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Basic English Grammar by Tanbircox
Basic English Grammar by Tanbircox
Basic English Grammar by Tanbircox
Parts of Speech
Noun Interjection
GLb GB 8 cÖKv‡ii GK K_vq msÁv †`Lve:
(a) Noun : A noun is a naming word.
(b) Pronoun : A pronoun is a replacing word.
(c) Verb : A verb is a doing word.
(d) Adjective : An adjective is a qualifying word.
(e) Adverb : An adverb is a modifying word.
(f) Preposition : A preposition is a relating word.
(g) Conjunction : A conjunction is a joining word.
(h) Interjection : An interjection is an emotion expressing word.
The name of anything is called a noun (‡Kvb wKQyi bvg ‡K Noun e‡j|) ‡hgb:
(a)Rahim is a good boy.
(b)Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh.
(c)January is the first month of English year.
GLv‡b Rahim, Dhaka, Ges January bvg eySv‡PQ Rahim Øviv GKRb e¨vw³i bvg eySvq ,Dhaka Øviv GKwU ¯’v‡bi bvg eySvq Ges
January Øviv GKwU gv‡mi bvg eySvq|
Classification of Noun
Traditional Grammar Abyhvqx noun cÖ_gZ: `yB cÖKvi| h_v:
(i) Concrete Noun; (i) Abstract Noun;
(i) Concrete Noun: Concrete Noun Avevi Pvi cÖKvi| h_v:
(a)Proper Noun; (b) Common Noun; (c)Collective noun (d)Material Noun;
GLb Concrete Gi GB Pvi cÖKvi Ges Abstract Noun wg‡j †gvU cvuP cÖKvi Noun nj|
bx‡P QK Gi gva¨‡g Noun Gi cÖKvi‡f` †`qv njt-
Noun
Concrete Abstract
Home Work
a. Find out noun from the following:
b. Identify proper, common, collective, material and abstract noun from the following:
1) He is an honest man.
2) Raju and Saju are talking in the field.
3) The committee will take the decision.
4) Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh.
PRONOUN
Definition:
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun. A_©vr Noun Gi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ kã‡K Pronoun e‡j|
Example: Salim has a book. He reads the book. He reads it.
GL‡b cÖ_g ev‡K¨ Salim kãwU Subject n‡q‡Q wØZxq I Z…Zxq ev‡K¨ Salim Gi cwie‡Z© He kãwU Subject wnmv‡e e¨envi n‡q‡Q|
Classification: Pronoun ‡K 8 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| bx‡P Q‡Ki gva¨‡g ‡mwU †`qv njt
Pronoun
6. Distributive Pronoun: ‡h me Pronoun cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K c„_Kfv‡e eÈb wb‡`©k K‡i|
Example:
(a) Each of the boys gets a prize.
(b) Everyone has done the sum.
(c) Either of the girls is very simple.
(d) Neither of them is here.
7. Reflexive Pronoun: ‡h me Pronoun Subject-Gi KvRwU‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| GwU AvZ¥wb‡`©kK Pronoun.
Example:
(a) I clean my room myself.
(b) Clean your room yourself.
(c) The boys cleaned the room themselves.
(d) The snake is hiding itself.
(e) We do it ourselves.
Home Work
FIND OUT PRONOUN FROM THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES :
1. He is greater than she.
2. He and I went there together.
3. It was not I who did it.
4. It is a sin to tell a lie.
5. You have wronged me.
6. His pen is finer than yours.
7. Our school is better than theirs.
8. The roads of Dhaka are better than those of Khulna.
9. He will do the same as his brother.
10. This pen is old, please give me a new one.
Spoken English-3
Small Talk
Telling how you have been doing-Positive
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Keeping busy
Keeping myself busy
Keeping out of trouble.
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Telling how you have been doing-Negative
Not good. স্কাইেঃ tanbir.cox
Not so good.
Not great.
3. hw` Singular Number Gi †k‡l GKUv gvÎ O _v‡K Ges Zvi Av‡Mi A¶iwU Consonant nq Zvn‡j Zv‡`i‡K ES †hvM K‡i
Plural Number Ki‡Z n‡e| h_vt-
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Hero Heroes Potato Potatoes
Mango Mangoes Volcano Volcanoes
Z‡e hw` `yBUv O _v‡K ev Gi Av‡Mi A¶iwU Vowel nq Zvn‡j Avi ES †hvM Kiv hv‡e bv ZLb ïaygvÎ S ‡hvM K‡i Plural
Number Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡hgbt
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Cuckoo Cuckoos Folio Folios
Bamboo Bamboos Studio Studios
e¨wZµgt-GB wbq‡gi wKQz e¨wZµg Av‡Q A_©vr Singular Number Gi †k‡l GKUv gvÎ O Av‡Q Ges Zvi Av‡Mi A¶iwU
Consonant Av‡Q Zv m‡Z¡I Zv‡`i‡K S †hvM K‡i Plural Number Ki‡Z n‡e| h_vt-
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Photo Photos Radio Radios
Piano Pianos
4. Singular Number Gi †k‡l hw` Y _v‡K Ges Y Gi Av‡Mi A¶iwU hw` Consonant nq Zvn‡j Y D‡V hv‡e AZtci Zvi mv‡_
ies hy³ n‡q Plural Number n‡e| ‡hgbt-
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Lady Ladies Army Armies
baby babies Fly Flies
Spoken English-4
Small Talk
Explaining that you have been busy
ks
oo
I am busy.
eb
Keeping busy .
ir.
nb
Verb
Finite Non-finite
Kinds of Principal Verb: Principal Verb ‡K Avevi 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
(i) Transitive Verb (ii) Intransitive Verb (iii) Linking Verb
(i) Transitive Verb: ‡h Verb Zvi A_© cwic~Y© Kivi Rb¨ Object MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K Transitive Verb e‡j|
†hgb t
a. He flies a kite. b. We lost the pen.
GLv‡b flies I lost Dfq Transitive Verb KviY Zviv Object MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
(ii) Intransitive Verb: ‡h verb Zvi A_© cwic~Y© Kivi Rb¨ Object Gi cÖ‡qvRb †eva K‡i bv Zv‡K Intransitive verb
e‡j| †hgb t
a.The girl sings. b. Birds fly.
GLv‡b sings I fly verb Øq intransitive KviY object MÖnY Kiv QvovB, Zviv A_© cwic~Y©fv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q|
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Home Work
ks
oo
1. Find out transitive, intransitive and liking verb from the following.
eb
‡h me word- Noun A_ev Pronoun Gi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, msL¨v, cwigvY BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Adjective e‡j| Example:
(a) She was weak in English.
(b) The boy was intelligent.
(c) I was alone.
(d) There are ten students in this class.
(e) I need some water.
