QUADCOPTER: AN

ADAPTABLE & SMART

MULTIROTOR
 Table of Contents
Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 2

QUADCOPTER: AN ADAPTABLE & SMART MULTIROTOR .................................................. 2

Quadcopters and their fields of applications ......................................................................... 2

Quadcopters Parts and Components ..................................................................................... 3

Materials used in quadcopters ................................................................................................ 6

Manufacturing processes for quadcopters ............................................................................ 7

LENS (LASER ENGINEERED NET SHAPING)..................................................................... 7

Selective Laser Sintering ..................................................................................................... 8

Quadcopter Manufacturers ..................................................................................................... 9

Proof Hub; Business Management Tool ................................................................................. 9

Environmental protection strategies of Quadcopters ..........................................................10

Design, prototyping and test strategy ...................................................................................10

Market research ......................................................................................................................12

Cost/Benefit Analysis of Using Quadcopter .........................................................................14

Control of Quadcopter ............................................................................................................15

Environmental protection strategy ........................................................................................16

Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................17
Introduction
A multicopter is a mechanically structure vehicle in which motion is expertly adjust by
accelerating or decelerating through driving motor and propeller units [1]. Multicopters can be
classified into different types. These classifications include hex copters, quad copters or even
octocopters. These different terms designate the propellers and quantity of rotor arms. Quadro
is used for four; therefore a quadcopter drone is a plane having four rotors in it with good
stability. The arrangements of rotor arms are in rectangle or square depending on the
aerodynamics of drone. In addition to that, it allows a steady and secured climb and airborne of
the drone. While the word "hex" in hex copter is for six rotors with different arrangements. The
design of quadcopters is the furthermost common kind among multicopter.

QUADCOPTER: AN ADAPTABLE & SMART MULTIROTOR

A quadcopters is a vehicle that can be used for both producing specialized airborne visions and
entertainment. The multi-rotor is essentially intended as a frame which makes it tremendously
light in weight and multipurpose, it provide the owners facility that he can add or remove certain
technical elements [2].

Quadcopters have several formations and the most well-known types are the Arrangement-X,
Arrangement-H, and the Arrangement (+). These Arrangements are demonstrated in Fig 1.

Figure 1 (a): X, (b): H, (c): + Arrangement quadcopters

Quadcopters and their fields of applications

Quadcopters are available in markets in various design and features depending on the costumer
requirement. They are durable enough to transport payload such as a camera but certainly not
too heavy load to lose its balance and axis of rotation. The outcomes of drones qualify them
particularly for the application in FPV (First Person View) competitions where rigidity and fracture
toughness of a material is required.

Quadcopters Parts and Components

The major parts of quadcopters [4] are

 Standard Prop
 Pusher Prop
 Motors
 Motor Mount
 Landing Gear
 Frame
 Battery
 Flight Controller
 RC Receiver
 PDB
 ESC (electronic speed controller)

The structure of a Quadcopter is the main frame, or the essential parts upon which the rest of
mechanisms will be attached. When selecting a structure it is essential to checked that the FC
(Flight Controller) and the motors counterpart your high-quality parts for these components.

The Standard Prop is the props which are located at the front side of the quadcopters. These
props apply the pulling force to the quadcopters through the air similar to a tractor.

The Pusher props are situated at the back and push the quadcopters at advancing direction.
These contra-rotating props accurately withdraw motor torques throughout motionless level
flight. Reverse pitch gives downdraft to a quadcopters that is a major design criteria in a
designer.

Motor should be more effective, more consistent, and noiseless than a scrubbed motor. Motor
design is vital. Well-organized and safe designed motors save battery lifetime and provide the
owner additional airborne period and safety of course the first priority
The full form of PDB is Power Distribution Board and it is frequently where the battery power
principal (i.e. TT40) is linked. As its name proposes, the PDB allots power to the mechanisms at
the voltages they need.

Most quadcopters has an immovable landing gear. Their design life should be well enough in
order to safe and secured landing. However, the best quadcopters will have folding landing gear
giving the advantage of complete 360 degree assessment when the quadcopters in the air.

