Physical Science

Quarter 3 – Module 7:
Avenger Molecules
Physical Science – Grade 11
Quarter 3 – Module 7: Avenger Molecules
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education – Region XI

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Dinah Galvan-Oani
Editor: -
Reviewer: Kristine Hope D. Cagurol, Rudilyn D. Garcesa
Illustrator: -
Layout Artist: -
Template Developer: Neil Edward D. Diaz
Management Team:
Reynaldo M. Guillena
Jinky B. Firman
Marilyn V. Deduyo
Alma C. Cifra
Aris B. Juanillo
Faye Genevieve P. Pasamonte

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Division of Davao City

Office Address: E. Quirino Avenue, Davao City

Telephone: (082) 227 4762
E-mail Address: lrms.davaocity@deped.gov.ph
Physical Science
Quarter 3 – Module 7:
Avenger Molecules
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage
and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own learning. Take
time to read, understand, and perform the different activities in the module.

As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of the

following:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

ii
 Let Us Learn

This module was designed for you, the learners. It is to facilitate you to learn
the appropriate knowledge and skills as you go through a series of worthwhile
activities. The lessons are arranged sequentially in this course to ease understanding
and mastery. The parameter of this module help you master the Macromolecules in
life.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• Explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins determine their properties
and functions (MELCs).

Specifically, you will:

1. describe the basic molecular structures of the four major categories of

biological macromolecules.
2. determine the properties and functions of the four main biomolecules;
and,
3. relate the functions of the 4 biological macromolecules to real life
examples.

Let Us Try!

Choose the best answer and write this on a separate paper.

1. A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 and typically can be
broken down to release energy in the animal body. Which of the following is
NOT a carbohydrate?
A. Cellulose C. Glycine
B. Glucose D. Sucrose

2. Amino acids have both an amino group and a carboxyl group in their
structure. Which one of the following is an amino acid?
A. Formic acid C. Glycerol
B. Glycolic Acid D. Glycine

1
 3. Biomolecules are organic molecule that includes carbohydrates, protein,
lipids, and nucleic acids. They are important for the survival of living cells.
Which of the following is a by-product of a chemical union of the basic units
of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins?
A. acid C. energy
B. carbon D. water

4. Adjacent nucleotides in a nucleic acid are joined by a phosphodiesterase

bond. This bond links the phosphate group of one nucleotide to which one of
the following components of a neighboring nucleotide?
A. base C. peptide
B. Phosphate group D. sugar

5. Lipids organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives are
insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Which of the following
explains why sterols (or steroids) are considered to be lipids?
A. They contain fatty acids. C. They are lipid soluble.
B. They are used as storage fats. D. They are rich in hydrogen.

Let Us Study

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are organic molecules found
in every living organism. These macromolecules are large carbon-based structures
that are assembled by joining several smaller units, called monomers.

Such is similar to the Avengers where they must reunite and assemble again
to reinvigorate their allies and restore balance of our human body system. In short,
Avengers would be like collaborating and congregating of small individual to one
powerful entity, like a team. The macromolecules are formed, together through a
chemical reaction called dehydration synthesis. The resulting polymer can be
disassembled through the complimentary process called hydrolysis.

Biological macromolecules are important cellular components and perform a

wide array of functions necessary for the survival and growth of living organisms.
The four major classes of biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids. Among the numerous types of organic compounds, four
major categories are found in all living things. These four categories of organic
compounds are often referred to as the Macromolecules of Life.

Here are the other four Avengers Molecules that we will discuss to help us
learn about that the living organisms require for survival and growth.

2
Carbohydrates: Chemical Energy
Carbohydrates are an organism’s main source of
energy. The single building block of a carbohydrate
molecule is the monosaccharide glucose. Glucose is the
basic form of fuel in living things. It is transported by
body fluids to all cells, where it is metabolized to release
its energy.

Carbohydrates are commonly referred to as

sugars and can be monosaccharides if they are
composed of a single glucose molecule, or disaccharides
if they are composed of two glucose molecules. Complex carbohydrates are known as
polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are formed by linking many glucose molecules.

Among the most important polysaccharides are the starches, which are
composed of hundreds or thousands of glucose molecules linked to one another.
Another polysaccharide, cellulose, is used primarily as a structural carbohydrate. It
is also composed of glucose molecules, but the molecules cannot be released from
one another except by a few species of organisms. Plant cell walls are composed
primarily of cellulose.