GLv‡b cÖ_g D`vni‡Y weak kã Øviv ‡`vl eySv‡”Q, wØZxq D`vni‡Y intelligent kã Øviv ¸Y eySv‡”Q, Z…Zxq D`vni‡Y alone kã Øviv
Ae¯’v eySv‡”Q, PZz_© D`vni‡Y ten kã Øviv msL¨v eySv‡”Q, ‡kl D`vni‡Y some kã Øviv cwigvb eySv‡”Q|
Classification
Adjective
Dc‡ii QK †_‡K eySv hvq †h, Adjective cÖavbZ: cuvP cÖKvi h_v:
Adjective ‡Kgb e‡j cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi honest, true, good, bad, He became polite.
of Quality cvIqv hvq Zvnv Adjective clever, lazy, weak, The boy was honest.
of Quality intelligent, old, healthy, He was lazy. The
wide, blue, honest, students are
modest, essential, calm, intelligent.
Adjective KZUzKz e‡j cÖkœ Ki‡j †h little, some, many, few, I ate some rice. I have
of Quantity DËi cvIqv hvq Zvnv less, enough, little money. You had
Adjective of Quantity enough books
Adjective KqRb e‡j cÖkœ Ki‡j †h One, two, three, first, The hand has five
of Number DËi cvIqv hvq Zvnv second, third, some, all fingers. It is the first
Adjective of Number day of the month.
Home Work
Find out adjective from the following:
1. She is a village girl. Ans:
2. Sujon is a good boy. Ans:
3. There is much water in the pond. Ans:
4. Many men many minds. Ans:
ks
†h me Word Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Phrase ev full sentence ‡K modify K‡i A_©vr we‡klfv‡e cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Adverb
e‡j| ev,
†h me Word wµqv ev Verb, KLb, †Kv_vq, wKfv‡e Ges †Kb Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i Zv e‡j †`q Zv‡K Adverb e‡j|
Example:
a. The man walks slowly. b. He is always late.
c. The boy runs very fast. d. Eventually, I got the first prize.
e. I have got a very nice college bag.
Classification: Adverb ‡K Zv‡`i e¨envi Abyhvqx cÖavbZt wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq h_vt--
A. Simple Adverb.
B. Relative Adverb.
C. Interrogative Adverb.
(A) Simple Adverb: ‡h mKj Word Øviv mgq, ¯’vb,KviY, c×wZ BZ¨vw` cÖKvk cvq Zv‡K Simple Adverb e‡j|
For example: a. He comes very slowly. b. He is seen everywhere.
(B) Interrogative Adverb: Where ,When, Why, How GB Adverb ¸wj hLb cÖkœ Kivi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq Interrogative
Adverb e‡j| Example:
a. Where is Rashed? d. When did he go?
b. How high is the building? e. Why are you late? c. How many boys are there?
(C) Relative Adverb: Where ,When, Why, How GB Adverb ¸wj hLb ev‡K¨i gvSLv‡b e‡m GKwU m¤úK© m„wó K‡i Zv‡K
Relative Adverb e‡j |
Example: a. I know the reason why he did it.
b. This is the place where he lives.
c. Do you know the time when he will go?
(ii) Adverb of place: Verb Gi KvRwU m¤úbœ Kivi ¯’vb‡K wb‡`©k K‡i K‡i| wµqv‡K ‡Kv_vq e‡j cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq
†mwU Adverb of place.
Example: a. Come here. b. Let us go out. c. Walk backward.
d. He goes up and down e. I see him everywhere. f. Go there.
Here, there, up, below, outside, in, near, far, inside BZ¨vw` G RvZxq adverb Gi D`vniY|
(iii) Adverb of Time: Verb Gi KvRwU m¤úbœ Kivi mgq‡K cÖKvk K‡i| wµqv‡K KLb e‡j cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq †mwU
Adverb of Time.
Example:
a. He comes daily. b. Do it now. c. He came yesterday.
d. Do it again. e. I heard him before. f. Sometimes, he writes to me.
Now, yesterday, ago, last night, last year, last month ,currently, presently, today, tomorrow, afterword,
soon, already, always BZ¨vw` G RvZxq adverb Gi D`vniY|
Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
22 Cambrian Publications: Plot-2, Gulshan Circle-2, Dhaka. 9891919, 01720557160/170
Cambrian College Basic English Grammar
Department of English Lecture Sheet
(iv) Adverb of Quantity or degree: Adjective ev Adverb Gi gvÎv ev cwigvY wb‡`©k K‡i|
Example:
a. I am quite happy. b. He is too weak to walk. c. The mango was almost ripe.
d. She is somewhat crazy. e. She is very nice. f. He writes extremely well.
(v) Adverb of order: Verb Gi KvRwU m¤úbœ nIqvi ch©vq ev µg cÖKvk K‡i|
Example: a. He came here once. b. This market sits twice a week. c. He came first.
d. She stood second. e. He went last of all.
Again, frequently, never, sometimes, ever, secondly, once, twice, thrice BZ¨vw` G RvZxq adverb Gi D`vniY|
(vi) Adverb of cause and effect: †h me Adverb ‡Kvb wKQyi KviY I djvdj wb‡`©k K‡i|
Example: a.He failed because he did not work hard. b. We therefore left the place at once.
Accordingly, consequently, so, because, hence, therefore BZ¨vw` G RvZxq adverb Gi D`vniY|
(vii) Adverb of Affirmation and Negation: ‡h Adverb Øviv n¨u ev bv eySvq Zv‡K Adverb of Affirmation and Negation
e‡j| †hgb:
a. Yes, he will come very soon. b. No, he will not come tomorrow.
Home Work
Find out the adverbs from the following:
1. Our team will play today. Ans:
2. It may rain tomorrow. Ans:
3. I clean my teeth everyday. Ans:
4. It rained yesterday. Ans:
5. Students are working hard to gain a good result. Ans:
6. Runa is a very good girl. Ans:
7. I am quite happy today. Ans:
8. The horse can run very fast. Ans:
9. I have hardly any money. Ans:
10. There are many students in the class room. Ans:
Spoken English 7
Good bye
Simple good byes
Good bye.
Good night.
ks
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oo
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nb
What is Preposition?
A Preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation to some other words in the
sentence
Pre=Av‡M/c~‡e©, position=Ae¯’vb|
A_©vr Preposition nj †mB me word hviv †Kvb k‡ãi Av‡M e‡m c~e©eZ©x word Ges H word Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i| Ab¨ K_vq
ejv hvq, †h Word ev Word mgwó Noun ev Pronoun A_ev Noun equivalent Gi m‡½ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kwi‡q †`q Zv-B
Preposition.
Kinds of Preposition:
MVb Kvh© Ges e¨env‡ii wfwˇZ Preposition ‡K Qqfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| ‡hgb t
i. Simple preposition: at, on, of, but, by etc.
ii. Double preposition: upon (up+on), without (with+out) etc.
iii. Compound preposition: about (on+by+out), behind (by+hind) etc.
iv. Phrase preposition: by means of, in front of etc.
v. Participle Preposition: The man went past me.
vi. Disguised preposition: He gets up at 8 O’clock (O=of)
CONJUNCTION
†h me Word `ywU word, clause, group of words ev sentence ‡K join K‡i|
Classification: Conjunctions are of three types:
1. Co-ordinating conjunction: ‡h me Conjunction `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK clause ‡K mshy³ K‡i|
‡hgbt therefore, then, thus, however, only, while, whereas, nevertheless.
