CIVIL LAW REVIEW II SYLLABUS

Atty. Erika-Anne Therese D. de la Cerna

PRESCRIPTION

1. Types of Prescription
a. Acquisitive
i. Ordinary
ii. Extraordinary
iii. Tacking on of possession
b. Extinctive
i. Characteristics
ii. Requisites
iii. Periods
2. When Prescription is inapplicable
a. By offender
b. Registered lands
c. Actions to demand right of way; to abate a nuisance
d. Action to quiet title if plaintiff is in possession
e. Void contracts
f. Action to demand partition; distinguished from laches
g. Property of public dominion
3. Prescription or limitation of actions
a. To recover movables
b. To recover immovables
c. Other actions
4. Interruption
a. Crisologo v. Ranon – G.R. No. 171068

SUCCESSION

1. General Provisions (article 774 to 782)

a. Definitions
i. Succession
1. Estate of K.H. Hemady v. Luzon Surety – G.R. No. L-8437
ii. Decedent
iii. Inheritance
b. Transmission; Requirements
i. Calalang-Parulan v. Calalang Garcia – G.R. No. 184148
ii. Uson v. del Rosario – G.R. No. L-4963
iii. De Borja v. Vda. De Borja – G.R. No. L-28040
iv. Bonilla v. Barcena – L-41715
c. Kinds of successors
2. Testamentary succession (articles 783 to 837)
a. Definition, Characteristics
b. Interpretation
c. Properties Covered
d. Testamentary Capacity
i. Ortega v. Valmonte – G.R. No. 157451
ii. Baltazar v. Laxa – G.R. No. 174489
e. Notarial Wills; Formal Requirements
i. Azuela v. CA – G.R. No. 122880
ii. Guerrero v. Bihis – G.R. No. 174144
iii. Lopez v. Lopez – G.R. No. 189984
f. Holographic Wills; Formal Requirements
i. Roxas v. de Jesus – G.R. No. L-38338
ii. Azaola v. Singson – G.R. No. L-14003
iii. Gan v. Yap – G.R. No. L-12190
iv. Dy Yieng Seangio v. Reyes – G.R. No. 140371-72
g. Joint Wills
i. De La Cerna v. Potot – G.R. No. L-20234
h. Witnesses
i. Codicils and Incorporation By Reference
j. Revocation
k. Republication and Revival
3. Allowance and Disallowance of Wills (Arts. 838-839,CC)
a. Mandatory Character

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 i. Roberts v. Leonidas – G.R. No. L-55509
ii. Heirs of Lasam v. Umengan – G.R. No. 168156
b. Scope of Probate Proceedings
i. Maloles v. Phillips – G.R. No. 129505/133359
ii. Leo Romero v. C.A. – G.R. No. 188921
iii. Jardeleza v. Jardeleza – G.R. No. 167975
c. Exceptions
i. Dorotheo v. CA – G.R. No. 108581
ii. Gregorio v. Madarang – G.R. No. 185226
iii. Aranas v. Mercado – G.R. No. 156407
d. Grounds for Disallowance
i. Codoy v. Calugay – G.R. No. 123486
ii. Baltazar v. Laxa – G.R. No. 174489
e. Ratification
4. Institution and Substitution of Heirs (Arts. 840-870, CC)
a. Concept
b. Requirements for Valid Institution
c. Basic Principles for Heir Institution
d. False Cause-Effect
e. Preterition
i. Non v. CA – G.R. No. 137287
ii. Aznar Bros. Realty v. CA – G.R. No. 128102
iii. JLT Agro Inc. v. Balansag – G.R. No. 141882
f. Substitution of Heirs; Nature and Purpose
g. Kinds of Substitution
h. Requirements for Substitution
i. Rabadilla v. CA – G.R. No. 113725
ii. Ramirez v. Ramirez – G.R. No. 27952
iii. Kilayco v. Tengco – G.R. No. 45425/45965
5. Conditional Testamentary Dispositions and Those with a Term (Arts. 871-885, CC)
a. Conditional Dispositions; Kinds
b. With a Term; Kinds
c. With a Mode
6. Legitime of Compulsory Heirs (Arts. 886-914, CC)
a. Concept
b. Compulsory Heirs; Classification
c. Order and Share of Compulsory Heirs
i. Art. 176, Family Code
d. Concurrence and Exclusions
e. Illegitimate Relationship; Barrier
i. Manuel v. Ferrer – G.R. No. 117246
ii. De la Merced v. De la Merced – G.R. No. 126707
f. Adoptive Relationships
i. Family Code Provisions
g. Inofficious Donations
i. Imperial v. CA – G.R. No. 112483
ii. Santos v. Alana – G.R. No. 154942
h. Collation and Reduction
i. Vizconde v. CA – G.R. No. 118449
ii. Arellano v. Pascual – G.R. No. 189776
7. Reserva Troncal (Art. 891, CC)
a. Sumaya v. IAC – G.R. No. 68843-44
b. Mendoza v. De los Santos – G.R. No. 176422
8. Disinheritance (Arts. 915-923, CC)
a. Concept
b. Requisites of Valid Disinheritance
c. Grounds for Disinheritance
d. Invalid Disinheritance
9. Legacies and Devices (Arts. 924-959, CC)
a. Nature
b. Capacity
c. Burden of Discharge
d. Obligations of the One Charged
e. Determinate Real or Personal Properties
f. Effect of Encumbrance
g. Revocation
h. Legacy of Rights
i. Alternative Legacies

