIHUqT TI{n oTcTbIIBaT npetr
r{H,uuBIIAyaJIHara Sopua u opffmHilHara KoMno-
3UI\UA.
200 E,raaa/Tuuorrorrfl XIX: Tearbp
__. ii
I rear bp e perffuorHa cueHa. Or paron-
lr,rKilrr
r, |fKoBe KynTtT KbM ,IIUOlrc e cbnpoBoleH c
\olror][ necHoneHl4q, eKCTaT[qHu TaHIlIl u ilecT-
I *p"r, onrup uil c Macrul. or o6eru'ilremero Ha KynT tr ufpa ce
ffil npocrpaHcrBo pirxjtirr aBere $opuu Ha ApaMara: Tpare'{trs It
"pr."nno r(oMcnltfl. Te ca fJlasno reop6r't na arl{qecKl-I noe-
l-__--] urpata nro,,r
[r lr rlKTbOpU-
il t""tp"n""
"--- - "rp"g" ll r'pe.qara Ha VI e. TECnl4c or tr{IcA.Pl4oH BbBex-
xopu3oHTantr
rir cbc cBo.[Ta n'bT]EauIa Tpytra [paKTI{KaTa Ha
ill)cllcTaBleHl,l.S C OTAenHU ambopu, xop n
qeTerl'
1. no-ftcHa KaBea I Io cbuloro BpeMe rupaHbr fIu3t4crPAT rlpeMecr-
2. no-paHHa KaBea rr rylra r:su ,{uouuc or Elegtpplt B Aruna.
3. opxecrpa I )t rofaBa no AItoHncI4eBI'ITe trpa3Hnqlr raM ABa
4- 3rA Ha repacara
5. BXoAHa paMna il r, r'tr ronuullq. qq,.r.IB-o-gelrqal apaMaTI{'IHI'l trpe[-
6. noAnopeH 3hA ( ilBneHtrf (aTo cbcTe3aHuq c HarpaAu. TeaGpbT
r
7. c(anHu KaMepu ( e lrpeBpbua B A:b-pxarHa Irscfuryllm. lipn Ih-
8. xpaM
l'rilib.[6eAHItTe fpax,[aHu \orysaBar napu 3a
9. onrap
DtL'utnbp KaTo KoMIleHCaqm 3a 3afy6eHaTa 3apa-
TopnKoc BArtrKa: nnaH Ha o6qur KoMnneKc lr rearpaJlHoro troceueHr're HaAHuua. cuega ua
rrr prre, nogo6uo Ha ap)Tlr rpaAoBe, craBa cBern-
ilruero Ha [uoHttc (ua rcroI'BTOqHm cKJroH Ha
\rrponola).
(lropMara IIa rp.lrlKuq rearbpBb3HuKBa or
lpmilKara Ha npeucraBneHutra 3a u4iatrHa
[]roul cnyxn opxecTpaTa, (yJITOBa raHIIoBa
ilJroulaA(a npe,[ xpaMa Ha [uoHnc c otmqp B
clleAara. Ha He{ nee tr rauqyna ropan, rofiro a
(iracuqecKqTe ApaMu e It roBopfllq xop' [peAcra-
ulrejl Ha gapoAa Ir ,,HapoAeH r,'Iac". C reqesue
ill BpeMeTo trpeqeutrfT onTap ce npeMecTBa B
(pilq Ha opxecTpaTa, a tro-Kl,cHo 3aeAHO c XpaMa
ilan'bJIHO ge oTAeJu oT Heq.
EntrAaBbp: Teaftp .l ler grpeeH cxener, creHer pa3Aent opxecrpara
a) cKeHe (r3rneE u nraH) il orKpllTara 3aAHa qacT rI rlocoBa MlcToro Ha
6) npooun Ha cftnilara sa cqlaHe llciicrBtrero B orAeJlHure cqeuu. fl'r'paouava:rHo
B) pa3pe3 npe3 KaBeara
iloAHOBfBaI{O 3a BCqKa fitreca, tro-KbcHo To e 3a-
nptr cpeAHala nlreKa (AtraaoMa)
1, no-GcHa Kaaea NleHeHo oT cra6urHa AbpBeHa KoHcTpyclllf cbc
2. no-paHHa KaBea cleHa n no,[BD(Hu eJIeMeHTu. B :aAnara no-
3. opxecrpa
crpojiKa, BeposTHo c ItraTpoBIUHa tfopua, ar-
4. cKeHe
(cqenuvra crpaga) ,sopure ce noArorBlr 3a clleHara. fh'per'ne ra-
5. crpaHtrqeH npoxoA MeHHU CqeflIlqHlt crpaArr ce rosB.sBar eABa B
6. noAnopeH 3ffA Kpas Ha IV B.
