Close-up

UNIT 1
Personally Speaking
STUDENT’S BOOK
p.6-7 How does fear spread?

facial expression-saხis gamometyveleba;

posture- პოზა;
to process (information)-გადამუშავება;
to be aware of = to be conscious of -იყო გათვითცნობიერებული;
observer -დამკვირვებელი;
stills -სცენა ფილმიდან; კადრი;
flock of birds-ფრინველთა გუნდი;
prey -ნადავლი; მსხვერპლი;
to evaluate- შეფასება;
to carry out- ჩატარებa; განხორციელება;

p.8-9

desperate-სასოწარკვეთილი;
disastrous-დამანგრეველი; დამღუპველი;
to cope with -შეგუება; გამკლავება;
severe-მწვავე;
amazement-გაოცება;
confidence-რწმენა;

just out of curiosity -მხოლოდ ცნობისმოყვარეობის გამო;

to be at the edge of the seat- ყურადღებით ადევნო თვალი მოვლენებს;
to be at a loss for words- სიტყვები არ გყოფნიდეს; დაიბნე;
to get under somebody’s skin-შეაწუხო ვინმე; თავი მოაბეზრო;
to keep somebody in suspense - მოუთმენლად ალოდინო; დაძაბულ მდგომარეობაში
ამყოფო;
to be in/on good term with somebody-კარგი ურთიერთობა გქონდეს;
to bottle up -არ გამოამჟღავნო გრძნობები;
to chicken out-შეგეშინდეს რაიმეს გაკეთება;
to freak out-გაგიჟება;
 UNIT 1
WORKBOOK
p.11 Global versus Local
Uncertainty-დაურწმუნებლობა;
Challenge-გამოწვევა, სირთულე;
To be up against- to be confronted with;
Mood swings-ხასიათის ცვლილება
Ecstatic-ეგზალტირებული; აღტკინებული;
Issue -საკითხი;
To race-დიდი სისწრაფით მოძრაობა;
To play havoc -აოხრება; განადგურება;
Curly (hair)-ხვეული თმა;
Complicated-რთული;
To have something in common-გქონდეს საერთო;
To hang around-usaqmuroba;
Former –yofili
To declare –gamoacxado, ganacxado raime;
Sibling-dedmamiSvili (da, Zma);
Doom-saSineli, sazareli;
Gloom-bneli, pirquSi;
Insecure-daucveli;
Tip-miniSneba rCeva;
Confide in someone-gaendo vinmes;
To explode-afeTqeba;
To get something off your chest –Tqva rac gawuxebs;
To breath-sunTqva;
To rush-to hurry;
Oxygen-Jangbadi;
To heighten-gazrda, gaZliereba;
Nostril-nesto;
To inhale-CasunTqva;
To exhale-amosunTqva;
next to no time –Zalian male;

to be down – to be depressed

feelings of frustration - იმედგაცრუების შეგრძნება

To keep fit-iyo formaSi;

To push yourself to limits-maqsimalurad gaakeTo rac SegiZlia;
Frustration-sasowarkveTiloba, uimedoba;
Accomplishment-achievement; success, triumph Sesruleba, dasruleba, miRweva,
warmateba;

Show – biz-Sou biznesi;

UNIT 2
One World
STUDENT’S BOOK

P.18 Globalisation

to bring together – Tavmoyra dakavSireba;

to bear the name – atarebdes saxels;
scale – masStabi;
affordable – xelmisawvdomi (fasebi);
to resemble – to look like; to be similar to; to be like; gavdes;
resemblance –n- msgavseba;
to encourage – to raise spirits; waxaliseba, gamxneveba, xelis Sewyoba;
familiar – something that is easy for you to recognize because you have seen, heard, or
experienced it many times in the past; nacnobi, cnobili;
to be familiar with – icnobde;
to create demand for – moTxovnilebis Seqmna;
to catch on –to become popular; 2. – be on the watch, დადარაჯება, ჩასაფრება;

outsourcing - a practice used by different companies to reduce costs by transferring the entire
factory or portions of work to outside suppliers rather than completing it
internally in order to save costs; warmoebis mTlianad an nawilobriv
gadatana dabalxarjian regionebSi xarjebis dasazogad;

