Indang – Trece Road, Luciano, Trece Martires City Cavite

Telephone No.: (046) 412-2664

Email Address: capili.jeofrey@yahoo.com

Effects of Online Class on Students’ Financial Capacity

in Amore Academy of TMC Cavite, Inc.

Alcabaza, John Barbiel B.

Benbinuto, Danielle V.

Calmante, Mark Aeyol P.

Campos, Jean Francois D.

Didulo, Jelien Marie T.

Minguito, Glycerine Joey S.

Oliveria, Khrystel Jhane M.

Rosales, Adrielle Ira M.

Ungson, John Clark B.

Amore Academy, Trece Martires City, 2020

Adviser:

Ms. Danna Talan

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: THE PROBLEM AND IT’S BACKGROUND

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..4

Background and Its

Settings………………………………………………………………….5

Statement of The
Problem.…………………………………………………………………...7

Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………….7

Scope and Limitations………………………………………………………………………..7

Significance of The Study…………………………………………………………………....8

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction……………………………………………………………………….................9

Local Study……………………………………………………………………….........11

Local
Literature………………………………………………………………………...............11

Foreign Study………………………………………………………………………............13

Foreign
Literature………………………………………………………………………..................14

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………. 15

Conceptual
Framework……………………………………………………………………….16

Research Design…………………………………………………………………………......16

Sources of Data….…………………………………………………………………………..17
The
Participants……………………………………………………………………………….17

Research Instrument
………………………………………………………………………….17

Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………………….18

Method of Data
Gathering……………………………………………………………………..19

CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

1. Demographic Profile……………………………………………………………………21

2. Budget Capacity of a Student………………………………………………………….22

2.1…………………………………………………………………………………………….22

2.2…………………………………………………………………………………………….23

2.3……………………………………………………………………………………………24

2.4…………………………………………………………………………………………….25

2.5……………………………………………………………………………………………..26

2.6……………………………………………………………………………………………27

2.7………………………………………………………………………………………….28

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Introduction……………………………………………………………………….30

Summary………………………………………………………………………….. 30

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………....30

Recommendation………………………………………………………………......31

REFERENCES:………………………………………………………………….32
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

As students accomplish higher classes in class, they seek more autonomy and

intellectual freedom. Online learning can help them pursue highly individualized learning

programs, possibly even grade courses. Online courses require a greater amount

motivation and self-discipline than a classroom-based course. A classroom has one or

more instructors and peers, who can hold a student in command of their course-work.

They will explore their options by trying out different fields in order that they can have

different experiences, before committing to a specialization. Online learning platforms

can help these students become more independent learners, before they create their

way into college. In contrast, online courses involve setting our own goals, tracking

progress and meeting deadlines. One doesn't learn effectively in isolation so online

courses do offer discussion forums, email and one-on-one support. Online education

has gained immense popularity among working professionals and students pursuing

education. Virtual public schools that supply fully fledged K-12 education have already

sprung up in some parts of the planet. They even offer a mixture of the normal system

with online education. There are programs that provide support to families that wish to

home-school their children within the variety of online course material. These programs

bring parents and teachers into the fold, by involving them in their child’s education from

the get go. However, their effectiveness within the long run must be studied.

4
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

fore the pandemic, governments were spending vastly different amounts on education.

Despite the vast spending inequalities, substantial progress had been made in

increasing education investments in low and lower-middle income countries and

improving access to educational opportunities. It will be seriously difficult to continue to

make progress in narrowing these gaps in spending and outcomes because of the

covid-19 pandemic. In low and middle income countries, the pandemic is expected to

reduce planned increases in education spending in 2020.When deciding whether to re-

open schools, authorities should take a look at the advantages and risks across

education, public health and socio-economic factors, within the local context, using the

most effective available evidence. Perhaps this is often the rationale why the

Department of Education decided to postpone the category opening for college year

2020-2021 from August 24 to October 5. However, while we are preparing for an

enormous change in education, an enormous question to ask is that if we actually

should continue with the college opening this August. When COVID-19 lockdowns were

urged in March across the country, classes in most faculties were already ending. Thus,

the disruption caused by the pandemic to the educational of most students was minimal.

