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An essay on Journalism

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Abstract

Parental involvement is a foremost strength in shaping children’s school

outcomes. In this research all the questions are clearly answered about how parental

involvement works, how parental involvement in home is different with parental

involvement in school. As well as the research also explained the important differences

about how the ethnic minority parents express their support and involvement, the basic

system and the level of impact is steady across different ethnic groups studied.
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A broad range of methods were used to look at the effects of provision on

children’s achievement and adaptation. The consequence of parental involvement as in

providing children with home learning environment helps children in their achievements

and cognitive development which has been discovered in recent studies of English Pre

schools (Sylva, et al, 1999; Melhuish et al, 2001). Parental involvement in the education

of children is very important because a child’s capability of learning and actively in

involving in activities very much dependent on the environment in which they grow.

The plan of a ‘Home Learning Environment’ (HLE) was developed to illustrate a

series of learning related condition in the home as reported by parents. HLE included

reading library visits, teaching through play with the letters of the alphabet, with numbers

and shapes. After developing this plan (Melhuish, et al, 2001) they concluded that, this

HLE is associated with higher levels of assistance, confidence and consistency in

children’s behavior.

A study which constantly pursued the Effective Provision Pre School Project,

(Siraj-Blatchford, et al, 2002) helped to identify the most effective teaching strategies in

the initial stage, but the main point is to determine the impact of parental involvement.

Many case studies recommended that when there is special bond between parents and

professional mentor attained, in terms of shared aims, so that an excellent learning

progress could take place. If the parental involvement is present in home it would help in

cognitive development in the early years and if parents negotiate on continuous basis

with the mentors it will be beneficial for the children.

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On the other hand through various studies it has been concluded that some

children appeared to succeed in school despite living in considerably bleak

circumstances, whereas children who lives in happy environment sometimes would not

be able to perform well. So once again, parental involvement in education in the home

has a very great impact on children’s cognitive development and their achievement.

Another research drew some samples of children from the National Child

Development Study (NCDS) and the British Cohort Study (BCS). In the research what

researchers did is they calculated a social Index (SI) for each child according to their

parental social class and they also calculated Competence Index (CI) on the basis of

academic achievements and behavioral adjustments. (Schoon and Parsons 2002)

After doing these calculations the result they got were based on those youngsters

who were below the mean on SI but above the mean on CI were classified as ‘strong’,

while those who are low on both SI and CI were classified as ‘unstable’. Another sensible

comparison between the samples of NCDS and BCS is difficult to make because the

ability of children was assessed at seven years for NCDS and five years for BCS.

Some studies have used the US National Educational longitudinal study (NELS)

because it is affluent in information which is relevant to parental involvement in

education of their children (Sui-Chu and Willms 1996). Some studies identified four

components of parental involvement; parental aspirations for children’s education,

parent-child communication about school, home environment and parental participation

in school related activities. (Singh, et al, 1995)

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In this research paper according to researchers it should emphasized parental

desires refers to parents’ hopes and expectations for the child’s achievements in

education, whereas parent-child communication specifically related to school related

matters. The home environment refers to the degree of discipline exercised by parents to

insist children on completion of their homework and also the restrictions on other

activities like watching T.V. The fourth component of parental involvement is their

participation in school activities refers to parents’ support in school functions. (Singh, et

al, 1995)

All these four components have their importance in their own ways like; parental

desires had a great influence on children’s achievement, but parent involvement in the

form of parent-child discussions had a moderate impact on child’s achievement because

every child do not discuss his/her school activities with parents. On the other hand

parents’ involvement in school functions had no effect on children’s achievements. The

fourth and another important component that is home environment had a negative impact

on children’s achievements.

This negative impact of home structure on achievement has usually been

measured that a degree of discipline related to outside the school would support school

achievement. According to many researches imposing discipline on adolescents might

creates a problem for parents as well as it would also effect negatively on children’s

achievements, what they should is to teach their children that the best discipline is self-

discipline rather than imposing on them, this manner of teaching self-discipline would
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definitely help them in maintaining discipline and it would positively affect their

achievements as well.