Motor mount is a combination of fitting where the quadcopters bear whole structure weight. It
has no crack zone in it. Fracture toughness should be high enough to withstand high and low
temperature as well.

An ESC is a device that understands signs from the flight supervisor, and interprets those
indications hooked on phased electrical pulses to regulate the speed of a brushless motor.
[5].When choosing an ESC, recall that the current score must be advanced than the amperage
drawn by your mixture of motors and propellers
Figure 2 Concept sketch of Quadcopter
 Figure 3 Embodiment Drawing

Materials used in quadcopters

The material used to manufacture quadcopters expenses energy to boost, and each gram of
material that can be protected which recovers performance of quadcopters. In addition to that,
worthy material can

 Improved cargo size

 Prolonged flying period
 Condensed inertia and better-quality maneuverability

Following are the list of materials shown in Table 1 that is used in quadcopters.
 Table 1Material of quadcopters parts

Manufacturing processes for quadcopters

LENS (LASER ENGINEERED NET SHAPING)

LENS technology as presented in Fig. 4 is furthermost suitable to manufacture of propeller for

quadcopters [5] since it has capacity to produce parts with altered material compositions. This
technology has an importance in initial phases of aerospace manufacturing industry particularly
to produce titanium parts. An extraordinary power laser (1400W) is used to flux metal powder
supplied coaxially to the emphasis of the laser beam concluded a deposition head that is placed
onto the table. The head is relocated up in vertically direction as both layers are finished. Metal
powders are transported and dispersed around all the vacant spaces in the body either by
gravity, or a gas that can be pressurized. The most common gas is Inert gas for protection of
the metal from atmospheric gases and corrosion and duplication process is necessary until build
is complete

Figure 4 LENS (LASER ENGINEERED NET SHAPING)

 Selective Laser Sintering

The latest technology used in 3D printing is selective laser sintering (SLS) as insulated in Fig.
5.In the process of SLS, minute particles of ceramic, glass or plastic are bonded together by
high-power laser to procedure a 3D object.

The laser is precise by a computer that generate the input file to generate print as well as
thumps down on the stand, outlining a cross-section of the piece onto the precipitate.

Figure 5. Quadcopters motor mounting Figure 6 Selective Laser Sintering

using SLS approach

Quadcopters are constructed in lesser amounts of numbers and they have to be in facility for
countless years [5]. This process is economical for corporations to produce high quality
quadcopters with fewer amounts. Quadcopters motor mounting as shown in Fig 6 can be made by
using SLS technique.

Solid Ground Curing SGC

SGC is an innovative manufacturing technique in which liquid plastic is hardened by UV light as

demonstrate in Fig.5. Quadcopters propellers blades are majority made up of plastic to light its
weight. Therefor SGC process is used for making high quality plastic propellers blades with good
aerodynamic structure as shown is Fig 8.
Figure 7 Solid Ground Curing SGC Figure 8 plastic propellers blades using SGC approach

Quadcopter Manufacturers
The Quadcopter manufacturing companies is emerging at a quicker pace than we could have
forecasted. Several innovative players are incoming this market and accumulation to the variety
of quadcopter that are offered to the consumers.

I personally look for the low to mid-range quadcopter at the start of business. After exploration, i
come across the Chinese Husban and the French company, Parrot. These quadcopter industrial
companies offer you a quality of quadcopter at reasonable prices. Walkera is additional
corporation that makes economical micro-quad copters. Syma is a company that is countless for
beginners that want to investigate with their paramount quadcopter.

