Land Navigation

071F5013

SSG Black
 Safety Consideration
Risk Assessment is LOW
Fire exits
Tripping hazards

Failure to learn these skills may result in:

Call for Fire on wrong position
Improper movement
Problems associated with being lost
 Terminal Learning Objective

Action: Navigate from one point on the ground to another while

dismounted.

Conditions: During day and night, given a classroom and training

area, 1:50,000 map (Tenino) for the classroom, 1:50,000 map
(Local) for the local training area, protractor, pencil, compass
and or PLGR and FM 3-25.26.

Standards: Plot, navigate and find a minimum 3 out of 5 points within 3

hours during daylight and/or night.
 You will learn how to…
• Identify Topographic Symbols on a Military Map
• Identify Terrain Features on a Map
• Determine the Grid Coordinates of a Point on a
Military Map
• Measure Distance on a Map
• Convert Azimuths
• Determine Azimuths Using a Protractor
• Locate an Unknown Point on a Map and on the
Ground by Resection
• Locate one’s position on a Map and on the
Ground by Modified Resection
 Enabling Learning Objective A

ACTION: Identify topographic symbols on a military map.

CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map.

STANDARDS: Correctly Identify the topographic symbols, colors, and

marginal information on a military map IAW FM 3-25.26.
 Definition of a Map
A graphic representation of all or
part of the Earth’s surface drawn to
scale as seen from above, with
natural and man-made features
illustrated as symbols, lines, and
colors

15
 Map Symbols
Symbols are used to represent the natural and man-made features of the earth.

cem
VEGETATION
Map Symbols
Woods

Scrub

Orchard

Vineyard

Mangrove
SUBMERGED AREAS Map Symbols
AND BOGS
Marsh or swamp

Submerge marsh
or swamp

Wood marsh or
swamp

Submerge wood
marsh or swamp

Rice field

Land subject to
inundation
RIVERS, LAKES, AND CANALS Map Symbols
Intermittent stream Perennial lake or pond

Perennial stream Intermittent lake or pond

Intermittent river Dry lake

Well or spring

Perennial river

Small falls; small rapids Dam

Large falls; large rapids Canal

MAN-MADE FEATURES and HIGHWAY & LAND GRIDS
Map Symbols
Built-up Areas Highway

Buildings Land Grids

Road
12 13 14
School
Dirt Road 15 16 17
18 19 20
Church

Bridge
Airports

Landing Strip Foot Bridge

Cemetery cem Trail

Mine
Power Lines

Gravel Pit Railroad

 Colors on the Map
• BLACK- Man-made Objects
• RED- Cultural Features
• BLUE- Water
• GREEN- Vegetation
• BROWN- Contour Lines
• RED-BROWN- Cultural
features, contour lines on red-light
readable maps
21
What is a map?
A graphic representation of all or part of the Earth’s surface drawn to scale as seen
from above, with natural and man-made features illustrated as symbols, lines, and
colors

What color(s) are used to denote Cultural Features?

Red and Red-Brown

What is the scale of the Tenino map? Explain.

1:50,000. 1 mm/inch/foot/yard = 50,000 mm/inch/foot/yard

What year was the Tenino Map printed?

1975

What is the Sheet Name of the map directly South

of the Tenino Map?
1477 III

Marsh or Powerline Highway

swamp
 Enabling Learning Objective B

ACTION: Identify terrain features on a map.

CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map.

STANDARDS: Identify the five major, three minor and two supplementary
features on a map.
 CONTOUR LINES
On a map the vertical dimension it is referred to as “relief”.
The most graphic technique ever devised to show relief information is the contour line.

If you were to walk a contour line you would never go down hill and never up hill, and
eventually you would arrive back where you started.
Contour Interval ~ The contour interval is the
distance between each contour line. The contour A=700 ft
interval is found along the bottom edge, center of the B=740 ft
C=770 ft
map.
D=820 ft
Index Contour ~ a bolder/wider brown line
that has the elevation value marked at various
intervals as a part of the line.

