Plain & Reinforced Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1

Concrete-1
Plain Concrete
CE 313
CE-313 z Constituent materiall of concrete and
d their
h properties.
z Hydration of cement.
z Properties of fresh and hardened concrete and factors effecting them.
Lecture # 1 z Curing of concrete and its significance.
z Testing of concrete for various properties including physical tests, strength tests.
z Crushing or ultimate strain.
Introduction z

z
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, types, tests. Determination and significance.
Design of normal concrete mixes,
mixes factors affecting the workability of the fresh
concrete and strength & durability of the hardened concrete.
z Alkali aggregate reaction, carbonation and sulfate attack.
z Additives and admixtures for concrete.
z Cracks in concrete.

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Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete (contd…)

z Basics of composite action of steell and
d concrete. z Shear
h and
d diagonal
d l tension in concrete, design
d and
d detailing
d l of flexural
l l
z Stress-strains curves of steel and concrete. members for shear.
z Actual, simplified and equivalent stress blocks. z Corner reinforcement in slabs.
z Behavior of reinforced concrete members including columns, beams and slabs at z Assessment of crack width in flexural members.
working and ultimate loads. z Introduction to alternate method of design with applications
Specifications, codes of practice and design loads.
z

z Analysis, design and detailing of

Practical
z Physical testing of constituent material for concrete.
z Simply
p y supported
pp rectangular
g and T-beam by y ultimate strength
g design
g
method z Acceptance test for cement.
z Simply supported and continuous one way and two way slabs. z Test on fresh and reinforced concrete for workability, compressive strength,
tensile strength, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity.
z Reinforced concrete members for axial compression and tension.
z Casting of different types of beams and columns and testing to study the effects
z Tied and spiral columns.
of various factors.
z ACI code provisions for design of columns.
z Detailing of designed elements.
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Concrete
z Text Books Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine and coarse aggregate.
Concrete mainly consists of a binding material and filler material.
material If
z Design of Concrete Structures (13th Edition) filler material size is < 5mm it is fine aggregate and > 5mm is coarse
by Arthur H. Nilson, David Darwin & Charles W. Dolan aggregate.
z Concrete Structures Part I & II by Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmed Plain Cement Concrete (PCC)
Siddiqui
Mixture of cement , sand and coarse aggregate without any
z References reinforcement is known as PCC.
z Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design (3rd Edition) by PCC is strong in compression and week in tension
tension. Its tensile strength
James G. Macgregor is so small that it can be neglected in design.
z Reinforced Concrete (5th Edition) by Edward G. Nawy Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)
z Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI Mixture of cement , sand and coarse aggregate with
318-08)
reinforcement is known as RCC. (Tensile strength is improved)
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Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) contd..
Mix Proportion Mechanism of Load Transfer
Cement : Sand : Crush
Load
1 : 1.5 : 3 Function of structure is
1 : 2 : 4 to transfer all the loads Roof Surface
1 : 4 : 8 safely to ground.
Water Cement Ratio (W/C) Roof Slab
A particular structural
W/C = 0.5 – 0.6
member transfers load Beams
For a mix p
proportion
p of 1:2:4 and W/C
/ = 0.5,, if cement is 50 kg
g to other structural
Sand = 2 x 50 = 100 Kg Column
member.
Crush = 4 x 50 = 200 Kg Batching By Weight Foundation
Water = 50 x 0.5 = 25 Kg
Sub Soil
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Merits of Concrete Construction Merits of Concrete Construction (contd…)
1. Good Control over cross sectional dimensions and Shape 5. Good Binding Between Steel and Concrete
One of the major advantage of concrete structures is the full there is a very good development of bond between steel and
control over the dimensions and structural shape. Any size and concrete.
shape can be obtained by preparing the formwork accordingly. 6. Stable Structure
2. Availability of Materials Concrete is strong in compression but week in tension and steel as
All the constituent materials are earthen materials (cement, sand, strong in tension so their combination give a strong stable
crush) and easily available in abundance. structure.
3. Economic Structures 7. Less Chances of Buckling
All the materials are easily available so structures are economical. Concrete members are not slim like steel members so chances of
4. Good Insulation buckling are much less.
Concrete is a good insulator of Noise & heat and does not allow 8. Aesthetics
them to transmit completely. concrete structures are aesthetically good and cladding is not
required
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Demerits of Concrete Construction
Merits of Concrete Construction (contd…)
4. Unpredictable Behavior
9. Lesser Chances of Rusting If same conditions are p
provided for mixing,g, p
placing
g and curing
g
steel reinforcement is enclosed in concrete so chances of rusting are even then properties can differ for the concrete prepared at two