Because the public health crisis intensified, the standard June opening of classes was

moved to August. This was seen by the majority stakeholders as necessary to confirm

the security of scholars, teachers, and other school personnel. But they also expected

that the government would use the postponement to strategize and implement

programs that might make it possible to resume classes without triggering further

5
COVID-19 outbreaks. Another big obstacle is poor internet infrastructure in non-urban

regions of the country.

If DepEd will depend on the web for distance learning, this can require extra spending

not just on gadgets and workshops for educators, but also massive construction of

communication towers to increase services to any or all those in need. There’ll be two

major problems in online classes: Internet connectivity, and also the issue of the

curriculum and academic materials that must be adapted to be used with a blended

learning environment. Access to educational materials through the net isn’t worth much

if the net itself is inaccessible thanks to lack of service or network infrastructure. Be it

through provisions for budget, equipment, and commercial access to the net, much

must be done to enhance digital connectivity throughout the country. it might even be

important to weigh the implementation of RA 10929, the Free Internet Access publicly

Places Act, which mandates that public basic education institutions, state universities

and colleges (SUCs), and TESDA technology institutions to possess free Wi-Fi access.

Of these issues should be carefully and properly built into the academic system for the

new normal. And while I applaud the determination and dedication of our education

sector, if it can't be done by August, then the opening of faculty should be postponed

until such time as of these changes may be implemented. After all, we are going to be

coping with the shadow of the Covid-19 pandemic for a few times. And even as the

adage goes that an oz. of prevention is worth a pound of cure, so it's that longer for

preparation can prevent larger educational issues from happening within the future.

6
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

1.1 Strand

2. What are the effects of online class to the financial capacity of the students?

3. How the financial capacities of the student will affect their performance in

classes?

4. To what extent is the internet connected to the budget plan?

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To know the range of the students that is affected on their financial capacity

regarding to online class.

2. To know the effects of online class to the financial capacity of the students.

3. To know how the Internet affects the financial capacity of the students

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

This study focuses on the effects of online class on Students’ Financial

Capacity in Amore Academy of TMC Cavite, Inc. in the school year of 2020-2021. For

that reason, the development may include circumstances that may influence the

findings, observations and recommendations of the study.

7
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This will discuss the benefits of the following subjects throughout the study.

Students – This will provide us information regarding the effects of online class

in our financial capacity and also provides information about the status of other

students.

Parents– They will profit from this study, since the parents will be aware of the

problems regarding to online class and to know the solution to this problem.

Teacher – The given data would guide the teachers to understand the situation

of the students that are affected by this problem and will help them to find another way

to study.

Future Researchers– This is to have a good first impression by demonstrating

the excellence of our research and the sophistication of your analyses and

interpretations. It also offers a perfect chance to establish important matters of style and

formatting.

8
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

By having the spreading of a pandemic, the government is forced to come up

with a solution on how the students will continue to learn. But they didn’t realize how it

will affect the students. To those people who live on poverty how they are going to be

affected by it.

This chapter presents the Review of Related Literature. It covers the

definition, the types, and factors supporting the effects of online class on students’

financial capacity and how it will affect the student’s performance.

LOCAL STUDY

The following articles are derived from different sites and studies that give significant

information that can be helpful for this research study

According to Manuel, J. (2020), not all students can go online - This is especially

difficult for those who do not have their own set-up: laptops and all. The fact that not all

students are the same, considerations should be placed on those who do not have the

same privilege as those who have complete requirements for an online session.

Consider that some students rely on their limited data allocation, some only borrow their

laptop from a family member (or the household has one main computer). Some

students may lack one or two devices needed for clearer communication, and others

may have been relying on their local internet cafes to type their papers given an

ordinary school day. Technology really has gone far with online learning becoming one

9
of the options to continue interaction between learner and instructor. Still, it comes with

the inevitable balancing that of the advantages.

Those who chose to agree with an online session would find that it’s similar to taking

risks—you just don’t know what will happen during class, and after everyone has

disconnected from the session.

This just paves the way for people to look closely at different angles of taking up an

online class just so it can be better improved in the future. Whether you choose to

participate in an online class, required to do it, or you made a decision not to — this

method of learning should be utilized well to permit an effective teaching strategy to

instructors, and a future towards their learners.