p. Ex. H
1. When in Rome + when in Rome do as the Romans do – sadac waxval, iqauri qudi
Daixure;
Not for all the tea in China - not for anything at all; used to say that nothing could persuade you
to do something;
Too many chiefs and not enough Indians – too many people want to be the leader, and not
enough people are willing to follow to do the detail work;
pardon my French – excuse my use of sweat words or taboo words (does not refer to real French)
bodiSi gamoTqmisTvis, magram...;
It’s all Greek to me – I don’t understand what is written or said;
It’s just Chinese whispers- Inaccurately transmitted gossip; :gafuWebuli telefoni”
 UNIT 2
.
One World
WORKBOOK
A
part and parcel- ganuyofeli nawili;
Fascinating - inspiring a great interest or attraction; syn. captivating; charming;

to reach common goals – saerTo miznebis miRweva;

plain sailing- smooth and easy progress;

executives – xelmZRvaneli;, aRmasrulebeli;
to get to know – gacnoba;
to venture- to risk; gariskva, riskze wasvla, gabedva;
B
to witness- sakuTari TvaliT ixilo, mowme gaxde;
boom- bumi, swrafi zrda;
resident –dweller, inhabitant; macxovrebeli;
to cripple – dasaxiCreba, dazianeba, gafuWeba, mwyobridan gamoyvana;
given- Tu gaviTvaliswinebT;
to make an effort- Zalisxmevis gamoyeneba;
manufacturer – mwarmoebeli
C
keen traveller – adamiani, visi gatacebac mogzaurobaa;
to set up – to found, to start; daarseba;
to make up- Seadgendes;
on a day-to-day basis- yoveldRiurad;
to snap up – to grasp sth. quickly; to acquire sth ot someone quickly and eagerly; dataceba;
talent scout – a person whose occupation is to search for talented people, professionals;
to pick up – aiTviso (ena)
to adjust –Segueba;
to stick out- to continue doing something difficult or unpleasant to the end; gaZleba, darCena;
soil – niadagi;
foreseeable future - as far into the future as you can imagine or plan for; uaxloesi momavali;

p.12
to shroud –to wrap; to cover, envelop, or hide; Semosva;
hotspot- a popular place of entertainment:
2. 2) a place of significant activity, danger, or violence. cxeli wertili;

to take over – to take or  get control of something by force;

p.1
bazaar – market; marketplace;
vendor – seller dealer, merchant, salesperson;
nomad – migrant, traveller; momTabare;
p. 14
to have a go – to make an attempt; to try;

p.15
ordeal [Ɔ:'di:l] – mkacri gamocda;
dusk – bindi; Sebindeba;

p. 17
tough time- mZime dro;
UNIT 3
STAR QUALITY
STUDENT’S BOOK
p.32-33 The Search for CLEOPATRA

household name- a person or thing that is well-known

inspiration-STagoneba
tomb-akldama; grave;
silhouette- the outline of a solid figure as cast by its shadow; silueti; gamosaxuleba;
persuasiveness –convincingness; damajerebloba;
to commit suicide- Caidino TviTmkvleloba;
ancestor –winapari
obvious- naTeli; aSkara;
a name (not accepted in technical usage) for tsunami;
fame –dideba, saxeli;
victorious - triumphant , victor; having defeated an adversary; Ggamarjvebuli, triumfatori;

p. 34-35

account -a verbal or written report, description, or narration of some occurrence, event, etc
chubby –[t∫˄bi]plump and round; fat;

to reach for the stars- having ambitious aim;

filthy rich –Zalian mdidari;
to get a lucky break –iRbalma gagiRimos; Sansi mogeces;
to name drop –to mention the name of famous people in an attempt to impress or influence
others;
to get stars in the eyes- obsession with celebrities, cinemas, theatres;
to make a name –to become successful;

to catch on-to become popular and fashionable;