reduced. different times.
Demerits of Concrete Construction 5. Inelastic Behavior
1. Week in tension concrete is an inelastic material, its stress-strains curve is not
straight so its behavior is more difficult to understand.
Concrete is week in tension so large amount of steel is required.
2. Increased Self Weight 6. Shrinkage and Creep
Shrinkage is reduction in volume. It takes place due to loss of
Concrete
C t structures
t t h
have more selflf weight
i ht compared d with
ith steel
t l
water even when no load is acting over it. Creep is reduction in
structures so large cross-section is required only to resist self
volume due to sustained loading when it acts for long duration.
weight, making structure costly.
This problem is not in steel structures.
3. Cracking
Unlike steel structures concrete structures can have cracks. More
7. Limited Industrial Behavior
Most of the time concrete is cast-in-situ so it has limited industrial
cracks with smaller width are better than one crack of larger width.
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behavior.
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Specification & Codes Specification & Codes (contd…)
These are rules given by various organizations in order to No code or designg specification
p can be construed
guide the designers for safe and economical design of as substitute for sound engineering judgment in
structures
the design of concrete structures. In the structural
Various Codes of Practices are practice, special circumstances are frequently
1. ACI 318-08 (American Concrete Institute) Building encountered where code provisions can only serve
Code Requirements for Structural Concrete as a guide, and engineer must rely upon a firm
2
2. AASHTO Specifications for Concrete Bridges.
Bridges By understanding
d di off the
h basic
b i principles
i i l off structurall
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials.
mechanics applied to reinforced or pre-stressed
concrete, and the intimate knowledge of nature of
3. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)
for testing of materials. materials
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Design Loads
z Dead Load
“The loads which do not change their magnitude and
position w.r.t. time within the life of structure”
Dead load mainly consist of superimposed loads and self load of
structure.
z Self Load
It is the load of structural member due to its own weight.
g uncertain,, and even their maximum intensities throughout
z Superimposed Load
It is the load supported by a structural member. For
instance self weight of column is self load and load of
beam and slab over it is superimposed load.
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Design Loads (contd…)
z Live Load
“Live loads consist chiefly of occupancy loads in buildings
and traffic loads on bridges”
z They may be either fully or partially in place or not
present at all, and may also change in location.
z Their magnitude and distribution at any given time are
g
the life time of the structure are not known with precision.
z The minimum live loads for which the floor and roof of a
building should be designed are usually specified in the
building codes that governs at the site construction.
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Densities of Important Materials Basic Design Equation
Material Density (Kg/m3) Applied Action x F.O.S = Max. Internal Resistance
PCC 2300
F
Factor off S
Safety
f
RCC 2400
F.O.S. = Max. Failure load/Max. Service Load
Brick masonry 1900-1930
Following points are relevant to F.O.S
Earth/Sand/Brick ballast 1600-1800 1. It is used to cover uncertainties due to
Applied loads
Intensities of Live Loads (Table 1.1, Design of concrete structures by Nilson) 1.
2. Material strength
3. Poor workmanship
Occupancy
p y / Use Live Load(Kg/m2)
( g/ ) 4. Unexpected
p behavior of structure
5. Thermal stresses
Residential/House/Class Room 200 6. Fabrication
Offices 250-500 7. Residual stresses
Library Reading Room 300
2. If F.O.S is provided then at service loads deflection and cracks are
within limits.
Library Stack Room 750 3. It covers the natural disasters.
Warehouse/Heavy storage
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Ultimate Strength Design (USD)/LRFD Method Ultimate Strength Design (USD)/LRFD Method
Strength design method is based on the philosophy of (contd...)
dividing F.O.S. in such a way that Bigger part is applied on ΦSn ≥ U
loads and smaller part is applied on material strength. Where
Sn = Nominal Strength
Material Strength ≥ Applied Load x F.O.S.1 x F.O.S.2 ΦSn = Design Strength
Φ = Strength Reduction Factor
{1 / F.O.S.2} Material Strength ≥ Applied Load x F.O.S.1 U = Required Strength, calculated by applying load factors
For a member subjected to moment, shear and axial load:
F.O.S.1 = Overload factor or Load Factor {greater than 1}
ΦMn ≥ Mu
1/F.O.S.2 = Strength Reduction factor or Resistance Factor {less than 1} ΦVn ≥ Vu
ΦPn ≥ Pu
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Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
In allowable strength design the whole F.O.S. is applied on Plastic Design
material strength
g and service loads ((un-factored)) are taken
as it is. In plastic design,
design plastic analysis is carried
Material Strength / F.O.S. ≥ Service Loads out in order to find the behavior of
In both Allowable strength design and Ultimate strength structure near collapse state. In this type
design analysis carried out in elastic range.
fc ’
of design material strength is taken from
fu inelastic range. It is observed that
ss
Stres