Lipids: Long term energy

Lipids are another organic macromolecule essential to life. Lipids include

steroids, waxes, oils, and fats. A fatty acid is the monomer of a lipid. There are two
types of fatty acids. Fatty acids that have one or more double bonds in their
molecules are unsaturated fats. Fatty acids
have no double bonds are saturated fats.
In most human health situations, the
consumption of unsaturated fats is
preferred to the consumption of saturated
fats. Consuming large amounts of lipids can
cause cardiovascular (heart) disease. Fats
stored in cells usually form clear oil droplets
called globules because fats do not dissolve
in water.
Plants often store fats in their seeds, and animals store fats in large, clear
globules in the cells of adipose tissue. The fats in adipose tissue contain much
concentrated energy. Hence, they serve as a reserve energy supply to the organism.

3
Proteins: Keep the Body Running
Proteins, among the most complex of all organic compounds, are composed of
amino acids. Many proteins are immense in size and extremely complex. However,
all proteins are composed of long
chains of relatively simple amino
acids. There are 20 kinds of amino
acids. The links forged between the
amino acids are peptide bonds, and
small proteins are often called
peptides. All living things depend on
proteins for their existence.
Proteins are the major molecules from which living things are constructed.
Certain proteins are dissolved or suspended in the watery substance of the cells,
while others are incorporated into various structures of the cells. Proteins are also
found as supporting and strengthening materials in tissues outside of cells. Bone,
cartilage, tendons, and ligaments are all composed of protein. One essential use of
proteins is in the construction of enzymes.
Enzymes catalyze (speed up) the chemical reactions that take place within
cells. The information for synthesizing the unique proteins is located in the nucleus
of the cell. This genetic code (DNA) specifies the amino acid sequence in proteins.
Hence, the genetic code regulates the chemistry taking place within a cell.

Nucleic Acids: Blueprints for Life

The nucleic acids are composed of smaller units called nucleotides. Each
nucleotide contains a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. Living
organisms have two important nucleic acids. One type is deoxyribonucleic acid, or
DNA. The other is ribonucleic acid, or RNA. DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell,
while RNA is found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm (a gel-like substance that
composes the inside of the cell). DNA and RNA differ from one another in a few ways.
DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA has ribose. In a DNA molecule, the
adenine base pairs with thymine, but in RNA the adenine pairs with uracil.

Trivia:
The term “macromolecule” was first coined in the 1920s by Nobel
laureate Hermann Staudinger was the first to propose that many large
biological molecules are built by covalently linking smaller biological
molecules together.
https://images.app.goo.gl/haPWqzCwBKrf9YdB7

4
 Let Us Practice

Activity 1: Concept Map

Supply the needed information in the concept map. You may begin!

Dissecting the Macromolecules

Biomolecules

such as such as

Carbohydrates

such as such as

for example
for example

monomer
monomer
DNA

for example for example

monomer monomer
oil amino acids

Properties and function Properties and function

Properties and function Properties and function

5
 Please be guided with the rubric below.

Criteria 3 points 2 points 1 points 0 points

Shows an Makes some Makes many Shows no
Concepts and understanding mistakes in mistakes in understanding
Terminology of the topic’s terminology or terminology and of the topic’s
concepts and shows a few shows a lack of concepts and
principles and misunderstanding understanding principles
uses of concepts of many
appropriate concepts
terminology
Identifies all the Identifies Makes many Fails to use
Knowledge of the important important incorrect any
Relationships concepts and concepts but connections appropriate
among Concept shows an makes some concepts or
understanding incorrect appropriate
of the connections connections
relationships
among them
Concepts in an Places almost all Places only a few Concepts are
Ability to appropriate concepts in an concepts in an inappropriate
Communicate hierarchy and appropriate appropriate hierarchy
through Concept places linking hierarchy and hierarchy or
Maps words on all assigns linking uses only a few
connections; words to most linking words;
making a connections; produces a
concept map making a concept concept map
that is easy to map that is easy that is difficult
interpret to interpret to interpret

Part B
1. Explain briefly how the structures of biological macromolecules determine the
properties and functions based on the concept map made.

