MARK ANTHONY M.

LAVAPIEZ
Faculty, Chemistry Division, CAS
10/1/2018 Caraga State University, Ampayon 1
Learning Outcomes:
• Explain chemical equilibrium in terms of the reaction
rates of the forward and the reverse reaction
• Write expressions for the reaction
quotient/equilibrium constants
• Explain the significance of the value of the
equilibrium constant
• Calculate the equilibrium constant from the pressure
or concentration of reactants and products in an
equilibrium mixture and vice versa

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Learning Outcomes:
• Describe the effect of changes in pressure/volume,
concentration and temperature using the Le
Chatelier’s Principle

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 What is equilibrium?

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 What is Equilibrium?

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 Throwing Paper
Wad Activity

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Mechanics
• You may NOT pick up a piece of paper until the time keeper says go.
• You may throw only one paper wad at a time.
• When a paper wad lands near you, you pick it up and toss it back, you
cannot stock pile paper!
• You must pick up and throw the paper wad, not just bat it across the
floor with your hand.

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Mechanics
• When the time keeper yells “stop”, you stop moving.
• Time keeper will yell stop every 5 seconds.
• Counters will count paper wads on each side.
• Recorder will record numbers in table.

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 READY?

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Experiment A
All papers on one side and
throwers split between the
two sides.

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Experiment B
All papers on one side and all
but 5 throwers on one side.

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 Make a plot of the collected
data for the reactant side and
product side. Pair 1 will plot for
Experiment A and Pair 2 will
plot for Experiment B.

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Guided Inquiry:
• Did the system eventually come to equilibrium?
• How did you know?
• Did it matter whether you started with the reactants
or the product?
• Were the reactant and product amounts always the
same at equilbrium?

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Misconceptions about
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
• At equilibrium, the concentration of the reactants
and products are equal
NO!
• Equilibrium can only be approached from one side
NO!
• At equilibrium, the forward and reverse reactions
stops
NO!

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 Chemical Equilibrium

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Example 1
Nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere may acidify
rainwater. Write the equilibrium expression for
the following reaction in which gaseous nitrous
acid forms in the atmosphere:

𝐻𝑁𝑂2 2
𝐾𝑐 =
𝑁𝑂 𝑁𝑂2 𝐻2 𝑂
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Example 2

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 𝑁𝐻3 2
𝐾𝑐 =
𝑁2 𝐻2 3
𝑃𝐶𝑙3 𝐶𝑙2
𝐾𝑐 =
𝑃𝐶𝑙5

𝐶𝑂 𝐻2 3
𝐾𝑐 =
𝐶𝐻4 𝐻2
Heterogenous equilibrium applies to reactions in
which reactants and products are in different
phases.
CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

[CaO][CO2] [CaCO3] = constant

Kc‘ = [CaO] = constant
[CaCO3]

[CaCO3]
Kc = [CO2] = Kc‘ x Kp = PCO2
[CaO]

The concentration of solids and pure liquids are not

included in the expression for the equilibrium constant.

14.2
The concentration of a pure substance, pure solid or
pure liquid, is given by

 g / cm mol 1000 cm  mol

3
 3
M    
3 
 
MW g / mol cm  1L  L

The density of pure substances varies very little with

temperature, thus, it is assumed to be constant. This
makes the effective concentration of pure solids or
liquids constant regardless of the amount of pure
substance present.
Example 3

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 𝐶𝑟 3+
𝐾𝑐 =
𝐴𝑔+ 3

4
𝑃𝐻2
𝐾𝑝 = 4
𝑃𝐻2 𝑂
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Predicting the Direction of Reaction

We define Q, the reaction quotient, for a general

reaction
aA + bB cC + dD

as c
[C ] [ D ] d c d
PC PD
Q a b
Q
[ A] [ B ] a b
PA PB

Q = K only at equilibrium.
When Qc is smaller than Kc, the equilibrium of the reaction
system shifts to the right, that is, toward products.
When Qc is larger than Kc, the equilibrium of the reaction
system shifts to the left.
Example 4
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Example 5

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Example 6
1. The reaction: N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇄ 2NH3(g),
has equilibrium constant, Kc = 0.0602 at 500oC.
What is the equilibrium constant for the following reaction?
NH3(g) ⇄ ½N2(g) + 3/2H2(g)
𝐾𝑐 = 4.07
2. For the reaction: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2 SO3(g),
Kc = 280 at 1000 K.
What is the equilibrium constant for the decomposition of
SO3 at 1000 K according to the following equation?
SO3(g) ⇄ SO2(g) + ½ O2(g).
𝐾𝑐 = 0.060
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Example 7

If N2(g) + ½ O2(g) ⇄ N2O(g); Kc(1) = 2.4 x 10-18

and N2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2 NO(g); Kc(2) = 4.1 x 10-31
What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction?
N2O(g) + ½ O2(g) ⇄ 2NO(g) 𝐾𝑐 = 1.7 × 10 −13

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 CONCENTRATION: Adding or removing a reactant or product
If a substance is added to a system at equilibrium, the
system reacts to consume some of the substance. If a
substance is removed from a system, the system reacts to
produce more of the substance.

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CONCENTRATION: Adding or removing a reactant or product
 PRESSURE: changing the pressure by changing the volume
At constant temperature, reducing the volume of a gaseous
equilibrium mixture causes the system to shift in the
direction that reduces the number of moles of gas.

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PRESSURE: changing the pressure by changing the volume
 TEMPERATURE:
If the temperature of a system at equilibrium is increased,
the system reacts as if we added a reactant to an
endothermic reaction or a product to an exothermic
reaction. The equilibrium shifts in the direction that
consumes the “excess reactant,” namely heat.

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TEMPERATURE:
• Adding a Catalyst
• does not change K
• does not shift the position of an equilibrium system
• system will reach equilibrium sooner

uncatalyzed catalyzed

Catalyst lowers Ea for both forward and reverse reactions.

Catalyst does not change equilibrium constant or shift equilibrium.

14.5
 Example 8

2PbS2 (s)  3O2 ( g ) 2PbO(s)  2SO2 ( g )

a. Increasing V

b.Addition of O2
c. Addition of PbO

d.Removing SO2
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Example 9

A. Increasing T
B. Addition of He
C. Addition of a catalyst
D. Refrigerating the reaction vessel

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End of Lecture 15