Immuno-stimulant Application on Shrimp Farming

Soni Andriawan1 and Philip T. Cheng2

1
Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung
University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan.
2
Departement of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology,
Pingtung 912, Taiwan.

Different approaches are used to prevent and control diseases in aquaculture.

Immunostimulation is one method that is gaining popularity and is considered a promising
development in aquaculture. Immunostimulants were found to be effective in enhancing
parameters of non-specific immunity and resistance to diseases of fish and crustaceans.
However, some issues raised on the use of immunostimulants pertains to the short-term nature of
immune indices used during efficacy evaluation, possible detrimental effects during long-term
administration, or self-damage due to unregulated production of immune effectors. Further
testing in large-scale production units has been recommended. This chapter presents the various
types and sources of immunostimulants commonly used in aquaculture and in shrimp culture in
particular. The effects of each immunostimulant vary depending on its source, dose, route of
administration, length of exposure, and the species to which it is administered.

Keyword: Immonostimulant, disease, immunomodulatory

 References

Amar E. C., Faisan Jr J. P., 2012 Induction of immunity and disease resistance to white spot
syndrome virus (WSSV) in shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) by synthetic
oligodeoxynucleotide and bacterial DNA. Phil Agri Sci 95:169-174.
Amar, Mary Jane S. Apines and Amar, Edgar C. 2015. Use of immunostimulants in shrimp
culture: An update. Institute of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences,
University of the Philippines
Barman, Debtanu, Phanna Nen, Sagar C Mandal and Vikash Kumar. 2013. Immunostimulants
for Aquaculture Health Management. Center for Aquaculture Research and
Development (CARD), St. Xavier’s Vocational Training Center, Don Bosco,
Bishramganj, Tripura, India
Immanuel G., Vincybai V. C., Sivaram V., Palavesam A., Marian M. P., 2004 Effect of butanolic
extracts from terrestrial herbs and seaweeds on the survival, growth and pathogen
(Vibrio parahaemolyticus) load on shrimp Penaeus indicus juveniles. Aquaculture
236(1-4):53-65.
Citarasu T., Sekar R. R., Babu M. M., Marian M.P., 2002 Developing Artemia enriched herbal
diet for producing quality larvae in Penaeus monodon. Asian Fish Sci 15:21-32.
Chiu C. H., Guu Y. K., Liu C. H., Pan T. M., Cheng W., 2007 Immune responses and gene
expression in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, induced by Lactobacillus plantarum.
Fish Shellfish Immunol 2:364-377.
Disch, Lucia, Jürgen D., and Gert F. 2017. Dissolution Testing of Herbal Medicines: Challenges
and Regulatory Standards in Europe, the United States, Canada, and Asia. Institute of
Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany
Guo, Jiin-Ju, Bih-Yueh H., Ruey-Ling C., and Tzyy-Ing C. 2011. Screening of Modern Herbal
Medicines in White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) against Vibrio harveyi Infection.
Tungkang Biotechnology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of
Agriculture, Pingtung 928, Taiwan, ROC
Huxley V. A. J., John J., Suthan P., Lipton A. P., 2010 Chitosan and levamisole induced survival
and bacterial disease resistance in tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricus). Asian J of
Anim Sci 5(2):164-167.
Huxley V. A. J., Suthan P., Joseph M. V., Lipton A.P., 2011 Immunomodulatory potential of
Chitosan and Levamisole against bacterial diseases of Penaeus monodon. Asian J of
Anim Sci 6(1):33-40.
Lakshmi, Bestha, Buddolla V., and D. V. R. Sai Gopal. 2013. Probiotics as Antiviral Agents in
Shrimp Aquaculture. Department of Virology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati
517502, India.
Lin Y-C., Yeh S-T., Li C-C., Chen L-L, Cheng A-C., Chen J-C., 2011 An immersion of
Gracilaria tenuistipitata extract improves the immunity and survival of white shrimp
Litopenaeus vannamei challenged with white spot syndrome virus. Fish Shellfish
Immunol 31(6):1239-1246.
Martínez, Franklin S. 2007. The Immune System of Shrimp. Nicovita-ALICORP SAA Technical
Service.
Miranda, Ma. del Carmen Flores, Antonio Luna-González, Ángel I. Campa‐Córdova, Héctor A.
González-Ocampo, Jesús A. Fierro-Coronado, Blanca O. Partida-Arangure. 2011.
Microbial immunostimulants reduce mortality in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus
 vannamei) challenged with Vibrio sinaloensis strains. Centro Interdisciplinario de
Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional-Instituto Politécnico Nacional,
Unidad Sinaloa, Sinaloa, Mexico
Noworthy A., 1983. Beneficial effects of endotoxins. New York, Plenum Press.
Rietschel E. T., Kirikae T., Schade F. U., Ulmer A. J., Holst O., Brade H., Schmidt G., Mamat
U., Grimmecke H. D., Kusumoto S., Zahringer U., 1993 The chemical structure of
bacterial endotoxin in relation to bioactivity. Immunobiol 187:169-180.
Rungrassamee W., Maibunkaew S., Karoonuthaisiri N., Jiravanichpaisal P., 2013 Application of
bacterial lipopolysaccharide to improve survival of the black tiger shrimp after Vibrio
harveyi exposure. Dev Comp Immunol 41(2):257-262.
Sakai M., 1999 Current research status of fish immunostimulants. Aquaculture 172:63-92.
Song Y-L., Hsieh Y-T., 1994 Immunostimulation of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon hemocytes
for generation of microbicidal substances: analysis of reactive oxygen species. Dev
Comp Immunol 18:201–209.
Sorum. 2006. Chapter 13. Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Fish Pathogens. Online Books.
Wu, C.-C., et al. (2015). "Dietary administration of Gynura bicolor (Roxb. Willd.) DC water
extract enhances immune response and survival rate against Vibrio alginolyticus and
white spot syndrome virus in white shrimp Litopeneaus vannamei." Fish & Shellfish
Immunology 42(1): 25-33.