jpme:ruoro npocrpaHcrBo, KaBeara (rpq. rear-
poH). n bpBoHtgan Ho rao6tlxa,r.n opxecrpa ra uaii-
cgcro ronfiroHzulrro (rpaneq), no-KbcHo B tro-
lyrtpbr c au$urearpalm uecra. Cleg Heycneu-
,* onrrn c qlpeeuu rpn6yxu (xarro e Amua)
'rearpllre ce crpotr npeaIrMHO Ha ruramHcKtr
csoHoBe. I4:g'r:r6auara nanuHa ynecHsa pa3-
tronoxeHltero Ha crbrIaJIoBuAHIrre lplcreun
ocflr]pfiBareaHaKBa BUAITMOCT OT BCtrqItI{ MeCTa
tr OTJIWHa aKycTqKa.
T€arbplr xa Topnrcoc s Aru(a galassa r4uoro
o, *upi*r"ptutu ,$opta na patruata enoxa. IIpa-
BobbnHara repaca Ha opxecrpara e olpaHlrqeHa
crpaHltqHo C uarrlrq xpau ua ,\uouuc n cpeqy-
rronoxHr{f, w oamap, a oT(l,M AOIUHaTa c HII-
EnuAaBbp: nraH Ha reaEpa 0 30M
cbK 3nI. Jlncsar c:re4u or crleHrma crpaAa'
Kaeeama e u3ceqeHa B cKara, ilMa $opua ua
KOU, yKpeneHa e cbc cTpaHilqHtr noAnopHu 3IrIo-
PanHa n KJracllqecna rfopua ua rpbrlntrq rearbp re u ce o6clyxea or [Be rlpaBil' 3aroqBalllu or
lllrn/la/'l'utloltolurr XIX: r'ca'n,p 201
opxecrpaia. c'rt,:tOtt. I lo-rt,cllrtltl l)tl'lllllll)cllllr
npeAcTaBltlnfl llo,Iltt6ctt ttlrt,t tett, lttiito ttltit tr/y
craplrq.
I{.qearnara $opMo llfl tenlr,llll cc ll(x llllrl
qpe3 KoHqeHTpttqnl tt/y t:tlttrtttttr' eJlcMClllll ll
T.rrxHoro reoM€Tp[3np$llc, ()(. 'l]0 lr n lllllA
opxecTpaTace oTAellf ol llpl''lKtrIil c xpllMil ll (lrl
ripa lr ce c't':gana KoHqettmlutt(tt ttr!dt! Plltllltt
psBaHero or KaMbK, 3aloqllaulo tlpn lltlt'ltt<t,lt,
npogbru(aBa troqru BeK il:Jallbplllliil caBa -1.10
npu Jlllxvrr. flpororuntr na atutrcxw flutlttr
cues meambp ce trpllnafa 3a TeaTpajntu crpaall I
qenru rpT,gKI4 csst. Te ce pa3lruqoBar noMexAy
cu caMo B Aeraiuu.
flocrpoeuu-rr rpe: III n. rearlp B EtrIlAaBbp ce
trpoqlBa c6c cBBbpueHcBoro ct orue npe3 aH-
(IIAB3AHl4fi). Tearrptr e u3rpaAeH c
ilrqsoctra
reoMeTpuqHa rorlHocr oK. KpbrraTa opxecrpa c
O 20 30 u. B ocsosara Ha (oHcrpyKTI{BHara
cxeMa e 3ilerHatra $opuara ua trpaBtrireH rlero-
r,rbJlHl{rt, ofitrcaH oK. Kpbra Ha opxecrpara. Oc-
HOBHara cTpma e rot{Ho B IIIHLTATA HA npOCKe-
HUOHA.