DJI and XAircraft Ameria are two corporations that compromise absolute excellence and the
respectable features out there. They retain their revolutionizing to inhabit the higher price
sections of the quadcopter market. There are supplementary quadcopter creators like Blade,
WL Toys, and 3D Robotics

Proof Hub; Business Management Tool

Proof Hub [6] is prevailing tool for the management of business particularly for engineering type.
It is the hub that syndicates all the features that provide strength to your business of
Quadcopters manufacturing industry. Calmat Robotics, which provides multi-drone facility still
using this software for their industry. Proof Hub organize your methods, stock and segment files,
share response under one roof with this powerful tool Proof Hub. Its mobile app can be used by
both Android and is users on the go. Top quality features of Proof Hub that include

 Task administration and Effective project

 Gantt charts to preserve your developments on record
 Generate reports to get strong understandings
 Time management
 Easy to handling your project and teams

WorkflowMAX is an engineering management tool and solution intended exactly for aeronautical
engineers. This esplanade structures are time following, invoice organization, cost management
and following, a project management console and modified reporting structures. The clarification
is super-customizable as there are additional than 30 add-ons operators.

Environmental protection strategies of Quadcopters

Quadcopters have capabilities for both armed and civilian uses. These Quadcopters can be
used examination of natural tragedies which including forest fires, floods on mountains, etc.
besides that, Environmental protection strategies are also developed which include

 Good material quality of wooden and carbon mount and blades, specialized level motors
and speed regulators
 airborne region constraint, avoidance of birds (automatic controller)
 constant error examination
 fully automatic Regulatory of motion
 FLEET CONTROL management that avoid collusion

Design, prototyping and test strategy

The design parameters of a Quadcopter is mention in Table 2
 Table 2 design parameters of a Quadcopter

The experimental airborne wing Quadcopter contains of a thrust arrangement, battery pack,
flight control and navigation system, leading and subordinate structural modules, regulator
surface actuators, and a ground controller position. The thrust system comprises of an AVi
5133/2.0 kv305 electric motor and a 16.5 × 12 four-blade propeller.

The entire weight of the actual Quadcopter surpasses the original design weight of 7.5 kg. If the
load is not attached, the travelling speed rises to 20.3 m/s, and this needs a power of 76 W.
Allowing to flight test strategies [2], the flight test is directed without the loads.

Before the major flight examination, the flight strategy must be studied cautiously. When all flight
arrangements and reviews were accomplished and the weather was within acceptable
limitations then perfome the others flight test.
Market research
Cost analysis can be accomplished by Life Cycle Costing (LCC) as shown in Fig 9 which
categorize and reminding all cost that is experienced in entire life sequence of a product.

Figure 9 Life Cycle Costing (LCC)

This section of cost analysis delivers an impression of cost estimation (LCC) methods [3].
Substantial work has been done to comprehend the costs Quadcopters engineering. The
Approximation for the price of the system based upon the complete structures of the system.
Once an over-all cost is predictable, each subcomponent is allocated a fraction of that cost.
The main benefit of this approach is the ability to capture cost at the design stage.

In LLC approach, Empty weight cost is a frequently used in the aviation manufacturing industry
since it has a tendency to endure constant price across a range of quadcopters types. That
amount nowadays is approximately $1500 per pound. It shows present quadcopters platforms
cost about $8,000 per pound of payload capacity and $1500 per pound of empty weight.
Collectively, the quadcopters planning and design stage costs $1.652 billion in 1969 UAS-
related R&D projects and in 2016, a substantial rise over the $1.0241 billion in manufacturing
stage.

Parts list with costs and quantities are reference in a Table 3 below. Extraordinary functioning
profits can mean the company has operational regulator of costs, or that sales are accumulative
quicker than operating costs. Significant operating profit also lets an investor to do profit-margin
assessments among companies that do not issue a distinct revelation of their cost of goods sold
figures.
 Table 3 Parts list with costs and quantities

Supplier
Unit Profit
Parts Source Part Quantity Total price
price margin
Number
Standard
Prop
Amazon X5C $9.5 1 $9.5 5%-10%

Pusher
Prop Amazon custom $9.5 1 $9.5 5%-10%

Motors
Amazon custom $25.5 1 $25.5 10%-15%

Landing
Gear Amazon custom $35.9 1 $35.9 5%-10%

Frame
Amazon X5C $11.5 1 $11.5 10%-15%

Battery
Amazon custom $15.9 2 $31.9 5%-10%

Flight
Controller Amazon custom $25 1 $25 5%-10%

ESC
(electronic
speed Amazon X5C $23 1 $23 10%-15%
controller)

RC
Receiver Amazon custom $7 1 $7 10%-15%

Total after
Total=$180
profit=$205
A respectable margin will differ significantly by manufacturing companies, but as a overall law of
thumb, a 10%-15% total profit margin is well-thought-out average, a 20% margin is measured
as extraordinary and a 5% margin is small. I would rather prefer average profit margin at the
start of business.