Biological Molecules
a. carbohydrates
b. lipids
c. proteins
d. nucleic acid

6
 Let Us Practice More

Activity 2: Menu Planner

Directions: Try to recall the food you ate at lunch in the school canteen. You
will design a lunch menu based on items that you eat when you go to the
canteen. You will be concentrating on recording information about the
following macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids (fats), and proteins. You will
use the nutritional information provided by the teacher to design your menu.
Complete the table below. Refer to the example given.
Food Item Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids
(in servings) (in servings) (in servings)
Rice 1 serving - -

Questions:

1. Which type of macromolecule (lipid, carb, or protein) did you consume the most
of in this lunch? Base it on a 2,000-calorie diet and the information about your
meal.

Example calculation:
The consumed number for
carbs = 275g;
recommended number for
carbs = 300g
275 / 300 = 0.92 X 100 = 92%

2. Assume a 2,000-calorie total, what percentage of your meal accounts for your
daily caloric intake? (Show your solution.)

7
3. How could you modify your meal choices to make this healthier and align
better with the recommended daily amounts for these three molecules
(carbohydrate, fats, and proteins)?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Note: A serving size is a measured amount of food—1 cup, 1 slice, 1 teaspoon, etc.

Let Us Remember

Through this module, you have learned the following important concepts about
macromolecules.

• Found in many energy-providing foods, carbohydrates help the nervous

system, muscles, and body in general function.
• Proteins, like all macromolecules, form from smaller units that combine
and connect together to form one larger molecule. Amino acids — which
are smaller, simpler molecules — connect end-to-end to form proteins.
• Nucleic acids — DNA and RNA — contain and describe the genetic code in
life. As macromolecules, nucleic acids serve as a detailed instruction
manual for the development of the body and the workings of each cell.
• Lipids, more commonly known as fats, form the protective membranes
around cells, and deliver essential vitamins.

Let Us Assess

Read the questions carefully. Choose the best answer and write it on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 and typically can be
broken down to release energy in the animal body. Which of the following is
NOT a carbohydrate?
A. Cellulose C. Glycine
B. Glucose D. Sucrose

2. Amino acids have both an amino group and a carboxyl group in their
structure. Which one of the following is an amino acid?
A. Formic acid C. Glycerol
B. Glycolic Acid D. Glycine

8
3. Biomolecules are organic molecule that includes carbohydrates, protein,
lipids, and nucleic acids. They are important for the survival of living cells.
Which of the following is a byproduct of a chemical union of the basic units
of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins?
A. acid C. energy
B. carbon D. water

4. Adjacent nucleotides in a nucleic acid are joined by a phosphodiesterase

bond. This bond links the phosphate group of one nucleotide to which one of
the following components of a neighboring nucleotide?
A. base C. peptide
B. Phosphate group D. Sugar

5. Lipids organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives are
insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Which of the following
explains why sterols (or steroids) are considered to be lipids?
A. They contain fatty acids. C. They are lipid soluble.
B. They are used as storage fats. D. They are rich in hydrogen.

6. A macromolecule is a very large molecule, commonly composed of the

polymerization of smaller subunits called monomers. Which of the following
would most likely qualify as a macromolecule?
A. amino acid C. Protein
B. DNA D. glucose

7. Glucose and fructose both have the formula C6H12O6, but the atoms in these
two compounds are arranged differently. Which of the following are glucose
and fructose known for?
A. isomers C. oligosaccharides
B. polysaccharides D. pentoses

8. Lipids are energy-rich organic, non-polar molecules. These organic

compounds contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms that form a
framework for the structure and function of living cells. They are insoluble in
water and only soluble in nonpolar solvents as water is a polar molecule.
Which of the following IS NOT a lipid?
A. Fats C. Proteins
B. Oils D. Waxes

9. When a carbohydrate is broken into its component sugar molecules by

hydrolysis (e.g. sucrose being broken down into glucose and fructose), this is
recognized as saccharification. When disaccharides are changed to
monosaccharides, the common chemical process involved is ______________.
A. activation. C. hydration.
B. digestion. D. synthesis.

