PARENTING PROCESS

INTRODUCTION:

 Parents are usually the first people a child learns to trust. Parents and families are the
most important people in children’s lives.
 The many different relationships people form over the course of the life span, the
relationship between parent and child is among the most important.
 Parenting refers to the aspects of raising a child aside from the biological relationship.
 Meeting the child’s needs to age of 18 or sometimes longer. Guiding the child toward
the goal of becoming a competent adult.
DEFINITION:

The parent-child relationship consists of a combination of behaviors, feelings, and

expectations that are unique to a particular parent and a particular child. The relationship
involves the full extent of a child's development.

 Parenting- It is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional,

social, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood.
 Parenting styles- It means a psychological construct representing standard strategies
that parents use in their child rearing.

TYPES OF PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP:

There are mainly four categories of parent child relationship.

1.Secure relationships:
This is the strongest type of attachment. A child in this category feels he can depend
on his parent or provider. He knows that person will be there when he needs support.

2.Avoidant relationships:
This is one category of attachment that is not secure. Avoidant children have learned
that depending on parents won’t get them that secure feeling they want, so child learn to
take care of themselves. Avoidant children may seem too independent and usually do not
build strong relationships.

3.Ambivalent relationships:
Ambivalence is another way a child may be insecurely attached to his parents. Child
notice what behavior got their parents’ attention in the past and use it over and over.
Children are always looking for that feeling of security.

4.Disorganized relationships:
Disorganized children don’t know what to expect from their parents. Children with
relationships learn to predict how his parent will react, whether it is positive or negative.
Child also learns that doing certain things will make their parents do certain things.
PARENTING STYLES AND OUTCOMES:
1. Authoritarian
2. Authoritative
 3. Permissive/Indulgent
4. Detached
1. Authoritarian Parents:- Limits without Freedom
 The parent is demanding but not responsive.Authoritarian parents are rigid in their
rules; they expect absolute obedience from the child without any questioning.
Authoritarian parents are strict disciplinarians.
 These parents are extremely strict and are often cold. They communicate through
lectures, yelling, punishment, and one-sided discussions.

 Outcome:
 Obedient
 Distrustful
 No expression of freedom
 Withdrawn
 Unhappy
 Hostile
 Not High Achievers

2. Authoritative:- Freedom without limits

 Authoritative parents show respect for the opinions of their children. Authoritative
parents are both responsive and demanding; they are firm, but they discipline with
love and affection, rather than power.
 On the other extreme of the parenting spectrum is permissive parenting. As the name
suggests, permissive parenting is more of an "anything goes" attitude. These parents
do not attempt to exert any sort of control over their children.

 Outcome:
 Aggressive
 Least self—reliant
 Least self-controlled
 Least exploratory
 Most unhappy

3. Permissive/Indulgent:- Freedom within limits

 Permissive (indulgent) parents have little or no control over the behavior of their
children. Indulgent parents are responsive but not especially demanding. They have
few expectations of their children and impose little or inconsistent discipline. There
are empty threats of punishment without setting limits. Role reversal occurs.
 Democratic parenting is the middle ground approach and is often considered the
parenting ideal. Democratic parenting is based on warmth, love, guidance, and
positive discipline.

 Outcome:
 Happy
 Mostly self-reliant
 Mostly self-controlled
 Content, friendly, generous
 Cooperative
 High-achiever’
4. Detached:-
 Detached parents are neither responsive nor demanding. They may be careless or
unaware of the child's needs for affection and discipline.
CHARACTERISTICS:
1) Flexible/Adaptable
2) Connected
3) Appropriate boundaries
4) Open Communication
5) Discipline

1) Flexible/Adaptable:
o Good parents must be flexible and adaptable.
o They have ability to recognize and accommodate the child’s need. Help the child by
giving clear directions, offering opportunities to choose and negotiate.

2) Connected:
o Parents should have ability to differentiate the child’s worth from his or her behavior,
and create a reward-oriented environment in which consequences are positive
outcome.
o Respond to a child’s problems or feelings with acceptance, support and validation.

3) Appropriate boundaries:
o The parent-child relationship includes various boundaries.
o Healthy boundaries consider that what the parent and the child want in a positive way
to find a mutually agreeable solution or limit.

4) Open Communication:
o The way the parent and child communicate sets the tone for the relationship.
o The healthy parent-child relationships use positive communication that separates the
child's worth from behavior.