Example:
a) I went to college and took the class. h) He ran fast yet he could not get the train.
b) Work hard and you will pass. i) I hate him for so he is lazy.
c) The day is wet and cold. j) He as well as his friends is lazy.
d) The knife is not sharp but blunt. k) He along with his friends is coming.
e) Hasan or Mahmud will come here. l) I worked while he was sleeping.
f) Walk fast or you will miss the bus. m) He wrote whereas I read.
g) I am sure that he will pass.
2. Subordinating conjunction: ‡h me Conjunction subordinate clause ‡K main clause-Gi mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i Ges G‡K
Ac‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj _v‡K| Example:
a) I had reached the college before the examination began.
b) Don’t go out if it rains. I did not go because I did not know.
c) It is one month since I received the letter.
d) As/since you like it, I will give it.
e) He could not reach though he walked fast.
f) Sit here till/until I finish my work.
g) They will not come unless I play.
h) You ran after I had seen you.
i) He looks as if / as though he saw a ghost.
j) Walk slowly lest you should fall down.
3. Correlative Conjunction: ‡h me Conjunction ‡Rvovq †Rvovq e‡m `ywU Word, Clause ev Sentence ‡K ci¯úi m¤úK©
hy³ K‡i| Example:
a) Both Salim and his brother are absent today.
b) He has both strength and money.
c) The day was either wet or dry.
Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
Cambrian Publications: Plot-2, Gulshan Circle-2, Dhaka. 9891919, 01720557160/170 25
Cambrian College Basic English Grammar
Department of English Lecture Sheet
d) Either he or his father has done that.
INTERJECTION
‡h me word Øviv mvgwqK Avb›`, `ytL, welv`, we¯§q ev Av‡eM cÖKvk cvq|
(i) Hurrah! We have won. (Happiness/Avb›`)
(ii) Alas! I failed. (Distress, sorrow/`ytL)
(iii) What a beautiful scenery it is! (wonder/we¯§q)
(iv) How beautiful the scenery is! (Wonder/we¯§q)
(v) Bravo! You have done well. (Approval/Aby‡gv`b)
(vi) Fie! Fie! (Hatred/N„Yv, making fun/VvÆv Kiv)
(vii) Hi!, Hello! (calling/Avnevb)
(viii) Hess!, Humph! (doubt/m‡›`n)
(ix) Hush! (Attention/g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y)
Home work
Find out preposition conjunction & interjection:
1. I know nothing about him. Ans:
2. The knife is not sharp but blunt. Ans:
3. Write an essay on flood. Ans:
4. Hasan or Mahmud will come here. Ans:
5. Walk fast or you will miss the bus. Ans:
6. I am sure that he will pass. Ans:
7. I saw him in the park. Ans:
8. I have neither a pen nor a book. Ans:
9. The field is so small that I cannot play. Ans:
10. It was beyond my means to go there. Ans:
11. I shall go out whether the day is wet or not. Ans:
12. The shirt has the same colour that I wear. Ans:
13. I am sure of his success. Ans:
14. Karim is no less strong than Rahim. Ans:
15. The dog is as clever as the fox. Ans:
Spoken 8
Simple agreement
You are right
ks
Sure
ir.
Absolutely
om
So it seems.
bo
ce
So it would seem.
.fa
w
w
w
Classification of Sentence
Sentence
Affirmative Negative
Dc‡ii QK †_‡K mn‡RB eySv hv‡”Q Sentence ‡K `yBfv‡e fvM Kiv hvq h_vt-
K. A_© Abyhvqx (According to Meaning)
L. MVY Abyhvqx (According to Structure)
K. A_© Abyhvqx (According to Meaning)
Simple English Sentence †K Meaning Abyhvqx cuvP fv‡M Classify Kiv hvq| †hgbt-
i. Assertive Sentence ii. Interrogative Sentence.
iii. Imperative Sentence Ges iv. Optative Sentence
v. Exclamatory Sentence
Assertive Sentence
‡h sentence Øviv †Kvb wKQyi wee„wZ ev eY©bv †`Iqv eySvq Zv‡K Assertive Sentence e‡j| †hgb t
I am going to speak to the manager today. He is not a bad boy.
wPbvi Dcvqt- Assertive Sentence Gi ïi“‡Z me©`vB GKUv Subject _vK‡e|
Assertive Sentence Gi Structure t-Subject + Verb+--------------- .
Interrogative Sentence
‡h sentence Øviv †Kvb cÖkœ Kiv eySvq Zv‡K Interrogative Sentence e‡j|
‡hgb t Will you see him today? Who do you want to speak to?
wPbvi Dcvqt- Interrogative Sentence Gi ‡k‡l me©`vB GKUv Note of Interrogation(?) _vK‡e|
Interrogative Sentence Gi Structure t-a. Auxiliary Verb+ Subject+------------?
b. Wh +auxiliary Verb + Subject+-------?
Home Work
Find out assertive, interrogative, imperative, optative and exclamatory sentence.
ks
Definite Indefinite
B. wKš‘ vowel w`‡q ïi“ nIqv m‡Z¡I hw` GKwU kã ‘BDÕ ev ÔIqvÕ Gi gZ D”PvwiZ nq Z‡e Zvi c~‡e© A e‡m, An bq| ‡Kbbv GLv‡b
GwU Consonant Sound.
Examples: (a) The man has a ewe. (b)I have a European friend. (c)I need a one-taka note.
‡Kbbv GLv‡b GwU Vowel Sound.
C. hw` k‡ãi ïi“‡Z h Av‡m Ges Zvi D”PviY ÓAÓ Gi gZ nq Zvn‡j Zvi Av‡M a bv e‡m an e‡m| Examples:
(a) Wait for an hour. (b)He is an heir of this property.(c) My father is an honest man.
D. hw` k‡ãi ïi“‡Z abbreviation (ms‡¶wcZ kã) Av‡m Ges Zvi D”PviY vowel Gi gZ nq, Zvn‡j Zvi Av‡M a bv e‡m an e‡m|
Examples:
(a) His mother is also an M. A. (b) His uncle is an M. P. (c) The man in the chair is an L.LB.
GLv‡b cÖ_g I wØZxq D`vni‡Y Gg evbvb Ki‡Z †M‡j ïi“‡Z ÓGÓ Av‡m ZvB Gi Av‡M an e‡m‡Q| Abyiƒcfv‡e Z…Zxq D`vni‡Y Gj
evbvb Ki‡Z †M‡j ïi“‡Z G Av‡m ZvB Gi Av‡MI a bv e‡m an e‡m‡Q|
E. wKš‘ hw` Zvi D”PviY Consonant Gi gZ nq Zvn‡j Zvi Av‡M a em‡e|
‡hgbt (a) The man standing before you is a B.A.