to cater to –uzrunvelyofa; momsaxureoba;
to come in for-daimsaxuro raime cudi (sayveduri, kritika, risxva);
go around –move about;
live up to –gaamarTlo (imedebi, molodini, saxeli, reputacia);
look down on-“zemodan” uyuro sxvebs;
nose about –cnobismoyvareoba; cxviris Cayofa sxvis saqmeSi;
start out –daiwyo, daapiro raimes gakeTeba;

p.36-37
amateur- ['æmₔtₔ]a person who engages in an activity, esp a sport, as a pastime rather than
professionally or for gain; moyvaruli;
mission -a specific task or duty assigned to a person or group of people

p. 42
warlord-mxedarTmTavari; a military leader of a nation or part of a nation, esp. one who is
accountable to nobody when the central government is weak;
to restore –aRdgena;
justice -the principle of fairness that like cases should be treated alike; samarTali;
to prosper- flourish , thrive , succeed , do well; ayvaveba;
prosperity- the condition of prospering; success or wealth; keTildReoba;
dutiful -exhibiting or having a sense of duty;
foundations -that on which something is founded; basis;
moral -concerned with or relating to human behavior, esp. the distinction between good and bad
or right and wrong behavior;

UNIT 3
STAR QUALITY
WORKBOOK
p.21 The Life of Carol Vincent
Obscurity – gaurkvevloba; obscure – adj.
Lookalike -a person, esp a celebrity, or thing that is the double of another; oreuli;
Dingy - 1) lacking light or brightness; drab 2) dirty; discolored; WuWyiani, uRimRamo, uferuli;
Decomposed - rot, putrefy, decay; lpoba; daSla;
Forensic - relating to, used in, or connected with a court of law;
To track down -to find by tracking or pursuing; kvalSi dadevneba;
Fate -destiny, fortune; bedi; iRbali;
Baronet -(in Britain) a commoner (sazogadoebisTvis cnobili) who holds the lowest;
hereditary(memkvidreobiTi) title of honor, ranking below a baron;
To play tribute – Seitano wvlili;
To nurture -1. breeding, upbringing , training; 2. the act or process of promoting the
development, etc., of a child-xelis Sewyoba; aRzrda;
Wake -up call –1. a telephone call that you can book through an operator or at a hotel to make
sure that you wake up at a particular time;
2. alarm call that it will make one notice something and start to take action.;
gafrTxileba;

tenant -a person who has the use of a house, flat, etc., subject to the payment of rent; mdgmuri;
to evict - to expel (a tenant) from property by process of law; turn out; gasaxleba;
curiosity-cnobismoyvareoba;
spark –naperwkali;
to initiate – wamowyeba; dawyeba;

p.23
astounding-causing amazement and wonder; gansacvifrebeli;
to pledge –Txovna;

to take the vows-a solemn promise, pledge, or personal commitment: marriage vows; 

out of the blue - completely unexpected: uceb; moulodnelad; 
to yank –[jænk] -a sudden hard pull.waglejva;
to float-tivtivi;

UNIT 4
City Living
STUDENT’S BOOK
P.44 Up on the roof
to spring up – to appear or develop suddenly; to sprout, as with a seedling
to come into existence; take on form or shape; gaCena, aRmoceneba;
layer – fena;
to scrape away - to scratch or rasp something off something; .Camofxeka, gawmenda.
Mmocileba, moSoreba
tempting – attracting someone, even if wrong or unwise; macdunebeli;
harsh – uxeSi, mkacri, boroti;
habitat – home, place, environment; sacxovrebeli, adgili, garemo, teritoria,
sod - the ground, especially when covered with grass;
prairie [preₔri] large area of flat, grassy land in North America. Prairies have very few trees.
conventional –traditional; unoriginal; Cveulebrivi, sayovelTaod miRebuli,
tradiciuli;
insulation – izolacia;
to absorb – STanTqma;
to fluctuate- to vary, alter, change, swing; meryeoba;
incentive – motivation, encouragement; stimuli;
in the long run - over or after a long period of time; eventually; sabolood, didi xnis
Semdeg; garkveuli drois Semdeg;
low maintenance - not needing much effort or money;
p.46
alley [æli] - a narrow passage or street with buildings or walls on both sides.

