Prepositions – Time

English Usage Example

 on  days of the week  on Monday

 months / seasons
 in August / in winter
 time of day
 in the morning
 in  year
 in 2006
 after a certain period of time
 in an hour
(when?)

 for night
 at night
 for weekend
 at  at the weekend
 a certain point of time
 at half past nine
(when?)

 from a certain point of time

 since  since 1980
(past till now)

 over a certain period of time

 for  for 2 years
(past till now)

 ago  a certain time in the past  2 years ago

 befor  earlier than a certain point of

 before 2004
e time

 to  telling the time  ten to six (5:50)

 past  telling the time  ten past six (6:10)

 to /
 marking the beginning and
till /  from Monday to/till Friday
end of a period of time
until

 till /  in the sense of how long

 He is on holiday until Friday.
until something is going to last

 I will be back by 6 o’clock.

 in the sense of at the latest
 by  By 11 o'clock, I had read five
 up to a certain time
pages.

Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)

English Usage Example
 room, building, street, town,
 in the kitchen, in London
country
 in the book
 in  book, paper etc.
 in the car, in a taxi
 car, taxi
 in the picture, in the world
 picture, world

 meaning next to, by an

object  at the door, at the station
 for table  at the table
 at  for events  at a concert, at the party
 place where you are to do  at the cinema, at school, at
something typical (watch a work
film, study, work)

 attached  the picture on the wall

 for a place with a river
 being on a surface
 on  for a certain side (left, right)
 for a floor in a house
 for public transport
 for television, radio
 London lies on the Thames.
 on the table
 on the left
 on the first floor
 on the bus, on a plane
 on TV, on the radio

 by,
 left or right of somebody or  Jane is standing by / next
next to,
something to / beside the car.
beside

 on the ground, lower than

 under (or covered by) something  the bag is under the table
else

 lower than something else  the fish are below the

 below
but above ground surface

 covered by something else

 put a jacket over your shirt
 meaning more than
 over 16 years of age
 over  getting to the other side
 walk over the bridge
(also across)
 climb over the wall
 overcoming an obstacle

 higher than something else,

 above  a path above the lake
but not directly over it

 getting to the other side

 walk across the bridge
 across (also over)
 swim across the lake
 getting to the other side
 English Usage Example
 something with limits on
 through  drive through the tunnel
top, bottom and the sides

 movement to person or
building  go to the cinema
 to  movement to a place or  go to London / Ireland
country  go to bed
 for bed

 go into the kitchen / the

 into  enter a room / a building
house

 movement in the direction

 toward
of something (but not  go 5 steps towards the house
s
directly to it)

 movement to the top of

 onto  jump onto the table
something

 from  in the sense of where from  a flower from the garden

Other important Prepositions

English Usage Example
 from  who gave it  a present from Jane

 who/what does it belong to  a page of the book

 of
 what does it show  the picture of a palace

 by  who made it  a book by Mark Twain

 walking or riding on
horseback  on foot, on horseback
 on
 entering a public transport  get on the bus
vehicle

 in  entering a car  / Taxi  get in the car

 leaving a public transport

 off  get off the train
vehicle

 out
 leaving a car  / Taxi  get out of the taxi
of
 English Usage Example
 rise or fall of something  prices have risen by 10
 by  travelling (other than walking percent
or horseriding)  by car, by bus

 at  for age  she learned Russian at 45

 for topics, meaning what

 about  we were talking about you
about

Choose a correct preposition in the sentence.

1)I want to lose 5 kilogram                      (on, at, in) one month.
2)Could you get me this pants                      (on, at, in) a larger size?
3)She seems to be interested                      (on, at, in) Psychology.
4)I will come to pick you up                      (on, at, in) 2 pm tomorrow.
5)This class will be held                      (on, at, in) Mondays.

on

1. Peter is playing tennis Sunday.

2. My brother's birthday is the 5th of November.

3. My birthday is May.

4. We are going to see my parents the weekend.

5. 1666, a great fire broke out in London.