Home Work
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH APPROPRIATE ARTICLES
1. At school Adeb met ——— lot of people. Ans:
2. Kasem is —— cleverest boy in our class. Ans:
3. Rashed is — old bearer of——— school. Ans:
4. Doesn't it make — good profit? Ans:
5. Rina's grandmother had — accident. Ans:
6. Anser worked in — garden at his old school. Ans:
7. Gardening is ———— interesting hobby. Ans:
8. ——— blacksmíths were strong. Ans:
9. The students worked for — hour and a half. Ans:
s
ok
Spoken 11
w
w
Uses of The
1. ‡Kvb wbw`©ó e¯‘ ev e¨w³ eySv‡Z The e‡m| Examples:
a. Look at the boys. They are peculiarly dressed.
b. I want the Golden Book of Treasures. The book is out of print.
2. †mB Noun-Gi c~‡e© hv GKevi e¨env‡ii d‡j wbw`©ó n‡q †M‡Q Zvi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a. There is a tree in the garden. The tree looks very nice.
3. ‡mB Noun Gi c~‡e© hvi mv‡_ AwZwi³ Phrase ev Clause e¨env‡ii d‡j Zv wbw`©ó n‡q †M‡Q Zvi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a. The boy who came here is my friend.
b. The pen which I bought from market is not so good.
4. Singular Noun-Gi c~‡e© hLb The e¨envi Kiv nq ZLb Zv Øviv mg¯— RvwZ‡K eySvq| Examples:
a. The dog is a faithful animal. b. The rose is the sweetest of all flowers.
5. Material Noun-Gi c~‡e© mvaviYZ Article e‡m bv Z‡e Gi c‡i hLb of _v‡K Ges GwU‡K wbw`©ó Kiv nq ZLb Gi Av‡M The
e‡m | Examples:
a.The gold of the ring is very bright. b.The water of the Padma is dirty.
6. cÖK…wZ‡Z GKwU gvÎ Av‡Q Ggb †Kvb wKQyi bv‡gi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a.The sun shines in the sky. b.The earth moves round the sun.
7. ‡h Noun Øviv †Kvb RvwZ ev †Mvwô †evSvq Zvi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a.The English are industrious. b.The Bangalees are intelligent but idle.
8. †Kvb Road Gi bv‡gi c~‡e© The e‡m | wKš‘ †Kvb Street ev Avenue Gi bv‡gi c~‡e© bq| Examples:
a.The bus is running on the Shere Bangla Road.
b.The book is bought from College Street.
9. ‡ckv eySv‡Z wKQy Noun Gi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a.He joined the Bar. b. He joined the Church.
10. Ordinal number Gi cy‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a.Who is the first boy? b.The 23rd January is a red letter day. (But January, 23)
11. mgwó evPK †`‡ki bv‡gi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a.The U. S. A. (the United States of America.) is a powerful country.
b.The U. K. (the United Kingdom.) is favourite to all.
12. Adjective hLb †Kvb we‡kl †kªYx †evSvq, ZLb Zvi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a.The rich (= rich men) are not always happy.
b. The poor ( = poor men) are not always dishonest.
13. Superlative Degree Gi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a. He is the best boy in the class. b. She is the most beautiful girl.
14. A‡bK mgq kãUv Superlative Degree _v‡K bv wKš‘ sense Uv Superlative Degree _v‡K ZLbI Zvi Av‡M The e‡m |
Examples:
a.He is the singer of the day. b.He is the man of the match.
15. Comparative Degree-Gi c~‡e© mvaviYZ Article e‡m bv Z‡e Gi c‡i hLb of the two A_ev of+ Proper Noun _v‡K ZLb
Comparative Degree Gi c~‡e© The e‡m Examples:
a. Rana is the better of the two. b. Of Rahim and Karim, Rahim is the better.
16. hZ ZZ A‡_© Comparative Adverb Gi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a. The sooner, the better. b.The more we have, the more we want.
17. mvaviYZt Proper Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| wKš‘ wKQy wKQy Proper Noun Gi c~‡e© The e‡m †m¸‡jv n‡jv Examples:
• Names of holy books(ag© MÖ‡š’i bv‡gi Av‡M): the Bible, the Quran, the Ramayana.
• Names of newspapers(cwÎKvi bv‡gi Av‡M): the Prothom-Alo, the Daily Star.
• Names of ships(Rvnv‡Ri bv‡gi Av‡M): the Titanic, the M. V. Akbar.
• Names of train(†Uª‡bi bv‡gi Av‡M): the Silk City, the Lalmonirhat Express.
• Names of aeroplanes(†c‡bi bv‡gi Av‡M): the Dakota, the Boeing 707.
• Names of space crafts(gnvKvk hv‡bi bv‡gi Av‡M): the Apollo.
• Names of famous buildings(weL¨vZ `vjv‡bi bv‡gi Av‡M): the Tajmahal, the Victoria Memorial Hall.
• Names of rivers(b`xi
Updated bv‡giBangla
Av‡M): the Padma, the Jamuna.
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childhood. I was born in a small village in (b)---- district of Khulna. My father was (c)---- school teacher.
oo
eb
The school is situated far from our home. Ours was (d)---- simple home where I lived in (e)--- midst of my
ir.
nb
(d) (e)
bo
ce
.fa
w
w
w
Definition: wµqv msNwUZ nIqvi mgq‡K Tense e‡j| Tense cÖ_gZt wZb cÖKvi| h_vt
1. Present Tense 2. Past Tense 3. Future Tense
bx‡P G¸wj‡K Diagram AvKv‡i †`qv njt
Tense
Tense
N. B.: hw` ev‡K¨i Subject wU He, She, It, BZ¨vw` Third Person Singular Number nq, Zvn‡j Verb Gi mv‡_ s/es hy³
Ki‡Z n‡e|
Negative Gi Structure: Subject+ does not/ do not+ Present form of Verb + Object/Extension.
†m fvZ Lvq bv ---He does not eat rice.
Avwg K‡j‡R hvB bv------ I do not go to college.
gv fvZ ivbœv K‡i bv--- Mother does not cook rice.
Avgiv wµ‡KU †Lwj bv-- We do not play cricket
Interrogative Gi Structure: Does / Do +Subject+ Present form of Verb + Object/Extension.
†m wK fvZ Lvq ? ---- Does he eat rice?
Avwg wK K‡j‡R hvB?---- Do I go to college?
gv wK fvZ ivbœv K‡i? ---- Does mother cook rice?
Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †Lwj ---- Do we play cricket?
N.B: Negative-Interrogative Gi †¶‡Î not wU Subject Gi c‡i em‡e| Z‡e ev‡K¨i Subject wU hw` Noun nq Zvn‡j not wU
Subject Gi Av‡M em‡e| ‡hgbt- iwng wK K‡j‡R hvq bv?-- Does not Rahim go to college?
