Range of V1

Performance
Performance Engineer
Engineer Operations
Operations
Flight
Flight Operations
Operations Engineering
Engineering

November
November 2001
2001
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

What is V11?

V11 is the speed at which the takeoff

should be continued unless the
stopping maneuver has already been
initiated

Range of V1. 2
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

“Pilot’s” definition of V1 (AC 120-62)

V11 - The speed selected for each takeoff, based
upon approved performance data and specified
conditions, which represents:
• The
The maximum
maximum speed by which a rejected takeoff must be
initiated to assure that a safe stop can be completed withinthe
remaining runway, or runway and stopway;

•The minimum speed which assures that a takeoff can be

safely completed
completed within
within the
the remaining
remaining runway,
runway, or
or runway
runway and
and
clearway, after failure of the most critical engine at a
designated speed; and
• The
The single
single speed
speed which
which permits
permits aa successful
successful stop
stop or
continued takeoff when operating at the minimum
allowable field length for a particular weight.

Range of V1. 3
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1

• Definitions
• Physical Representation
• Graphical Presentation
• Available V1 Range
• Examples
• Reduced V1 Policy

Range of V1. 4
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Definitions

• VEF
EF Engine Failure Speed - The speed at
which the critical engine becomes inoperative
• VRR Rotation Speed - The speed at which the
rotation from three point attitude to the takeoff
attitude is initiated.
LOF Lift-off Speed - The speed at which the
• VLOF
airplane becomes airborne.
• V22 Takeoff Safety Speed - The target speed
to be attained at the screen height (e.g. 35 ft),
assuming one engine inoperative and rotation
initiated at VRR

Range of V1. 5
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Definitions (cont’d)
• VMCG
MCG Ground Minimum Control Speed - The
speed during the takeoff run at which, when the
critical engine is suddenly made inoperative, it is
possible to maintain directional control of the
airplane using rudder alone, without deviating
from the runway centerline by more than 30 ft.
• VMBE
MBE Maximum Brake Energy Speed - The
highest speed from which the airplane may be
brought to a stop without exceeding the
maximum energy absorption capability of the
brakes. Maximum Brake Energy Speed is
compared in takeoff planning to V11.

Range of V1. 6
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Definitions (cont’d)

• V1/VR Speed Ratio - The ratio of V1 to the

rotation speed VR. Used to generalize data for
graphical presentation.
• Standard V1/VR - The V1/VR speed ratio defined
by the one engine inoperative field length limited
condition. Commonly used in Boeing takeoff
analysis software.

Range of V1. 7
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1

• Definitions
• Physical Representation
• Graphical Presentation
• Available V1 Range
• Examples
• Reduced V1 Policy

Range of V1. 8
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

V1 is selected to ensure:
V22
VEF
EF
35 ft

V11 VRR VLOF

LOF

All Engine Engine Inop

- Stop on available surface

- Go with engine inoperative
- Greater than or equal to VMCG
- Less than or equal to VR
- Less than or equal to VMBE

Range of V1. 9
 Range
Range of
of V1
V1

FAR takeoff field length is the longer of:

Engine Inoperative Accelerate-Go Distance:

Brake
Brake VEF V VRR VLOF V22
Release
Release EF 11 LOF
All
All Engine
Engine One
One Engine
Engine Inop
Inop 35 ft
Acceleration Acceleration
Acceleration
Acceleration
Accelerate-Stop Distance:
Brake
Brake
Release
Release
EVENT
EVENT V11 VBB
All
All Engine
Engine
Acceleration
Acceleration BA
BA TC
TC SP
SP FULL
FULL STOP
STOP

115% All Engine Distance to 35 ft:

Brake
Brake
V22
Release
Release VRR VLOF
LOF
35 ft X 1.15
All
All Engine
Engine Acceleration
Acceleration
Range of V1. 10
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

V1 - Distance Relationships
(Constant Gross Weight)

Low V1

Brake
Brake 35 ft
Release
Release
V
V11

Stop
Stop

Range of V1. 11
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

V1 - Distance Relationships
(Constant Gross Weight)

Mid V1

Brake
Brake 35 ft
Release
Release
V
V11

Stop
Stop

Range of V1. 12
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

V1 - Distance Relationships
(Constant Gross Weight)

High V1

Brake
Brake 35 ft
Release
Release
V
V11

Stop
Stop

Note: 115% All Engine Takeoff Distance is

not affected by V1 choice
Range of V1. 13
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Why a range of V1?