Hag pa:geneuara na 12 cerneHra (repxudu) cra-
pa rcaBea e pa3rlonoxeH 20-tzttuux, pa3Bllr or
nerobrr,Jrru(a. QT_r.-certl. lrur ce rururar paAIl-
a.rtuu o6cnyxeat4u cmtt6u. C lo egnu cez'MeHm
bi gn6ie crpanu xaBeara u3JM3a I'I3BbIr nonyKpb-
ra. Tara roi c9.-p.-a3u4p{-Ba JIeKo eJII'IIrcoBI{AHo
KT,M CKeHeTO, Ha no-rrces eTatr KaBeaTa, Kotro
o6xBauaua J4 cmtnu.toeuduu npb(meHo- ce
pa3uup,rBa c or. 20 nprcreHa. CpetrHa u ropna
o6uxojuu ntmercu (t$asovu) o6cryxaar gnere
qacTll,
.
Karto scl4qrn rearpll or Knacuqecru,tr nepnog'
TO3LI TeaTbp cbulo ce 3arBapt oT AByeraxHa cqe-
rrl|qHa crpaAa (cnexe), pasnoloxeHa 3aA Op-
xecrpara. Koraro arrsopure u3llu3ar Ha cqeHa-
Ta, rq ce orBaps ItbM opxecrpaTa c BpaTu B nptr-
3eMHm il ropHm erax. flpegHara itosuitcxa xo-
touada, orpatuueHa cbc crpaHu.qHx pu3aJluro-
togo6tu nipagrceHuu, crry)xv 3a npocxenuon' B
KOJIOHUTe MOraT Aa ce BMecrsT KyaucHu Nopmu-
aa (nnHaxu).
Ot cmpauuuuume npoxodu {napoaocl) paunu
Boagr Ktv IlJIocKrul noKpm Ha 3ilara. xoiiro ce
pa3Br.IBa Karo BuA ropHa cqeHa.3a no-go6pa nu-
-uuMocT I(bM Het noqeTHne MecTa ce flpeMecTBaT
or (parl Ha opxecrpara ua l-u pen or HoBara Ka-
Te eea (1-u paHr).
Teanptr e Enu4eolr e flocrpoeH Ha cloloH'
Ka(TO noBeqeTo TeaTptr, H caMo B gorHaTa cx
r{acr uMa Hyxna ot nodnopuu sudoae. Cttrqaitt<u
reoMerpruHo qtrcrara nrxycrneHa $opMa c naHA-
ua$ra, rptqrara rearpatrHa apxfiTe(Tlpa cb3Aa-
Ba al{TllrroA na xpaMa c HeroBaTa aBToHoMHOCT
cnprMo rlpupo[ara.
Orrpurmr n ftpum rlrn reaftp ce u3flon3Ba
roseqe or 2000 roquuu: uafi-ualpeg n Puucrara
ilMnept,rq (c. 238). a or PeHecasca - HaBcetl'.le B
EBpona (c. 448 cn. l. Ho HHxoii He .Qocrill a Hero-
sara ulea,rua $opua.
€
 202 EilagalPazHoBu.qHocrn H BJ'r[qHHe Ha
CrqecraeHa rpnqxHa 3a crBlp[eHcruoro Ha
rpbuKara apxfireKrypa e orpalruveuuero a/y
Ma[Ko runoBe u $opuu. B naquoro ila apxauq-
ilht nepuoA pa3BrTueTo /locTura pcuuTenHru
elllf {a flo-HJTJI l,uHffi cil xol. xpd.u t ,,6uru.r
Ha ?a!rcpun (uepulrep) Karo rpbrlKa rfopva ua
npcAcTaBuTenHoTo cartpatrHo cTpouTencrBo.
loreuure paHHoapxanqHn .qbpBeltr crpa,qu ce
oT.rluqaBaT c noqll,J nbnHo eA[HcTBo Ha KoIIcT-
pyKrtns n Qopua. flpH npexona t<bM MoHyMeH-
TaneH KaMeHeH rpaAex ToBa eAuHcTtso qacTuqHo
ce u:ry6ea. flpou:le:lllre or [bpBeHilTe rrol-
nonilil KOHCITyKU14 )optti,rtt u iottuiLFu t'p-
depw uce traK ocnrypqBar elxrrcrBo Ha apxnrc(-
lypuara dtopua. llo-gaxrru or orKpuBaHero Ha
uonu dtopuu ca trpaBuHure nponopquu. Or-
K,rroHeHucro or rsx 6crertr4 crmxcrtrriHoro pa3-
BUTUe.