GLv‡b iwng kãwU GKwU e¨vw³i bvg A_©vr GwU Noun myZivs G‡¶‡Î not wU Subject Gi Av‡M em‡e|
hw` do not, does not BZ¨vw`i short form e¨envi Kiv nq †hgb don’t, doesn’t BZ¨vw` nq Zv n‡j subject Gi c‡i not
emv‡bvi `iKvi bvB|
N. B.: hw` ev‡K¨i Subject wU First Person nq A_©vr I/We nq Zvn‡j shall n‡e Ab¨ mKj Person Gi †¶‡Î will n‡e Z‡e
AvaywbK Bs‡iRx‡Z mKj Person G will e¨envi Kiv hvq Z‡e mKj Person G shall e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
Negative Gi Structure:- Subject+ shall not/ will not+ Present form of Verb + Object/Extension.
†m fvZ Lv‡e bv ---He will not eat rice.
Avwg K‡j‡R hve bv------ I shall not go to college.
gv fvZ ivbœv Ki‡e bv--- Mother will not cook rice.
Avgiv wµ‡KU †Lje bv---We shall not play cricket
Interrogative Gi Structure:-Shall/Will+ Subject+ Present form of Verb + Object/Extension.
†m wK fvZ Lv‡e ? ---Will he eat rice?
Avwg wK K‡j‡R hve?------Shall I go to college?
gv wK fvZ ivbœv Ki‡e? ---Will mother cook rice?
Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †Lje? --Shall we play cricket?
Negative Interrogative Gi Structure:- Shall /Will +Subject+ not+ Present form of Verb + Object/Extension.
†m wK fvZ Lv‡e bv ?---Will he not eat rice? / Won’t he eat rice?
Avwg wK K‡j‡R hv‡e bv ?----Shall I not go to college? / Shan’t I go to college?
gv wK fvZ ivbœv Ki‡e bv ?--- Will mother not cook rice.? / Won’t mother cook rice.?
Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †Lje bv ? ---Shall we not play cricket? Shan’t we play cricket?
Spoken 13
Focusing attention
Pardon me
Excuse me.
Are you listening to me?
Are you paying attention?
Am I making myself heard?
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42 Cambrian Publications: Plot-2, Gulshan Circle-2, Dhaka. 9891919, 01720557160/170
Cambrian College Basic English Grammar
Department of English Lecture Sheet
Class No-14 Continuous Tenses
N. B.: hw` ev‡K¨i Subject wU He, She, It, BZ¨vw` Third Person Singular Number nq Zvn‡j is em‡e hw` ev‡K¨i Subject wU
I nq Zvn‡j am em‡e, hw` ev‡K¨i Subject wU we/you nq Zvn‡j are em‡e|
Negative Gi Structure: Subject+ am not/ is not/are not+ Present form of Verb +ing + Object/Extension.
†m fvZ Lv‡”Q bv ---He is not eating rice.
Avwg ¯‹z‡j hw”Q bv------ I am not going to school.
gv fvZ ivbœv Ki‡Q bv--- Mother is not cooking rice.
Avgiv wµ‡KU †Lwj‡ZwQ bv-- We are not playing cricket
N. B.: hw` ev‡K¨i Subject wU He, She , It Singular wKQy BZ¨vw` Third Person Singular Number nq Zvn‡j Was em‡e hw`
ir.
nb
ev‡K¨i Subject wU I nq, Zvn‡j Was em‡e hw` ev‡K¨i Subject wU we nq Zvn‡j Were em‡e|
/ta
om
Negative Gi Structure:- Subject+ was not/were not + Present form of Verb + ing + Object/Extension.
.c
Negative Gi Structure:- Subject+ shall not be/will not be + Present form of Verb + ing + Object/Extension.
†m fvZ LvB‡Z _vK‡e bv ---He shall not be eating rice.
Avwg K‡j‡R hvB‡Z _vKe bv --- I shall not be going to college.
gv fvZ ivbœv Ki‡Z _vK‡e bv--- Mother will not be cooking rice.
Avgiv wµ‡KU †Lwj‡Z _vKe bv-- We will not be playing cricket
Negative Interrogative Gi Structure:- Shall/Will +Subject+ not+ be+ Present form of Verb+ ing +
Object/Extension.
†m wK fvZ LvB‡Z _vKe bv ?---Will he not be eating rice?
Avwg wK K‡j‡R hvB‡Z _vKe bv ?---Shall I not be going to college?
gv wK fvZ ivbœv Ki‡Z _vK‡e bv ?--- Will mother not be cooking rice?
Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †Lwj‡Z _vKe bv ?-- Shall we not be playing cricket?
Spoken 14
Expressing support for some one
I will stand by you.
I am standing behind you.
I am with you.
I am on your side.
You can trust me.
You can put your faith on me.
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Cambrian Publications: Plot-2, Gulshan Circle-2, Dhaka. 9891919, 01720557160/170 45
Cambrian College Basic English Grammar
Department of English Lecture Sheet
Class No-15 Perfect Tenses
Present Perfect Tense
evsjvq ‡Pbvi Dcvqt- evsjv ev‡K¨i wµqvi †k‡l qvwQ, qvQ, qv‡Qb BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
Structure: Subject + have/has+ Past Participle form of Verb + Object. ‡hgbt
†m fvZ ‡L‡q‡Q ---He has eaten rice.
†m K‡j‡R wM‡q‡Q ------ He has gone to college.
Avgiv wµ‡KU †L‡jwQ-----We have played cricket.
N. B.: hw` ev‡K¨i Subject wU He, She ,It A_ev Proper noun ( Younus, Anowar, Shanta) BZ¨vw` Third Person Singular
Number nq, Zvn‡j has em‡e| hw` ev‡K¨i Subject wU I/We nq, Zvn‡j have em‡e |
Negative Gi Structure:- Subject+ have not/ has not+ Past Participle form of Verb + Object/Extension
Avwg K‡j‡R hvB bvB------ I have not gone to college.
gv fvZ ivbœv K‡i bvB--- Mother has not cooked rice.
Avgiv wµ‡KU †Lwj bvB---We have not played cricket.
Interrogative Gi Structure: Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle form of Verb + Object/Extension?
†m wK fvZ ‡L‡q‡Q ? ---Has he eaten rice?
Avwg wK K‡j‡R wM‡qwQ?------Have I gone to College.?
gv wK fvZ ivbœv K‡i‡Q? ---Has mother cooked rice?
Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †LwjqvwQ? --Have we played cricket?
Negative - Interrogative Gi Structure:- Have/Has + Subject + Not + Past Participle form of Verb + Object /
Extension.
†m wK fvZ Lvq bvB ? ---Has he not eaten rice?
Avwg wK K‡j‡R hvB bvB ?------ Have I not gone to College.?
gv wK fvZ ivbœv K‡i bvB ?--- Has mother not cooked rice?
Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †Lwj bvB ?---Have we not played cricket?
