ChE ELNT: Nanotechnology

Lecture 1
Introduction to Nanotechnology

Dr. Lorico DS. Lapitan Jr.

Department Of Chemical Engineering, CHE ELNT

University Of Santo Tomas, España, Manila 5CHE A-B-C
 Reference

Ozin, G. A., & Arsenault, A.

(2015). Nanochemistry: a chemical approach to
nanomaterials. Royal Society of Chemistry.

Reading for Lecture 1

Jeevanandam, J., Barhoum, A., Chan, Y. S., Dufresne, A., &
Danquah, M. K. (2018). Review on nanoparticles and
nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and
regulations. Beilstein journal of nanotechnology, 9(1), 1050-1074.
 The Nano Language
The British Standards Institution proposed the following
definitions for the scientific terms that have been used.
• Nanoscale: Approximately 1 to 100 nm size range.

PAS 71:2011, Nanoparticles. Vocabulary. British Standards Institution:

London, United Kingdom, 2011; http://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030214797
The Nano Language
• Nanoscience: The science and study of matter at the
nanoscale that deals with understanding their size and
structure-dependent properties and compares the
emergence of individual atoms or molecules or bulk
material related differences.

• Nanotechnology: Manipulation and control of matter on

the nanoscale dimension by using scientific knowledge of
various industrial and biomedical applications.
The Nano Language

• Nanomaterial: Material with any internal or external

structures on the nanoscale dimension.

• Nanoparticle: Nano-object with three external nanoscale

dimensions. The terms nanorod or nanoplate are employed,
instead of nanoparticle (NP) when the longest and the
shortest axes lengths of a nano-object are different.

PAS 71:2011, Nanoparticles. Vocabulary. British Standards Institution:

London, United Kingdom, 2011; http://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030214797
The Nano Language

Nanoparticle Nanorod Nanoplate

The Nano Language
• Nanocomposite: Multiphase structure with at least one
phase on the nanoscale dimension.

PAS 71:2011, Nanoparticles. Vocabulary. British Standards Institution:

London, United Kingdom, 2011; http://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030214797
The Nano Language
• Nanostructured materials: Materials containing surface
nanostructure.
Nanotechnology Milestones
• 4th Century – Roman glass workpiece is the most famous example of
ancient metallic nanoparticle usage

• Lycurgus cup,4th century AD

•(now
Whenatilluminated
the British
fromMuseum,
outside,
itLondon).
appears green. However,
when illuminated from within the
• Depicts
cup, it glowsKing
red. Lycurgus of
Thrace being dragged to the
underworld
The Secret

Suspensions of spherical gold particles with various

diameters (150, 100, 80, 60, 40, 20 nm from left to right)
in water. The difference in colors is due to different
scattering and absorption behavior of small and large
gold particles.
Nanotechnology Milestones
Middle Ages – Gold nanoparticles and Silver nanoparticles of different
sizes used to produce different colors in stained glass windows in
medieval churches

Detail of a medieval window at Troyes St. Mary's Church in England

Cathedral, France (14th century)
Nanotechnology Milestones
1857 – Michael Faraday reported the synthesis of a colloidal Au NP
solution, which is the first scientific description to report NP
preparation and initiated the history of nanomaterials in in scientific
arena.
Nanotechnology Milestones
• 1959 – “There is plenty of room at the bottom” by R. Feynman

Dr. Richard P. Feynman

• “Why cannot we write the
entire 24 volumes of the
Encyclopedia Britannica on
the head of a pin?”
Dr. Richard Feynman, one of
America’s most notable
physicists, 1918-1988.
Dr. Feynman, Continued
• “The problems of chemistry and biology can be greatly helped if our ability to
see what we are doing, and to do things on an atomic level, is ultimately
developed – a development which I think cannot be avoided.”
Nanotechnology Milestones
• 1974 – “Nanotechnology” - Taniguchi uses the term
nanotechnology for the first time.
• 1981 – IBM develops Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (at IBM Zürich),

Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986

1985 –- Scientists at Rice

University (USA) and University
of Sussex (United Kingdom)
discover “Buckyball” C60
Nanotechnology Milestones
• 1986 – “Engines of Creation” - First book on nanotechnology
by K. Eric Drexler. Atomic Force Microscope invented by
Binnig, Quate and Gerbe
• 1989 – IBM logo made with individual atoms.

• 1991 – Carbon nanotube discovered by Sumio Iijima

• 1999 – “Nanomedicine” – 1st nanomedicine book by R.
Freitas
• 2000 – “National Nanotechnology Initiative” launched in the
US
Does Nano size matters?
❖ Large surface area
How Sizing Down to Nano Affect
Material Properties ?
 How Sizing Down to Nano Affect Material
Properties?
• Manifestation of novel phenomena and properties at the nanoscale

Physical Chemical Properties

Properties (e.g. reactivity) catalytic
properties of
(e.g. colour) palladium
nanoparticles
supported on
poly(ionic liquid)

Electrical Properties
(e.g. conductivity)
Carbon fibres and
bundles of
multi-walled CNTs are
used in polymers to
control or enhance
conductivity
 How Sizing Down to Nano Affect
Material Properties ?
• Mechanical
Properties (e.g.
strength)
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are
mechanically very strong (their Young’s
modulus is over 1 terapascal, making
CNTs as stiff as diamond), light weight
and can conduct electricity extremely
well.
• Optical Properties
(e.g. Transparency)
Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide become
transparent at the nanoscale, however
are able to absorb and reflect UV light,
and have found application in
sunscreens.
How Sizing Down to Nano Affect
Material Properties ?
• Biological properties (e.g. antibacterial)
Types and Classification of nanomaterials
• Most current Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanostructured
materials (NSMs) can be organized into 4 MATERIAL
BASED categories:
1) Carbon-based nanomaterials
• NMs contain carbon, and are found in
morphologies such as hollow tubes, ellipsoids or
spheres.
Types and Classification of nanomaterials
2) Inorganic-based nanomaterials

• These NMs include metal and metal oxide NPs

and NSMs.