flpc:
uacuuecrHq repnoq ro Bojru Ao [bnno
paBHoBectre Ha ilporuBotronoxnure tlopumHu
cJIeMeHTfl. CH.nlre. xouro re BbmbtuaBar, He ca
KOCMilCeCKX ilnil TnaH(.Ue[eil]trur Irlrto trarrp.
a Eruner), a elnHcrBcHo meKtnoHuLlHL!.
"llorlrrcara Ha rparlxara apxtrTeKTypa,,qopu
TAM, KbJICTO Tq CC OTXA3BA OT CTAP'ITC KOHCIPYK-
TUBHu BpB3(n. ce ocuotsaBa Ha qcHltle tlryHrquu.
flo,qlopurc u roBapure, BepruKzl[x3Mbr u xopx-
iolta-[trrMLr ca BxnilMx 6c: a-leroplvttl r ru
ctrMBoJrHqHu acoultaqru. 3ugrr, no,qnopara, al-
ra6leualltr u iloxpuBbr leH3MeHHo ocraBar ro-
Ba. KOeTO Ca.
Camocroinocrra sa o6etra tsbrutbresa B Me-
fapoHa BeKoBe Hapcil ocTaBa foctro/lcT-BzlIll
trptrHrtffr B rpl,urarra apxnrerrypa. IlolqHrreHa
Ha ca(piurHoTo c rponTencTBo^ Tq ce KorrqcrrTpt-
pa l/y o{ropuleHuero Ha orqenHar.a crpa,qa.
flo-rolewre rrpoeKrn BuHaru BO[tr go cao6oduo
K o -vno 3up a He t ! a c a.v o a; m onm e r uu o 6 e.v
cTpaHCTBCrrHTe nM B3aXMOOI HOUCHIlr IIe
,lfipar or o6r4o:a;r,lNure,lrra trnaHoBa cxeMa, a
(c olrpedctrI uil[lltJLt)a[Ho ot rr6eva ua crpa!l-
Te u orcrorlmra u/y rn, rarro u or rpatrnqnoH-
nure u rororpa{rcKure,4a,qeHocru Ha repeHa.
Bcqxa eax(Ha ctpala flo]trraBa co6crzeua ntoul
td 10(iltPtt.stiltH\. flo es:voxuocl c(
il1[o.HBa
ecrecfBeHOTo rcpactrpaHe Ha repeHa. Tara .rpe:
crenerryBaHe Ha pa3lrffqHhre Husa ce gnrlepeuqu-
pl uianrroLciiicruuero rra o6evurc B ll1)lata.
fllrr Hco6xo Lffvocl rcpacilrc cc HacilnBtr.
r{pe: equnHa opfteaTaq[rr sa rrasuure o6eM[
(ycnope&ru JMHUil Ha noKptrBHure 6ma) caoii-
cTBelraTa Ha .tle.A?OHA cuna Ha HaCOqeHa Cfpal(a
n3ilil3a n3BbH oT,qejrrrut o6eu n xaro eAnu ot
MilrKoro rrpr4Huxnuu $arropu olpegelr o6qoro
Blreqarncr{ue or AaAeHa rpyna crpalu. Cso6o,u-
Iro r o r p) flilprHe Haii-lcHo nxcn B I oncvilTe cBe-
Tl.uruilIa. oFracTtr u B rlta/fcKuTe ueHTpoBe. .
To e uelrpnroNuMo (aro ocHoBeH trpuHuurr B
rpanol c rpoiicrso ro: B ft c r o rac lpocr rl rc r pat--
cxx KBaprilr4 nxrcBar npelnocraBKH :a ucro. C/y
o6maiiuoro 6e:npuHLlu;tuo BKoMtroHupaHe npil
,,cno6ognoro uapacrtaue" B ffioro rpa"qoBe ce
rlalafar oprol oHatrgute cublevu c texllxr cxeMa-
rpbuxara apxn.rexTypa
ru:ru.Tegu ctrcro paBHuuHupucmepu Slux1uo-
HnpaT KaTo cHcTeMr Ha tropq,[bK u paquoua,rub
o6c:ryxaaae.