p. 47 Ex. G
ghost-town –-  a town that no longer has any people living in it : an abandoned town
Talk of the town – 1. idle gossip or rumor
2. to be the person or subject that everyone is talking about and interested in 
Night on the town - an evening when you go to a various places and enjoyenrtainment,
such as dancing, eating in a restaurant or drinking in a bar;

To paint the town red - to party or celebrate in a rowdy, wild manner, especially in

a public place; to go out and celebrate; to go on a drinking bout; to get drunk;

p. 47 Ex. H

population density – mosaxleobis simWidrove;

concrete – betoni; betonis;
to escape the rat race – to escape/ avoid tough competition esp. in big cities;
walk of life – background; The walk of life that you come from is the position that you have in
society and the kind of job you have.
sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba, saqmianoba, socialuri
fena / mdgomareoba;
p.49 Ex.I
fado music – Portuguese folk song typically of doleful, sad or fatalistic character and usually
accompanied by the guitar.
to abandon – mitoveba;
canvass –tilo; tilo mxatvrebis /suraTebis;

p.52
fossil fuel – wiaRiseuli sawvavi (navTobi, gazi, qvanaxSiri, torfi, da a.S.)
to run out (of) – gamoleva, gaTaveba;
to come to a halt – gaCereba, funqcionirebis Sewyveta;
to cease – to stop; Sewyveta;

p. 54 Ex C
uninhibited- Tavisufali, daubrkolebeli;

UNIT 4
 City Living
WORKBOOK

p. 27 Sherford: A green City of the future

to commence – to begin, to start, to originate; dawyeba;
to be due- unda; gansazRvrulia, dagegmilia, gaTvaliswinebulia
urban sprawl – 1.  a situation in which large stores, groups of houses, etc., are built in an area
around a city that formerly had few people living in it
2.  the spreading of urban developments (as houses and shopping centers) on
undeveloped land near a city
sustainable urbanism - the emerging and growing design reform movement that combines the
creation of walkable and diverse places with the need to build high-
performance infrastructure and buildings.
feel – n – SegrZneba;
distinctive - individual, peculiar, typical; damaxasiaTebeli, Taviseburi; misTvis
Cveuli; individualuri;
self- contained – damoukidebeli, avtonomiuri, izolirebuli;
income bracket = income group –sazogadoebis jgufebi Semosavlis mixedviT;
to purchase – to buy; to obtain;
livelihood –living, employment, maintenance, occupation;
to eliminate – to remove, eradicate, abolish; aRmofxvra, gauqmeba;
fossil fuel – wiaRiseuli sawvavi (navTobi, gazi, qvanaxSiri, torfi, da a.S.)
to ban – to prohibit, restrict, limit, bar; akrZalva;
recreational area – dasasvenebeli adgili/zona;

p. 29. Ex E
to cater for-to provide, supply; momsaxureba; emsaxurebodes;
to opt for – to choose, select;

P. 30 Ex A
leafy – green;
bustling- busy, active, lively, full of life, full of go;
retreat – v., n.- ukan daxeva;

P. 35 Ex C
to be on the move – moZraobaSi yofna;
Congested – crowded; flocked, gadatvirTuli;
to queue (up for) – rigSi dgoma (raRacisTvis);
leg - mgzavrobis / gzis nawili;

p.36 Ex E

to lure – to tempt, trap, entice; mizIdva, moxibvla, cduneba;

to humiliate – damcireba;
 humiliating- damamcirebeli;

UNIT-5
Tied to Technology
STUDENT’S BOOK

p.58-59 The Hubble Space Telescope

enlightening –ganmanaTlebeli, didaqtikuri;

enlightened - ganaTlebuli; azrze mosuli;
spectacular –impressive; thrilling , gripping; STambeWdavi;
to orbit -the regularly repeated elliptical(relating to or having the shape of an ellipse) course of a
celestial
(zeciuri) object or spacecraft about a star or planet.
To distort –damaxinjeba;
Precise – zusti
in earnest -Showing or expressing sincerity or seriousness:
degrade - to reduce in worth, character, etc.; gafuWeba;
successor-memkvidre;
emit -give off , eject, throw out
to bounce-to cause (such an object) to hit a solid surface and spring back; xtoma, asxletva,
complicated-rTuli