6. I don't like walking alone in the streets night.

7. What are you doing the afternoon?

8. My friend has been living in Canada two years.

9. I have been waiting for you seven o'clock.

10. I will have finished this essay Friday.

Explanation
There are two common ways of telling the time.

Formal but easier way

Say the hours first and then the minutes.

Example: 7:45 - seven forty-five

For minutes 01 through 09, you can pronounce the '0' as oh.

Example: 11:06 - eleven (oh) six

More popular way

Say the minutes first and then the hours. Use past and the preceding hour for minutes 01
through 30. Use to and the forthcoming hour for minutes 31 through 59, but .

Example: 7.15 - fifteen minutes past seven

Example: 7.45 - fifteen minutes to eight

Another possibility of saying '15 minutes past' is: a quarter past

Another possibility of saying '15 minutes to' is: a quarter to

Another possibility of saying '30 minutes past' is: half past

Example: 5:30 - half past five

Watch

Note

Use o'clock only at the full hour.

Example: 7:00 - seven o'clock (but 7:10 - ten past seven)

In English ordinary speech, the twelve-hour clock is used.

Beispiel: 17:20 - twenty past five

For times around midnight or midday you can use the expressions midnight or midday / noon
instead of the number 12.

Beispiel: 00:00 - midnight

Beispiel: 12:00 - midday or noon

To make clear (where necessary) whether you mean a time before 12 o'clock noon or after,
you can use in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at night. Use in the morning
before 12 o'clock noon, after 12 o'clock noon use in the afternoon. When to change from
afternoon to evening, from evening to night and from night to morning depends on your sense
of time.

Example: 3:15 - a quarter past three in the morning OR a quarter past three at night

More formal expressions to indicate whether a time is before noon or after are a.m. (also: am
- ante meridiem, before noon) and p.m. (also: pm - post meridiem, after noon). Use these
expression only with the formal way of telling the time.

Example: 3:15 - three fifteen a.m.

It is not usual to use a.m. and p.m. with past/to.

Example: 3:15 - fifteen minutes past three OR a quarter past three

American English

Beside past Americans often use after.

Example: 06:10 - ten past/after six

But: in time expressions with half past it is not usual to replace past by after.

Beside to Americans often use before, of or till.

Example: 05:50 - ten to/before/of/till six

Countable and uncountable nouns
Nouns can be either countable or uncountable. Countable nouns (or count nouns) are those
that refer to something that can be counted. They have both singular and plural forms (e.g.
cat/cats; woman/women; country/countries). In the singular, they can be preceded by a or an.
Most nouns come into this category.

A smaller number of nouns do not typically refer to things that can be counted and so they do
not regularly have a plural form: these are known as uncountable nouns (or mass nouns).
Examples include: rain, flour, earth, wine, or wood. Uncountable nouns can't be preceded by
a or an. Many abstract nouns are typically uncountable, e.g. happiness, truth, darkness,
humour.

Some uncountable nouns can be used in the plural as well, depending on the meaning or
context of the word. Take a look at these sentences:

Would you like some coffee? uncountable because it's referring to the drink in general

He ordered a coffee. countable, because it's referring to a cup of coffee

uncountable, because it refers to the quality or state of

There's no truth in the rumours.
being true

The fundamental  truths about human countable, because it's referring to facts or beliefs that
nature. are true

In the Oxford Dictionary of English and the  New Oxford American Dictionary, nouns that are
chiefly uncountable are described as ‘mass nouns’. This type of noun entry may also include
an example sentence showing a countable use of the type described above. For example:

 beer noun [mass noun] an alcoholic drink made from yeast-fermented malt flavoured with
hops: a pint of beer | [count noun] he ordered a beer.