Tc ue ct1r,pxar anmrrff eneMeHTu 3a trpocrpaH-
crBeHoro oQop*ueHne, unel'o 3HaqeHue Hapacr-
Ba B af\rtreKr)pa,a H rpr:uycrpoi1cBoto ot ua-
cil,rccKilg Ilcpilol. KaKtu il lntqeHileto Ha o6uecr-
BeHnr u qacrHnq xraor. Xrmrgrme n o6ulect--
BerilTe cfpalx! TeaTpuTg ri tpalcnuTe mouaAtr Ha
rrlpBo wcTo ce HyxIarT oT npocTpaHcTBo c fojlej'
Mff rone3Hu moua. PeuilreneH npaHoc 3a +op-
.
Mlpar{e u oBnanBaHe Ha ltpocTpmcTBoTo uMa I.{g
caKpilrroro, a cBercroro ctpourelcrno. Cleg
Ky.rvxHauilrra Ha eaKpilHata rp\trrcKtypa trpe3
IijlacfiqecM ilepuoA rpbr$uTe apMTeKTll cl,y[4't-
Bal ta cbr.lt-lcr o6paruoaH t?trolc cpiutil [ B
cae l cNo I0 elroxTcnc r Bo.
Teamnpam trpelcraBnqBa (oHrleHTparIro Ha trpo-
crpaHcrBo ts or(pnrara npupoAa. Herofnll
npl4}rrltrn: peAoBcr KoHtleHTptrqHo pa3nojroxeHx
oK. rIeHn,pa Ha geiicrnrero, ce npeHacr e/y trr-
peuHurc rrpocrpaHcrBa Ha Mrroro cepadu sa ta-
tnfru ttf!'rBIt. CvClu nOrpuslr KOil(tf)hUilU
u cao6ogno lpeMocrBar roneMure 3atru.
Ko.totnt,\:nt cc pa rBuBat Karo tKnrBeH eneMeHr
B rpanoycrpoicrBoro. TexHxre nce rro-glml|
qecTo aByeTaxHu pollfluil no3BotrBaT u3tpax-
[aHe Ha rr]ln,nHeiln crc sauax Il KaTeropm]rocT
yj]fiqHn u nnoulatHn creuu. C rylta eil.orucmuq:
ltq Q.opQ 3a npbB nbr B fplrlKtrTe rpaloBe ce
cb3IaBaT qcHo otpaHuqeHx nlroulalIu.
flpe: e,ruxu:ua Hotsure rutroBc crpa11u u (oM-
nncKcx BoAqT Ao 3lraquTerleH noAeu rra crpou-
Te-[]rara rexHuKa. Tc cruleepeueuuo 6raronpn-
qTcTBaT TeHAeHUUHTe KbM trpejrOM! KOUTO Hatrbn-
HO mU qacTrr{Ito pa3pyuaBaT BaJTHIHnTe u ,[oBe-
llclru A0 cLBbpucHcTBo rpe3 KnacurrecKuq ilcpfl-
t t. l7p o- o,x npuHqilnu.
Ce pery- Ifoxa:arerso c Haflp.3aloqHuoro orqe c J,art-
qecrara macura" npuroxeune B enrra H cbrrla
cfpaAa Ha pa3JrilqHrr ronoHrru opAepu, gcToraBa
il3ilO tjBaHI nooTAc.tHo.