Past Perfect Tense
evsjvq †Pbvi Dcvqt- evsjv ev‡K¨i wµqvi †k‡l qvwQj, qvwQ‡j, qvwQ‡jb,jvg,j,†j,†jb,Zvg,Z,†Zb,†Zg BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
GB Tense G `yBUv NUbv‡K Av‡M (Before) ev c‡i (After) kã Øviv hy³ _vK‡e| †h KvRUv Av‡M msNwUZ n‡e †mwU Past Perfect
Tense Avi †h KvRUv c‡i msNwUZ n‡e †mwU Past Indefinite Tense n‡e| Z‡e me©`vB g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Before kãwUi c‡ii Ask Ges
c‡i k‡ãi Av‡Mi Ask n‡e Past Indefinite Tense Abyiƒcfv‡e Av‡M kãwUi Av‡Mi Ask Ges After k‡ãi c‡ii Ask Past Perfect
Tense n‡e| Z‡e ev‡K¨ Av‡M ev c‡i †h kãB _vKzK bv †Kb Translation me©`vB Wvb w`K †_‡K ïi“ Ki‡Z n‡e| bx‡P G‡`i
Structure †`qv njt-
Av‡M msNwVZ KvRt Past Perfect Tense t- Subject+ had+ Past Participle form of the verb + Object/Extension.
c‡i msNwVZ KvRt Past Indefinite Tense t- Subject +Past form of the verb +Object/Extension.
‡hgbt-
Wv³vi Avmvi Av‡M i“wMwU gviv †Mj- The patient had died before the doctor came.
Wv³vi Avmvi c‡i i“wMwU gviv †Mj- The patient died after the doctor had come.
Zzwg Avmvi c‡i Avwg †mLv‡b wM‡qwQjvg- I went there after you had come.
GLv‡b cÖ_g ev‡K¨ i“wMwU gviv †Mj GB AskUzKz Av‡M msNwVZ n‡q‡Q ZvB GwU Past Perfect Tense Ges †h‡nZz Translation me©`vB
Wvb w`K †_‡K ïi“ Ki‡Z n‡e ZvB i“wMwU gviv †Mj GB AskUzK’ Av‡M Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|
Future Perfect Tense
evsjvq ‡Pbvi Dcvqt- evsjv ev‡K¨i wµqvi †k‡l qv _vK‡e, qv _vKe ,qv _vK‡eb BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
Structure: Subject + shall have/will have+ Past Participle form of Verb + Object. ‡hgbt--
†m fvZ LvBqv _vK‡e ---He will have eaten rice.
ks
gv fvZ ivbœv Kwiqv _vK‡e --- Mother will have cooked rice.
eb
ir.
Negative Gi Structure:- Subject+ shall not have/will not have + Past Participle form of Verb +
om
Object/Extension.
.c
ok
Avwg K‡j‡R hvBqv _vKe bv------ I will not have gone to college.
ce
.fa
gv fvZ ivbœv K‡i _vK‡e bv--- Mother will not have cooked rice.
w
w
w
Avgiv wK 1996 mvj †_‡K wµ‡KU †Lwj‡Z _vK‡e ?-----Shall we have been playing cricket since 1996 A.D?
oo
eb
Negative Interrogative Gi Structure:-Shall/Will +Subject+ not have been+ Present form of Verb +ing + O/E+
ir.
nb
for/since +Time?
/ta
†m wK cvuP wgwbU a‡i fvZ LvBZ _vK‡e bv ?---Will he not have been eating rice for five minutes?
om
Avwg wK AvMvgxKvj †_‡K K‡j‡R hvB‡Z _vKe bv?--- Shall I not have been going to college since tomorrow ?
.c
ok
gv wK `k wgwbU a‡i fvZ ivbœv Ki†Z _vK‡e bv ?-Will mother not have been cooking rice for ten minutes ?
bo
Avgiv wK mKvj †_‡K A‡c¶v Ki‡Z _vKe bv?-Shall we not have been waiting since morning?
ce
.fa
w
w
w
Rules of agreement
1. `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Subject hw` and w`‡q hy³ nq Ges GKB fve cÖKvk K‡i Zvn‡j Verb wU Singular n‡e| †hgb t
(a) Bread and butter (is/are) found everywhere. Ans: is
(b) Slow and steady (win/wins) the race. Ans: wins
(c) A hue and cry (was/were) raised. Ans: was
GLv‡b Bread Ges butter hw`I `yBwU Avjv`v Avjv`v Lvevi wKš‘ GB ¸wj AwaKvsk mgq GKmv‡_ LvIqv nq ZvB G‡`i c‡i Verb wU
Singular n‡q‡Q|ZvQvov GwU GLb Phrase wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq| evKx D`vniY¸wji †¶‡ÎI ZvB n‡q‡Q|
Z‡e `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK subject hw` and w`‡q hy³ nq Ges wfbœ wfbœ fve cÖKvk K‡i Zvn‡j Verb wU plural n‡e|
(a) Ruba and Raju (was/were) going to college. Ans: were
(b) Time and tide (wait/waits) for none. Ans: wait
GLv‡b i“ev Ges ivRy `yBRb e¨vw³ ZvB Verb wU eûePb n‡q‡Q|Abyiƒcfv‡e wØZxq D`vni‡YI ZvB n‡q‡Q|
2. hw` 2wU Subject, and Øviv hy³ nq Ges and Gi Av‡Mi Subject wU‡Z article _v‡K I c‡ii subject wU‡ZI article _v‡K Zvn‡j
g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e DfqUvB wfbœ wfbœ e¨w³ ev e¯‘, myZivs †mB Abyhvqx verb eû ePb n‡e| †hgb t
(a) The Principal and the Secretary (is/are) coming. Ans: are
(b) A blue and a red pen (was/were) lost. Ans: were
(c) The poet and the novelist (have/has) come. Ans: have
GLv‡b Headmaster Gi A‡MI the e‡m‡Q Ges Secretary Gi Av‡MI the e‡m‡Q ZvB g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e `yBRb Avjv`v Avjv`v e¨vw³
ZvB G‡`i c‡i Verb wU plural n‡q‡Q|evKx D`vniY¸wji †¶‡ÎI ZvB n‡q‡Q|
Z‡e hw` and Gi Av‡Mi kãwUi Av‡M Article _v‡K Ges c‡ii kãwUi Av‡M Article bv _v‡K Zvn‡j GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘ g‡b Ki‡Z
n‡e| myZivs †mB Abyhvqx Verb GKePb n‡e| †hgbt
(a)The Headmaster and Secretary (is/are) coming. Ans: is
(b)The Chairman and Treasurer (have/has) come. Ans: has
3. ev‡K¨i Verb Zvi Subject Gi Number I Person Abyhvqx e‡m| hw` Subject wU Singular nq Zvn‡j verb wUI Singular
n‡e| Abyiƒcfv‡e Subject hw` Plural nq Zvn‡j verb wUI plural n‡e|
(a) They (is/are) eating a banana. Ans: are
(b) We (have/has) created this problem. Ans: have