There are some words that should only be used with countable nouns and some that you
should only use with uncountable nouns. Here are the main examples:

 word   with countable noun?   with uncountable noun?   examples 

few, fewer ✓ ✗ fewer students; few cars

little, less, least ✗ ✓ less food; little time

many, several ✓ ✗ several books; many changes

much ✗ ✓ much pleasure; much sleep

 
You often hear people using less with countable nouns (e.g. ‘there are less cars outside the
school gates’). Although it's a common mistake, it is still a mistake and you should try to
avoid making it in formal writing or speaking.

1. Write c for countable and u for uncountable:

 
   time -          books -        sugar -       milk -       pens -          hair -          
chairs -
   meat -         butter -        pencils -     bread -     jam -           friends -      
fingers -
  flour -          apples -       oil -             cars -       salt -             houses -  
        cheese -
  rice -           tea -            games -       tomatoes -    cream -     honey -      
carrots -
 
 
 a)  a / an + singular countable noun ( a pen, an apple)     some  + plural countable nouns -
positive sentences ( There are some cars)
                                                                                      some +  uncountable nouns - positive
sentences  ( There is some oil)     
  any - we use any in negative sentences and in most questions.(countable and uncountable
nouns)  I don't have any pens. There isn't any salt.      
           Do you have any sisters?
 
2. Choose a, an, some or any
 
a)  It is
 dog.                             b) Have you got   friends?                      c)  I bought
 milk.
 
d) Linda has not got
 pets.        e) There is  orange on the table.              f) Tim eats
 cheese every day.
 
g) We don't have  
 bread.        h) My brother found  money.                  i) My sister found
 pen.
 
j) Do you have 
 eggs?             k) There are  students in the classroom.   l) Is there
 pencil on the desk?      
 
 
 b) how much - we use with uncountable nouns               how many - we use with
countable nouns.
 
 
 
3. Choose How  much or How many
 
a) 
 cheese do you buy?
 
b)
 books are there in your bag?
 
c) 
 films did Tom see last week?
 
d)
 money do you spend every week?
 
e)
 friends does Linda have?
 
f)
 sugar do we need?
 
g)
 tomatoes are there in the fridge?
 
h)
 meat are you going to buy?
 
i)
 milk did you drink yesterday?
 
j)
 apples do you see?
 
Nouns can be countable or uncountable. When you learn a new noun you should make a note
of whether it is countable or uncountable as we use different words with countables and
uncountables.

Countable nouns

 There is a cat in the garden.

 There are some birds in the trees.

For positive sentences we can use a/an or some (with a plural verb form)

 There isn’t a dog in the garden.

 There aren’t any birds in the tree.

For negatives we can use a/an or any (with a plural verb form).

 Is there an orange on the tree?

 Are there any chairs in the garden?
 How many chairs are there?

In questions we use a/an, any or how many.

Uncountable nouns

 There is some milk on the floor.

Uncountable nouns have no plural. The verb form is singular and we use some.

 Is there any sugar?

 How much wine is there?

In questions we can use any or how much.

Other expressions of quantity

 There are a lot of apples on the trees.

 There is a lot of snow on the road.

A lot of can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

 Bill Gates has much money.

Notice that we don’t usually use ‘much’ or ‘many’ in positive sentences. We use ‘a lot of’.

 Bill Gates has a lot of money.

 There’s a lot of beer but there isn’t much wine.

 There are a lot of carrots but there aren’t many potatoes.
We use not many with countable nouns and not much with uncountable nouns.

Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable, depending on how they are used, and
some nouns are commonly confused. These are covered in another section.  

Coordinating Conjunctions and Correlative Conjunctions

A conjunction joins words or groups of words in a sentence.

 I ate lunch with Kate and Derma.

 Because it is rainy today, the trip is canceled.
 She didn’t press the bell, but I did.

There are three types of conjunctions:

1.Coordinating Conjunctions
     a.Connect words, phrases, or clauses that are independent or equal
     b.and, but, or, so, for, yet, and not

2.Correlative Conjunctions
     a.Used in pairs
     b.both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also

3.Subordinating Conjunctions
     a.Used at the beginning of subordinate clauses
     b.although, after, before, because, how, if, once, since, so that, until, unless, when, while, where,
whether, etc.