LOCAL STUDY

According to (Eamon 2012; Jeynes 2013), in most of the done in academic

performance of students, it is not surprising that financial status is one of the major

factor studied while predicting academic performance. It is believe that low financial

status negatively affects academic achievement because lesser status prevents access

to vital resources and creates additional stress at home. The financial status or the

social economic status is most commonly determined by combining parent’s

educational level, occupational status and the income level. In most of the studies done

on academic performance of students, it is not surprising that financial status is one of

the major factors studied while predicting academic performance. It is believe that low

financial status negatively affects academic achievement because lesser financial

status prevents access to vital resources and creates additional stress at home carried

10
out a study on economic status in education research and policy found that social

economic background remains one of the major sources of educational inequality and

adds that one’s educational success depends very strongly on the financial status of the

parents.

LOCAL LITERATURE

According to Mikaela G. Amadora (2020), as students, we try our best to make

use of what we have at home and ensure we don’t get left behind. Although online

learning may be the best option we have for now, still you can’t help but wonder how

everyone is adjusting and coping with the problems that arise while attending online

classes, especially during synchronous classes. Synchronous classes are classes

conducted in real-time and during this time, a lot of problems arise. Sadly, most of these

problems are technical. Internet Connection Truth is told, our country is an internet-

challenged country. A problem that had caused delays implementing remote learning in

general. Although internet plans exist; they are not, however, created equal. We are in

the city and yet we experience such mishaps.

LOCAL LITERATURE

The presence of technology and digital classrooms are manifestations of a

modern education system. We see that distance is being overcome. The physical

presence of warm bodies is not necessary for a class to be held. While the presence of

technology is one good story of innovation, access to them is another. This issue is

rooted in the larger social problem of digital inequality. Only those who have the

resources to buy gadgets and to get an internet connection in their homes are the ones

11
who are privileged to continue their learning despite the physical distance. They are

ensured that their education is not compromised at times like these. The adjustments

done by universities for continuing teaching through online resources is an impressive

solution. But the situation also unearths the reality that income and social inequality

breeds digital inequality. When they go back to school, the poor will have to make up for

the lessons they missed, having not been able to attend the online classes.

Online classrooms, internet resources, and digital technology have been remarkable

modes of closing the physical distance and making education perpetual and accessible.

Students can only go so far with their access to technology. In a world where virtual

reality and digital classrooms are becoming a feature of formal education, having a

personal computer and a reliable internet connection is a sure advantage. For those

who do not have access, this is yet another challenge that they have to work hard to

overcome. After this pandemic, the gap between the rich and the poor will still remain.

The lower classes will continue to navigate their way around the limits of their daily lives

to have better access to the things they need in order to survive. This painful reality of

inequality is not just virtual. Decent food, clean water, safe shelter, quality education,

affordable medicine, and secure jobs are concrete and tangible necessities. These are

part of the greater gaps that we need to close if we want everyone to go the distance.

12
FOREIGN STUDY

According to Lyons (2014) literature points out that poor financial status affects

academic performance, mental and physical well-being, and even their ability to find

employment after graduation. Studies show that mental illness and rates of suicide are

strongly connected to both poverty and unemployment. According to Krugman (2010)

the unemployment rate is generally high more so as there have been some economic

recessions worldwide. According to the study of Ian (2013) the poor economic

conditions affecting most native communities, damage self-esteem and can result in

depression, drug and violence, all of which contribute to the high suicide rate

FOREIGN STUDY

According to Northern, O’Brien, & Goetz (2010) research regarding sources of

stress confirms the influential role that personal financial problems play in the lives of

college students. Financial difficulties are often cited among college students as

sources of stress can also include psychological or emotional effects. Much of the

literature on financial stress has focused on stress outcomes. According to Moody &

Abdel-Ghany (2011) research has documented the following negative outcomes of

financial stress: depression, anxiety, poor academic performance poor health and

difficulty persisting towards degree completion.

