Sanciangko Street, Cebu City

College of Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

EE42E
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

MEASUREMENT, TESTING, AND

MEASUREMENT ERROR
Plate No. 3

Date Submitted:
MARCH 13, 2021

Submitted by:

JAYME, NIÑO JOHN A.

MAGLENTE, JESSA
OMEGA, JOSEPHUS REICH

Submitted to:

ENGR. LARRY ANGELO R. CAÑETE

 UNIVERSITY OF CEBU
College of Engineering

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Jayme, Niño John A.

Maglente, Jessa
Omega, Josephus Reich BSEE 5
Name Course / Year

Group 6 March 13, 2021

Group No. Date

I. TITLE: Measurement, Testing, and Measurement Error

II. OBJECTIVES

 To have some idea what does the instrument used for

 To know some measuring equipment uses
 To have some knowledge on using the testing and measuring equipment
 To show some manual data records or computations according to the given
equipments

III. INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS

DC ammeter
Electrodynamometer
DC volt meter
Oscilloscope
resistors
capacitors
IV. DIAGRAM
Electrodynamometer .

Oscilloscope

DC Voltmeter

DC ammeter
V. THEORY
A measuring instrument is a device to measure a physical quantity. In the physical
sciences, quality assurance, and engineering, measurement is the activity of
obtaining and comparing physical quantities of real-world objects and events.
Electrical instruments are instruments that use the mechanical movement of
electromagnetic meter to measure voltage, power,
current… Electrical technicians require electrical measurement equipment to
check the electrical activity and to detect the presence of voltage or current. By
using this instrument we can measure electrical parameters such as voltage,
frequency, current, power factor, and resistance. Electrical measurements are
depended upon either current or voltage while measuring the frequency we will
be measuring the frequency of a current signal or a voltage signal.
There two types of measuring instrument
Absolute instruments
Absolute instruments are defined as the instruments that give deflections in terms
of physical constants and not measurable on a graduated scale. The quantity are
measured in terms of constants and from the deflection of the instruments only.
Tangent galvanometer, Reyleigh current balance and absolute electrometer are
some of the examples of absolute instruments.
Secondary instruments
They are defined as the instruments that give a ready measure of the quantities
with the help of graduated scales. With an absolute instrument these instruments
are calibrated. the secondary instruments are compared with known standards or
absolute instruments.
There are three categories of secondary instruments.
1. Indicating instruments
2. Recording instruments
3. Integrating instruments
1. Indicating Instruments:
The value of the electrical quantity is indicated by these instruments at the time
when it is being measured. Pointers moving over the scale give the indication.
Ammeters, Voltmeters and wattmeters are the examples of these instruments.
2. Recording Instruments:
A continuous record of variations of the electrical quantity over a long period of
time is given by these instruments. It has a moving system which carries an inked
pen which rests tightly on a graph chart.
Graphic recorders and galvanometer recorders are the examples of these
instruments.
3. Integrating instruments
The total amount of either electricity or electrical energy supplied over a period of
time is measured by these instruments.
Ampere hour meters, watt-hour meters, energy meters are the few examples of
these instruments.
DC ammeter
Current is the rate of flow of electric charge. If this electric charge flows only in
one direction, then the resultant current is called Direct Current (DC). The
instrument, which is used to measure the Direct Current called DC ammeter.
If we place a resistor in parallel with the Permanent Magnet Moving Coil
(PMMC) galvanometer, then the entire combination acts as DC ammeter. The
parallel resistance, which is used in DC ammeter is also called shunt resistance or
simply, shunt. The value of this resistance should be considered small in order to
measure the DC current of large value.
Rm
Rsh=
m−1