Intermediate Contour ~ a brown line on a

topographic map and represents a line of equal
elevation. Example: contour is 20 feet interval
 Terrain Relief Features

Five Major Three Minor

• Ridge • Spur
• Hill • Draw
• Saddle • Cliff
• Valley Two Supplemental
• Depression • Cut
• Fill
RIDGE
HILL
S
A
D
D
L
E
VALLEY
DEPRESSION
SPURS
DRAWS
CLIFF
C
U
T

F
I
L
L
F
D
A
E
B
C
Five Major
Ridge
Hill
Saddle
Valley
Depression
Three Minor
Spur
Draw
Cliff
A 700 C 770
Two Supplemental
Cut
B 740 D 820
Fill
 Enabling Learning Objective C

ACTION: Determine the grid coordinates of a point on a military map.

CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map and coordinate

scale and protractor.

STANDARDS: Determine a six-digit grid for the point on the map with a
100-meter tolerance (must contain the correct 100,000-
meter identifier). Determine an eight-digit grid for the point
on the map with a 50-meter tolerance (must contain the
correct 100,000-meter identifier).
Universal Transverse Mercator
 The military grid reference system

1. 10T
(Locating a point within the Grid Zone Designation)
2. 10TEG
(Locating a point within a 100,000-meter square)
3. 10TEG08
(Locating a point within a 10,000-meter square)
4. 10TEG0787
(Locating a point within a 1,000-meter square)

This is as close as we can get now without a

protractor
5. 10TEG071875
(Locating a point within a 100-meter square)
6. 10TEG07168754
(Locating a point within a 10-meter square)
7. 10TEG0716587545
(Locating a point within a 1-meter square)

2
1
5. 10TEG071875
(Locating a point within a
100-meter square)
6. 10TEG07168754
(Locating a point within a
10-meter square)
7. 10TEG0716587545
(Locating a point within a 1-
meter square)
 You read a map to the RIGHT and UP

Start from the bottom left-hand side

and read RIGHT to the GRID LINE prior
to your target and then UP to the GRID
LINE prior to your target.

54
10TEG071875

EG 07 87

88
071 875
X
87

86

85

05 06 07 08
55
 If you forget how…

SAMPLE 1,000 METER GRID SQUARE 100 METER REFERENCE

46
1. Read large numbers labeling the VERITICAL grid
line left of point and estimate tenths (100 meters)
x
Sample from grid line to point 12 3
point
2. Read large number labeling the HORIZONTAL
grid line below point and estimate tenths (100
45 meters) from grid line to point 45 6

12 13 EXAMPLE: 123456

100,000 M. SQUARE IDENTIFICATION WHEN REPORTING OUTSIDE THE 100,000

METER SQUARE AREA IN WHICH THE POINT
EH LIES, PREFIX THE 100,000 METER SQUARE
00 IDENTIFICATION.
EG Example: EG123456

GRID ZONE DESIGNATION

WHEN REPORTING OUTSIDE THE GRID ZONE
DESIGNATION AREA IN WHICH THE POINT LIES,
PREFIX THE GRID ZONE DESIGNATION.
10T
Example: 10TEG123456

56
 Map 10T
Section EG 52

What is the
grid square?
51

EG1350
50

How do we
determine,
with 49
accuracy, the 12 13 14 15
location of
the red star?
PROTRACTOR
What is the eight
digit grid coordinate
for the mine

EG15808215
 What is the Terrain
Feature at…
EG128985
Saddle
EH093002
Depression
EG148925
Valley
EG105781
Fill
EG183866
Ridge
EG124793
Draw
EG128979
Hill
EG145855
Cliff
EG157915
Spur
Now that we know how
to plot points on a map
it’s time to find distance
between them
 Enabling Learning Objective D

ACTION: Measure distance on a map.

CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map, a strip of Paper

with a straight edge, and a pencil.

