Slip Capacity http://www.bgstructuralengineering.com/BGSCM13/BGSCM004/BGS...

A Beginner's Guide to the Steel Construction Manual, 13th ed. (old)

Chapter 4 - Bolted Connections

© 2006, 2007, 2008 T. Bartlett Quimby

Overview
Section 4.7

Mechanics of Slip Capacity

Load Transfer
The limit state of slip is introduced in the specification in section J3.8 (SCM pg
16.1-109). You will also want to read the discussion about slip-critical joints on SCM pg
Finding Forces 7-5. Note the statement in the second paragraph that states that slip-critical joints are
on Bolts rare in building design. Part of the reason is the cost of surface preparation. Another
reason is that there are very few connections in a building that are subject to load
reversal, fatigue, or where slip would cause adverse effects to serviceability. Slip
Hole Size and resistance should be considered when connections are subject to fatigue or the
Bolt Spacing connections include oversized holes or slots parallel to the direction of load.
Slip-critical connections can be designed either for a serviceability limit state or at the
required strength level. The second paragraph of SCM section J3.8 clarifies when each
Tensile Rupture
of the two conditions are typically used. For most cases, when using standard holes, the
serviceability limit state is used. The commentary on J3.8 (SCM pgs 16.1-346 to
Shear Rupture 16.1-349) should be read to understand the code requirements for slip resistance.
The Limit State:
Slip Capacity
The basic limit state follows the standard form. The statement of the limit states and the
associated reduction factor and factor of safety are given here:
Chapter
Summary
LRFD ASD
Example
Problems Pu < ftRn Pa < Rn/Wt

Homework Req'd Rn = Pu / ft < Rn Req'd Rn = Pa Wt < Rn

Problems Pu / (ftRn) < 1.00 Pa / (Rn/Wt) < 1.00
References ft = 1.0 for serviceability Wt = 1.50 for serviceability
ft = 0.85 for req'd strength level Wt = 1.76 for req'd strength level

Report Errors or The values of P and P are the LRFD and ASD factored loads, respectively, applied to
u a
Make
the bolt. These forces are computed using the mechanics principles discussed in Section
Suggestions
4.3.
Purchase Hard In this case R is the nominal shear strength of the bolt is computed using SCM equation
n
Copy
J3-4:

Make Donation Rn = mDuhscTbNs

[2010 Spec note: In the 2010 Specification 'hsc' has been replaced by a 'hf' term which
accounts for the presence of fillers. 'Ns' is also now 'ns'. The hole size variable is now

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included in the determination of ft and Wt. The distinction used in the 2005 Specification
to determine ft and Wt has been dropped.]

Where:

m is the coefficient of friction for the connected surfaces. It is taken as 0.35 for
Class A surfaces and 0.50 for Class B surfaces. See SCM pg 16.1-110 for the
required surface preparation for each case.
Du is a multiplier that accounts for average bolt pretension vs minimum required
pretension and is taken as 1.13 unless otherwise determined by the engineer of
record.
hsc is a hole factor that accounts for the effects of oversized or slotted holes. See
the SCM pg 16.1-110 for the values.
Tb is the minimum specified bolt pretension. This is obtained from SCM Table J3.1
(SCM pg 16.1-103)
Ns number of slip planes.

Combined Tension and Shear in Slip Critical Connections

When applied tension is present in a connection, the tension reduces the clamping
(normal) force between the connected parts, which reduces the capacity of the
connection to resist slip due to shearing forces.

The approach taken by the specification is to linearly reduce the slip capacity as applied
tension increases from zero to the pretension in the bolts. The factor ks is the reduction
factor applied to the nominal slip resistance Rn.

Rn = mDuhscTbNsks

The equations (SCM equations J3-5, pg 16.1-110) for ks vary a little for LRFD and ASD.
This is because one uses factored loads while the other does not.

Note that you can always include ks in the Rn equation since ks is 1.0, and hence
transparent to the equation, when there is no applied tension (i.e. Ta or Tu = 0) on the
connection. Applying ks to SCM equation J3-4 results in:

LRFD ASD
fRn = fmDuhscTbNs[1 - Tu/(DuTbNb)] Rn/W= mDuhscTbNs[1 - 1.5Ta/(DuTbNb)]/W

fRn = fmhscNs[DuTb - Tu/Nb] Rn/W= mhscNs[DuTb - 1.5Ta/Nb]/W

Comments on Surface Preparation

When designating a connection as being slip critical, you are assuming a particular
surface condition is present on the faying surfaces. This assumption is used to
determine the coefficient of friction, m, to be used in capacity equations.

As the computed capacity of the connection is critically dependent on the attainment of

this surface condition, it is imperative that you specify in the construction documents
means to insure that you get the surface that you want. This will typically involve
additional labor by the fabricator and the inspection team.

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The added expense of preparing and monitoring surface condition is not necessary in a
bearing type connection since the slip capacity of the connection is not critical to the
design strength of the connection. Consequently, slip critical connections are much more
expensive than are bearing type connections.

Reference 13 gives an excellent treatment on the relative costs and the considerations
associated with the choice of joint types.

Sample Spreadsheet Computation

This spreadsheet considers both straight slip resistance and combined tension and shear
since the modifier due the presence of tension is a simple modifier to the computation
for shear capacity.

Bolt Slip Capacity SCM J3.8&9

Bolt: A325-N
Ab 0.4418in
Fnt 90ksi
m 0.35
Du 1.13
hsc 1
Tb 28k
Ns 1 2 per bolt
Nb 8 8 bolts

Total bolts 16
Total Shear Planes 24
Rnv 11.1k/shear plane Rnt 39.8k/bolt
Rnv 265.8k/connection Rnt 636.2k/connection

LRFD ASD
Tension, Tu 250k/connection Tension, Ta 200k/connection
Shear, Vu 200k/connection Shear, Va 150k/connection
fv 1.00 Wv 1.50
ks 0.5 ks 0.4
f Rnv = 265.8k/connection Rnv / W = 177.2k/connection
Vu/f Rnv = 75.3%… OK Va / (Rn / W ) = 84.7%… OK

Check tension: (SCM J3.6)

ft 0.75 Wt 2.00
ft Rnt = 477.1k/connection Rnt / W = 318.1k/connection
Tu/f Rnt = 52.4%… OK Ta / (Rn / W ) = 62.9%… OK

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