fc’/2
Stress fy whether the failure is sudden or ductile.
Concrete
fy/2 Steel Ductile failure is most favorable because it
gives an warning before the failure of
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Capacity Analysis Objectives of Designer
There are two main objectives
In capacity
p y analysis
y size, shape,
p material strengths
g and
1
1. Safety
Safet
cross sectional dimensions are known and maximum
2. Economy
load carrying capacity of the structure is calculated.
Safety
Capacity analysis is generally carried out for the
The structure should be safe enough to carry all the applied
existing structures. throughout the life.
Economy
Design of Structure Structures should be economical.
economical Lighter structures are
more economical.
In design of structure load, span and material
Economy α 1/self weight (More valid for Steel Structures)
properties are known and cross sectional dimensions
In concrete Structures overall cost of construction decides the
and amount of reinforcement are to be determined. economy, not just the self weight.
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Load Combinations
To combine various loads in such a way to get a critical situation. Strength Reduction Factor / Resistance Factor, Φ
Load Factor = Factor by which a load is to be increased x probability
of occurrence
Strength Condition Strength Reduction Factor
1. 1.2D + 1.6L
Tension controlled section 0.9
2. 1.4D
(bending or flexure)
3. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr
Compression controlled section
4. 1.2D + 1.6Lr + (1.0L or 0.8W)
Where Columns with ties 0.65
D = Dead load Column with spirals 0.7
L = Live load on intermediate floors Shear and Torsion 0.75
Lr = Live load on roof
W = Wind Load
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Shrinkage
“Shrinkage is reduction in volume of concrete due to loss Creep Compressive Specific
of water” “creep iis th
“ the slow
l strength Creep
Coefficient of shrinkage varies with time. Coefficient of shortening is:
deformation of material (MPa) 10-6 per MPa
over considerable lengths of
z 0.00025 at 28 days
time at constant stress or 21 145
z 0.00035 at 3 months load”
z 0.0005 at 12 months Creep deformations for a given
concrete are practically 28 116
Sh i k
Shrinkage = Sh
Shrinkage
i k coefficient
ffi i xL
Length
h proportional to the magnitude of
the applied stress; at any given 41 80
stress, high strength concrete
Excessive shrinkage can be avoided by proper curing show less creep than lower
during first 28 days because half of the total shrinkage
strength concrete. 55 58
takes place during this period
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Creep (contd…) Specified Compressive Strength Concrete, fc’
How to calculate shortenings due to creep? y cylinder
“28 days y strength
g of concrete”
Consider a column of 3m which is under sustained load for
several years. z The cylinder has 150mm dia and 300mm length.
Compressive strength, fc’ = 28 MPa
Sustained stress due to load = 10 MPa z According to ASTM standards at least two cylinders
Specific creep for 28 MPa fc’ = 116 x 10-6 per MPa should be tested and their average is to be taken.
Creep Strain = 10 x 116 x 10-6 = 116 x 10-5
Shortening due to creep = 3000 x 116 x 10-5 ACI 5.1.1: for concrete designed and constructed in
= 3.48 mm accordance with ACI code, fc’ shall not be less than 17.5
Mpa (2500 psi)
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Specified Concrete Compressive Strength, fc’
p
BSS specifies the compressive
p strength
g in terms of
cube strength.
z Standard size of cube is 6”x6”x6”

z BSS recommends testing three cubes and taking their

average as the compressive strength of concrete

Cylinder Strength = (0.75 to 0.8) times Cube Strength

Concrete Cylinder Concrete Cube

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Relevant ASTM Standards Testing of Samples for Compressive Strength
Cylinders should be tested in moist condition because in
z “Methods of Sampling Freshly Mixed dry state it gives more strength.
Concrete” (ASTM C 172) ACI 5.6.2.1: Samples for strength tests of each class of concrete placed
each day shall be taken :
z Not less than once a day
z Practice for Making and Curing Concrete
Test Specimens in Field” (ASTM C 31) z Not less than once for each 115m3 of concrete.

