Sampling Theory

Muhammad Maqsood Tahir

Population, Sample and Sampling

 A collection of objects having common characteristics

of interest is called Population

 Any representative part of population is called Sample.

 The procedure to draw representative sample from the

population is called Sampling.
Parameter and Statistic

 A descriptive numerical measure calculated from

population is called Parameter.

 A descriptive numerical measure calculated from sample

is called Statistic.
Sample Survey and Complete enumeration

 The collection of information from a part the population

is called making a sample survey.

 The collection of information from all elements in a

population is called a census or complete enumeration.
Advantages of Sampling

 Sampling saves money.

 Sampling saves time and labor work.
 It is easy to organize and control a sample survey
 Sampling is essential when sampling units are destructive.
 Sampling has much smaller non-response.
 More detailed information can be obtained from sampling
units.
 Limitation of Sampling
 Sometime sampling gives biased and misleading results.
 It is difficult to decide which method of sampling is suitable.
 Its results are less reliable than census.
 The choice of sampling units can include personal bias.
 If the basic fact of each sampling unit in population is
needed, we can not use sampling.
Sampling unit, Sampling Frame and
Sampling Units
 The basic units of population in terms of which the
sampling design is planned.

 A complete list of sampling units is called Sampling Frame.

 A sampling design is a plan for obtaining a sample from a

Population well before collecting any data.
Types of Sampling Design

 Non-probability sampling/Non-Random Sampling

 Probability sampling/Random Sampling

Probability sampling and
Non Probability Sampling
 It is a technique in which the data is collected using
chance methods or random numbers.

 It is a technique in which the data is collected by

judgment without using chance methods.
Types of Probability Sampling

 Simple random sampling.

 Stratified random sampling.

 Systematic random sampling.

 Cluster sampling.
Simple Random Sampling and
Stratified Random Sampling
 It is a technique in which each unit of the population has
equal chance to be selected in the sample.

 It is a technique in which population is divided into

homogeneous groups called strata and then a sample is
selected randomly from each stratum. The process of
dividing heterogeneous population into homogeneous
subgroups is called stratification.
Systematic sampling and
Cluster Sampling
 It is a technique in which sample obtained by selecting
every Kth object arranged in some specified order with
the starting point among the first k elements determined
at random.

 It is a technique in which population is divided into

natural groups such as households, agricultural farms
etc. called clusters and then a sample is selected from
each cluster.
Types of Non Probability Sampling

 Convenience Sampling

 Purposive sampling.

 Quota sampling.
Judgement Sampling and
Quota Sampling
 It is a technique in which sample is selected by the
choice of researcher with certain known characteristic of
the population. This method is often used when we have
lack of time or money or it is not feasible to obtained
random sample.

 It is a technique in which population is divided into

different groups and then a sample is selected by
judgment from each group.
Sampling with replacement and
Sampling Without replacement
 It is a technique in which unit selected in the sample is
returned to the population before selecting the next unit.

 It is a technique in which unit selected in the sample is

not returned to the population before selecting the next
unit.
Multistage sampling and
Multiphase Sampling
 Multistage sampling can be a complex form of
cluster sampling because it is a type of sampling which
involves dividing the population into groups (or clusters).
Then, one or more clusters are chosen at random and
everyone within the chosen cluster is sampled.

 A sampling method in which certain items of information are

drawn from the whole units of a sample and certain other ite
ms of information are taken from the subsample.
Thank you