STANDARDS: Determine the straight-line distance in meters between Two

points with no more than 5% error. Determine the road
distance between two points with no more than 10% error.
 DETERMINING DISTANCE

MEASURE STRAIGHT
LINE DISTANCE
B

1 ½ 0 1
MILE
1½ MILES
1 ½ 0 1 KILOMETER
A
 DETERMINING DISTANCE
MEASURE CURVATURE DISTANCE
The accuracy of this method is dependent on the number of straight-
line segments used.

Note: not a road  A

 DETERMINING DISTANCE
MEASURE CURVATURE DISTANCE
NOTE – you can also use a string laid out on the planned route to measure distance.

B
2 1½ 1 ½ 0 1 2
MILE
3 ½ MILES A
STRING
STRING
2 1½ 1 ½ 0 1 2
KILOMETER A
What is the straight distance 4,550 meters
from the Church of God in
EG0385 to the buildings in
the large intersection in
EG0783
What is the road distance 5,350 meters
from the Church of God in
EG0385 to the buildings in
the large intersection in
EG0783
Its one thing
to measure
distance on a
map… its
another to
convert that
to an azimuth
and trek
through the
forest
 Enabling Learning Objective E

ACTION: Determine azimuth using a protractor.

CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 scale military map, Protractor and

Coordinate Scale and a pencil.

STANDARDS: Determine the grid azimuth in degrees from one point to

anther to within one degree.
Determine an Azimuth on the map between two points

With protractor A
aligned with GRID
LINES drawn on the
map and the center of
the protractor aligned
on your map position
(you are here).

You see that the

azimuth is 29° or 520
MILS.
What is the
Grid Azimuth
from the Mines
in EG1582 to
the water
tower in
EG1185

308 degrees
 37 degrees

Bonus
Question…
What is the
What is the Magnetic
Grid Azimuth Azimuth?
from the
Reservoir in
EG0499 to the 16 degrees
machine nest
in EH0602
 Enabling Learning Objective F
ACTION: Convert azimuths.

CONDITIONS: Given a standard 1:50,000 military map with a declination

diagram, a pencil, and a magnetic azimuth that must be
converted.

STANDARDS: Convert the given magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth and the
grid too magnetic.
 There are Three Types of Azimuth
True North Grid North Magnetic North
 THREE TYPES OF DIRECTION
• True North. A line from any point on the
earth's surface to the north pole.
Is represented by a star.

• Magnetic North. The direction to the

north magnetic pole G - M Angle
Your
indicated by the north-seeking needle of a 14° + 10° = 24° direction of
magnetic compass. The magnetic north is travel
usually symbolized by a line ending with
half of an arrowhead.

• Grid North. vertical grid lines on the map.

Symbolized by the letters GN.
Used for UTM grid by military and rescue
teams for its accuracy and simplicity.

G-M ANGLE. The angular difference between

GN and MN.
 CONVERSION
(four ways to remember)

Left to Right SUBTRACT WEST to EAST is least ( - ) SUBTRACT

Right to Left ADD EAST to WEST is best ( + ) ADD

MN GN GN
MN
When MN is to the west (left) of GN
MN to GN subtract G-M ANGLE
GN to MN add G-M ANGLE

GN MN GN
When MN is to the east (right) of GN MN
MN to GN add G-M ANGLE
GN to MN subtract G-M ANGLE
 CONVERSION
(example 1)

G - M Angle
14° + 10° = 24°
Left to Right SUBTRACT Your
Right to Left ADD direction of
travel
HOW?
From ground to map.
1. You measure the bearing of a landmark on the ground
with a compass. It is 49° MN.

2. The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 24°

3. So MN to GN SUBTRACT 49°- 24° = 25° GN (Draw this

on your map)
From map to ground.
1. You measure the bearing of a point on the map with a
protractor (next slides). It is 25° GN.