Pasurlprearqurr ce exrerTtr3r'M! or eAHa crpa-
rra, o3HaqaBa yraAbR na uacu'{ccKu opgepu, dir
.qpyra ocBo6ox,qeHne or 3acrpiltrrurersara :a-"
KocreffnocrJ KoflTo Bb3HuKBa Hafi-Beqe B KoH-'
ccptsarilFHur loplficru peruou. Plrslrnrr n ca-
Kpanlroro crponrencrBo $opuareu KarroH npu-
go6una cauoctolrelnocr. C upofiopqun, He3a-
BucuMil or urnocrHur o6ev, roii Moxe Ja ce
trprurara rbBKaBo u cuo6o;uo B HoBurc rilrroBe,
3a na oKaxe rbpceHoro nr:geiictene Ha npetrBu-
leHoTo wcTo,
C enrun:ua ce :acunBa l{e2$A}Iiapo.quoro BJr't.f{n-
{ue Ha rpbrlrara apxneKrypa: Haii-uanpe;1 e/y
apxureKT)?ara sa Puucrara uMnepm, a qpe3
uex n/y pauuoxpucmqHcKara. l{opu npoSurnre
HJ BaXHtr qacril Or r OIUqCCKXtt Kllc-{ra-[f, Ha-
noMrrsr rpbqKm Qopua,reH l(aioil. Ilpe3 PeHe.
caHca, 6apora ff Macnr1rr3Ma roii dnpe[etr q,Ie-
HeHUeTO U yKpacaTa Ha apXUTOKrypH, KOfiTO Ca
ce oTAileqxnu oT [paBmaTa Ha opufnHajrHoTo
|pbrlKo cTpoilTenrro u3KycTBo.
PuM/E11C11aH3uOHItCTIIqfia IIoJIHTIIKa Ha C;1r'IaTa' Opraun3aq11fl' qIIBIL'IU3aqufl 203
llxpar rra VI B. lrp. Xp puNffiHtrre ce ocBo6ox-
raBar or rtapc(oro rocnollcrBo x oneKara Ha er-
pycrure. 3anouna Bl3xollbr Ha lpaua-AbpxaBa
l'il N{.
( roc,letroBarenHa eKcIIaHStroHllcrtrqHa troJrI'l-
rtrKa ptrMlsIIHTe,,oltnpotnoplsar" uruuiicrure
r. reMeHa qpe3 cbrc3u mI{ cbc cb'la, noeTalllro
epa:lsBar eTpyc(ure 14 I-bpIIffTe. tr3nojl3BaT TeX-
iltrs noTeHllilan, Bb3llpxeMaT TqxHara Kynrypa'
I lpca nocneABantrTe RcKoBe l'Irarlm ce poMaHtr3u-
r-arl no.loBilltl
l'.i. tlo6ctrara Hr.l l{^PrAfFH B}F
rrir lll s. ff orBapfl a,l9 Khv (-pc!illeMllo vopc
lJ Haszuroro tra I n. np. Xp. I'Iunepnym Poua-
rr-yM BnaAee Karo ilpoBuHut'lll foJIeMu rlpe3Mop-
rrn o6,racru. 3ae.ila[tBasero Ha lantrt or IJ,o:'Lc
ri rrpuea 3ala4Ha Enpona :a pnMcKoro BnusHue'
'\Br ycr u Hacne,uHllqure My pa3fiuprBar rpalll-
rlurc go Epuraum, no PeiiH' Herap' [yuan u
lr$par. flpn TruH [98 1 l7] Puucrara Hvrtepm
rucrura Hiii-rolellure cn pa3Mepu.
I Iptr AAPI4AH clr.lrilre ce KoHuel{rpupar B/y KoH-
eojrfl,qallmTa I{ opraHn3auuqTa, a oT cpeAaTa Ha
II s. sce nogeqe u/y or6panara. llpe: lll u IV n
rraruc(br n/y rpaHuqure trocroflHHo ce 3acffnBa'
l'pauurHure soiitru, cronallcrtu'te Kpu3u, HaMans-
tsallero r{a HacejleHuero Bo[sr llo ynaltr' c ru-
ncpcnama pe(fopMo or 293 [tlox,leqnan cc
onu rBa Aa napxpa HapacrBatrIaTa otracl{ocr 9pe3
tlcrlelrTpatru3allut Ha BnacTTa x ynpatsJleHueTo
\nempapxufl). Puu ry6u qeHrpilIllara cu dryux-
uus. 330 Koscr,qtltlnr usAura KoHcraETl{Hoilon
ra tr3roqHa crofiilua. CleA cutpma ua Tro11o-
( lliJ I (395) uMnepunra ce pa:gertx. flpe3 V E. 3a-
lrar(Irara puMcKa uMnepuf, ce pa3llala llpu npece-
rlcHueTo Ha HapoaxTe.
