Carnot Cycle

- An ideal closed thermodynamic cycle in which the working substance goes

through the four successive operations of isothermal expansion to a desired
point, adiabatic expansion to a desired point isothermal compression and
adiabatic compression back to its initial state.

Example problem (Carnot Cycle)

1. A refrigerating system operates on the reversed Carnot cycle. The higher
temperature of the refrigerant in the system is 120F and the lower is 10F. The
capacity is 20 tons. Neglect losses. Determine:
a. Coefficient of performance
b. Heat rejected from the system in Btu/min
c. Net work in Btu/min
d. Horsepower

2. A refrigeration system operates on the reversed Carnot cycle. The minimum and
maximum temperatures are minus 25C and plus 72C, respectively. If the heat
rejected at the condenser is 6000 kJ/min, draw the TS diagram and find, (a)
power input required and (b) tons of refrigeration developed.

Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems

Refrigeration is that branch of science which deals with the process of reducing
and maintaining the temperature of a space or material below the temperature of the
surroundings.
Refrigerant is the working substance in refrigeration system.

The process which compromise the standard vapor-compression cycle are:

1-2, reversible and adiabatic compression from saturated vapor to the condenser
pressure
2-3, reversible rejection of heat at constant pressure desuperheating and condensation
3-4, irreversible expansion at constant enthalpy from saturated liquid to the evaporator
pressure
4-1, reversible addition of heat at constant pressure in evaporation to saturated vapor

Analysis of the Vapor Compression Cycle

Compressor
w = work of compression, kJ/kg
h1 = enthalpy entering the compressor, kJ/kg
h2 = enthalpy leaving the compressor, kJ/kg
m = mass flow rate, kg/s
W = theoretical compressor power, kJ/s or kW
v1 = specific volume of vapor, m3/kg or L/kg
V1 = volume flow rate, m3/s or L/s

Condenser
qc = heat rejected, kJ/kg
h2 = enthalpy entering the condenser
h3 = enthalpy leaving the condenser
Qc = total heat rejected, kJ/s
Expansion Valve
h3 = enthalpy entering the expansion valve
h4 = enthalpy leaving the expansion valve

Evaporator
qe = refrigerating effect, kJ/kg
h4 = enthalpy entering the evaporator
h1 = enthalpy leaving the evaporator
Qc = refrigerating capacity, kJ/s

Coefficient of Performance (COP)

Efficiency

Example problem (Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems)

1. A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R-12 system operates at an evaporating
temperature of -5C and condensing temperature of 40C. Determine (a)
refrigerating effect per kg, (b) the work per kg, (c) the heat rejected at the
condensers per kg, (d) the COP. For refrigerating capacity of 1kW, determine (e)
the total heat rejected at the condenser, (f) the work and (g) the volume flow rate.

2. An air conditioning system of a high rise building has a capacity of 350kW of

refrigeration, uses R-12. The evaporating and condensing temperatures are 0C
and 35C, respectively. Determine the following: (a) Mass of flash gas per kg of
refrigerant circulated, (b) mass of R-12 circulated per second, (c) volumetric rate
of flow under suction condition, (d) work of compression in kW, and (e) COP

3. An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates at 247.1 kPa suction pressure and
1169 kPa condenser pressure. For a load of 1688 kJ/min, determine (a) the m3/h
of cooling water in the condenser if the water temperature is increased by 6C°,
(b) the compressor work, and (c) the piston displacement if clearance is 5%.