Cost/Benefit Analysis of Using Quadcopter

A return on investment (ROI) cost-analysis [3] method values and likens the starting point costs,
functioning costs, and computable benefit of a system the interval. ROI cost-benefit analysis
method is used for the Quadcopter and manned-aircraft. Table 4.6 shows a specimen of
gathering imagery for the gardens on a four-monthly basis using the Quadcopter and manned-
aircraft. The labor price of $100 ($2/hour multiply 50 hrs) including the cost to the development
of the imagery. The extra costs related with the manned-aircraft were not accessible and are not
thought in with the examination. The outcomes of the examination demonstrate that the
Quadcopter has the potential to save $1000 per year. Presently, there are 15 parks comparable
to the study site in Riverside County and the use of Quadcopter technology on all 15 parks
could save around $126,600 a year with a Quadcopter system purchased. Buying eight
Quadcopters for the watching the park could growth annual savings by an extra $22,400. An
additional $3200 in investments would be comprehended in each of the subsequent years as
the Quadcopter does not need to be bought over again

Table 4 ROI method for Quadcopter and manned-aircraft

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Total cost
Quadcopter $100 $100 $100 $100 $400
Labor/handling
Manned $350 $350 $350 $350 $1400
Aircraft
Saving $250 $250 $250 $250 $1000
Control of Quadcopter
In design and development of quadqapter there is some necessary design decision that we
must take into account. As quadqapter is mechatronics device normally BLDC brushless Dc
motors are use as these motor are control by drive system that is called ESC electronic circuit
controller .As for powering of this electromechanical system. Now after collecting all these circuit
component we interface them after interfacing mainly working on its control system as main PID
control system is implemented in that type of scenario. As main challenging thing that we
encounter during design and development of quadqapter is its stability so during quadqapter
design and development this factor is considered with great care.

As motor controlling is main punch point that must be considered in that kind of engineering
design as control system unit that mainly contain microcontroller that make decisions on which
time which motor start rotation how speed are manage to get optimize thrust so all these factor
are handle with proper research and development as many features are also added to increase
its productivity that include proper optimization of PID tuner as with proper working on its
equation of motion we are in position to get more optimized manures so with proper
mathematical modeling designer make sure its best performance .As quadqapter are available
in market with different sizes depends on its application as these drones are used in navigation
purpose now a days these are used in security and surveillance . So quadqapter is unique in all
aspects and are more advance machines as more research are conducts to optimize its size
and performance. So in engineering point of view more optimized product have some features
so these features must keep in mind for better product development these things include
performance and manufacture cost to the end user. So with proper product development these
miles stone achieve. In the near future more advances research have been conduct on different
region for its miniaturization as the more small size the more productive it can be especially for
security purposes ,so many research are on its way for better product development .

As in the document mainly focus on all possible aspects of quadqapter design. Are discuss in
detail as basically design and development of this flying machine need state of the art research
techniques as these techniques are adopted in order to produce more optimized results .As
market research is carried out and with this research we are in position to comment on
optimized product. Design and development of this system need complete understanding of this
product start from paper design and end up with physical design all this is rigorous process and
after this all mathematical modeling work we are in position to make this process more practical
viable in all aspects .As proper understanding of product parameter give more optimized
product .As main thing that we must keep in mind during design and development system must
utilize less power and more productive so these two parameter must take into account during
design and development of product .So primary factor must have their own perspective toward
design and development . As we follow a very specific algorithm toward product development
and finally we end -up with more in-depth understanding toward product. As this assignment
cover all aspects of design and development we introduce new method of product development
and also incorporate more advance techniques to get in-depth understanding as we also
perform cost analysis that give us in-depth understanding about what are the necessary step
that we perform to get more optimized product .As product development whole process is cover
and considered all important parameter of design and development and in this document detail
discussion of cost analysis and manufacturing constraints all these things are discuss and
present more suitable and optimal way to dealt this in more practical way .Design and
development need more practical viable and less expensive manufacturing process that give
less pollution and more long lasting and environment friendly and different manufacturing
techniques are there in market so we apply more practical viable and less expensive technique
that give practical productivity to design cost analysis give us knowledge of either mass
production is possible so these things are take into account .