Coordinating Conjunctions
1.And—means "in addition to":

 We are going to a zoo and an aquarium on the same day.

2.But—connects two different things that are not in agreement:

 I am a night owl, but she is an early bird.

3.Or—indicates a choice between two things:

 Do you want a red one or a blue one?

4.So—illustrates a result of the first thing:

 This song has been very popular, so I downloaded it.

5.For—means "because":

 I want to go there again, for it was a wonderful trip.

6.Yet—indicates contrast with something:

 He performed very well, yet he didn’t make the final cut.

Correlative Conjunctions
1.Both/and

 She won gold medals from both the single and group races.
 Both TV and television are correct words.

2.Either/or

 I am fine with either Monday or Wednesday.

 You can have either apples or pears.

3.Neither/nor

 He enjoys neither drinking nor gambling.

 Neither you nor I will get off early today.

4.Not only/but also

 Not only red but also green looks good on you.

 She got the perfect score in not only English but also math.

[Quiz 25.1]

Write the correct conjunction in each sentence.

1)                     my friend                      I are taking the geography class.

2)Do you want to go swimming                      golfing?
3)I studied grammar for a long time,                      I still make mistakes.
4)                     wood                      bricks can be used as homebuilding materials.
5)I wasn’t feeling well this morning,                      I had to go to work.
 Conjunctions

What are conjunctions?

A conjunction is a part of speech that joins two words, phrases or clauses together.

There are three types of conjunctions:

Coordinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions Common Subordinating Conjunctions

 after  in order that

 before  if
 for  although  lest
 and  either...or  though  even if
 nor  neither...nor  even though  that
 but  not only...but also  as much as  unless
 or  both...and  as long as  until
 yet  whether...or  as soon as  when
 so  because  where
 since  whether
 so that  while

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that connect two or
more equal items.

Examples:

 He plays tennis and soccer

 He works quickly but accurately
 You'd better do your homework, or you'll get a terrible grade.

Correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs.They work in pairs to coordinate two items.
Examples of correlative conjunctions include both...and..., either...or, not only... but also...

Examples:

 I didn't know that she can neither read nor write.

 You can either walk to school or take the bus.
 Both Sara and James are invited to the party.
 Whether you watch TV or do your homework is your decision.
 Not only are they noisy but they are also lazy.
Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that join a dependent
(or subordinating) clause to an independent (or main) clause.

Examples:

 He reads the newspapers after he finishes work.

 Even if you get the best grade in the writing test, you'll need to pass an oral test.
 Although he is very old, he goes jogging every morning.
 She didn't go to school because she was ill.
 They went to bed since it was late
 As soon as the teacher had arrived, they started work.

"So", subordinating conjunction or coordinator?

"So" is a small English word that can have different meanings. As mentioned in the table
above, it is commonly used as a coordinator rather than as a subordinating conjunction. There
are, however, instances when "so" may introduce purpose and in this case "so" is used as a
subordinating conjunction.

Examples:

 "I took my umbrella with me so I wouldn't get wet."

 " I stayed so I could see you."

Conjunctions exercise
October 23, 2011 -

Join each pair of the following sentences by means of a suitable conjunction.

1. James smokes. His brother does not smoke.

2. Alice hasn’t come. Mary hasn’t come.

3. She speaks English. She speaks Spanish.

4. I like him. He is very sincere.

5. He did not win. He worked hard.

6. She is ill. She is cheerful.

7. We decided to go out. It was raining.

8. The piper played. The children danced.

9. James works hard. His brother is lazy.

10. I went to the shop. I bought some vegetables.

11. You must start at once. You will be late.

12. He must be tired. He has been working since morning.

Answers

1. John smokes but his brother doesn’t.

2. Neither Alice nor Mary has come.

3. She speaks English as well as Spanish. OR She speaks English and Spanish.

4. I like him because he is very sincere.

5. Though he worked hard, he did not win.

6. She is ill but she is cheerful.

7. Though it was raining we decided to go out.

8. The piper played and the children danced.

9. James works hard whereas his brother is lazy.

10. I went to the shop and bought some vegetables.

11. You must start at once; otherwise you will be late.

12. He must be tired because he has been working since morning.

onjunctions join together elements of thought: words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs.
ex: He could not convince his father, although he tried many times.