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 j. Generic Real or Personal Properties
10. Intestate Succession (Arts. 960-1014, CC)
a. Causes; Basic Principles
i. Orendain v. Estate of Rodriguez – G.R. No. 168660
b. Relationship
c. Bar Between Legitimate/Illegitimate Relatives
i. Delgado v. Rustia - G.R. No. 155733
ii. Intestate Estate of Suntay v. Suntay – G.R. No. 183053
iii. Heirs of Arado v. Alcoran – G.R. No. 163362
d. Right of Representation
i. Rosales v. Rosales – G.R. No. 40789 Feb 27/1987
e. Order of Intestate Succession
f. Descending Line
i. Reyes v. Sotero – G.R. No. 167405
g. Ascending Line
h. Surviving Spouse
i. Collateral Relatives
i. Bagunu v. Piedad – G.R. No. 140975
j. State
11. Accretion (Arts. 1015-1023, CC)
a. Heirs of Soliva v. Soliva – G.R. No. 15961
12. Capacity to Succeed (Arts. 1024-1040, CC)
a. Concept
b. Absolute Incapacity
c. Relative Incapacity
i. Possible Undue Influence
ii. Public Morality
iii. Unworthiness
d. Exclusion of Incapacitated Heir
13. Acceptance and Repudiation (Arts. 1041 – 1060)
a. Necessity
b. Requisites
c. Form
d. Acts Implying Acceptance
e. Presumed Acceptance
f. Repudiation; Restrictions
g. Effects
h. Special Rules
14. Collation (Arts. 1061-1077, CC)
a. Concept
i. Buhay de Roma v. CA – G.R. No. 46903
b. For Determination of Legitime
c. For Equalization
d. Requirements
e. Optional Collation
f. Methods - of Values, In Kind
15. Partition and Distribution of Estate (Arts. 1078 – 1105, CC)
a. Partition; Concept/Form
i. Heirs of Ureta Sr. v. Heirs of Ureta – G.R. No. 165748/165930
ii. Spouses Villafria v. Plazo – G.R. No. 187524
b. Classes of Partition; Requirements
i. Pada-Kilario v. CA – G.R. No. 134329
ii. Union Bank v. Santibanez – G.R. No. 149926
iii. Casilang v. Casilang-Dizon – G.R. No. 180269
c. Who May Demand Partition
d. Steps in Partition
i. Natcher v. CA – G.R. No. 133000
e. Legal Redemption
f. Effects of Partition; Breach of Warranty
g. Nullity
h. Rescission
i. Modification

OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS

1. General Provisions on Obligations (Arts. 1156 – 1162, CC)

a. Distinguished from Contracts
b. Concept

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 c. Essential Elements
d. Sources
i. Metropolitan Bank v. Rosales – G.R. No. 183204
2. Prestations (Arts. 1163-1168, CC)
a. To Give
i. Determinate and Generic Terms
ii. Accessory Obligations in Obligations to Give Determinate Things
1. Exercise of diligence of a good father of a family
2. Fruits
a. Art. 1187
3. Accessions and accessories
b. To Do or Not To Do
c. Consequences of Failure to Comply with Required Prestation
i. Art. 1191
1. Angeles v. Calasang – G.R. No. 42283
2. Racquel-Santos v. CA – G.R. No. 174986,175071, 181415
3. Heirs of Ramon Gaite v. The Plaza – G.R. No. 177685
4. Optimum Dev Bank v. Spouses Jovellanos – G.R. No. 189145
3. Breach (Art. 1169-1174, CC)
a. Causes
i. Guanio v. Makati Shangrila – G.R. No. 190601
ii. R.S. Tomas v. Rizal Cement – G.R. No. 173155

iii. Dolo
1. Tankeh v. DBP – G.R. No. 171428
2. Sps. Tumbay v. Sps. Lopez – G.R. No. 171692
iv. Culpa
1. Huang v. Phil Hoteliers – G.R. No. 180440
2. Sps. Viloria v. Continental Airlines – G.R. No. 188288
3. Gilat Satellite v. UCPB General Insurance – G.R. No. 189563
4. Mendezo v. Sps. Gomez – G.R. No. 160110
v. Mora/Default
1. Pantaleon v. American Express Intl – G.R. No. 174269
2. JPlus Asia Dev. V. Utility Assurance Corp – G.R. No. 199650
vi. Effect on Persons Subsidiarily Liable
1. Phil Export Corp v. Eusebio Construction – G.R. No. 140047
b. Fortuitous Events
i. Victorias Planters Asso v. Victorias Milling – G.R. No. L-6648
ii. Philippine Free Press v. C.A. – G.R. No. 132864
iii. Metro Concast Steel Corporation v. Allied Bank – G.R. No. 177921
iv. Tagaytay Realty v. Gacutan – G.R. No. 160033
4. Usurious Transactions/Obligations Payable in Installments (Arts. 1175-1176, CC)
a. Spouses Bacolor v. Banco Filipino – G.R. No. 148491
b. First Meto Investments v. Este del Sol – G.R. No. 141811
5. Rights of Creditors (Arts. 1177-1178, CC)
6. Different Kinds of Obligations
a. Pure (Art. 1179)
b. Conditional (Art. 1179-1180)
i. Suspensive condition
1. Intl Hotel Corp v. Joaquin – G.R. No. 158361
2. Diego v. Diego – G.R. No. 179965
3. Cabrera v. Isaac – G.R. No. 16670
ii. Resolutory Condition
1. Dolar v. Barangay Lublub – G.R. No. 152663
iii. Potestative, Casual or Mixed
1. Catungal v. Rodriguez – G.R. No. 146839
iv. Effect of Immoral, Illicit and Impossible Conditions
v. Coupled with a Term
1. If period intended for fulfillment (Art. 1197)
c. Reciprocal Obligations
i. Nature; Effect
ii. Condition for performance
1. Megaworld Globus Asia Inc. v. Tanseco – G.R. No. 181206
2. Forest Hills Golf v. Vertex Sales – G.R. No. 202205
iii. Necessity of court approval
1. Golden Valley Exploration v. Pinkian Mining – G.R. No. 190080
2. Sangguniang Panglungsod Baguio City v Jadewell – G.R. No. 160025
iv. Resolution under Art. 1191 v. Rescission