EVEN THOUGH ANY VALUE IN THE ALLOWABLE

RANGE OF V1 MEETS REGULATORY
REQUIREMENTS, ONLY ONE V1 SHOULD BE
SELECTED FOR EACH SCHEDULED TAKEOFF. TO
AID IN THIS SELECTION, THE FOLLOWING FACTS
SHOULD BE CONSIDERED:

Range of V1. 14
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Why a range of V1 ?(cont’d)

WHEN A LOW V11 IS SELECTED:

(FOR A CONSTANT GROSS WEIGHT...)

1. The stopping margins are increased for a rejected takeoff.

(increased stopping margin is helpful on runways with
reduced braking capability)

2. There is additional margin from Brake Energy Limits

3. There may be only the minimum required clearance over

the end of the runway if it is necessary to continue the
takeoff after an engine failure.

Range of V1. 15
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Why a range of V1 ?(cont’d)

WHEN A HIGH V11 IS SELECTED:

(FOR A CONSTANT GROSS WEIGHT...)

1. The margins are increased for a continued takeoff.

(required takeoff distance is less; V2 is reached at an earlier
point)

2. There is additional margin from Ground Minimum Control

Limits

3. There may be only the minimum required on stopping

distance (the entire runway may be required if the takeoff is
rejected at V1

Range of V1. 16
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1

• Definitions
• Physical Representation
• Graphical Presentation
• Available V1 Range
• Examples
• Reduced V1 Policy

Range of V1. 17
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

767-300ER / CF6-80C2B6/B6F distances

TEMP
TEMP == 15C
15C
ELEV
ELEV = SEA LEVEL
= SEA LEVEL
NO
NO WIND
WIND
NO
NO SLOPE
SLOPE
A/C
A/C ON
ON V1 Accel-Go Accel-Stop
FLAPS
FLAPS 55
180000 kg 130 kts 12050 ft 6025 ft
140 kts 11220 ft 6910 ft
150 kts 10250 ft 7890 ft

170000 kg 130 kts 10050 ft 5710 ft

140 kts 9300 ft 6540 ft
150 kts 8430 ft 7450 ft
160000 kg 130 kts 8440 ft 5310 ft
140 kts 7660 ft 6190 ft
150 kts 6870 ft 7050 ft

Range of V1. 18
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

V1 Effect on Accel-Go and Accel-Stop (X-Plot)

Ac
ce
l-G
o
Re
qu
ire
d

Balanced Field Length

d
ire
q u
Re
t op
el-S Balanced Field
c c
A Length V1

Range of V1. 19
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

V1 Effect on Accel-Go and Accel-Stop (“Web” chart)

Constant Pressure Alt, Temp, Wind, Slope

180t

170t
s
kt

s
160t
0

kt
13

s
0

kt
14
=
V1

0
=

15
V1

=
V1

Range of V1. 20
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Runway Length and V1 Adjustments (Web Chart)

inc
rea
CORRECTED TAKEOFF DISTANCE
si ng
ENGINE INOPERATIVE

VR
1/
,V
tio
Ra
d
ee
Sp

CORRECTED ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE

Range of V1. 21
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Runway Length and V1 Adjustments (Web Chart)

CORRECTED TAKEOFF DISTANCE

ng
ENGINE INOPERATIVE

si
rea
inc

Co
Ru r
nw recte
ay d
Le
ng
th

CORRECTED ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE

Range of V1. 22
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Corrected Runway Length:

One Engine Inoperative

Corrected Runway Length
(CRL) generalizes:
• Altitude
• Temperature
• Gross Weight

Range of V1. 23
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Corrected Runway Length Required

CORRECTED RUNWAY LENGTH REQUIRED

AIRPORT CORRECTED
PRESSURE RUNWAY
ALTITUDE LENGTH

LO
NG
H
HIG

LOW SH
O
RT

LOW HIGH LOW HIGH

AIRPORT TEMPERATURE TAKEOFF GROSS WEIGHT

Range of V1. 24
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Engine Inoperative Corrected Takeoff Distance