[rpxanen crpoii Io xpal ua I e. np Xp e pe-
ny6lunara. IIpe:,ueyneronuilre ct,cJloBHIl
6op6n c/y ilrrcruryulroHaruo opram3ltpaHure
ceHara nampul|uu IroTt{cHaToTo MHO3trHCTBO Ha
n.rc6ettnte H3tsonBa lpaBHo u coquarHo paBHo-
lrpaBue, Bb3rlffKBa HoBara foclloAcrBaula npo-
cnoiiKa: cnyxe6Ha apucrol{paqro (uo6utumem).
peryJlupa rro:mu-
.Koucyrcxoro y[paBJIeHIle
qet(ATa BnacT il Tlpe/ltra3Ba oT 3noynoTpebu c
Her. Ta3u ,.iclacHqecxa peny6iura" e trpmojllra
ra BaxHure BbHlilHononuTuqec(tr pellreHm, Ho
rre e tropac-qa 3a HoBule BbTpenHu HaflpexeHilq'
llocrotfiHnle soilHu I{ onycroilaBaHero Ha 3eMq-
ra Bo[qr Ao trKOHOMflqecKo tr couxuHo pa3cnoe-
rrtre. HeroBure ruoeluu noclegcrem ca $oputl-
I\rHe Ha adbp KdnttnloI. ed7" vuectodcurre
u ApxtrreKrlpara n rpalolcrpoiicrBoro lLl-
po6cKo cmonailcr?ao, or eAHa crpartn, on?(m6o
om celama lI gb3HuK6dHe Ha npo'lemapudm, oT
lpyra. FIeo6xoAuMHre pe(bopMu ce npoBmr'
Cicrossara IlbpxaBa, gecnoco6ua couuilHo
3a
ptBeHcrBo. p)\Ba BC-lcqclBilc iprxtraHcKrla
BoiiHa tr .[HKTaT) Para.
IIpu nocro*tna BbHllIIIa eKCnaH3m roBa pa3Bn-
,u" ,r,octrta troBparHara ctr ToqKa c ybuiicrsoro
Ha I{n:,tr zl.1 r. np. Xp. flpu Oxrasn,qu Asrvct
23 r. np. Xp. rlpxaBara crasa uoHapxNa, Qop-
Mure Ha ynpaB;telrue ce cMeMT. llpu npllnqu-
nara. Br'BeleII or Aerycr, ce pa3BuBa IletrTp'utH-
supana SnporpanluqHd dbpJtusa. B
(o9To cra-
nurc o5uecrgeltH Knlcx (c rallaiBJt 6cr 'f lrtl-
qeeKo vqacrxc BbB B.llcl ta 2t2 ucncxu cno6"r-
Hu x;renx Ha uMllepmra nojryqaBar prlucro
cpu.udaucmeo.
14vnepcrara perpopva Hr 'Ilttt'L11 ul'lAH cl'rlilBr
c AoMtrHara qucra noiuttu'tecrca dnpttaaa c nv-
trefarop Ha Bbp\a lln finporparuulata iiepapxur
Ha,[ rotrMara rfaca or HaceneHueto (subiecti)'
Peuaaaq BJracroBH (larrop npe: (cnlle uMtrepa-
TOpc(ll nepnol e pedoeuamu apuus.
OprauntaqnRra Ha cBeronuara llMtreptrfl llo
BpeMe Ha pely6lnrara ce octloBaBa I{a MaIr!.uF
HOCTTa. TaKa lbpxaBara Buuaru pa3trojlafa c
onurHu KaApx or noltmucecKara ynpaBn9Baua
maca. C,reg aoeHHamd pe$opna Ha MAPnfi pe-
,qosHara uoficra 3acnnBa po'ltra cH Ha opraHn3a-
quoueH {axrop.
Ilporuuqture ce KoFt'rpoJlflpar qpc3 cncreMa or
rriruula. noeHHH u cua6gure-lIru 6azn n rcotottutt
Ho aemepdHu. tr4unepulra pa:uuBa ra3tr cHcreMa
Ito cbRtpueHcTBO U q CbqeTaBa cBc c63,qaBaHe
Ha uxBmHa H BOeIIHa 6rcporpaqrut.
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