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 1. Suria v. IAC – G.R. No. 73893
2. Reyes v. Tuparan – G.R. No. 188064
3. Fong v. Duenas – G.R. No. 185592
d. Obligations with a Period
i. Concept
ii. ‘Day Certain’ Meaning
1. Solante v. COA – G.R. No. 207348
iii. Distinguished from Conditional Obligations
iv. Kinds
1. Suspensive
2. Resolutionary
v. Effects; non-retroactivity
vi. Rights of Parties Before Arrival of Term
1. Loss, Deterioration of Improvement
2. Payment; Recovery
vii. Period; For whose benefit
1. Exceptions
viii. When courts may fix period
1. Chua v. CA – G.R. No. 140886
2. Abad v. Goldloop – G.R. No. 168108
e. Multiple Obligations
i. Conjunctive
ii. Alternative
1. Right of choice
a. Debtor’s choice
b. Creditor’s choice
iii. Facultative
f. Joint Obligations
i. Concept
1. Cembrano v. City of Butuan – G.R. No. 163605
2. Sps. Benot v. Siapno – G.R. No. 188944
ii. Distinguished from Solidary Obligations
1. Lafarge Cement v. Continental Cement – G.R. No. 155173
iii. Liability of joint debtors
g. Solidary Obligations
i. Concept
1. Olongapo City v. Subic Water – G.R. No. 171626
2. Olivarez v. Castillo – G.R. No. 196251
3. Sinamban v. China Banking Corp – G.R. No. 193890
ii. When solidary liability exists
1. when obligation so states
a. Tiu v. Metrobank – G.R. No. 179880
b. Boston Equity Resources v. CA – G.R. No. 173946
2. by law
a. Aratea v. Suico – G.R. No. 170284
b. Navida v. Dizon Jr. – G.R. No. 125078
c. Vigilla v. Phil College of Criminology – G.R. No. 200094
3. when nature of obligation requires it
a. MWSS v. Daway – G.R. No. 160732
iii. Words importing solidarity
1. Ronquillo v. C.A. – G.R. No. 55138
iv. Solidary Debtor v. Surety
1. Stronghold Insurance Co. v. Tokyu Construction – G.R. No. 158820-21
2. CCC Insurance Corp v. Kawasaki Steel Corp – G.R. No. 156162
v. Kinds
1. Active
a. Effects between solidary creditors and debtor
b. Effects among solidary creditors themselves
2. Passive
a. Effects between solidary debtors and creditor
i. payment of obligation
ii. defense
b. Effects among solidary debtors themselves
i. Reimbursement
ii. insolvency of one
c. Effect of different terms and conditions
d. Release of solidary debtor
3. Mixed

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 h. Joint Indivisible Obligations
i. Nature of liability
ii. Necessity of concurrence
iii. Effect of Non-fulfillment; insolvency of one
i. Divisible and indivisible Obligations
i. Presumptions of Indivisibility
j. Obligations with a Penal Clause
i. When demandable
ii. Purpose
iii. Collection of penalty:
1. in lieu of principal
2. in addition to principal
3. in lieu/in addition to interest
iv. Reduction
7. Modes of Extinguishment of Obligations
a. Payment or Performance
i. Rules
1. Integrity
a. Meaning
i. Alonzo v. San Juan – G.R. No. 137549
b. Exceptions
i. Substantial Performance in good faith
ii. Acceptance as Full
1. Int’l Hotel Corp v. Joaquin Jr. – G.R. No. 158361
c. Rebus Sic Stantibus
i. Comglasco v. Santos Car Check – G.R. No. 202989
d. Proper parties
i. Any person authorized
1. Sps. De la Cruz v. Concepcion – G.R. No. 172825
ii. In Possession of Credit
iii. By a Third Person
1. Abacus Securities v. Ampil – G.R. No. 160016
iv. To the proper party
1. Republic v. De Guzman – G.R. No. 175021
2. Identity
3. Indivisibility
ii. Special Rules on Monetary Obligations
1. In legal tender-meaning
a. Comm. Of Customs v. AGFHA Inc. – G.R. No. 187425
b. Union Bank v. Tiu – G.R. No. 173090
2. Payment in Checks or Mercantile Documents
a. Pabugaois v. Sahjwani – G.R. No. 156846
b. FEBTC v. Diaz Realty – G.R. No. 138588
3. Extraordinary Inflation or Deflation
a. Citibank v. Sabeniano – G.R. No. 156132
b. Sec of DPWH v. Sps. Tecson – G.R. No. 179334
4. Interest
a. Rep. of the Phil. v. de Guzman – G.R. No. 175021
b. Nacar v. Gallery Frames – G.R. No. 189871
c. Rivera v. Spouses Chua – G.R. No. 184458/184472
d. Sps. Abella v. Sps. Abella – G.R. No. 195166
iii. Place of Payment
b. Special Forms of Payment
i. Application of Payment
1. Requirements
2. Rules
a. Stipulation
b. Debtor to Make Application
c. Creditor Purposes
d. Most Onerous
e. Proportionate
ii. Dation in Payment
1. Typingco v. Lim – G.R. No. 181232
2. Luzon Dev Bank v. Enriquez – G.R. No. 168666
3. Tan Shuy v. Sps. Mulawin – G.R. No. 188064
iii. Cession (Assignment for the benefit of creditors)
1. Requirements
2. Difference from Dation in Payment