ENGINE INOPERATIVE
CORRECTED TAKEOFF DISTANCE
ENGINE INOPERATIVE CORRECTED TAKEOFF DISTANCE - 1000 M
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ANTI-ICE
+

WIND

-
+
SLOPE
-
MAXIMUM ALLLOWABLE CLEARWAY
CLEARWAY

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ACTUAL RUNWAY LENGTH - 1000 M

Range of V1. 25
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Corrected Accelerate-Stop Distance

CORRECTED ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE
CORRECTED ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE - 1000 M
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
INOP

ANTI-SKID
1 BRAKE DEACT.
OPERATING

ANTI-ICE
+

WIND

-
+
SLOPE
-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE - 1000 M

Range of V1. 26
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Takeoff Speeds
TAKEOFF SPEEDS

PRESSURE ALTITUDE

TAKEOFF GROSS

TAKEOFF GROSS
WEIGHT

WEIGHT
AIRPORT OAT ROTATION SPEED VR TAKEOFF SAFETY SPEED V2

Range of V1. 27
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1
RUNWAY LENGTH AND V1 ADJUSTMENTS
Ru Corre
nw c
ay ted
Le
ng
th
Corrected Takeoff Distance
Engine Inoperative

Engine Inoperative Corrected

Takeoff Distance Available

Corrected Accel-Stop
Distance Available
Corrected Runway
Length Required

Corrected Accelerate-Stop Distance

Range of V1. 28
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1
RUNWAY LENGTH AND V1 ADJUSTMENTS
Ru Corre
nw c
ay ted
Le
Minimum ng
th
Corrected Takeoff Distance

V1/VR
Engine Inoperative

Standard V1/VR

Maximum
V1/VR

Corrected Accelerate-Stop Distance

Range of V1. 29
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Determining a Range of V1
USING
USING THE
THE AFM
AFM SECTION
SECTION 4,
4, PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE CHARTS
CHARTS

1.
1. DETERMINE
DETERMINE THE
THE CORRECTED
CORRECTED RUNWAY
RUNWAY LENGTH
LENGTH REQUIRED
REQUIRED FOR
FOR THE
THE TAKEOFF
TAKEOFF
GROSS WEIGHT, AIRPORT TEMPERATURE, AND PRESSURE ALTITUDE.
GROSS WEIGHT, AIRPORT TEMPERATURE, AND PRESSURE ALTITUDE.

2.
2. DETERMINE
DETERMINE THE
THE ENGINE
ENGINE INOPERATIVE
INOPERATIVE CORRECTED
CORRECTED TAKEOFF
TAKEOFF DISTANCE
DISTANCE AVAILABLE.
AVAILABLE.

3.
3. DETERMINE
DETERMINE THE
THE CORRECTED
CORRECTED ACCELERATE-STOP
ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE
DISTANCE AVAILABLE.
AVAILABLE.

4.
4. DETERMINE
DETERMINE (V1/VR)MIN
(V1/VR)MIN FROM
FROM THE
THE RUNWAY
RUNWAY LENGTH
LENGTH AND
AND V1
V1 ADJUSTMENT
ADJUSTMENT (WEB)
(WEB) CHART
CHART
USING
USING THE
THE ENGINE
ENGINE INOPERATIVE
INOPERATIVE CORRECTED
CORRECTED TAKEOFF
TAKEOFF DISTANCE
DISTANCE AVAILABLE
AVAILABLE
(FROM
(FROM 2),
2), AND
AND THE
THE CORRECTED
CORRECTED RUNWAY
RUNWAY LENGTH
LENGTH REQUIRED
REQUIRED (FROM
(FROM 1).
1).

5.
5. DETERMINE
DETERMINE (V1/VR)MAX
(V1/VR)MAX FROM
FROM THE
THE WEB
WEB CHART
CHART USING
USING THE
THE CORRECTED
CORRECTED
ACCELERATE-STOP
ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE
DISTANCE AVAILABLE
AVAILABLE (FROM
(FROM 3),
3), AND
AND THE
THE CORRECTED
CORRECTED RUNWAY
RUNWAY
LENGTH REQUIRED (FROM 1).
LENGTH REQUIRED (FROM 1).

