Important Concepts in Purposive Communication

Purposive Communication - is about writing, speaking, and presenting to different audiences and for various purposes.
Communication process is the exchange of information between two or more people. It evolved from the Latin
terms communis, a noun, meaning, common and communicare, a verb, meaning, to make something common.

Five Basic Purposes for Communicating

1. We communicate to develop and maintain our sense of self.
2. We communicate to meet our social needs.
3. We communicate to develop and maintain relationships.
4. We communicate to exchange information.
5. We communicate to influence others.

Elements of Communication
1. Sender, Receiver, Communicator- people who send and receive messages using channel
2. Message- idea, concept, emotion, desire, or feeling that a person wants to share with another person
3. Channel/medium- the means by which the sender sends his message
4. Feedback- the receiver’s response to the message he received
5. Noise- interference that keeps a message from being understood or correctly interpreted.
6. Setting/Context- the environment in which the communication occurs.

Barriers of Communication
1. Physical barriers- are those that separate people from each other and mark territories.
2. Perceptual barriers- different world views can create misunderstanding.
3. Emotional barriers- these can occur if one is consumed with emotion.
4. Cultural barriers- ethnic, religious and social differences can often create misunderstandings when trying
to communicate.
5. Gender barriers- males and females have different style of communication.
6. Language barriers- when you use words or a language that are alien or unknown to the receiver, it will
certainly stop your message from being conveyed.
7. Interpersonal barriers- these are barriers created to distance themselves from other.

Classifications of Communication
A. Communication Type According to Mode
1. Main Categories
a) Verbal- use of sounds, words, or speaking
b) Nonverbal- use of tone of voice, body language, gestures, eye contact, facial expression
c) Visual- use of signs, symbols, imagery, maps, charts, graphs, illustrations, etc.
2. Sub Categories
a) Video- used to engage in communication despite distance
 b) Audio- used to send voice messages/ voice mails
c) Face-to-face- used to engage in relationship
d) Text-based- used to disseminate info to a larger audience

B. Communication Type According to Context

1. Interpersonal- Talking to oneself
2. Intrapersonal- Interactive exchange/group communication
3. Extended- Use of electronic media
4. Organizational- Role in an organization
5. Intercultural- Between or among multicultural people

C. Communication Type According to Purpose and Style

1. Formal- employs formal language (e.g. lecture, public speech, forums, reports, project proposals, etc.)
2. Informal- involves personal and ordinary conversations with friends, family members and
acquaintances.

Communication Models
1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication

2. Laswell’s Model of Communication

3. Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication

4. Berlo’s Model of Communication

General Principles of Effective Communication
1. Know your purpose in communicating.
2. Know your audience. In both speaking and writing, you should know your audience as it will dictate the
speaking or writing style you are going to employ.
3. Know your topic. You communicate essentially because you want to share something.
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation.
5. Work on the feedback given to you. Once you receive comments from the listeners/readers, work on
them.

Principles of Effective Oral Communication

1. Be clear with your purpose. You should know by heart your objective in communicating.
2. Be specific and timely with your feedback. Inputs are most helpful when provided on time.
3. Be concise. You do not need to be verbose or wordy with your statements. Brevity in speech is a must.
4. Be natural with your delivery. Punctuate important words with the appropriate gestures and
movements.
5. Be complete with the message you deliver. Make sure that your claims are supported by facts and
essential information.

Principles of Effective Written Communication: 7Cs

1. Be clear. 4. Be correct. 7. Be courteous.
2. Be concise. 5. Be coherent.
3. Be correct. 6. Be concrete.

Ethics of Communication
1. Establish an effective value system that will pave the way for the development of your integrity as a
person. One’s behavior and decision-making style affect, in turn, the operations of an organization.
2. Provide complete and accurate information. Whether it is needed or not, the data should always be
contextualized and correct.
3. Disclose vital information adequately and appropriately. Never conceal or hide information that are
necessary to the purposes of transparency.

Language and Communication

Language can only be called a language if it has a system of rules (grammar), a sound system (phonology), and a
vocabulary (lexicon).
▹ They can understand each other because they belong to the same speech community.
▹ People grow up and they acquire the languages used by those in the community. This is the process of
language acquisition.
▹ The Language acquired while growing up is called the mother tongue or first language.
▹ Other languages learned are called second languages.
 ▹ People learn additional languages through formal acquisition or informally on their own known as the
process of language learning.
▹ When a person visits another speech community, he’ll still be able to communicate with the other people
by slowly learning their language and this is called language contact. However, through constant interaction
and communication, one’s language may also change and this is called language change.

Communication and Globalization

Globalization is the process by which people and goods move easily across borders. Principally, it’s an economic
concept- the integration of markets, trade and investments with few barriers to slow the flow of products and
services between nations.

Advantages of Globalization

• Globalization has led to many millions of people being lifted out of poverty.

• A multinational company's presence overseas contributes to those local economies because the company will
invest in local resources, products and services.

• Globalization has not only allowed nations to trade with each other, but also to cooperate with each other
as never before.