A researcher analyzed data collected by questionnaires from parents, students,

teachers, principals and administrators on achievements and parental involvement from

(NELS:88) and (NELS:92) (Catsambis 2001). In this research he used background

variables such as socio-economic status, and former achievements to assess the impact of

parental involvement on student achievement. In this research the range of age was 14-18

years. The result of this study was that none of the six modes of involvement was related

with academic development in the given age range.

Other findings from UK NCDS for adolescents showed that parental involvement

was positively related with student achievements. High levels of parental expectation,

steady encouragement and measures to enhance learning opportunities in the home were

all positively associated with students’ high expectations( Sacker et al, 2002)

Some other researchers also used (NELS:88) data to focus more hardly on

parental involvement and it relationship to adolescents approach to only general studies

but towards science subject( George and Kaplan 1998) The researchers concluded that

the present study is the influence of parental involvement on science attitudes. The more

parents showed a positive attitude to science the better students’ achieve in science.

Other researches also concluded that parental involvement continues to have

significant effects on students’ achievements (Feinstein and Symons 1999). This

conclusion is drawn from the analysis of same data set used by one of the researcher who
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gave the opposite conclusion (Sacker et al 2002). Researchers concluded the results that

clearly support the parental involvement behavior considerably affecting children’s

achievement.

To discover the effect of parent, peer and schooling contributions on achievement

at the age of 16, researchers analysed the data from (NCDS: 58) and examined the impact

of parental involvement, peer group influence, schooling contributions on the

construction of educational goods in the form of students’ achievements. These

achievements at the age of 16 was measured by the highest grade achieved in national

examination for English, or achieving high scores in NCDS mathematics, or achievement

of average grades in public examinations (Feinstein and Symons).

Some of the studies also quoted that parental involvement in the school gives little

or no benefit on the individual child according to researcher this is a strong finding.

Amongst many findings which reported latter evidently showed that in school

manifestations of parental involvement were not related to students’ achievement. There

are many possible reasons for having parents working in schools. It has the potential to

help schools link with better community. These potential benefits have yet to show

themselves as making a significant contribution to children’s achievements.

In other studies it is asked why at-home involvement is so significant? How does

it work in promoting achievement and adjustment? The answers to these questions seems

to be that it depends on the age of child for younger children parenting provides the child

with a context in which to acquires school related skills and to develop psychological
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qualities of motivation and self worth, whereas for older children the specific skills

component seems to be less significant and the motivational component assumes

increasing importance.

The model is supporting those factors, which influence the educational

achievements for the children. The model shows that educational progress is depend on

the economic status. This study is all about how these factors influences. The sample of

238 divorced and separated mothers has been taken 6 to 9 years old boys. The school

performance data of the children is retrieved by teachers.

Family background data is retrieved by mothers. The view point of parent-child

relation and interaction is retrieved by self research and through observation on the basis

of the interaction between parent and child which is designed by the researcher in order

to get the results so that the researcher scrutinize parental support for the cognitive skills

framework. De Garmo et al (1999). Educated mothers are more likely to create

intellectual environment at home. This result is also replicated by Melhuish et al 2001

related to the importance of home learning.

The children are evaluated by their grades of mathematics, reading skills, and IQ

test. The problem between parent-child is analyzed by shooting the video of parent-child

discussion. The communication, friendliness and problematic communication is rated

through this research. Therefore family background features are consider at first which is

a good in analyzing parents involvement. Parent involvement is interpreted from their

children academic performance (Zellman & Waterman 1998).

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The process that impacts the parental association on school achievement is also

evaluated by researcher. The students and their families are evaluated on the basis of

designed questionnaires to determine the variables of the model. The children are

analyzed from their academic competencies and effectiveness. Numerous factors were

used to determine the family context which involves parental interrogation, their response

towards their children, norms, value, and involvement in school. The school context

involves teachers response anticipated motivation of students and their achievement

(Marchant et al 2001).