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 3. How obligation extinguished
iv. Tender of Payment and Consignation
1. Difference between Tender and Consignation
2. Tender without consignation
3. When tender alone produces legal effect
4. Consignation
a. B.P. 877
b. Requirements for valid consignation
i. Dalton v. FGR Realty – G.R. No. 172577
c. Risk of Loss
d. Acceptance of Payment by Creditor
v. Loss or Impossibility of Performance
1. Loss of Determine Things
a. Through fault/negligence of debtor
b. Through fortuitous events
i. when debtor liable
2. Loss of Generic Things
3. Impossibility of Performance
a. Physical Impossibility
b. Legal Impossibility
c. Moral Impossibility
vi. Condonation or Remission of Debt
1. Requirements
a. Acceptance
b. Liberality
c. Formalities
2. Revocation
3. Implied Condonation
a. Presumption
vii. Confusion or Merger of Rights
viii. Compensation
1. Distinguished from Confusion
2. Kinds
a. Legal Compensation – requirements
i. Citibank v. Sabeniano – G.R. No. 156132
ii. Insular Investments v. Capital One – G.R. No. 183308
iii. Mondragon Personal Sales v. Sola – G.R. No. 174882
b. Conventional
i. Traders Royal Bank v. Castanares – G.R. No. 172020
c. Facultative
d. Judicial
3. Taxes – not subject to compensation
a. Francia v. IAC – G.R. No. 67649
4. Effect of Assignment of Credit
ix. Novation
1. Kinds
a. Real or Objectives
b. Personal or Subjective
i. Debtor
1. Expromision
2. Delegacion
ii. Creditor
1. Conventional/Legal Subrogation
c. Mixed
2. Manner
a. Express
b. Implied
i. Foundation Specialists. v. Betonval – G.R. No. 170674
ii. Heirs of Franco v. Sps. Gonzales – G.R. No. 159709
3. Requirements
a. Ong v. Bognalbal – G.R. No. 149140
4. Real/Objective Novation
5. Personal/Subjective Novation
a. Change of Debtors
i. Expromision
ii. Delegation
1. BPI v. Domingo – G.R. No. 169407
iii. Distinction from payment by a 3rd person

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 b. Change of Creditors
i. Conventional and Legal Subrogation
1. Republic Flour v. Forbes Factors – G.R. No. 152313
ii. Conventional Subrogation distinguished from assignment of credit
iii. Legal Subrogation
1. Keppel Cebu Shipyards v. Pioneer – G.R. No. 180880
8. Contracts; General Provisions
a. Definition
b. Basic Principles
i. Autonomy of the will of the parties
1. PSALM v. Pozzolanic Phils. – G.R. No. 183789
ii. Mutuality
1. Philippine Savings Bank v. Castillo – G.R. No. 193178
2. Juico v. China Banking Corp – G.R. No. 187678
3. Sps. Silos v. PNB – G.R. No. 181045
iii. Relativity
1. Ureta v. Ureta – G.R. No. 165748 & 165930
2. Dona Adela Export v. TIDCOR – G.R. No. 201931
a. Exceptions:
i. When binding only between parties
ii. When third persons may be affected
iv. Obligatory Force
1. PL Uy Realty v. ALS Management – G.R. No. 166642
9. Essential Elements of Contracts
a. Consent
i. Requirements
1. Parties
2. legal capacity
ii. How manifested
1. Negotiation
a. Int’l Freeport Traders v. Danzus Intercon – G.R. No. 181833
2. Offer/ Acceptance
a. MCA-MBF Countdown v. MBF Int’l Ltd – G.R. No. 173586
b. Heirs of Ignacio v. Home Bankers Savings – G.R. No. 17783
c. Landless Asso v. Robern Dev Corp – G.R. No. 173622
iii. Options/Right of First Refusal
1. Vasquez v. Ayala Corp – G.R. No. 149734
2. Tanay Recreation v. Fausto – G.R. No. 140182
3. Capalla v. COMELEC – G.R. No. 201112
iv. Business Advertisements
v. Bids
vi. Vices of Consent
1. Mistake
2. Violence & Intimidation
3. Undue influence
4. Fraud
a. in the performance
b. in the celebration
i. dolo causante
ii. dolo incidente
vii. Simulated Contracts
1. Absolute
2. Relative
b. Object
i. Things
1. Existing or capable of existence in the future
2. licit/lawful
3. determine or determinable
ii. Rights
1. Transmissible
a. Genato v. Bayhon – G.R. No. 171035
iii. Services
1. Not contrary to law, policy, morals
2. Possible
c. Cause
i. Kinds
1. Onerous Remunatory
2. Gratuitous