4. hw` ev‡K¨i Subject wU Preposition w`‡q hy³ nq Zvn‡j preposition Gi Av‡Mi kã Abyhvqx verb em‡e| †hgbt
(a) The presence of so many boys (is/are) encouraging. Ans: is
(b) The mangoes in the box (have/has) been rotten. Ans: have
5. hLb †Kvb evK¨ There w`‡q ïi“ n‡e ZLb Zv‡`i Subject wU verb Gi c‡i e‡m wKš‘ me©`vB ¯§iY ivL‡e ev‡K¨i verb wU
Subject Abyhvqx em‡e| †hgb t
(a) There (is/are) a book on the table. Ans: is
(b) There (is/are) a pen, a book and a clock on the table. Ans: are
6. Infinitive, Gerund, Verbal Noun, Phrase Ges Clause hw` ev‡K¨i subject nq Zvn‡j verb wU singular n‡e|
(a) To walk in the morning (is/are) necessary. Ans: is
(b) Walking (is/are) the best exercise. Ans: is
(c) The reading of history (is/are) is interesting. Ans: is
(d) That he will come (is/are) known to all. Ans: is
(e) Success at any cost (is/are) his only goal. Ans: is
GLv‡b cÖ_g D`vni‡Y To walk Infinitive ZvB verb wU singular n‡q‡Q| wVK GKBfv‡e wØZxq D`vni‡Y Walking Gerund
Ges Z…Zxq D`vni‡Y The reading of history wU Verbal Noun ZvB verb wU singular n‡q‡Q|
we.`ªt- GLb Rvbv `iKvi Infinitive, Gerund, Verbal Noun, Phrase Ges Clause Kv‡K e‡j ? To + Verb Gi cÖ_g iƒc‡K
Infinitive ejv nq| ing hy³ Verb hw` Noun wnmv‡e KvR K‡i Zv‡K Gerund e‡j| ing hy³ Verb Gi Av‡M hw` The Ges c‡i
of _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡K Verbal Noun e‡j|GQvov Phrase Ges Clause m¤ú‡K© GB eB‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv Av‡Q|
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Cambrian College Basic English Grammar
Department of English Lecture Sheet
7. Collective Noun mvaviYZt singular aiv nq myZivs collective noun hw` ev‡K¨i subject nq Zvn‡j verb wU Singular
nq| †hgb t
(a) The army (was/were) defeated. Ans: was
(b) The committee (have/has) approved the decision. Ans: has
(c) The class (is/are) large. Ans: is
Z‡e collective noun hLb noun of multitude wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡e ZLb subject wU plural n‡e| (noun of multitude ej‡Z
H mg¯— noun †K eySvq hv mgwóMZfv‡e mKj‡K bv eySvBqv ¯^Zš¿fv‡e eySvq)| †hgb t
(a) The Jury (was/were) divided in their opinions. Ans: were
(b) The audience (is/are) requested to take their seats. Ans: are
(c) The mob (do not/does not) know their mind. Ans: do not
8. Many a Gi c‡ii noun I verb DfqwUB GKePb nq Ges A Many Gi c‡ii noun I verb DfqwU eûePb nq| †hgb t
(a) Many a student (have not/has not) yet gone to school. Ans: has not
(b) A great many boys (are/is) coming home. Ans: are
9. A number Gi c‡ii Noun I verb eû ePb nq wKš‘ The number Gi c‡ii noun wU eûePb Avi verb wU GKePb n‡e| †hgbt
(a) A number of boys (is/are) playing there. Ans: are
(b) A number of students (was/were) waiting. Ans: were
(c) The number of players (is/are) poor. Ans: is
10. Distance (`yiZ¡) evPK kã, cwigvb evPK kã, ‰`N©¨ evPK kã Ges Arithmetical Operation (AsK kv¯¿xq welq) hLb ev‡K¨i
Subject nq ZLb ev‡K¨i Subject wU Plural n‡jI Verb wU GKePb n‡e|
(a) Five miles (is/are) a long distance. Ans: is
(b) Ten maunds (is/are) a heavy weight. Ans: is
(c) Two and two (makes/make) four. Ans: makes
11. Each I Every Gi c‡ii Verb I Noun GKePb n‡e Avi no Gic‡ii Noun wU hw` GKePb nq Zvn‡j verb GKePb n‡e noun
eûePb n‡j verb eûePb n‡e| †hgbt
(a) Each boy and each girl (have/has) got an English book. Ans: has
(b) Every star and every planet (is/are) the handiwork of Allah. Ans: is
(c) No bus and no rickshaw (was/were) seen yesterday. Ans: was
(d) No friends and no relatives (care/cares) for me. Ans: care
12. hw` ev‡K¨i Subject wU and no ev and not Øviv hy³ nq Zvn‡j and no ev and not Gi Av‡Mi subject Abyhvqx verb em‡e|
†hgb t
(a) A friend, and not an enemy (greet/greets) you. Ans: greets
(b) Two pens only, and no book (is/are) required. Ans: are
(c) Only Rana and not his brother (is/are) absent. Ans: is
13. †`‡ki bvg, eB‡qi bvg, gvby‡li bvg BZ¨vw`i mv‡_ s hy³ _vK‡j Ges Zviv ev‡K¨i Subject n‡j hw`I Zv‡`i‡K †`L‡Z g‡b nq Plural
wKš‘ Zviv Plural bq eis Zviv singular Ges Zv‡`i verb wUI Singular n‡e| †hgb t
(a) Dickens (is/are) an eminent writer. Ans: is
(b) Gulliver’s Travels (is/are) a famous book. Ans: is
(c) The United States of America (is/are) a large country. Ans: is
14. Adjective Gi Av‡M The hy³ n‡j ZLb Avi Adjective _v‡K bv †mwU Plural Common Noun n‡q hvq| myZivs †h‡nZz
plural nq ZvB verb wU Plural n‡e| (†hgb t The old, the poor, the virtuous GLv‡b The old Gi A_© e„×iv the poor Gi
A_© Mwi‡eiv the virtuous Gi A_© avwg©‡Kiv myZivs A_©MZ w`Kw`‡q eySv hvq Giv Plural)
s
ok
Home Work
m
co
(1) The people with their beloved leader (is/are) going to the field.
.fa
Spoken English 18
eb
Asking time
ir.
nb
We need not have brought the pencil. He did not need to go there.
o
eb
ir.
nb
Dare
/ta
A. Dare as a Principal Verb: Need Gi gZ DareI ev‡K¨ Principal Verb wnmv‡e e‡m †hgb:
m
K. Avwg †mLv‡b hvIqvi mvnm Kwi bv L. †m Avgv‡K mgv‡jvPbv Kivi mvnm K‡i bv
co
k.
