2.

Can the underdevelopment of the world’s poorest countries

be explained by their lack of integration into the global
economic system?
As for me , there is no correct questions , in my opinion the underdevelopment of
the world’s poorest countries can’t be explained by their lack of integration into the global
economic system. Now I’m gonna explain my position.
From the beginning , let’s talk about the poverty , The meaning of poor according to
Google poor means lacking sufficient money to live at a standard considered comfortable or
normal in a society or of a low or inferior standard of quality.
That poverty has actually fallen over the past 30 years and that's true in regions like Latin
America and Asia but sub-saharan Africa has actually gotten poorer, in fact countries in
Africa make up more than 1/3 of the world's poor . As we know, underdeveloped countries
are at the bottom of the global economy, with widespread extreme poverty and appalling
living conditions. They usually have little or no infrastructure or reliable health care and other
social services. Many of them have experienced prolonged political unrest in the form of civil
war or armed conflict with other countries, or have become the target of unstable
governments, dictatorship and / or corruption. In addition, they can often suffer from
environmental events and natural disasters, causing hunger, destruction and displacement of
large sections of their population.
Many academics and researchers refer to countries whose economies are almost entirely
devoid of industry and technology as “least developed countries” (LDCs). The term has a
special meaning according to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (UN), which
maintains a list of countries that it considers “least developed” based on whether they meet
certain criteria:
**Low income criterion based on three-year average estimate of gross national income per
capita (less than $ 750 to be listed, more than $ 900 must be removed from the list)
**A measure of the weakness of human resources, including a composite human capital
index (HAI), based on indicators of nutrition, health, education and literacy of the adult
population.
**A measure of economic vulnerability, including a composite economic vulnerability index
(EVI) based on indicators of agricultural volatility; instability in the export of goods and
services.
This is the figure Gross domestic product per capita in the least developed countries and other
developing countries as a percentage of world average, 1981–20016. Source: UNCTAD
secretariat calculations, based on data from the World Bank, World Development Indicators
database.

This figure, share of the least developed countries in world population, poverty and
infrastructure shortfalls, 1980–2014. Source: UNCTAD secretariat estimates, based on data
from the World Bank, World Development Indicators database and PovcalNet database.
Note: Figures for extreme poverty are approximate and are based on a poverty line of $1.25
per day at 2005 purchasing power parity (due to the unavailability of data for some LDCs at
2011 purchasing power parity at the time of writing). The estimates presented are based on
the total poverty rate for all LDCs for which data are available, multiplied by the total
population for all LDCs. Since data are not available for Afghanistan, Angola (up to 2002),
Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Kiribati, Myanmar, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Tuvalu and
Vanuatu, it is assumed that the average poverty rate in these countries is equal to the average
for other LDCs.

LET’S talk about Africa more deeper, all know how much Hollywood wants to save Africa,
but superstars aren't the only ones trying to wipe out global poverty for years NGOs and
economists have been trying to find their magic fix and Western governments have donated
over 2.3 trillion dollars in the past 60 years in the crusade to help the world's neediest people,
but many people don't trust their rich governments to help poor governments and why should
they political strings are attached aid helps dictators who slaughter the very people it was
meant for so there's an alternative well-meaning NGOs and businesses .
Many , many years ago , the continent was rich in natural resources such as gold or
daimond and forests, just to mention a few it was made up of very wealthy and powerful
kingdoms and empires some of the wealthiest and most powerful kingdoms.
The main reason , why this continent is poor is corruption, but while corruption is a serious
problem in poor countries around the world the bigger problem by far is that it's very hard to
build health and education and infrastructure systems in communities ,that have been built
around resource extraction, that's true all over the world but also a community just cannot
spend what it does not have like if Sierra Leone spent the same percentage of its economy on
health care and education as say the United Kingdom does Sierra Leone would have about
forty five dollars per person per year to spend on health care and a similar amount per child
per year to spend on education, that's just obviously inadequate like in the u.s. people spend
over ten thousand dollars per person per year on health care and over 12,000 dollars per child
per year on education, because it's systems have for centuries been structured around
resource extraction because of war ,because of disease burden and because of colonialism and
its legacies, but I am hopeful not because I think these problems are easy to solve but
because I have heard the extraordinary commitment of Sierra Leonean health care workers to
their patients and because those patients have helped us to understand that despair is not the
right response to big problems even existential problems.
Africa is full of natural resources, but despite of them there is lack of education , corruption,
lack of infrastructure . And also one of the main reasons are that Africa is very separated . So
many ethics groups . Ethic groups always against ethnic groups over small issues. Africa
need to unite more. Also , the massive education system improvement is needed. Lastly,
Africans don’t trade among African countries , as we know trade is an importan determinant
of growth. . This is because sell raw materials instead of making products to sell. After
gaining this . i Think they should participate (like other undeveloped countries) in the
integration into the global economic system.
While writing this essay , I realized many positive aspects of participating in the integration
into the global economic system.

•Trade is complementary to other reforms. Much of the evidence on the effect of openness on
growth is vulnerable to criticism that the effect of openness is not isolated from the effects of
a good institutional environment or other reforms that are often carried out concurrently.
•Growth reduces poverty. From 1978 to 1998, the proportion of the world's extremely poor
living on less than $ 2 in 1985 a day fell sharply from 38 percent to 19 percent. Due to
population growth, the decline in the absolute number of the poor was smaller, but no less
dramatic - from 1.4 billion to 1 billion. This decline is thought to be almost entirely due to
growth rather than to changes in income distribution.
While there is evidence that trade liberalization is likely to benefit even the poorest and least
developed countries, many of them raise concerns that need to be addressed before they can
be persuaded to become full participants in multilateral trade negotiations. In addition to
concerns about the movement of farmers and workers, they are concerned about the impact of
trade liberalization on their balance of payments, fiscal accounts and terms of trade.