Mathematics in

the Modern
World

Prepared by:
ARTHUR GLENN A. GUILLEN
Instructor, Math Department
Chapter 1:
Mathematics in our
World
Chapter 1: Mathematics in our World

I. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World

II. The Fibonacci Sequence
III. Patterns and Regularities in the World
IV. Behavior of Nature
V. Applications of Mathematics in the World
Learning Objectives

✓Argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is

expressed, represented, and used.
✓Discuss the concept Fibonacci and its applications.
✓Identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world.
✓Appreciate the nature and uses of mathematics in everyday life.
✓Establish the relationship between the Fibonacci sequence with the
golden ratio.
Learning Objectives

✓Investigate the relationship of the golden ratio and Fibonacci number in

natural world.
✓Determine the application of the Golden ratio in arts and architecture.
✓Articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life.
✓Express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor.
✓Support the use of mathematics in various aspects and endeavors in life.
Affirm honesty and integrity in the application of mathematics to various
human endeavors.
Patterns and Numbers
in Nature and the World
 Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World
Patterns in nature are visible regularities found:

Natural World Universe

Patterns recurring in different context can sometimes be modelled
mathematically.
Mathematics is the formal system on recognizing, classifying, and
exploiting patterns.
Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World
Mathematics – organize and systematize ideas about patterns in
nature.
Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World
Patterns possess utility and beauty.
Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World
Patterns in stars which move in circles across the sky each day.

The weather seasons cycle each year (e.g. winter, spring summer, fall).
Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World

Snowflakes contain sixfold symmetry

which no two are exactly the same.

There are evidences that hexagonal

snowflakes have an atomic geometry of
ice crystals.
Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World
Animals and fish stripes and spots attest to mathematical regularities in biological
growth and form.
Evolutionary and functional arguments are explain by the patterns of animals.
Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World
Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World
 Fibonacci Sequence

Pizano or Leonardo of Pisa (1170–1250) is from in Pisa,

Italy. His father Guglielmo Bonacci was a wealthy Italian
merchant, who represented merchants of the Republic of
Pisa who were trading in Bugia (now Béjaïa) in Algeria,
North Africa.

Around 1200 AD he published the Liber Abbaci, or

“Book of Calculation.”
An arithmetic text on financial computations and
promoted the use of Hindu-Arabic numerals.
 Fibonacci Sequence

One of the exercises in Fibonacci’s book :

“A man put a pair of rabbits in a place surrounded on all sides

by a wall. How many pairs of rabbits are produced from that
pair in a year, if it is supposed that every month each pair
produces a new pair, which from the second month onwards
becomes productive?”
Rabbit Habit
Fibonacci Sequence

The Fibonacci sequence is the sequence f1, f2, f3, f4, … which has its first two
terms f1 and f2 both equal to 1 and satisfies thereafter the recursion formula
fn = fn–1 + fn–2.

The sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, … is called the
Fibonacci sequence and its terms the Fibonacci numbers.
Growth of Rabbit Colony
Golden Rectangle
A golden rectangle can be broken into squares the size of the next
Fibonacci number down and below.

Fibonacci spiral –
Take a golden rectangle,
break it down into smaller
squares based from Fibonacci
sequence and divide each with
an arc.
Flower Petals
Flower petals exhibit the Fibonacci number:
White calla lily contains 1 petal
Euphorbia contains 2 petals
Trillium contains 3 petals
Columbine contains 5 petals
Flower Petals
Flower petals exhibit the Fibonacci number:
Bloodroot contains 8 petals
Black-eyed Susan contains 13 petals
Shasta daisy contains 21 petals
Field daisies contains 34, and other types of daisies contain 55,
and 89 petals.
 Sunflower
The sunflower seed conveys the Fibonacci sequence.
The pattern of two spirals goes in opposing directions
(clockwise and counterclockwise).
The no. of clockwise spirals and counterclockwise spirals are
consecutive Fibonacci numbers and usually contains 34 and
55 seeds.
 Fibonacci Sequence
Pineapple spirals formed by their hexagonal nubs.
The nubs on form 5 spirals and 8 spirals, or 8 spirals and 13 spirals
that rotate diagonally upward to the right depending on the size of the
pineapple.
The numbers 5, 8, and 13 are Fibonacci numbers.
Fibonacci Sequence

Pinecone spirals from the center have 5 arms and 8 arms, or

8 arms and 13 arms, depending on the size, which again two
Fibonacci numbers.
 Golden Ratio
Luca Pacioli found the relationship between Fibonacci
sequence and the golden ratio.