The importance of parental values is perceived by many students as a process

which shows the impact of parental involvement that has been collaborated in many

studies. The importance of parental inclination in common academic progression of US

youth has researched by (Fan, 2001).

The intense impact of parental anticipation on the progression of mathematics

course that evaluate their children, this studies showed that the parents highly influence

their children when it comes to social task (Carr and Hussey, 1999).

Children always see mother as their helper at each step in their lives. The belief of

mother to help their children who are aged between 8-9 years at this point of time the

learning impact should be positively effect child (Lynch, 2002).

The extracurricular activities also highly impact children in learning new ways

and their attitude towards their tasks is very active and also the fulfillment of the

exposure, pleasure and so on would be benefited because of intellectual environment

which is given by parents that shape their child incredibly Garg et al, 2002).
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The parental plays an important role in social economic studies. The anticipation

of parents in children school influence children behavior, teachers also give importance

to those children whose parents likely be involve in schools meeting and show their

dedication as a responsible parent (Nechyba et al (1999).

The research also shows ethic discrimination that effects the parental in

association. It shows that how parents manifest adherence and anticipation.

The difference between the white and black Americans which effect many factors

when it talks about ethnicity differences the researcher evaluated that the people with

high ethnicity difference are low income people and minority youth (Phillips et al, 1998).

Socio-economic factor impact the parental association on children achievement

and regulations that creates differences (Sacker et al, 2002).

The supportive relationship with accomplishment was parent’s anticipation and

collaboration. The parental association with achievement is fairly apply to all ethics

groups which are finding by Fan and Chen.

It’s contradictory that the SES studies are factored out. Fan (2001) researched the

impact on parental involvement by taking test of achievement which was taken by the

students of NELS cohort in 1988, 1990, 1992 . That was take place after every 2 years

just want to know the involvement of the parental which was actually comparable effects

on attainment across different ethnic group.

On the other hand there was another researcher who uses the same source and

data to find out the involvement Mc Neal (1999, 2001) and find out that parental
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involvement have significant effect attainment only for white and middle-youngsters in

two families. But the difference between these studies is McNeal focused on the science

attainment and Fan marked different areas of curriculum.

In younger children (13-18) years according to Zellman and Waterman (1998) the

achievement is mediated in the parental style. According to vein, Smith and Hausafus

(1998) studies the sample of 14 years old student will take good interest in advance maths

and science when their parents are going to take interest in them and take them to

exhibition of science and all.

Keith and Lichtman (1994) focused on within-group differences in a sample of

1200 Mexican-American students drawn from the NELS (88) cohort. As they have a

wide range of involvement of parents for example in home based activities watching TV.

even though involvement at school. But it was resulted that the involvement of parents

are moderate and effective to their children’s achievement.

Accoding to Yan (1999) a between-group study of parental involvement

comparing three samples drawn from the NELS (88) cohort, the groups comprised (a)

successful Afro-American students, (b) successful Euro- American students and (c)

unsuccessful Afro-American students. Successful Afro-Americans were found to have

levels of parental involvement which were equal to or higher than those of successful

Euro-Americans are significantly higher than those of unsuccessful Afro-

American students. But according to Bogenschneider (1999) parental involvement is

force on the child for the achievement. But involvement of parent in every situation

whether it’s in the education or any kind of achievement it works for everyone.
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This parental involvement was firstly challenged by Mau (1997) he actually test

three different culture and language students. Achievement was indexed by using a

battery of attainment tests in math’s and reading and ask for the parental involvement

they have noticed the amount of time home work was appraised as compare to the other

activities and the result was found that First, the American Asians (AA) student achieved

test scores significantly better than the Asian Immigrants (AI) student who in turn

outperformed White Americans (W) student. Second, White Americans reported

significantly more academic help and more in-school participation than did Asian

students.