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 ii. Difference from Motives
iii. Absence or Illegality
iv. Effect of False Cause
v. Presumption of Cause
vi. Lesion or inadequacy of Price
10. Form of Contracts
a. Form not essential – except:
i. formal contracts
ii. real contracts
b. When party may require execution of form
i. Clarin v. Rulona – G.R. No. 30786
c. For convenience
i. Teoco v. Metrobank – G.R. No. 162333
ii. Aglibot v. Santia – G.R. No. 185945
11. Reformation
a. When available
i. Huibonhoa v. C.A. – G.R. No. 95897
ii. Multi-Ventures Capital v. Stalwart Mgmt – G.R. No. 157439
b. Distinguish from:
i. Annulment
ii. Relative simulation
c. Grounds
d. When not available
12. Rescissible Contracts
a. Nature of Defect
b. Distinguish from Resolution under Art. 1191
i. Wellex Group v. U-Land Airlines Co. Ltd. – G.R. No. 167519
c. Contracts subject to rescission
i. Entered into be guardians/legal representatives with lesion
1. acts of ownership
2. acts of administration
ii. In representation of absentees with lesion
iii. In fraud of creditors
1. when fraud exists
2. requirements
a. Union Bank v. Sps. Ong – G.R. No. 152347
b. Metrobank v. International Exchange Bank – G.R. No. 176008 & 176131
iv. Object of litigation
1. Ada v. Baylon – G.R. No. 182435
v. Payment by an insolvent
vi. Presumption of Fraud
1. Lee v. Bangkok Bank Public Co. Ltd. – G.R. No. 173349
d. Mutual Restitution
13. Voidable Contracts
a. Distinguished from void contracts
i. Bernas v. Cinco – G.R. No. 163356-57
b. Grounds
i. First Phil Holdings v. Trans Middle East – G.R. No. 179505
ii. Hernandez v. Hernandez – G.R. No. 158576
c. Mutual Restitution
14. Unenforceable Contracts
a. Unauthorized contracts
i. Badillo v. Ferrer – G.R. No. 51369
b. Statute of Frauds
i. Orduna v. Fuentebella – G.R. No. 176841
15. Void Contracts
a. Lack of Essential Elements
i. Catindig v. Meneses – G.R. No. 168875
ii. Heirs of Mario Intac v. CA – G.R. No. 173211
b. Prohibited Contracts
c. Illegal Contracts
i. In pari delicto-effects
1. Abacus Securities v. Ampil – G.R. No. 160016
2. Beumer v. Amores – G.R. No. 195670
3. Borromeo v. Mina – G.R. No. 193747
ii. Exceptions to in pari delicto rule
1. Frenzel v. Catito – G.R. No. 143958
2. Menchavez v. Teves – G.R. No. 153201

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 d. Mutual Restitution
16. Natural Obligations
17. Estoppel
18. Trusts
a. Aznar Brothers Realty Co. v. Aying – G.R. No. 1444773
b. Go v. Estate of Tamio de Buenaventura – G.R. No. 211972
19. Quasi-Contracts
a. Solutio Indebiti
b. Negotiorum Gestio