Disadvantages of Globalization

• Global wealth has skyrocketed, but so has global warming.

• Every step forward in technology brings with it new dangers. Computers have vastly improved our lives,
but cyber criminals steal millions of pounds a year.

• Although globalization is helping to create more wealth in developing countries, it is not helping to close the
gap between the world's poorest and richest nations.

Basically, done wisely (in the words of the International Monetary Fund) globalization could lead to
"unparalleled peace and prosperity". Done poorly, "to disaster".

Intercultural Communication
Intercultural communication refers to the effective communication between people/ workers/ clients of different
cultural background. It also includes managing thought patterns and nonverbal communication.

Classification of Culture
1. High context vs. Low context
High-context cultures leave much of the message unspecified (implicit), to be understood through
context, nonverbal cues, and between-the-lines interpretation of what is actually said. By contrast, low
context cultures expect messages to be explicit and specific.
2. Sequential vs. Synchronic
In sequential cultures business people give full attention to one agenda item after another (time
management). In synchronic cultures the flow of time is viewed as sort of circle, with the past, present,
and future all interrelated (multi-tasking).
 3. Affective vs. Neutral
Members of cultures which are neutral do not express their feelings but keep them carefully
controlled and subdued. In contrast, in cultures high in affectivity, people show their feelings plainly by
laughing, smiling, grimacing, scowling and gesturing; they attempt to find immediate outlets for their feelings.
Varieties of English
World Englishes (WE) stands for the localized varieties of English as they are used or spoken in certain
areas. This concept was introduced by Braj Kachru..
Three Concentric Circles of English

The Expanding Circle

– Uses English as
Foreign Language
(EFL)

The Outer Circle- Uses

English as Secondary
Language (ESL)

The Inner Circle-

Uses English as Native
Language (ENL)

There are different varieties of English as spoken by countries colonized by Britain, the US, Canada, and
Australia: Singaporean English, Malaysian English, Thai English and Philippine English, among others. These varieties
have their own grammatical, lexical, phonological and syntactic features and should not be considered errors.

Cultural Diversity
The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society.
Social Justice in Multicultural Setting
Social justice isn’t plainly about equality, especially when we talk about unequals, the majority and minority,
and this is where the term equity comes in.
“everyone deserves equal economic, political and social rights and opportunities. “” Dolan-Reilly (2013)
“regulating the distribution of benefits”, Aristotle
Issues in Social Justice
1. Racism 3. Ableism 6. Languagism/Linguicism
2. Sexism/Gender 4. Ageism 7. Religious Intoleranc
Discrimination 5. Classism
Challenges of Intercultural Communication
Kaur (2016) cites the ff. as sources of misunderstanding:
1. Ambiguity 4. Gaps in world knowledge
2. Performance Related Misunderstanding 5. Local context
3. Language Related Misunderstanding
Evaluating Multimodal and Multicultural Messages
Multimodal- the use of more than one mode in communication
Multicultural- when several cultures exist within one society
▹ All cultures are equal and though sometime difficult to understand, you need to understand that no culture
is superior or inferior to another.
▹ People have different languages, lifestyles, and ways of thinking, speaking and behaving. This is the essence
of cultural diversity.

Multimodal Communication
▹ Multimodal communication provides an opportunity to demonstrate knowledge, skills, and understanding across
all of the modes.
▹ A multimodal presentation requires you to demonstrate aptitude across various modes. This will require some
skills with visual representations, but you will not be expected to produce amazing artworks, instead you
will be assessed on how you represent ideas and the strategies you take.
▹ This may include documentaries, Powerpoint presentations, short films, computer simulations, e-posters,
infomercials and spoken presentations (e.g. debate, demo, impromptu speech).

Communication and Technology

▹ With the rapid rise and spread of Internet Connectivity, the old forms of communication have given
way to new ones that make communication easier and faster.
▹ Technology tools in communication such as social networking sites, for example, are used to connect to
distant family and relatives or old friends to meet new ones, or to share the most trivial to the most
important information or ideas.
▹ Each tool has its own strengths and weaknesses. Whatever tool is used, it is important to always be
responsible in conveying ideas or delivering messages.

Blogging
▹ From handwritten entries on a piece of paper or a notebook page, diaries in contemporary times come in
the form of online journals which are called blogs.
▹ The term “blog” was first used in the 1990s. It is a short version of “weblog” or an individualized piece of
written work found on the web.
▹ Blogs like diary entries, are individual accounts of a writer’s experiences and emotions. Thus, the viewpoint
is usually personal and subjective.
▹ Unlike diary entries, blogs are public in nature. This means that bloggers, even if they write about personal
issues, must present these issues in a way that would interest the general public.
▹ Blogs are uploaded to online platforms that make it easier for bloggers to include visual features, as well
as link to other sites on the net

Reference:
Madrunio, M. R., & Martin, I. P. (2018). Purposive Communication Using English in Multilingual Texts. Quezon
City: C&E Publishing, Inc. .

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