EMBRYOLOGY

* Is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes

,fertilization ,and development of embryos and fetuses.
* Learning about the development of oral structures is the foundation for understanding
developmental problems that can occur in these structures.
*Any disturbance in embryonic period of pregnancy ,like illness or drug therapy may
lead to congenital malformations.

Oral Histology :
Is the science that deal with the study of normal oral tissues by mean of microscope.
 PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

* Prenatal development is divided into Three stages:

1- The proliferative stage,
begins at fertilization and spans the first 4 weeks of development. This phase
involves largely cellular proliferation and migration, with some differentiation of cell
populations.
2- The embryonic stage,
spans the next 4 weeks of development and is characterized largely by the
differentiation of all major external and internal structures (morphogenesis).
3- The fetal stage ,
from the end of the second stage to term, further development is largely a
matter of growth and maturation, and the embryo now is called a fetus.
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
 FORMATION OF THE
BASIC- GERM LAYERED EMBRYO
* The fertilized egg initially undergoes a series of rapid divisions that lead to the formation of
a ball of cells called the Morula.
* Fluid accumulates in the morula, and its cells realign themselves to form a fluid filled
hollow ball, called the Blastocyst.
*Two cell populations can be distinguished within the blastocyst:
(1) those lining the cavity (the primary yolk sac), called trophoblast
(2) a small cluster within the cavity, called the inner cell mass or embryoblast
* The embryoblast cells form the embryo proper, whereas the trophoblast cells are
associated with implantation of the embryo and formation of the placenta .
 FORMATION OF BILAMINAR DISK

*At about day 8 of gestation, the cells of the embryoblast differentiate into a two-layered
disk, called the bilaminar germ disk :
1- The outer layer cells or the ectodermal layer, are columnar and reorganize to form
the amniotic cavity.
2- The inner cells layer, or the endodermal layer, are cuboidal and form the roof of a
second cavity (the secondary yolk sac), which develops from the migration of peripheral
cells of the extraembryonic endodermal layer.
CONT.

*Ectodermal cells located above the dorsal mesoderm are signaled by dorsal
mesoderm, to lengthen into columnar neural plate cells , the lateral boundaries of which
elevate to form the neural tube. Later on, it becomes the brain and the spinal cord.
*Endodermal cells form a tube and become the gastrointestinal tract. This tube
anteriorly develops pharyngeal pouches, lungs, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and urinary
bladder.
* Mesodermal layer develops between the ectodermal and endodermal layers.
Mesodermal cells develop into muscles, skeleton, and blood cells of the embryo.
Mesodermal cells are also present along the elongating digestive tube.
*All tissues of the body develop from the three layers - ectoderm, endoderm and the
mesoderm .
 THE PRECHORDAL PLATE , PRIMITIVE
STREAK, PRIMITIVE PIT& NOTOCHORD

*The prechordal plate is formed by a small enlargement of the ectodermal and

endodermal cells near the margin of the embryo. This helps in differentiating the head and
tail ends and the left and right halves of the embryo.
* The primitive streak, which is an elevation that bulges into the amniotic cavity,
appears at the tail end of embryo.
* The primitive pit (node) is present at the head end of the primitive streak.
*Proliferation and migration of ectodermal cells between the ectoderm and endoderm
forms a solid column till the prechordal plate.
* The notochord is a rod –like structure situated ventral to the neural tube, it is
formed as a result of canalization of this column; and it defines the longitudinal axis of the
embryo , determines the orientation of the vertebral column, it arises from axial mesoderm at
about 16 days .
PRECHO RDAL PLATE & PRIMITIVE STREAK
PRIMITIVE STREAK & NODE
 FORMATION OF NEURAL TUBE

*During the third prenatal week , neural folds appear from the lateral edges of the
neural plate.
*These folds reach the midline, first in the cervical region and then they close both
anteriorly and posteriorly.
*Anterior tube shows three dilatations, which form the primary brain vesicles - the
forebrain, midbrain and the hind brain.
* Cerebral hemisphere develops from the forebrain, which develops into the frontal,
temporal and occipital lobes.
*Fifth cranial (trigeminal) nerve develops in the midbrain .
*cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata develops from hind brain.
NEURAL PLATE
 THE BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM

*The blood vascular system originates from the angioblasts.

*These cells arise from the visceral mesoderm of the wall of the yolk sac. This occurs
during the third week of prenatal life.
*The outer cells organize into elongating tubes and the inner cells become blood
cells.
*The vessels begin to develop in the embryo and form a vascular network, which is
connected to the placenta.
* By the fourth week , the heart begins to beat.
* Other mesenchyme cells migrate into the pericardial area, which functions in the
development of the heart tube.
* Cardiac muscle is differentiated later on by these cells.
* Heart enlarges and with this, growth and development of internal partitions start .
 GERM LAYERS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

1- Embryonic ectoderm :
It gives rise to:
(i) the enamel of teeth and the salivary glands;
(ii) the epithelium lining the mouth
(iii) epidermis of skin , hair, nails; melanocytes
(iv) the epithelial tissue of nervous system (spinal cord, peripheral nerves and brain).
(v) lining of anus, nostrils, sweat glands.
(vi) sensory epithelium of ear , nose & eye .
CONT.

2- Embryonic Endoderm :
It gives origin to:
(i) the epithelial lining of the whole of the digestive canal, with the exception of
those portions already ascribed to the ectoderm;
(ii) the lining cells of all the glands, which open into the digestive canal, including
the liver and the pancreas, but excluding the salivary glands;
(iii) the epithelium lining the auditory tube and tympanic cavity;
(iv) the epithelium of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and the thymus;
(v) the lining epithelium of the larynx, trachea, bronchi ,and alveoli .
(vi) the epithelium of most of the urinary bladder and part of the urethra; and
prostates
.
CONT.

3- Intraembryonic Mesoderm:
gives origin to the remaining organs and tissues of the body. These include:
(i) the teeth with the exception of the enamel;
(ii) all the connective tissues;
(iii) the whole musculature of the body, with the exception of the musculature of the
iris;
(iv) the blood and the blood vascular and lymphatic systems;
(v) the urogenital system with the exception of most of the urinary bladder, prostrate
and urethra;
(vi) the cortex of the suprarenal glands and the mesothelial linings of the pericardial,
pleural and peritoneal cavities.
 MESODERM DEVELOPMENT

* Mesoderm has several components which develop into tissues :

Intermediate mesoderm ,paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm, and chorda-
mesoderm.
- Chorda- mesoderm develops into notochord.
-The intermediate mesoderm develops into kidneys and gonads.
- The paraxial mesoderm develops into cartilage, skeletal muscle, and dermis.
- The lateral plate mesoderm develops into the circulatory system(including the heart,
and spleen), the wall of the gut, and the wall of human body.
MESODERM DEVELOPMENT
 SOMITES DEVELOPMENT

*As the neural tube forms, changes occur in the mesoderm adjacent to the tube and the
notochord.
*The mesoderm first thickens on each side of the midline to form paraxial mesoderm.
*Along the trunk of the embryo, this paraxial mesoderm breaks into segmented blocks
called somites.
* Each somite has three components:
(1) the sclerotome, which forms the vertebrae and their disks;
(2) the myotome, which gives origin to a segmented mass of muscle of the back; ribs
&limbs.
(3) the dermatome, which gives rise to the skin on the back.
PARTS OF SOMITE
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