13
FOREIGN LITERATURE

According to Patterson (2013) has suggested that stressful events such as

financial hardship might severely impact children by disrupting the 5 parenting skills of

the children's parents, thereby creating an environment of family conflict and coercive

family interaction. Further, he hypothesizes that such a family environment will, in turn,

increase the likelihood of a range of distress symptoms. Reports of economic hardship

by various family members provided the measure of this effect on the family system.

The social support given to the child by individual family members were used to provide

measures within additional Microsystems involving the child. Further, measures of

academic performance were considered representative of the individual-school micro

system.

14
 CHAPTER III

Methodology

This study aims to focus on the Effects of Online Class on Students’ Financial

Capacity in Amore Academy of TMC Cavite, Inc. For the researchers to get the right

information we need is we gathered it through conducting a survey on Senior High

school students .The researchers planned and construct our survey questionnaire and

make sure that it attains the basic fundamentals that an effective survey questionnaire

must have, i.e. strictly using close-ended questions and only apply questions that can

provide the information the researchers need to come up with the answer to their thesis

statement.

15
Conceptual Framework

FINANCIAL CAPACITY

Monthly Allowance

Family

Weekly Allowance

Day to Day Allowance Student

Chart 1.1 Conceptual Framework Chart

The primary point of this research is the money related limit of the students yet

not just that. The researchers additionally attempted to incorporate the guardians who

may/may not give them their allowance. We also included how frequently the students

gain their allowance.

Research Design

The researchers used descriptive method in the Effects of Online Class on

Students’ Financial capacity in Amore Academy of TMC Cavite, Inc. A descriptive

.research design only using a quantitative and qualitative used to in the study to

16
determine the financial capacity of students, and to classify data according to the

answers of the respondents.

Sources of Data

The sampling used by the researchers was purpose sampling wherein the

researchers purposely select 35 respondents from different Strands of Senior High

School which are STEM, GAS, ABM, TVL and HUMMS in order to have a diverse

demographic as good as possible.

The Participants

The participants of this study were the Senior High School Students in Amore

Academy. The researchers chose 35 students, a random number each strands of

Senior High Students to answer the questionnaire.

The Research Instrument

The researchers gathered data through using two procedures: (1) online

personal interview and (2) questionnaire via Google forms that were produced by the

researcher. The questions in the questionnaire form was based on the researcher’s

readings on published thesis, statements, surveys, statistics and social survey that

correlates with the researchers study. There are also other factors that affect our

decision in terms of adding questions to our questionnaire like; to test their consistency,

keep the question personal but not offensive and maintain the freedom of the

respondents to keep their identity hidden. Most important, we ensure that the

17
respondents of the survey form and as well as the interview can relate and at least

knowledgeable about certain topics that the questionnaire tackles.

Data Analysis

The researchers considered the variety and the enormous number of students

which drove them to come up with a purposive inspecting method to find the answer of

at least 5 different sections of Senior High students of Amore Academy of Trece

Martires City Cavite .Inc–guaranteeing that all Senior High Students from various

environments were heard and perceived. The way how the researchers analyzed the

information subsequent to finishing the data gathered from the respondents is shown on

the table below;

ALLOWANCE/BUDGET ONLINE CLASS INTERNET

Is the allowance/budget enough Is the implementation of Is the internet feasible

to support the online online class influences through the financial plan?

requirements of the student? the income of the

student/family?

The information gathered from the respondents of the survey and interview were

thoroughly analyzed and filtered. After that the researchers formulated a visual

illustration to present the data gathered in this study.

18
Method of Data gathering

The researchers consider these following steps in gathering needed

information for the study.

Phase I. The researchers come up with the topic through brainstorming issues

that were controversial, worth-discussing and primarily affects the education system not

only of Amore Academy but also around the world and also with the help of several

people which are primarily teachers and professionals in order to make sure that the

topic is interesting and can help a vast majority of people.

Phase II. The researchers started the study in the 2nd week of October 2020.

One of the researchers also contacted several person that help them able to execute a

very effective way of gathering information. The sampling instruments which were

survey forms and interviews with some question from the survey forms that were

provided and produced the researchers themselves.