Environmental protection strategy

As environmental concern are also very important for more productive product development As
specific class of engineering material are selected that is more productive and more practical
viable that hit this class of industry is used normally selected material that we use in this product
is PET/PETG and polypropylene as both of these material have their own engineering
perspective that have many more productive engineering usages that are less expensive and
recyclable .As company have its own standard operating procedures how we use this material
what are the safety measurements that we follow to get more productive results . Company
have run its separate department to teach workers and employees about necessary information
how to use this product in safer manner. As market research is carried out and with this
research we are in position to comment on optimized product. Design and development of this
system need complete understanding of this product start from paper design and end up with
physical design all this is rigorous process and after this all mathematical modeling work we are
in position to make this process more practical viable in all aspects
Conclusion
As this report was written to explore all possible aspects of manufacturing of quadqapter and
discuss all possible manufacture process that fit in this system to get more optimized product.
As also some key concepts are discuss that is more in favor of environment. That give user
basic understanding of product how to design this product that is more user friendly plus also
friendly to environment. So these all key concepts are discuss in this report we also did cost
analysis as this analysis give user to design this product by keeping this factor of cost in mind
as this give more edge to product development organization and make more unique product by
keeping all these aspects of design and development .As another aspect that is highlighted in
this report is that give basic knowledge to the product manufacture where they start the product
which thing that they keep in mind instead they spend their resources on component
development its more suitable to buy these from contractor as this give them more benefit .
Keep in mind for better product development these things include performance and manufacture
cost to the end user. So with proper product development these miles stone achieve. In the near
future more advances research have been conduct on different region for its miniaturization as
the more small size the more productive it can be especially for security purposes ,so many
research are on its way for better product development .
References
1. Choi-Fitzpatrick, A.; Chavarria, D.; Cychosz, E.; Dingers, J.P.; Duffy, M.; Keble, K.;
Holland, J. Up in the Air: A Global Estimate of Non-Violent Drone Use 2009–2015;
University of San Diego: San Diego, CA, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]

2. Da Silva Araujo, R.A.; Rodrigues, J.A.; de Oliveira e Souza, M. An Overview of Data

Transmission Used in UAVs for Remote Sensing Surveillance and Environmental
Management Systems; SAE Technical Paper No. 2015-36-0543; SAE International:
Warren dale, PA, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]

3. Anderson, N.; Ago, J.; Whitman, E.; Gururajan, S. Development of a Virtual Reality
Environment (VRE) for Intuitive Drone Operations; SAE Technical Paper No. 2017-01-
2070; SAE International: Warrendale, PA, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]

4. Global Death Toll Due to Earthquakes from 2000 to 2015 Retrieved from the Statistical
Study. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/263108/global-death-toll-due-
to-earthquakes-since-2000/ (accessed on 15 September 2018).

5. Cain, G.; Dias, J.; Seneviratne, L. A survey of small-scale unmanned aerial vehicles:
Recent advances and future development trends. Unmanned Syst. 2014, 2, 175–199.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

6. Nakazawa, A. & Jin, B. X. Quadcopter Video Surveillance UAV. Dept. Electrical and
Computer Engineering University of Victoria. Date Accessed: May, 2016. [9] Sandhu, P.
S. (2014). Development of ISR for quadcopter. International Journal of Research in
Engineering and Technology, vol. 3, Issue 4, pp 181-189. [10] Prem, K. P., Amirtharaja,
S. Harie, S., Kishore, R. S. and Kiruba, V. (2015). Quadcopter Video Surveillance and
Control Using Computer. International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
Vol. 7,