6.
6. DETERMINE
DETERMINE ROTATION
ROTATION SPEED
SPEED VR,
VR, FOR
FOR THE
THE TAKEOFF
TAKEOFF GROSS
GROSS WEIGHT
WEIGHT AND
AND AIRPORT
AIRPORT
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE AND
AND PRESSURE
PRESSURE ALTITUDE.
ALTITUDE.

7.
7. DETERMINE
DETERMINE V1
V1 MIN
MIN AND
AND V1
V1 MAX
MAX BY
BY MULTIPLYING
MULTIPLYING THE
THE APPROPRIATE
APPROPRIATE V1/VR
V1/VR RATIOS
RATIOS
BY
BY VR.
VR.

Range of V1. 30
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Determining a Range of V1:

NOTE: V1MIN
1MIN and V1MAX
1MAX are the lowest
and highest values of V11 that will
satisfy all the Federal Aviation
Regulations related to Maximum
Takeoff Gross Weight, Field Length
Limits. V11 must not be greater than
VMBE
MBE or VRR, nor less than VMCG
MCG

Range of V1. 31
 Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1 Determination
Actual
Actual Runway
Runway Length
Length
Actual
Actual Runway
Runway
Takeoff
Takeoff Gross
Gross Weight
Weight Length
Length plus
plus
22 Stopway
Stopway
11
Engine
Engine Inoperative
Inoperative 33
Corrected
Corrected Takeoff
Takeoff Corrected
Corrected Runway
Runway Corrected
Corrected
Distance
Distance Available
Available Length
Length Required
Required Accelerate-Stop
Accelerate-Stop
Distance
Distance Available
Available
V
V11
44 V V
V11
VRR MIN
MIN
V 55
VRR MAX
MAX
66
Rotation
Rotation Speed
Speed
V
V11 V
V11
77 X
XVVRR X
XVVRR 77
V
VRR MIN
MIN V
VRR MAX
MAX

V11MIN
MIN
V11MAX
MAX Range of V1. 32
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Actual AFM Charts:

STOP

Actual AFM Charts

Range of V1. 33
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Example Conditions:

• 767-300ER / CF6-80C2B4
• FLAPS 5
• A/C ON
• ANTI-ICE OFF
• TAKEOFF GROSS WEIGHT = 335,000 LB
• AIRPORT PRESSURE ALTITUDE = 5000 FT
• AIRPORT TEMPERATURE = 35 DEG C
• RUNWAY LENGTH = 10500 FT
• SLOPE = -1%
• WIND = 11 KTS HEADWIND
• NO CLEARWAY OR STOPWAY

Example Solution
Range of V1. 34
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Class Problems:

STOP

Problem Set

Range of V1. 35
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Minimizing V1
At weights below the maximum takeoff weight

When your dispatch weight is below the

maximum allowed, V1 can be reduced while
remaining within the takeoff distance allowed

Range of V1. 36
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1
A
Accccee One Engine Inop
lleerraat
tee--S
Sttoopp Field Length Limit
D
Diisstta
annccee
A
Avvaaiil
laabbllee

V 11 = V RR
Range of V1
V1

b
b llee
a
a iillaa
Avv
A
n
n ccee
iissttaa
f
fff DD
o
eeo
kk
TTaa
VMC
MCGG

Takeoff Gross Weight

Range of V1. 37
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1
Corrected Takeoff Distance

Takeoff Distance Available

Engine Inoperative

CGM
V1 = V
VR

Accel-Stop Dist
=

Available
V1

Corrected Accelerate-Stop Distance

Range of V1. 38
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1
One Engine Inop
Field Length Limit
Corrected Takeoff Distance
Engine Inoperative