5) Discipline:
o For healthy parent child relationship discipline also very important aspect.
o To finding the solution of conflicts and behavioral problem helps to encourage the
strong relation rather than punishing children in an attempt to teach.
FACTORS INFLUENCING PARENTING:
 Family structure
 Social and community support
 Relationship History
 Emotional system
 Temperament
 Parenting Experiences
 Intellectual Capacity
 Education (formal and informal)
 Cultural context and experiences

METHODS TO IMPROVE CHILD - PARENT RELATIONSHIPS:

 1. Play games with Child.
2. Casual conversation.
3. Bring the child to new places.
4. Rewarding
EFFECTIVE PARENTING:

 Parenting from the Heart

 Parenting is a gift of God
 Parenting is Gardening- the Universe blossoms in face of child. By bringing out the
best in your child, you bring out the best in this universe.
 Parenting is Trust- The biggest trust is being entrusted with a life. The biggest
responsibility is to live that trust throughout your life.
 Parenting is Labor of Love- The sleepless nights, the career sacrifices, the postponing
of your so many activities. The prize of parenting comes at a price.
 Parenting is Enjoying- Smiling together, singing songs, playing together with your
child…..are most enjoyable moments of life.
PARENTING MYTHS AND REALITIES:

Myth #1: All parenting skills are instinctive

Facts:
o No one is born with all the preparation needed to be an effective parent
o Many parenting skills must be learned through gaining knowledge and experience

Myth# 2: A mature adult can be a perfect parent

Facts:
o Humans are not perfect, so no one can be a perfect parent
o Mature adults should strive to become competent parents, not perfect parents

Myth 3#: Good parenting guarantees good children

Facts:
o Influences outside the family, such as peers, adults other than parents, and media
affect children in healthy or unhealthy ways
Myth #4: Parenting is always fun
Facts:
o Like any other job, parenting can be fun, sad, exciting, boring, satisfying, and
frustrating
o Adults should have realistic expectations about parenting

A-Z OF PARENTING:
A-Accept your child for the wonderful person he or she is
B-Be a good role model in all you say and do.
C- Communicate respectfully and listen attentively to your child.
D- Discipline fairly, firmly and with love
E- Encourage good eating habits
F- Find ways to get and stay fit together
G- Give chores that built responsibility
H- Hug your child to build self-worth
I- Instill respect for other people
J- Join PTMs and other school activities to assess child’s progress
K- Keep your promise or do not make them
L- Laugh together and enjoy each other’s company
M- Make family rules and enforce them consistently
N- Never Use physical force on your child
O- Offer your help whenever it’s needed
P- Praise your child for achievements as well as for efforts
Q- Quickly stop your child from harmful activities
R- Read together often and make reading fun
S- Show patience and remember nobody is perfect
T- Teach health and safety rules
U- Use every opportunity to show your love
V- Value your child’s thoughts and opinion
W- Wait until you cool down before disciplining your child
X- Xerox and save records of your child’s achievements
Y- You can make a difference in your child’s life….so parent with pride
Z- Zoom over this ABC again and again.
SUMMARY:
In this assignment, I have explained about parenting process. I have explained about
the definition, types of parent child relationship, parenting style and outcome, characteristics,
factors affecting parenting, effective parenting. I have also explained about the parenting
myths and realities and A to Z parenting.
CONCLUSION:
The parent-child relationship consists of a combination of behaviors, feelings, and
expectations that are unique to a particular parent and a particular child. Whereas Parenting is
the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual
development of a child which is having different styles child rearing. There are many factors
which influence the relationship but parent child relationship can be maintained by various
ways as appreciating the child, taking him to new places and casual conversation between
parents and children.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
BOOKS:
 Dorothy R. Marlow, Textbook of Pediatric nursing, Saunders publisher, 6th edition,
page no. 31-39

 Marilyn J Hockenberry, Essential of pediatric nursing, Mosby publisher, 7th edition,

page no.29-48

 Parul Dutta. “PAEDIATRIC NURSING”, 1st edi; 2007, Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, pp-80-82.

 Susamma Varghese. “TEXTBOOK OF PAEDIATRIC NURSING,” 1st edi, 2015,

Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, pp-190-193.
JOURNALS:

 The Association For Prenatal And Perinatal Psychology And Health, Joanne, birth
psychology, the parenting process in the prenatal period: A developmental theory,
volume 7, Issue 2, 1992.
Retrieved from: https://birthpsychology.com/journals/volume-7-issue-2/parenting-
process-prenatal-period-developmental-theory

 Journals of midwifery and women’s health, Janet A. Deatrick, The process of

parenting a child with a disability: normalization through accommodations, 1988.
Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365 2648. 1988.
WEBSITES:

 Provider parent partnership, Dee love, different Types of Parent-Child Relationships

Retrieved from: http://www.extension.purdue.edu/providerparent/Family-Child
%20Relationships /DifferentTypesP-C.htm
 Navjyot shah, parent child relationship, slideshare, 23rd Nov, 2012.
Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/NavjyotSinghChoudhary/parents-child-
relationship

 Ezine articles, methods to improve child parent relationship

Retrieved from: http://ezinearticles.com/?Methods-to-Improve-Child---
ParentRelationships&id =1703081

 Wikipedia, parenting
Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting

 Basics of good parenting

Retrieved from:http://schools.nyc.gov/NR/rdonlyres/DEF1E968-827F-4B23-B50A-
F139D71E5C6E/119501/Basicsofgoodparenting0001.pdf
MANIBA BHULA NURSING COLLEGE

SUBJECT: OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGICAL

NURSING

TOPIC: PARENTING PROCESS

SUBMITTED TO, SUBMITTED BY,

Ms. Kinjal Mistry Ms. Hiral Mistry

Assistant professor, 1st year M.Sc. Nursing,

M.B.N.C. M.B.N.C.
SUBMITTED ON,