Not less than once for each 450m2 of concrete.

z “Test Methods for Compressive Strength of z

Cylindrical Concrete Specimen” (ASTM C Code allows the site engineer to ask for casting the test sample if he
39) regards it necessary.
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Acceptance Criteria for Concrete Quality
ACI 5.6.3.3: Strength level of an individual class
of concrete shall be considered satisfactory if
both of the following requirements are met:
z Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive
strength tests equals or exceeds fc’.
z No individual strength test (average of two
cylinders) falls below fc’
z by more than 3.5 MPa (500 psi) when fc’ is 35 MPa (5000
psi) or less; or
z by more than 0.10fc’ when fc’ is more than 35 MPa
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Acceptance Criteria for Concrete Quality (contd…)
Example
For Required fc
fc’ = 20 MPa, if following are the test results of 7
samples
z 19, 20, 22, 23, 19, 18, 24 MPa
Mean 1 = (19 + 20 + 22) / 3 = 20.33 MPa
Mean 2 = (20 + 22 + 23) / 3 = 21.67 MPa
Mean 3 = (22 + 23 + 19) / 3 = 21.33 MPa
Mean 4 = (23 + 19 + 18) / 3 = 20.00 MPa
Mean 5 = (19 + 18 + 24) / 3 = 20.33 MPa
1
1. Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive strength tests
equals or exceeds fc’.
2. None of the test results fall below required fc’ by 3.5 MPa.
Considering these two point the quality of concrete is
acceptable
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Mix Design Mix Design (contd…)
z Ingredients of concrete are mixed together in order to ACI-5.3.2 Required
q Average
g Compressive
p Strength
g
get a specified Required Average Strength, fcr’ . Table 5.3.2.1-Required Average Compressive Strength when Data are
Available to Establish a Sample Standard Deviation

z If we use fc’ as target strength during mix design the Specified Compressive Strength, Required Average Strength, fcr’
average strength achieved may fall below fc’. fc’ (MPa) (MPa)
fc’ ≤ 35 Larger of value computed from Eq. (5-1) & (5-2)
fcr’ = fc’ + 1.34 Ss (5-1)
z g concrete fcr’ is used as target
To avoid under-strength g fcr’ = fc’ + 2.33 Ss – 3.45 (5 2)
(5-2)
strength in-place of fc’. fc’ > 35 Larger of value computed from Eq. (5-1) & (5-3)
fcr’ = fc’ + 1.34 Ss (5-1)
fcr’ = 0.9fc’ + 2.33 Ss (5-3)

fcr’ > fc’ Ss = Standard deviation of compressive strength test

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Stress Strain Curve of Concrete
Mix Design (contd…) •The first portion
Table 5.3.2.2-Required Average Compressive Strength when Data of curve, to about
Are Not Available to Establish a Sample Standard Deviation 40% of the
ultimate strength
Specified Compressive Required Average Crushing fc’, can be
Stress considered linear.
Strength, fc’ (MPa) Strength, fcr’ (MPa)
fc’ 0.85fc’ •The lower the
fc’ < 21 fcr’ = fc’ + 7 strength of
21≤ fc’ ≤ 35 fcr’ = fc’ + 8.5 0.4 fc’
concrete the
greater will be the
fc’ > 35 fcr’ = 1.1fc’ + 5 failure strain
0.0028 to 0.0045,
generally 0.003 Strain
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Modulus of Elasticity Modulus of Elasticity (contd…)
Concrete is not an elastic material therefore it does not have a fixed
value
l off modulus
d l off elasticity
l ti it Secant modulus (Ec) is the one which is being used in design.
design

Initial tangent
Modulus
Tangent Modulus
Ec = 0.043 wc1.5√fc’
0.4fc’ wc = density of concrete in kg/m3
Stress
fc’ = specified cylinder strength in MPa
Secant Modulus For normal weight concrete
concrete, say wc = 2300 kg/m3

Ec = 4700√fc’

Strain
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Reinforcing Steel
Steel bars are:
z Plain
l
z Deformed (currently in use)
Deformed bars have longitudinal and transverse ribs. Ribs provide a good
bond between steel and concrete. If this bond fails steel becomes in
effective.
The most important properties for reinforcing steel are:

z Young's
Y ' modulus,
d l E (200 GPa)
GP )
z Yield strength, fy
z Ultimate strength, fu
z Size and diameter of bar
Steel Bars
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Reinforcing Steel (contd..) Reinforcing Steel (contd…)
Steel Grade Designation FPS
Stress Strain Curve for Steel z Grade 300, fy = 300 MPa Grade 40
For hot rolled
z Grade 420, fy = 420 MPa Grade 60
steel bars
z Grade 520, fy = 520 MPa Grade 70
fu Cold twisted
yielding Grade 520 steel bars are
Strain Hardening
fy available in
Stress

Grade 450 grade 420

fy/2
/ Stress
S

Grade 300

For hot rolled steel bars

Strain

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Strain

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Reinforcing Steel (contd..)
For simplification the stress strain diagram is consider bilinear because after yielding
cracks appear and concrete becomes in effective.
effective

Bilinear Curve

Concluded
Stress

Strain
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