Phase III. The researchers also consider the diversity and the large number of

students which led them to come up with the purposive sampling technique in order to

get the answer of Senior High School students of Amore Academy of Trece Martires

City .Inc – assuring that all students from different atmospheres and special programs

were heard and recognized.

Phase IV. The researchers finished the study by the use of survey

questionnaires and interviews with the use of some questions from the survey

questionnaire as well. The survey questionnaire was consists of close-ended questions

19
in order for the researchers to collect the information it needs to come up with a

conclusion. Meanwhile, questions asked in interviews were questions that require

justification. Also the questions asked in interviews used tagalog as medium in order for

the interviewee to understand the question thoroughly and for them to answer more

accurately and openly.

Phase V. The information gathered from the respondents of the survey and

interview were thoroughly analyzed and filtered. After that the researchers formulated a

visual illustration to present the data gathered in this study.

20
 Chapter IV

Presentation and Interpretation of Data

This chapter sums up the findings and speculations made on the study about the

Effects of Online Class on Students’ Financial Capacity in Amore Academy according to

its discovered and gathered data.

1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents

STRAND No. Of Percent %

participants

STEM 20 57.15%

HUMMS 8 22.85%

GAS 2 5.71%

TVL 2 5.71%

ABM 3 8.58%

Total 35 100%

Table 1.1 Respondents in terms of Strands

This table represents the number of the participant who managed to answer our

questionnaire.

21
2. Budget Capacity of a Student in Amore Academy of TMC Cavite, Inc.

The gathered information is from majority of Grade 12 students of Amore

Academy of Trece Martires City Cavite.Inc

Figure 1 Students that describes their Family Monthly Budget.

6.40%

19.40%
12.10%
₱1000-₱9,999
₱10,000-₱24-999
₱25,000-₱49,999
13.90%
₱50,000-₱74,999
₱75,000-₱99,999
Greater than ₱100,000
36.10%
12.10%

Table 2: Students describes their Family Monthly Budget Table

Monthly Budget No. Of participants Percent %

₱1000-₱9,999 7 19.4%

₱10,000-₱24-999 13 36.1%

₱25,000-₱49,999 4 12.1%

22
 ₱50,000-₱74,999 5 13.9%

₱75,000-₱99,999 4 12.1%

Greater than ₱100,000 2 6.4%

Total 35 100%

This Table shows how much monthly budget do the student’s family have. This

shows that most student’s family budget ranges to ₱1000 - ₱25,000. Which is

considered in society as “average”

Figure 2: Number of students that describes their monthly budget.

2
7
4

₱1000-₱9,999
₱10,000-₱24-999
₱25,000-₱49,999
5
₱50,000-₱74,999
₱75,000-₱99,999
Greater than ₱100,000
4 13

Figures 1 and 2 shows the how high or low the respondents’ monthly

budget. Majority of the respondents said that their monthly budget ranges to ₱10,000-

23
₱25,000, meanwhile some said that their budget ranges greater than ₱100,000. These

only shows that the majority of the students, from different divisions are how we would

say “average”.

Figure 3 :Number of Student that find online class is a heavy burden on their

budget

No.Students that find/ think that online class

is a heavy burden on their monthly
allowance
16

15
14

12

10

8
Yes

0
YES

24
Figure 4:Number of Students that doesn’t think/find it a heavy burden on their

budget.

No.Students that doesn't find/ think that

online class is a heavy burden on their
monthly allowance

25

20
20

15

No

10

0
NO

If those data from figure 3 and figure 4 will be compared, it is very noticeable

that majority of the respondents didn’t found the online class a heavy burden on their

budget. Moreover, some of the respondents that responded positively to the question

regarding to how heavy of a burden online class is on their budget. On the other hand,

25
respondents that finds/ think it is a heavy burden on their budget which is 1/3 of the total

respondents.

Figure 5:Number of Students who thinks that online class is worthy to spend their

money on.

8
[VALUE]

Yes
4

0
YES

Figure 5 indeed shows a very interesting information. Despite of the results

shown on Figure 3and 4 which is the heavy burden of online class on Students

26
budgets. They’re still a number of respondents still said yes that it is worthy of their

money.

Figure 6: Number of Students who doesn’t think that online class is worthy to

spend their money on.