p.60-61

to assemble-Segroveba; awyoba;
to input data –Seitano monacemebi kompiuterSi;
to navigate –manevrireba;
to steer –marTva (mag. manqanis);
bolt-mexi;
bolt struck-mexi daeca;
pack –SefuTul nivTze dawerili informacia;
to expose –miSvera, daucveloba raRacis mimarT;

p.68

passion -a strong affection or enthusiasm for an object, concept, etc; didi grZnoba
revolutionary -radically new or different;
to lose sensation in the limbs –dakargo mgrZnobeloba kidurebSi;
astounding- causing amazement and wonder; bewildering; gasaocari; gamaognebeli;
 UNIT-5
Tied to Technology
WORKBOOK
p.37 MAYAN TECHNOLOGY
sophisticated-daxvewili, gamocdili; rTuli, modernizebuli;
remarkable-outstanding , wonderful; SesaniSnavi;
to observe-dakvirveba;
accurate –zusti;
temple –taZari
wheel –borbali
accomplishment- miRweva, Sesruleba;
explorer – mkvlevari
to encounter -to come upon or meet casually or unexpectedly
stretchy –welvadi
by accident-SemTxveviT
latex- [leiteks] a whitish milky fluid containing protein, etc., that is produced by many plants.
Latex
from the rubber tree is used in the manufacture of rubber;
water resistant –wyalgaumtari;
glue –webo;

photovoltaic -concerned with, or producing electric current or voltage caused by

electromagnetic
radiation; fotogalvanuri;
sci-fi (film)- ['saiˏfai]science fiction;

UNIT 6
Fun, Fun, Fun
STUDENT’S BOOK

P.70
A
leaflet – a little book or a piece of paper containing information about a particular subject.
flyer, flier;
shelter – housing, accommodation, sanctuary; TavSesafari;

B
jaw-dropping - extremely surprising, impressive, or shocking.

C
to squander- to waste (time, money, resources, or opportunities);
to hunch (over) – mokuzva, mxrebis Camoyra; hunch -n- winaTgrZnoba, intuicia;
to be out and about - regularly going out of the house to work, take part in social activity, etc,
to socialize – to meet people, to interact;
shackled – prevented from doing what you want to do. [FORMAL];
mijaWvuli, daborkili, xelfexSekruli;
to indicate –miTiTeba;, miniSneba, Cveneba;
wide range – farTo speqtri, farTo asortimenti (arCevani); didi raodenoba;
D
restless – mousvenari, sanerviulo;
to sample – to try;
to lounge- to sit or lie there in a relaxed or lazy way.
to do something worthwhile – gaako raime Rirebuli;

p. 72 Ex. D
gear – 1. clothing, garments; 2. equipment, tools;
hide and seek – damalobana;
bucket –vedro, CamCa, xapia;

p. 73 Ex. G
to appeal -1. to find sth. attractive or interesting. mowoneba;
e.g. I like the book = the book appeals to me.
2. to make a serious and urgent request to them. Txovna, mowodeba;

p.73 Ex. I
on second thought -after reconsideration; resulting from a revised opinion or a change of mind;
from time to time – sometimes; occasionally; ever so often, once and again, once in a while;
to be at a loose end – to have spare time and not to know what to do with it.
once in a blue moon – very rarely;
to be in two minds – to be unable to decide;

UNIT 6
Fun, Fun, Fun
WORKBOOK
P.44
B
tug of war - 1. (game) a contest in which two teams pull at opposite ends of a rope until one
drags the other over a central line ;
2. a situation in which two evenly matched people or factions are striving to keep or
obtain the same thing;

C
hostility – mtroba; hostile – mtruli;
to catch up with – 1. to talk to (someone) whom one has not seen for some time in order to find
out what they have been doing:
2. to succeed in reaching a person who is ahead of one:

to have a blast - to enjoy doing something very much; to have a great time; to have a lot of fun;
captivated by famous people or by fame itself. feeling or showing great interest in and
admiration for famous people