B. Dare as an Auxiliary Verb :Need hLb Auxiliary Verb wnmv‡e e‡m ZLb G‡`i c‡i infinitive Gi to e‡m bv| †hgb:
ce
.fa
(2) Had to +Verb Bnv AZxZKvjxb eva¨evaKZv eySv‡bvi Rb¨ e‡m evsjvq Gi A_© n‡e "†Z n†qwQjÓ †hgb:
K. Avgv‡K RwgUv wewµ Ki‡Z n‡qwQj L. †Zvgv‡K GUv wb‡Z n‡qwQj
I had to sell the land. You had to take it.
C. Be going to : Bnv ÓD‡Ïk¨Ó eySv‡bvi Rb¨ e‡m †hgb:
K. Avwg GKwU QvZv wKb‡Z hvw”Q L. Zzwg KjgUv wKb‡Z hv”Q
I am going to buy an umbrella. You are going to take the pen.
D. Be about to : ‡Kvb KvR cÖvq N‡U wM‡qwQj Zv eySv‡bvi Rb¨ be about to e‡m †hgb:
K. Avgiv cÖvq †cŠ‡Q wM‡qwQ L. †m cÖvq g‡iB wM‡qwQj
We are about to reach. He was about to die.
E. Used to: AZxZKvjxb wbqwgZ Af¨vm eySv‡bvi Rb¨ e‡m| evsjv ev‡K¨i †k‡l hLb Zvg, Z, †Z, †Zb, ‡Zg _v‡K ZLb GwU em‡e|
†hgb:
K. †m mKv‡j nvUZ L. Avwg b`x‡Z †Mvmj KiZvg
He used to walk in the morning. I used to bathe in the pond.
F. Ought to:Bnvi evsjv A_© DwPr Bnvi e¨envi should Gi gZ †hgb:
K. Avgv‡`i g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q cov DwPr L. †Zvgvi Bnv Kiv DwPr
We ought to read attentively. You ought to do it.
Home Work
Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Avwg wK †Zvgvi KjgwU †c‡Z cvwi?
2. Avwg hLb †QvU wQjvg ZLb Avwg muvZvi KvU‡Z cviZvg|
3. exw_ AsKwU Ki‡Z cviZ|
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AvR e„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
Zv‡`I cÖPzi Abykxjb Kiv DwPr|
তেিবুকঃ www.facebook.com/tanbir.cox
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Zzwg Aek¨B covïbv †kl Ki‡e|
mvwR‡`I e„wË cvIqv `iKvi| ই-তেইেঃ tanbir.cox@gamil.com
8. Avwg Av‡M Pv cvb KiZvg|
9. Avwmd‡K cix¶v w`‡Z n‡qwQj| স্কাইেঃ tanbir.cox
10. cvwLwU cÖvq gviv hvw”Qj|
11. `qv K‡i Avgv‡K K¨vw¤^ªqvb K‡j‡Ri wVKvbvwU ej‡eb Kx?
12. nvwg` AvMvgxKvj evwo wdi‡Z cv‡i|
13. ‡m Rxe‡b DbœwZ Ki“K|
14. evsjv‡`k AvMvgx‡Z ïay R‡qi Rb¨ †Lj‡e|
15. ‡Zvgvi Zv&ovZvwo Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
Bs‡iRx‡Z K_v ej‡Z wM‡q ev wjL‡Z wM‡q Avgiv Ggb KZ¸‡jv evK¨ cve †h¸‡jv‡Z Subject Dn¨ _v‡K| Gme evK¨ e¨envi
Ki‡Z Voice Rvbv Ri“wi| †hgb: AvBb cÖ‡qvM nIqv DwPr (Law should be imposed.)| G ev‡K¨ †K AvBb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e
Zv ejv †bB| G‡¶‡Î Passive Voice e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Bs‡iRx‡Z Gi MVb n‡jv,
Subject + ‘BE’ Verb + Past participle form of Verb [+ Preposition (by) + Object.]
Avi, wewfbœ Tense G e¨eüZ ‘BE’ Verb Gi iƒc¸‡jv n‡jv: am, is, are, was, were, shall be, will be, have been,
has been, had been, shall have been, will have been, being BZ¨vw`|
Gev‡i Avgiv wewfbœ Tense G Gi cÖ‡qvM †`Le| Z‡e Present, Past I Future Tense G Perfect Continuous form
Gi e¨envi Passive voice G nq bv ej‡jB P‡j| ZvB GB Tense ¸‡jv GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv bv| j¶¨ Ki:
Tense Structure Bangla Sentence English Form
Present Indefinite S+Be(am/is/are)+V pp +(…..) GLv‡b Bs‡iRx ‡kLv‡bv nq| English is taught here.
Past Indefinite S+Be(was/were)+V pp +(…..) Zv‡`i‡K Aby‡iva Kiv They were requested.
n‡qwQj|
Future Indefinite S+Be(shall be/will KZK¸‡jv eB †Kbv n‡e| Some books will be
be)+V pp +(..) bought.
Present Continuous S+(am/is/are)+being+V pp +(..) KvRwU Kiv n‡”Q| The work is being done.
Past Continuous S+(was/were)+being+V pp +(..) QwewU †`Lv‡bv nw”Qj| The picture was being
shown.
Future Continuous S+(shall be/will be)+being RwgwU Pvl Kiv n‡Z _vK‡e| The field will be being
+V pp +(…..) cultivated.
Present Perfect S+ (have/has)+been+V pp +(..) Zv‡K kvw¯— †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| He has been punished.
Past Perfect S+had been+V pp +(…..) G e¨vcv‡i cywjk‡K Rvbv‡bv The police had been
n‡qwQj| informed of this matter.
Future Perfect S+(shall/will)+have been ‡Zvgv‡`i ‡cuŠQv‡bvi Av‡M H Those works will have
+V pp +(…..) KvR¸‡jv Kiv n‡q hv‡e| been done before your
arrival.
* evsjv ev‡K¨i e³e¨ hw` `ywU evK¨vsk e¨envi K‡i ejv nq Ges Kx ejv n‡”Q Zv cÖ_g evK¨vs‡k Subject wnmv‡e D‡jL bv
_v‡K Z‡e H Sentence wU Bs‡iRx‡Z ‘It’ w`‡q ïi“ Ki‡Z nq| Introductory ‘It’ hy³ wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv †Lqvj Ki:
Tense Structure Bangla Sentence English Form
Present Indefinite It Giƒc ejv nq †h........| It is said that…...
+Be(am/is/are)+V pp +(...)+that+...
Past Indefinite It +Be(was/were)+V pp +(..)+that+... Giƒc fvev n‡qwQj †h......| It was thought
that……
Future Indefinite It + Be(shall be/will be) + V pp + GgbwU ejv n‡e †h..........| It will be said
(..) + that +…… that…….
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* ‡Kvb cÖ¯—vebv hy³ evK¨ Imperative Sentence weavq Bs‡iRx‡Z Passive form G ‘Let’ w`‡q ïi“ Ki‡Z nq:
ir.
nb
(†Zvgvi) ¯^v‡¯’i cÖwZ hZœ †bIqv †nvK| Let your health be taken care of.
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