30

[VALUE]
25

20

15
No

10

0
NO

Figure 6 is also one of the most interesting yet not that surprising since the result

of figure 3 and 4 are mostly negative. A large number of the respondents doesn’t think

that online class is worth their cash to be spend on. Despite the content of figure 3 who

27
said that online class isn’t a heavy burden on their budget which almost have the

majority respondents still think that online class isn’t worth their money.

Figure 7: Student’s family does/doesn't have a provided budget for online class.

No. of Student's family that does/doesn't

have a provided budget for online learning.

[CATEGORY NAME]

Does
Doesn't

[CATEGORY NAME]

Table 3 No. Of Student’s family does/doesn't have a provided budget for online class.

Does/Doesnt have a provided No. Of participants Percent%

budget.

DOES 27 78%

DOESN’T 8 22%

35 100%

28
 Figure 7 is one of the most intriguing figures with regards to this study. A huge part

of the students, according to Table 3; 27 out of 35 has given has a prepared budget

plan to their online class regardless of the consequences of figure 5 and 6. Implying that

they have saved a financial plan for web-based learning despite the fact that the

majority part of them doesn't feel that online class is deserving of their cash.

The researchers asked the academic performance of some selected student through

live interviews. However, the researchers no longer use it as a data in this Quantitative

Method of research since the researchers would require the respondents to give proof

or evidence to prove that their grades are moving according to their answers in the

survey form and interviews.

29
 Chapter V

Conclusion and Recommendation

INTRODUCTION

This Chapter incorporates the basic summary of the finding, conclusion and

recommendation dependent on the information dissected on the chapter before this

one.

SUMMARY

This study was made for how online class influences the student’s monetary limit.

With the information gave in Chapter IV we summarize that the vast majority of the

students don't generally have an issue about how online class influences their financial

plan. Which is very shocking perceiving the number of students is as yet attempting to

change their budget plan to this method of education.

CONCLUSION

Figure 1 shows that 36% of the student’s family has the average range of

monthly allowance. We concluded that students who have an “average” budget can

sustain the effects of online class on their financial capacity. Then a portion of the

students that have a low to high monthly budget can support their online connection

appears to have it fine moreover.

Figure 3 shows that 15 out of 35 respondents thinks that online class is a

heavy burden to their budget, more so Figure 4 shows that 20 out of 35 respondents

doesn’t think that online class is a burden to their budget which makes us conclude that

30
the majority of the students doesn’t have a huge problem sustaining their internet for the

online class this school year.

Figure 6 shows that majority of the respondents doesn’t think that online

class isn’t worthy of the money needed to undergo online learning. We have concluded

that Majority of the students thinks that online class isn't deserving of their cash yet pays

for it since it’s the only way they can get grades for this school year.

Lastly 7 show that 78% which is the majority of the respondent’s families have a

prepared or have kept a budget for the implementation of online class. Meaning that it is

possible that they are ready for it or simply have a high budget to do as such.

RECOMMENDATION

This recommendation of ours are just opinions, we are not forcing others to do it.

With that being said, the researchers formulated this recommendation based on their

own beliefs that may help other students and also other persons.

A. Parents should always be prepared if anything happens that affects

their children’s budget for school.

B. Make a television advertisement about this topic.

C. Teachers shouldn't be so pushy on their students to make a activity

with a short given time, since the vast majority of the students on Amore Academy as

well as in the entire nation or possibly the entire world couldn't afford to have a internet

connection at their homes , additionally some of them couldn't bear the cost of an

approach to be online by any means, I.e. (any gadgets that can connect with the web).

31
REFERENCES:

(https://www.rappler.com/voices/ispeak/opinion-poor-students-schools-online-

coronavirus)

(https://www.noypigeeks.com/featured/advantages-disadvantages-online-classes)

(https://www.academia.edu/16591981/Financial_Status_and_Academic_Performa

nce)

(https://mb.com.ph/2020/09/18/common-problems-that-occur-during-online-

classes/)

(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6354661/)

(https://iproject.com.ng/education/impact-of-financial-stress-on-

studentsacademic-achievement/index.html)

(https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9521&context=rtd)

32