The golden ratio was first called as the Divine Proportion

in the early 1500s in Leonardo da Vinci’s work was
explored by Luca Pacioli (Italian mathematician) entitled
“De Devina Proportione” in 1509.

Da Vinci’s drawings of the five platonic solids and it was

probably da Vinci who first called it the “section aurea” Latin
for Golden Section.
 Golden Ratio
Two quantities are in the Golden ratio if their ratio is the same of their
sum to the larger of the two quantities.

The Golden Ratio is the relationship between numbers on the Fibonacci

sequence where plotting the relationships on scales results in a spiral
shape
 Golden Ratio
Two quantities are in the Golden ratio if their ratio is the same of their
sum to the larger of the two quantities.

The Golden Ratio is the relationship between numbers on the Fibonacci

sequence where plotting the relationships on scales results in a spiral
shape
 Golden Rectangle

The Fibonacci numbers can be applied to the proportions of a

rectangle, called the Golden rectangle.

Golden Rectangle is known as one of the most visually satisfying

of all geometric forms – hence, the appearance of the Golden
ratio in art.

The Golden rectangle is also related to the Golden spiral, which

is created by making adjacent squares of Fibonacci dimensions.
 Golden Rectangle
A Fibonacci spiral which approximates the golden spiral, using Fibonacci
sequence square sizes up to 34.

The golden ratio is the limit of the ratios of

successive terms of the Fibonacci
sequence (or any Fibonacci-like sequence),
as originally shown by Johannes Kepler
(1571–1630).
Golden Rectangle

The golden ratio is the limit of the ratios of successive terms of

the Fibonacci sequence (or any Fibonacci-like sequence), as
originally shown by Johannes Kepler (1571–1630).
 Golden Triangle

Golden ratio can also be deduced in an

isosceles triangle.

A set of Whirling Triangles were able to draw a

logarithmic spiral that will converge at the
intersection of the two lines.
Division in Extreme and Mean Ratio
Given a line AB being cut at a point P, so that the ratios AP : AB and PB : AP are
the same.
Euclid used this construction on regular pentagons.
Taking PB to be of length 1, and let AP = x, so that
AB = 1 + x.
1+𝑥 𝑥
Then the required condition is = so that
𝑥 1
x2 – x – 1 = 0.
1− 5
Solutions of the quadratic equation: 𝜑 = = 1.618034 …
2
−1+ 5
1−𝜑 = = −0.0618034. ..
2
Golden Ratio in Nature

Fibonacci numbers are

said to be as one of the
nature's numbering
systems.

The leaf arrangements in

plants to the structures in
outer space elicit golden
ratio.
Golden Ratio in Human Body

Many parts of the body are in pair

like arms, legs, eyes, buds.

Parts of the human body follow the

Fibonacci, 2 hands with with 5 digits,
and 8 fingers each contains 3
section.

The ratio of forearm to hand is phi

and other parts of the human body.
Vitruvian Man

Many researchers of the human

body show mathematical
regularities one example is the
inscribed man into a pentagram
model of Leonardo da Vinci.
Golden Ratio in Arts

Golden Ratio shows beauty, balance and harmony in art, architecture &
design.

Also known as Golden Section, or Golden Proportion, or Divine

Proportion denoted by Phi () = 1.6180339887…

Phi is the initial letters of Phidias’.

Mark Barr (American mathematician), to use Phi in honor of Phidias.

Golden Ratio in Arts
Phidias (490 BC – 430 BC) widely used the
golden ratio in his works of sculpture.

The exterior dimension of the Parthenon in

Athens, Greece embodies the golden ratio.
Golden Ratio in Arts

In “Timaeus” Plato (428 BC – 347 BC)

describes five possible regular solids that
relate to the golden ratio.

He also considers the golden ratio to be the

most binging of all mathematic relationships.
Golden Ratio in Arts

Euclid was the first to give definition of the

golden ratio as “a dividing line in the extreme
and mean ratio” in his book the “Elements.”
He proved the link of the number to the
construction of the pentagram, known as
golden ratio.
Golden Ratio in Arts – Renaissance Artists
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (1452–1519) or known
as Leonardo da Vinci was into invention, painting,
sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics,
engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy,
botany, writing, history, and cartography.
Golden Ratio in Arts – Renaissance Artists
Michelangelo di Lodovico Simon (1475–1564) or known
as Michelangelo was a painter, architect, poet, and
engineer from the Renaissance.

