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Systematics The Scientific Study of The Kinds and Diversity of
Systematics The Scientific Study of The Kinds and Diversity of
Systematics The Scientific Study of The Kinds and Diversity of
Systematics and Taxonomy of Fishes
• Systematics ‐ the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of
organisms and any and all relationships among them
• The study of biodiversity and its historical (evolutionary) and
contemporary patterns and processes, which involves the
comparative study of living and fossil species
• In the past, anatomical structures were used to infer
relationships but there were problems discerning traits that
relationships but there were problems discerning traits that
were homologous (similar in appearance because of common
ancestry) or a result of convergent evolution (analogous)
• Convergent evolution has occurred often and is the result of
animals with no recent common ancestor adapting to similar
habitats in different regions of the planet
• One great example is comparing Australian marsupial mammals
with North American placental mammals (next figure)
with North American placental mammals (next figure)
• Now, DNA is used from living forms to derive relationships so we
can more easily look at evolutionary descent
• Taxonomy ‐ the practice and science of classification
– Taxonomies are composed of taxonomic units known as taxa
(singular taxon) and are hierarchical in structure
– As you drop from one level to the next, the taxa become
more and more exclusive
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Examples of convergent evolution of placental mammals and Australian marsupials
• Before we can discuss and compare organisms we must have a
system to place similar groups and species into categories
– We desire to correctly place organisms into groups based on
“natural classification” or their correct evolutionary descent,
like a family tree
like a family tree
– The basis of our classification system are species
– Biological species concept – a species is a group of actually or
potentially interbreeding populations which are
reproductively isolated from other such groups
– Evolutionary species concept – a species is a single lineage of
ancestor‐descendant populations which maintains its identity
from other such lineages and which has its own evolutionary
tendencies and historical fate
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• Basic structure for classifying organisms:
– Kingdom
– Phylum
– Class
– Order
– Family
– Genus
– Species
• Generally, the more diverse (in species richness) the group the
more taxa we use to separate subgroups (subclass, superorder,
etc.)
Higher taxonomy is: Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata,
Superclass Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates), Grade Osteichthyes (bony fishes), Class
Actinopterygii (ray‐finned fishes), Subclass Neopterygii, Division (Infraclass) Teleostei
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• We use characters or traits to place species into groups and there
are several type of traits
– Anatomical traits – characters of the skeleton or soft anatomy
such as position of bones, branches of blood vessels, divisions
h iti fb b h f bl d l di i i
of muscles, etc.
– Molecular traits – mainly nuclear and mitochondrial DNA
Fishes of Mississippi by Family
• Petromyzontidae: Lampreys
– Eel‐like jawless fishes found in small streams
– Distinguishing traits:
• No paired fins
• 7 oval, external gill openings (instead of an operculum)
• A single, median nostril
• N
No scales
l
• Cartilaginous skeleton
• 2 semicircular canals in the inner ear instead of 3
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– Parasitic forms go through several stages of development:
larvae (ammocoete), juvenile, non‐feeding adult, and
senescent adult
• Larval stage lasts for 3‐4 years
• Next, the juvenile will develop teeth and become a
parasite of larger fish by sucking juices from wounds they
inflict on their flanks
• When they become adults, they stop feeding and head
upstream where they will become fertile and die soon
after breeding
– Non‐parasitic forms do not go through the parasitic juvenile
stage and will stay in the larval form for 4‐5 years
• All lamprey larvae are filter feeders that bury themselves
in sandy substrate and strain small food particles from the
water
– There are 4 species in MS, 2 parasitic and 2 not
Non‐parasitic Least Brook Lamprey
Parasitic Chestnut
Lamprey
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• Acipenseridae: Sturgeons
– Very large fishes with mostly cartilaginous skeleton and a
head covered in bony plates
– One type (Genus Acipenser) is anadromous and moves from
the Gulf where it feeds into freshwater rivers to spawn (1
species in MS)
– The other type (Genus Scaphirhynchus) is confined to
f h t i
freshwater rivers and lakes (3 species in MS)
d l k (3 i i MS)
– All have been heavily impacted by alterations to rivers
especially dredging and dams
People use sturgeon for meat, salted eggs
(caviar), and oil
Gulf Sturgeon
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• Polyodontidae: Paddlefishes
– Ancient, primitive fish with only 2 living species, one in China
and one in the MS River
– Skeleton is mostly cartilage with bony jaws and it has no
scales
Paddlefish are filter feeders
• Lepisosteidae: Gars
– Ancient lineage of fishes with 5 species in N. American and 4
species in MS (Alligator, Spotted, Longnose, and Shortnose Gar)
– Live in sluggish water and can survive low oxygen levels by
gulping air into its swim bladder (they can live indefinitely
without using gills)
– Heavy scales of larger gar were used as arrow points by Native
Americans
– Meat is occasionally eaten and isn’t bad but they are very bony
fish
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Spotted Gar
Alligator Gar can reach almost 10 feet
and weigh up to 300 lbs.