• These NMs can be synthesized into metals such

as Au or Ag NPs, metal oxides such as TiO2 and
ZnO NPs, and semiconductors such as silicon and
ceramics.
Types and Classification of nanomaterials
3) Organic-based nanomaterials
• These include NMs made mostly from organic
matter, excluding carbon-based or inorganic- based
NMs.

• The utilization of noncovalent (weak) interactions for

the self-assembly and design of molecules helps to
transform the organic NMs into desired structures
such as dendrimers, micelles, and liposomes.
3) Organic-based nanomaterials: Dendrimers
3) Organic-based nanomaterials: Liposome

• A liposome is a spherical vesicle having at least one lipid bilayer.

• A liposome can be used as a vehicle for administration of nutrients and
pharmaceutical drugs
3) Organic-based nanomaterials: Liposome and Micelle

• A micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid colloid.

Types and Classification of nanomaterials
• Most current Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanostructured
materials (NSMs) can be organized into 4 MATERIAL
BASED categories:

4) Composite-based nanomaterials:
• Multiphase NPs and NSMs with one phase on the
nanoscale dimension that can either combine NPs with
other NPs or NPs combined with larger or with bulk-
type materials (e.g., hybrid nanofibers) .

• The composites may be any combinations of carbon-

based, metal-based, or organic-based NMs with any
form of metal, ceramic, or polymer bulk materials.
Classification of nanomaterials based on
their dimensions
Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC, United Kingdom) Definition. Classify
nanomaterials based on spatial confinement
1. One Dimensional Nanomaterials
- Includes thin films and engineered surfaces
- Advances are being made in the control of the composition and
smoothness of surfaces, and the growth of films
Classification of nanomaterials based on
their dimensions
2. Two Dimensional Nanomaterial
• Includes nanotubes and nanowires
• The novel electrical and mechanical properties of
nanotubes and nanowires are the subject of intense
research.

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are mechanically

very strong (their Young’s modulus is over 1
terapascal, making CNTs as stiff as
diamond), and can conduct electricity
extremely well.

Schematic of a single-walled carbon

nanotube (SWNT)
Classification of nanomaterials based on
their dimensions
3. Three Dimensional Nanomaterial
• Nanoparticles - particles less than 100nm in
diameter that exhibit new or enhanced size-
dependent properties compared with larger
particles of the same material.
• Fullerenes
• Quantum Dots

C60 molecule
Classification of nanomaterials based on
their origin
(i) Natural nanomaterials
• Produced in nature either by biological species or through
anthropogenic activities. Naturally occurring NMs are
present throughout the Earth’s spheres (i.e., in the
hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and even in the
biosphere), regardless of human actions.
Classification of nanomaterials based on
their origin

(ii) Synthetic nanomaterials

• Produced by mechanical grinding, engine exhaust
and smoke, or are synthesized by physical,
chemical, biological or hybrid methods.
Classification of nanomaterials based on
their origin
(iii) incidental nanomaterials
• Produced incidentally as a byproduct of industrial
processes such as nanoparticles produced from vehicle
engine exhaust, welding fumes, combustion processes
and even some natural process such as forest fires.
Classification of nanomaterials based on
their origin
(iv) naturally produced nanomaterials

• Found in the bodies of organisms, insects, plants,

animals and human bodies.

• The distinctions between naturally occurring,

incidental, and manufactured NPs are often
blurred. In some cases, for example, incidental
NMs can be considered as a subcategory of
natural NMs.
Classification of nanomaterials based on
their origin
(v) engineered nanomaterials
• Manufactured by humans to have certain required
properties for desired applications.
Applications of Nanotechnology

Source: http://www.gaeu.com/item/this-is-nanotechnology-one-of-the-fastest-growing-markets-in-the-world
Everyday Nanomaterials and Their Uses
The Mighty Power of Nanomaterials:
Crash Course Engineering #23
Explore an Application of Nanotechnology
1. Brainstorming Stage
Meet as a team and discuss what you learned about nanotechnology and surface
area. Then as a group think about a new application and how you think
nanotechnology might a product, process, or anything better. You can pick an
industry such as automotive, or think about a product such as fabric for clothing.

More information about the applications of nanotechnology can be accessed

though this site: www.understandingnano.com/nanotech-applications.html

2. Presentation Stage

Prepare a proposal to a potential funding organization who you will request

research funding. You'll need to explain why you think your new nanotechnology
application may work, and how it will improve a product or process. Be prepared
to answer questions from your audience!
Explore an Application of Nanotechnology
3. Funding

Each student in the class may vote for one proposal by any team other than their
own to be funded. Those presentations with the most votes come in first place!

4. Evaluation Phase
Complete the following questions as a group:

1. What application / product did you develop for nanotechnology?

2. What application of nanotechnology did another team present that you found
the most interesting? Why?
3. What is the most interesting aspect of nanotechnology you learned during this
lesson?
End of the Lecture