Anatomical

Terms
 Terms for Direction and Orientation

dorsal surface midsagittal plane

Cranial/Cephalic
 Cranial; refers to the anterior posterior

head
frontal plane transverse plane

 part/s of the ventral surface

body lying toward

the head
 opposite of caudal
Caudal
 tail or tail-like
structures

 part of the body lying

toward the tail or
posterior end

 opposite of cephalic
or cranial
 dorsal surface midsagittal plane

Dorsal anterior posterior

 refers to the back or

upper surface frontal plane transverse plane

 opposite of ventral ventral surface

Ventral
 pertaining to the belly
 lower side or surface
opposite the back
 opposite of dorsal
Lateral
 refers to the side of dorsal surface midsagittal plane

the body

anterior posterior
Medial
 refers to a position
near the middle or frontal plane transverse plane

midline. median - ventral surface

refers to a structure
or section in the
middle or midline
Proximal
- nearest to the centre; midsagittal plane distal (farthest

to the midline, or to the from where

the body part
starts)

point of attachment proximal

(closest to

- opposite of distal where body

part starts)

Distal anterior posterior

- farthest from the transverse

plane

centre, from the midline frontal

plane
or from the point of
attachment
- opposite of proximal
Anterior
 part of the body lying
toward the head
Posterior
 part of the body lying
toward the tail or
posterior end
Superficial
 near the surface of the
body
Deep
 away from the surface
of the body
 Planes of Section
Planes
 imaginary surfaces dividing the body into
different regions
 dorsal surface midsagittal plane

Frontal plane
 horizontal plane through anterior posterior

the longitudinal axis

 dorsal and ventral portions frontal plane transverse plane

 for a quadrupedal animal, ventral surface

this plane usually parallel

to the ground (unless the
animal is lying on its side)
 also called “coronal plane”
Sagittal plane
 vertical plane through
the longitudinal axis
 left and right portions
 also called “median
plane”
 If the animal is bisected
straight down the
midline, the section is
called a "midsagittal"
section
 dorsal surface midsagittal plane

Transverse plane anterior posterior

 plane perpendicular
to the longitudinal frontal plane transverse plane

axis ventral surface

 divides the body

crosswise into
cranial and caudal
parts
 also called a
"cross section".
Symmetry
 refers to the repetition
of parts
 equal halves are
produced by dividing
along a plane or axis

1. Bilateral symmetry
 only one plane can
divide the body into
equal and identical
halves
3. Asymmetrical
 no specific shape
 no plane can divide
the body into equal
or identical halves
Body Symmetry
Intro. to Frogs
 Reasons why frogs are used as
representative specimen in Zoology:

1. Many similarities to higher vertebrates

and in
man in both form and structure.
2. Ease of manipulation
3. Inexpensive
4. Availability
Phylum : Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura or Salienta
Family: Ranidae
- soft, non-poisonous, slimy skin
Rana vittigera (rice field frog) Rana
catesbeiana (bull frog)
External Features of the frog:

2 Regions:
1. Axial Region
- head and trunk
2.Appendicular Region
- forelimbs and
hindlimbs
 AXIAL REGION
Head:
snout
- flattened triangular border
external nares/ nostrils
eyelids (upper and lower)
nictitating membrane (3rd eyelid)
- outgrowth of the lower eyelid
tympanic membrane
- circular area of thin
membrane
- columella
Trunk

Hump
- dorsal elevated region
of the trunk
 APPENDICULAR REGION
Forelimbs (Anterior
extremity)
- three subdivisions:
1. upper arm
2. forearm
3. manus/hand
Hindlimbs (Posterior
extremity )
- three parts
1. thigh
2. shank
3. pes/foot
 How to differentiate male and female frog:
1. Male is smaller with
dark pigmented area
at the ventral side of
the head

2. Thumb is swollen in
male (during breeding
season)
- nuptial pad
3. Male frogs have
vocal sac
 Buccal Cavity (Mouth Cavity)
Orbits or eyesockets
-pair of rounded prominences
Internal or posterior nares
- pair of rounded openings anterior to
the orbits
Vomers
- bony prominences between the
nares
-vomerine teeth
Maxillary teeth
- fine saw like teeth
- for holding the prey
Sulcus marginalis
- marginal groove internal
to maxillary teeth
- receives the lower jaw
Median subrostral fossa
- Depression in the sulcus
marginalis
- Located at the tip of
upper jaw
Pulvinar rostrale
- low elevation at the side
of the median subrostral
fossa
Lateral subrostral fossa
- depressions on
each sideof the
pulvinar rostrale
Eustachian tube
- located near the angles of the
jaw (posterior part)
- equalize pressure in the tympanic
membrane
Vocal sac
- pair of openings behind
the eustachian tube
-present only in male frog
Tuberculum prelinguale
- located at the tip of the lower jaw
- fits into the median subrostral
fossa
Prelingual fossa
- depressions on either side of
tuberculum prelinguale
Glottis
- narrow slit of
laryngeal prominence
- leads into the lungs
- cricoid and arytenoid
cartilages
Esophagus (gullet)
-leads to the stomach
Tongue
- flattened, bilobed