Longnose Gar
• Amiidae: Bowfins
– Ancient fish with one surviving species (Amia calva) in the
southeastern U.S.
– Like
Like gars, it can survive very low oxygen levels by gulping air
gars, it can survive very low oxygen levels by gulping air
into the swimbladder and one individual was known to
survive for 21 days in a drained pond while buried in mud
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• Hiodontidae: Mooneyes
– Night feeders with large eyes and only rods in the retina (no
cone cells for color)
– Two species in MS, the mooneye and goldeye
• Anguillidae: Freshwater Eel
– Only one species in MS, the American Eel
– Adults
Adults spawn in deep ocean water (in the Sargasso Sea in the
spawn in deep ocean water (in the Sargasso Sea in the
Atlantic) and larvae swim into coastal waters and then into
rivers where they grow and can live for up to 20 years
– Adults migrate back out to sea when ready to spawn and die
soon after
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• Clupeidae: Herrings and shad
– 181 species worldwide of great commercial importance
– Shad are one of the primary baitfish for predatory fishes and
we stock them in our lakes and reservoirs for bass and others
we stock them in our lakes and reservoirs for bass and others
– 6 species in MS: Alabama, Threadfin, and Gizzard Shad;
Skipjack Herring, Gulf Menhaden, and Bay Anchovy
Gizzard Shad Bay Anchovy
• Cyprinidae: Minnows and Carp
– One of the largest families of vertebrates in the world with
1,700 species (63 in MS)
– Some (shiners and fathead minnows) are important as
fishermen’s bait
– Many are smaller and are an important ecological link between
invertebrates and predatory fish
– The bighead, silver, and grass carp are very large, herbivorous
minnows introduced from Asia
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Grass Carp can reach over 3 ft. and 60 lbs. Alabama Shiner
Silver and Bighead Carp will
jump from rivers and into boats
• Catostomidae: Suckers
– Generally large, bottom dwellers of rivers and lakes with 20
species in MS
– They have very thick, sucking lips with teeth only in their
y y g p y
throat
– Some species are important commercially, especially buffalo
Largemouth Buffalo can
weigh up to 80 lbs.
Northern Hog Sucker
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• Ictaluridae: Bullhead catfishes
– A sub‐group of catfishes found only in N. and Central America
– We have 17 species in MS in 3 groups: large catfish (>50 lbs),
bullheads (>10 lbs), and madtoms (<1 lb)
– Large catfish include Blue (109 lbs), Channel (50 lbs), and
Flathead (98 lbs)
Blue Catfish
Flathead Catfish
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– Bullheads include the Black, Yellow, and Brown Bullhead
– Madtoms include 10 species of small catfish most of which
have poisonous spines that can inflict serious pain (Black
Bullhead also has very poisonous spines)
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Yellow Bullhead Brindled Madtom
• Esocidae: Pikes and pickerels
– Medium to large predatory fish including pike, pickerels, and
muskellunge (up to 5 ft and 70 lbs)
– Only 5 species worldwide with 2 in MS, the Grass and Chain
Pickerel
Chain Pickerel
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