2. The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 24°

3. So GN to MN ADD 25°+ 24° = 49° MN (Put this on your compass)

 CONVERSION
(example 2)

Left to Right SUBTRACT

Right to Left ADD G - M Angle
14° - 5° = 9°
HOW?
From ground to map.
1. You measure the bearing of a landmark on the ground Your
with a compass. It is 322° MN. direction of
travel
2. The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 9°

3. So MN to GN ADD 322°+ 9° = 331° GN (Draw this

on your map)
From map to ground.
1. You measure the bearing of a point on the map with a
protractor (next slides). It is 331° GN.

2. The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 9°

3. So GN to MN SUBTRACT 331°- 9° = 322° MN (Put this on your

compass)
 Lars Ulrich

If you GO Left Add if you GO Right Subtract

What is the Magnetic What is the Grid Azimuth
Azimuth for the following for the following
Grid Azimuths? Magnetic Azimuths?

229 degrees 84 degrees

208 degrees 105 degrees

332 degrees 6 degrees

311 degrees 27 degrees

17 degrees 350 degrees

358 degrees 11 degrees

Declination is 21
degrees
Now we can
measure distance
on a map,
determine and
convert azimuth…
how do we apply
this?
 Enabling Learning Objective G

ACTION: Locate an unknown point on a map by resection.

CONDITIONS: Given an unknown location, a standard 1:50,000 scale

military map, a straightedge, a coordinate scale and
protractor, a pencil and two objects or terrain features that
are identifiable on the map.

STANDARDS: Determine the eight-digit grid coordinate of your location

within 10 meters of the actual grid.
 Resection

Resection is the method of locating

one’s position on a map by
determining the GRID AZIMUTH to at
least two well-defined locations that
can be pinpointed on the map.

84
 330 degrees Mag
- 180 degrees
= 150 degrees BAM

Convert to Grid Azimuth

150 + 21 = 171 Degrees BAG

330

150
60
60 degrees Mag
+ 180 degrees
240
= 240 degrees BAM

Convert to Grid Azimuth

240 + 21 = 261 Degrees BAG

171 Degrees Back
Azimuth GRID

171
261 Degrees Back
261 Azimuth GRID
320 degrees 25 degrees magnetic
magnetic azimuth to azimuth to Crawford
a water tower in Mountain Lookout
EG1185 Tower in EG1887
 Enabling Learning Objective H

ACTION: Locate an unknown point on a map by modified resection.

CONDITIONS: Given an unknown location, a standard 1:50,000 scale

military map, a straightedge, a coordinate scale and
protractor, a pencil and a linear feature that is identifiable on
the map.

STANDARDS: Determine the eight-digit grid coordinate of your location

within 10 meters of the actual grid.
 Modified Resection
Modified resection is the method of
locating one’s position on the map
when the person is located on a linear
feature on the ground, such as a
road, canal, or stream.

89
 302 degrees Mag
- 180 degrees
= 122 degrees BAM
Convert to Grid Azimuth

122 + 21 = 143 Degrees BAG

122

302
 143

143 Degrees Back

Azimuth GRID

Determine the Grid

Coordinate
EG177832
 You have learned how to…
• Identify Topographic Symbols on a Military Map
• Identify Terrain Features on a Map
• Determine the Grid Coordinates of a Point on a
Military Map
• Measure Distance on a Map
• Convert Azimuths
• Determine Azimuths Using a Protractor
• Locate an Unknown Point on a Map and on the
Ground by Resection
• Locate one’s position on a Map and on the
Ground by Modified Resection
 Next: Land Navigation Field
Lensatic Compass Orienting a Map
• Parts Determine an
Azimuth
• Using during day Follow an Azimuth
• Using at night Pace Count

Terminal Learning Objective

Action: Navigate from one point on the ground to another while dismounted.

Conditions: During day and night, given a classroom and training area, 1:50,000 map (Tenino) for
the classroom, 1:50,000 map (Local) for the local training area, protractor, pencil,
compass and or PLGR and FM 3-25.26.
Standards: Plot, navigate and find a minimum 3 out of 5 points within 3 hours during daylight
and/or night.