He was considered the greatest living artist of his time.

Golden Ratio in Arts – Renaissance Artists

Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (1483–1520) or known

as Raphael was also a painter and architect from
the Renaissance.
Golden Ratio in Arts – Renaissance Artists
Golden Ratio in Arts – Artists

Rembrandt Harmenszoon Van Rijn (1606–1669) or

simply known as Rembrandt is a Dutch painter.

It is said that the golden triangle is applied in his

paintings “Self Portrait”.

Today the Golden ratio is usually a concept that is applied in art,

design and architecture.
Golden Ratio in Arts – Early Renaissance Artists
Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi (1445–1510), known as Sandro
Botticelli, is an Italian painter.
The Birth of Venus is one of the world’s famous and appreciated
works of art and it was painted between 1482 and 1485.

Sandro Botticelli
 Golden Ratio in Arts - Artists
George-Pierre Seurat (1859–1891) was a French post-
impressionist painter.
His paintings appear to have applied golden ratio to define
the horizon, to place point of interest and to create balance.

Georges Seurat

Barthers at Asinieres Bridge of Courbevoie A Sunday on La Grande Jatte

Golden Ratio in Arts – Artists

Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dali (1904–1989) or

known as Salvador Dali framed his paintings using the
golden ratio in his masterpiece, “The Sacrament of the
Last Supper.”
 Golden Ratio in Arts - Architecture
The Great Pyramid of Giza built 4700 BC in Ahmes Papyrus of Egypt is
with proportion according to a “Golden Ratio.”

The length of each side of the base is 756 feet with a height of 481 feet.
The ratio of the base to the height is roughly 1.5717, which is close to the
Golden ratio.
 Golden Ratio in Arts - Architecture
Notre Dame is a Gothic Cathedral in Paris, built in between 1163 and 1250.
Taj Mahal in India used the golden ratio in its construction and was
completed in 1648.
Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres in Paris, France also exhibits the golden
ratio.
 Golden Ratio in Arts - Architecture
United Nations Building, the
window configuration reveal
golden proportion.
Eiffel Tower in Paris, France,
erected in 1889 is an iron
lattice.
CN Tower in Toronto, the
tallest tower and
freestanding structure in the
world, contains the golden
ratio in its design.
Golden Ratio in Designs
Patterns and Regularities
Types of pattern: Spirals

Symmetry

Fractals
Symmetry

Symmetry is a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion of

balance, or an object is invariant to any of various transformations
(reflection, rotation or scaling).

There are two main types of symmetry, bilateral and radial.

Bilateral symmetry is a symmetry in which the left and right sides of

the organism can be divided into approximately mirror image of
each other along the midline.
Bilateral Symmetry

Symmetry exists in living things such as in

insects, animals, plants, flowers, and
others.

Animals mainly have bilateral or vertical

symmetry, even leaves of plants and
some flowers such as orchids.
 Radial Symmetry
Radial symmetry (or rotational symmetry) is a type of symmetry around
a fixed point known as the center and it can be classified as either cyclic
or dihedral.
Plants often have radial or rotational symmetry, as to flowers and some
groups of animals.
A five-fold symmetry is found in the echinoderms, the group which
includes starfish (dihedral-D5 symmetry), sea urchins, and sea lilies
(dihedral-D5 symmetry).
Radial symmetry suits organisms like sea anemones whose adults do not
move and jellyfish (dihedral-D4 symmetry).
Radial Symmetry

Radial symmetry is also evident in different kinds of flowers.

Radial Symmetry

Snowflakes have six-fold symmetry; each flake's structure forms a

record of the varying conditions during its crystallization, with nearly
the same pattern of growth on each of its six arms.
Generally, crystals have a variety of symmetries and crystal habits;
some are cubic or octahedral.
Fractal is curve or geometric figure, each part of which has the same
statistical character as the whole.

It is a class of highly irregular shapes that are related to continents,

coastlines, and snowflakes.