Choose the conjunction that fits best.

1. I will go to the concert, but ________ you go as well.

   only if
   unless
   only but

2. I brought along a sandwich, ________ I get hungry.

   therefore
   in case
   only if

3. ________ she calls me, I feel very happy.

   Therefore
   So that
   Whenever

4. Take this photo, ________ you can remember me.

   while
   so that
   although

5. I will not talk to him ________ he apologizes for what he did.

   until
   while
   because

6. I'll find you, ________ you are.

   where
   wherever
   therefore

7. She spoke ________ she knew what she was talking about, but she didn't.
   until
   although
   as if

8. ________ the police arrived, we had to end the party.

   Until
   Once
   Although

9. I couldn't figure out ________ he said what he said.

   why
   once
   because

10. I bought you a birthday card ________ I like you.

   while
   because
   why
Preposisi digunakan untuk menunjukkan arah, lokasi, waktu dan memperkenalkan obyek

ON digunakan untuk mengekspresikan permukaan sesuatu.

I put a coffee cup on the table

The newspaper is on my desk

Digunanakan untuk menunjukkan hari dan tanggal

Joe and Muhsin comes on Wednesday

I was born on the 25th day of January in 1995

Digunakan untuk menunjukkan perangkat atau mesin seperti telepon dan komputer

He was on the phone yesterday morning

He has been on the computer since this afternoon

My favourite cartoon will be on TV tonight

Digunakan untuk menunjukkan bagian tubuh

The stick hit me on my neck

She kissed me on my cheek

I wear a ring on my finger

Digunakan untuk menunjukkan keadaan terhadap sesuatu

All clothes in this store is on sale

The house in on fire

At digunakan untuk menunjukkan waktu tertentu

I will meet him at 12 p.m

The car will stop here at 5:45 p.m

Digunakan untuk menunjukkan sebuah tempat

There is a party at his house

There were hundreds of dogs at the park

We saw a football game at the stadium

Digunakan untuk menunjukkan alamat email

Visit my email at Joey@gmail.com

Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kegiatan

He applauses at my acting

I am good at taking a potrait photo

IN digunakan untuk waktu yang tidak spesifik seperti hari, bulan, musim, tahun

She always reads comic in the morning

In the summer, we have a rainy season for four weeks

The new semester will start in June

Digunakan untuk menunjukkan lokasi atau tempat

She watched me direcly in the eyes

I am currently sleeping in a hotel

My home town is Jakarta, which is Kemang

Digunakan untuk menunjukkan bentuk, warna dan ukuran

This painting is mostly in the red

The football players stood in a circle

This clothes comes in for different sizes

Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan pekerjaan sambil mengerjakan sesuatu

In making for the final report, we revised the tone three times

A catch phrase needs to be impressive in marketing a product

Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu keyakinan, pendapat, minat atau perasaan

I believe in the next life

We believed in God

We are not interested in kidding

Saat hari sedang siang, kita melihat ada satu matahari dan banyak awan
Definite : The sun is shining bright today
Indefine : I saw a cloud shoped like a tree

Articles a, an, the

The : Pasti
A dan an : belum pasti
THE
Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia
Monumen Nasional is Indonesias national monument
I found the glassess you were looking for
Have you looked at the brief I gave you?
Swich the computer off when you’re done

A/an
I saw a star tonight.
I had on ommelete for breakfast today
She ordered a drink inside the restaurant
Do you have a pen?
We want to buy a notebook