TORTS & DAMAGES

Arts. 2176 to 2235

1. Elements of a Quasi-Delict
a. Andamo v. IAC – G.R. No. 74761
2. No Double Recovery
a. Padua v. Robles – G.R. No. L-40486
3. Concept of Negligence
a. Arts. 1172, 1173, 1174
b. Picart v. Smith – G.R. No. 12219
c. Doctrine of Informed Consent: Li v. Soliman – G.R. No. 165279
4. Negligence as proximate cause
a. Bataclan v. Medina – G.R. No. L-10126
b. Ong v. Metropolitan Water District – G.R. No. L-7764
5. Presumption of Negligence
a. Res ipsa loquitor
i. D.M. Consunji v. CA – G.R. No. 137873
ii. Ramos v. CA (1999) – G.R. No. 124354
b. Violation of Rules and Statutes
i. R.A. 10586, Section 13
ii. Caedo v. Yu Khe Thai – G.R. No. L-20392
6. Vicarious Liability
a. Parents and Guardians
i. Exconde v. Capuno – G.R. No. L-10134
b. Owners and Managers of Enterprises/Employers
i. Mercury Drug Corporation v. Huang – G.R. No. 172122
c. The State
i. Merritt v. Government of the Philippine Islands – G.R. No. 11154
d. Teachers and Heads of Establishments
i. Amadora v. CA – G.R. No. L-47745
7. Primary Liability
a. Possessors/users of animals
i. Vestil v. IAC – G.R. No. 74431
b. Owners of motor vehicles
i. US v. Juanillo – G.R. No. L-7255
c. Manufacturers and processors
i. Coca-Cola Bottlers v. CA – G.R. No. 110295
d. Municipal Corporations
i. Republic Act No. 7160, Section 24
ii. City of Manila v. Teotico – G.R. No. L-23052
e. Building Proprietors
i. De Roy v. CA – G.R. No. 80718
f. Engineers/Architect/Contractors
i. Nakpil & Sons v. Court of Appeals – G.R. No. L-47851
8. Defenses
a. Plaintiff's negligence is the proximate cause of injury
i. Kim v. Philippine Aerial Taxi Co., Inc. – G.R. No. 39309
b. Contributory Negligence
i. Rakes v. The Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific Company – G.R. No. 1719
c. Assumption of Risk
i. Abrogar v. Cosmos Bottling – G.R. No. 164749
ii. Afialda v. Hisole – G.R. No. L-2075
d. Last Clear Chance
i. Picart v. Smith
ii. Achevara v. Ramos – G.R. No. 175172
e. Prescription
i. Ferrer v. Ericta – G.R. No. L-41767
f. Fortuitous Event

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 i. Servando v. Philippine Steam Navigation Co. – G.R. No. L-36481-2
g. Waiver and Mistake
i. Gatchalian v. Delim – G.R. No. L-56487
ii. Theis v. CA – G.R. No. 126013
h. Emergency
i. Gan v. Court of Appeals – G.R. No. L-44264
ii. McKee v. Intermediate Appellate Court – G.R. No. L-68102
i. Damnum absque injuria
i. Farolan v. Solmac Marketing Corporation – G.R. No. 83589
ii. DOLE Philippines, Inc., v. Rodriguez – G.R. No. 174646
9. Damages in General
a. Ong v. Court of Appeals – G.R. No. 117103
10. Actual Damages and Attorney’s Fees
a. Algarra v. Sandejas – G.R. No. 8385
b. Lim v. Court of Appeals – G.R. No. 125817
c. People v. Arellano – G.R. No. 122477
d. Tanay Recreation v. Fausto – G.R. No. 140182
11. Moral Damages
a. Mayo v. People – G.R. No. 91201
b. Villanueva v. Salvador – G.R. No. 150487
c. Kierulf v. CA – G.R. No. 99301
12. Nominal Damages
a. Ventanilla v. Centeno – G.R. No. L-14333
13. Temperate Damages
a. Equitable PCI Bank v. Tan – G.R. No. 165339
14. Liquidated Damages
a. Azcuna v. CA – G.R. No. 116665
15. Exemplary Damages
a. Makabali v. CA - -G.R. No. L-46877
16. Mitigation of Damages
a. Cerrano v. Tan Chuoco – G.R. 12907
b. Lim v. CA – G.R. No. L-125817

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