It is use to model structures in which similar

patterns recur at progressively smaller
scales, and in describing partly random or
chaotic phenomena such as crystal growth,
fluid turbulence, and galaxy formation
Fractals
Fractals can be seen in some plants, trees, leaves, and others.
Spirals

A logarithmic spiral (or growth spiral) is a self-similar spiral curve

which often appears in nature.

It was first described by Rene Descartes and was later investigated by

Jacob Bernoulli.

Spirals are more evident in plants.

Spirals can also be seen in typhoon, whirlpool, galaxy, tail of

chameleon, and shell among others.
Behavior of Nature

Behavior of nature can be observed around us.

Natural regularities of nature:
Symmetry Fractals Spirals
Trees Meanders Waves
Foams Tessellations Cracks
Stripes Spots

Golden Ratio can be found in the beauty of nature, the growth

patterns of many plants, insects, and the universe.
 Behavior of Nature
Honeycombs of the bees show specific regular
repeating hexagons.

It uses the least amount of wax to store the honey

giving a strong structure with no gaps.

Zebra’s coat, the alternating pattern of blacks and white

are due to mathematical rules that govern the
pigmentation chemicals of its skin.
 Behavior of Nature

Spider webs illustrate a beautiful pattern.

The spider creates a structure by performing innate
steps.

The nautilus shell has natural pattern which

contains a spiral shape called logarithmic spiral.
 Behavior of Nature

Age of the trees can be determined by applying

dendrochronology which is a scientific method of
dating based on the number of rings found in the core
of a tree.

Turtles have growth rings called “scutes” which are

hexagonal.
Scutes estimates the age of the turtle.
Smallest scute is in the center and is the oldest one,
while the largest ones on the outside are the newer ones.
 Behavior of Nature
Lightning during storms creates fractals.
Foam bubbles formed by trapping pockets
of gas in a liquid or solid.

Cracks can also be found on the barks of trees

which show some sort of weakness in the bark.
The meander is one of a series of regular sinuous
curves, bends, loops, turns, or windings in the
channel of the body of water.
Behavior of Nature
Hurricanes rotates, the enormous cloud bands form golden spiral.
Galaxies form the same way as the golden spiral.
The waves of the sea also move in golden spiral and even the fluid
dynamics create golden spiral.
Applications of Mathematics

Application of Calculus
❖ In forensic, clarity the blurred image to clear image.
❖ Optimization (maximize or minimize) surface areas,
volumes, profit and cost analysis, projectile motion, etc.
Mathematical Modelling
❖ In medical field, drugs are designed to change the shape or
motions of a protein by modelling using geometry and
related areas.
❖ Development of medicine to cure diseases.
Applications of Mathematics
Engineering
• Numerical analysis: heat, electricity, and magnetism, relativistic
mechanics, quantum mechanics, and other theoretical constructs.

Information technology
• Computers are invented thru mathematics.
• Computer science development includes mathematical principles.
• Google use linear algebra to quantify “relevance” with the help of
mathematics.
• Facebook uses graph theory to create links between individuals.
Applications of Mathematics

Cryptography
• Computer security on ATM cards, computer passwords and
electronic commerce.

Archaeology
• Surveys and try to find patterns to shed light on past human
behavior.
• and in carbon dating artifacts.
Applications of Mathematics
Social Sciences
• Mathematical modelling on economics, sociology, psychology, and
linguistics.
Political Science
• Political analysts study voting patterns and the influence of various
factors on voting behavior.
Music and Arts
• Musical structure
• Gothic Architecture
• Egyptian Pyramids
Patterns

• Patterns are regular, repeated, or recurring forms or designs.

Let’s look at this pattern:
Example 2

What number comes next in 1, 3, 5,7, 9, ___ ?

What number comes next in 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ___ ?

Exponential Growth Model

Population growth and bacterial decay can be modeled by the exponential

growth or decay formula 𝐴 = 𝑃𝑒 𝑟𝑡
𝑨 = 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒕
Where:
𝑨 – the size of the population after it grows
𝑷 – the initial number of people
𝒓 – the rate of growth
𝒕 – the time
Example 3

Population Growth
The exponential growth model 𝐴 = 50𝑒 0.09𝑡 describes the population of
a city in the Philippines in thousands, 𝑡 years after 1998.
a. What was the population of the city in 1998?
b. What will be the population in 2034?
Problem Set 1

For Problem Set 1, please check the Assignments Tab. Follow each
instruction.
Movies to Watch

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