9
10. Nucleic acids are large biomolecules, essential to and life and are composed
of nucleotides, a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
Which of the following is a major function of nucleic acids?
A. catalysis of virtually all biochemical reactions.
B. structural support in both plants and animals
C. storage and intracellular transfer of energy
D. storage and transfer of genetic information

11. Cholesterol is an example of lipids. Which of the following best describes

cholesterol as essential for normal membrane functions?
A. It cannot be made by higher organisms such as mammals.
B. It catalyzes lipid flip-flop in the bilayer.
C. It spans the thickness of the bilayer.
D. It keeps membranes fluid.

12. Proteins perform many physiological functions like enzymes. Which of the
following represents an additional function of some protein discharge?
A. Antibiotics C. Pigment conferring color to skin
B. Hormones D. Pigments making colors of flowers

13. Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more

long chains of amino acid residues. Which of the following do tremendously
complex molecules use as their basic units or building blocks?
A. activation. C. hydration.
B. digestion. D. synthesis.

14. Assume that DNA molecules are studied in a variety of organisms and found
to have the following properties. Which property would be consistent with the
hypothesis that genetic material is composed of DNA?
A. DNA is composed of the same nucleotides in all organisms.
B. DNA is different in two different cells of the same organism
C. DNA in an organism remains constant as the organism ages.
D. DNA from two different organisms has the same base composition.

15. When a protein is boiled, it loses all levels of organization besides the primary
level. Which of the following will happen to protein?
A. It will be denatured. C. It will be hydrolyzed.
B. It will be dehydrated. D. It will be paralyzed.

Let Us Enhance

Activity 3: Know Us More

Instruction: Fill in the chart below with appropriate terms/words.
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acid

Monomers

10
Elements

Functions

Example

Food

Let Us Reflect

When you were younger, you probably enjoyed building things with
blocks or string some beads into a necklace. You used to play beads by slowly
sliding each to the beading thread over and over until you got the bigger item
you wanted to construct.

A macromolecule is constructed in exactly the same way. The term

macromolecule means very big molecule. As you know, a molecule is a substance
that is made up of more than one atom. The prefix macro- means large,
macromolecules are huge! They are composed of 10,000 or more atoms!

Another term for a macromolecule is a polymer. In your math class you

probably used that the prefix poly- means many, as in a polygon, or a figure with
many sides. In the same manner macromolecules are made of many building
blocks, called monomers. Now you can imagine a monomer as being a brick, and
a polymer, or macromolecule, as being the whole brick wall composed of the
building blocks. The brick wall is composed of smaller units (the bricks) just as a
macromolecule is composed of monomer as building blocks.

To make the story more exciting and alive, probably you are familiar with
all the kinds of blockbuster movies like Avengers and the like. In short to fully
equipped with necessary power that our body needs, small molecules like that of
the superhero characters we all adore, must reunite and assemble from time to
time to reinvigorate their trounced allies and restore balance that is essential to
our human system.

Monomers like Avengers must work together like collaborating and

congregating into one powerful entity, like a team. They must be put all together
and complement each other to function fully into a gigantic and powerful molecule
to provide nutrients or energy necessary for life.

To make the story more exciting and alive, probably you are familiar with
all the kinds of blockbuster movies like Avengers and the like. In short to fully
equipped with necessary power that our body needs, small molecules like that of
the superhero characters we all adore, must reunite and assemble from time to
11
time to reinvigorate their trounced allies and restore balance that is essential to
our human system.

Monomers like Avengers must work together like collaborating and

 12
Let Us Assess Let Us Assess Let Us Assess Let Us Try
11. D 6. B 1. C 1. C
2. D
12. C 7. B 2. D 3. C
13. D 8. C 3. C 4. B
5. B
14. B 9. D 4. B
15. A 10. D 5. B
Answer Key
Activity 3

13
 References

Biological Macromolecules. June 01, 2020. Accessed from:

https://images.app.goo.gl/haPWqzCwBKrf9YdB

Macromolecules. June 02, 2020. Accessed from

https://sjlbioscience.wordpress.com/2016/02/22/the-importance-of-
macromolecules in-the-human-body

The 4 Biomolecules. June 03, 2020. Accessed

from:https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology
Book%3A_General_Biology_(OpenStax)/1%3A_The_Chemistry_of_Life/3%3A_Bi
ological_Macromolecules

14
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region XI Davao City Division

DepEd Davao City, Elpidio Quirino Ave., Davao City

Telefax: 224-3274

Email Address: davaocity.division@deped.gov.ph