V1
o f
ge
an
R

Corrected Accelerate-Stop Distance

Range of V1. 39
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

767-300ER / CF6-80C2B6/B6F distances

TEMP
TEMP == 15C
15C
ELEV
ELEV = SEA LEVEL
= SEA LEVEL
NO
NO WIND
WIND
NO
NO SLOPE
SLOPE
A/C
A/C ON
ON V1 Accel-Go Accel-Stop
FLAPS
FLAPS 55
180000 kg 130 kts 12050 ft 6025 ft
140 kts 11220 ft 6910 ft
150 kts 10250 ft 7890 ft

170000 kg 130 kts 10050 ft 5710 ft

140 kts 9300 ft 6540 ft
150 kts 8430 ft 7450 ft
160000 kg 130 kts 8440 ft 5310 ft
140 kts 7660 ft 6190 ft
150 kts 6870 ft 7050 ft

Range of V1. 40
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

V1 Reduction

kts
13000
18
Engine Inoperative Takeoff Distance - ft

130
0t

kts
12000

140

kts
11000

150
17
0t
10000

kts
160
9000 16
0t
8000

7000

6000
4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Accelerate-Stop Distance - ft
Range of V1. 41
Range
Range of
of V1
V1
For a field length of 9000 ft:
V1 Reduction Field Limit TOW = 180,000kg
V1 = 160 kts

kts
13000
18
Engine Inoperative Takeoff Distance - ft

130
0t

kts
12000

140

kts
11000

150
17
0t c ed
10000 l an

kts
Ba V1

160
9000 16
0t
8000

7000

6000
4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Accelerate-Stop Distance - ft
Range of V1. 42
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

767-300ER / CF6-80C2B6/B6F distances

TEMP
TEMP == 15C
15C
ELEV
ELEV = SEA LEVEL
= SEA LEVEL
NO
NO WIND
WIND
NO
NO SLOPE
SLOPE Bal Minimum V1 Delta V1
A/C
A/C ON
ON
FLAPS
FLAPS 55
V1 for weight from bal to min

F.L. GW = 180t 160 kts 160 kts No reduction

(CRL = 9000 ft)
Actual GW
GW == 170t
170t ? ? ?

Range of V1. 43
Range
Range of
of V1
V1
For a field length of 9000 ft
V1 Reduction and Actual
Actual TOW
TOW == 170,000kg:
Balanced V1 = 154 kts

kts
13000 Minimum
Minimum V1 V1 == 144 kts
18
Engine Inoperative Takeoff Distance - ft

130
0t

kts
12000

140

kts
11000

150
17
0t c ed
10000 l an

kts
Ba V1

160
9000 16
0t
8000

7000

6000
4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Accelerate-Stop Distance - ft
Range of V1. 44
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

767-300ER / CF6-80C2B6/B6F distances

TEMP
TEMP == 15C
15C
ELEV
ELEV = SEA LEVEL
= SEA LEVEL
NO
NO WIND
WIND
NO
NO SLOPE
SLOPE Bal Minimum V1 Delta V1
A/C
A/C ON
ON
FLAPS
FLAPS 55
V1 for weight from bal to min

F.L. GW = 180t 160 kts 160 kts No reduction

(CRL
(CRL == 9000
9000 ft)
ft)
Actual GW
GW == 170t
170t 154
154 kts
kts 144 kts -10 kts

Actual GW
GW == 160t
160t 148
148 kts
kts 120 kts -28 kts

F.L. GW = 170t 154 kts 154 kts No reduction

(CRL = 7910 ft)
Actual GW
GW == 160t
160t 148
148 kts
kts 137 kts -11 kts
Actual GW
GW == 150t
150t 141
141 kts
kts 110 kts -31 kts

Range of V1. 45
Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1 - Summary

• Range of V1 can be used to optimize both

performance and takeoff safety
• Within the allowable V1 Range, all Federal Aviation
Regulations related to Maximum Takeoff Gross
Weight, Field Length Limits, are satisfied.
• A single V1 is chosen for each takeoff
• V1 within the allowable range can be chosen to
maximize margins on either Go or Stop
• Statistical evidence from RTO accidents and
incidents might lead us to consider a Reduced V1
Policy
Range of V1. 46
Range of V1
Performance
Performance Engineer
Engineer Operations
Operations
Flight
Flight Operations
Operations Engineering
Engineering

November
November 2001
2001 W004d. 47