Electrodynamometer
Electrodynamometer is an ammeter or galvanometer in which the torque due to
the reaction between two coils in series with each other is balanced by a spiral
spring.
1. Fixed coil – The fixed coil connects in series with the load. It is considered
as a current coil because the load current flows through it. For making the
construction easy the fixed coil divide into two parts. And these two elements
are parallel connected to each other. The fixed coil produces the
uniform electric field which is essentials for the working of the instruments.
The current coil of the instruments is designed to carry the current of
approximately 20 amperes for saving the power.
2. Moving Coil – The moving coil consider as the pressure coil of the
instruments. It connects in parallel with the supply voltage. The current flows
through them is directly proportional to the supply voltage. The pointer
mounts on the moving coil. The movement of the pointer controls with the
help of the spring. The current flows through the coil increases their
temperature. The flows of currents control with the help of resistor which
connects in series with the moving coil.
3. Control – The control system provides the controlling torque to the
instruments. The gravity control and the spring control are the two types of
control system. Out of two, the Electrodynamometer Wattmeter uses spring
control system. The spring control system is used for the movement of the
pointer.
4. Damping – The damping is the effect which reduces the movement of the
pointer. In this Wattmeter the damping torque produces because of the air
friction. The other types of damping are not used in the system because they
destroy the useful magnetic flux.
5. Scales and pointers – The instruments use a linear scale because their
moving coil moves linearly. The apparatus uses the knife edge pointer for
removing the parallax error which causes because of oversights.
DC voltmeter
DC voltmeter is a measuring instrument, which is used to measure the DC voltage
across any two points of electric circuit. If we place a resistor in series with the
Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) galvanometer, then the entire
combination together acts as DC voltmeter.
The series resistance, which is used in DC voltmeter is also called series
multiplier resistance or simply, multiplier. It basically limits the amount of current
that flows through galvanometer in order to prevent the meter current from
exceeding the full scale deflection value.
Rse=Rm(m−1)

Oscilloscope
Oscilloscope is a device for viewing oscillations, as of electrical voltage or
current, by a display on the screen of a cathode ray tube. The main purpose of
an oscilloscope is to graph an electrical signal as it varies over time. Most scopes
produce a two-dimensional graph with time on the x-axis and voltage on the y-
axis. An oscilloscope measures voltage waves. A waveform is a graphic
representation of a wave. Physical phenomena such as vibrations, temperature, or
electrical phenomena such as current or power can be converted to a voltage by a
sensor. One cycle of a wave is the portion of the wave that repeats.
in a digital oscilloscope, the horizontal system contains the sample clock, which
gives each voltage sample a precise time (horizontal) coordinate. ... The trigger
system detects a user-specified condition in the incoming signal stream and
applies it as a time reference in the waveform record.
Most oscilloscopes can only directly measure voltage, not current. One way
to measure AC current with an oscilloscope is to measure the voltage dropped
across a shunt resistor. ... However, one must be very careful when connecting
an oscilloscope to any part of a grounded system, as many electric power systems
are.
VI. PROCEDURE
Electrodynamometer
1) first prepare all the things needed to create this certain circuit: 220V of DC
source, two inductors rated 1 μH each, one resistor rated 8 ohms, and a load
2) second connect all piece by piece. L2 and R1 is connected in series while L1
and the load connects in the series too. Then after that connect the two parties in
parallel connection
3) lastly, add some existing probe to measure the current, make sure to put the
probe in line 1 and line 2. And then run the circuit.

Oscilloscope
1) first prepare all the things needed to create this certain circuit: 110V 60Hz of
AC source, two resistor each of it rated 1k ohms and 2k ohms, and two capacitor
rated 4μF and 8μF
2) second connect all piece by piece. Connect the two capacitor and one resistor
R2, C1 and C2 to parallel connection, and connect the R1 into series connection
together with the first three.
3) lastly, put some probe to measure the voltage and the current, put each probe to
the line 1 and line 3 respectively, and run the circuit and watch the wave frequency
of the circuits
DC voltmeter
1) first prepare all the things needed to create this certain circuit: 220V DC source,
two resistors rated 15 ohms and 12 ohms respectively
2) connect all of them into series connection
3) lastly, put some probe into line 2 and line 3. This probe indicates as the
voltmeter

DC ammeter
1) first prepare all the things needed to create this certain circuit: 220V DC source,
three resistors rated 15 ohm, 12 ohms, and 8 ohms respectively
2) second, connect the R1 and R2 to series and put R3 between the first two as it
positioned as parallel connection
3) lastly, put some existing probe to line 1 and line 3. These probes indicates as the
ammeter.
VII. Table
Electrodynamometer
V I1 I2 R L1 L2 T
220V 15.278A 27.5a 8Ω 1µ 1µ 18.673
DC Ammeter
V I1 I2 Rt Rsh
220V 11.11A 4.44A 6.171Ω 0.424Ω
DC Voltmeter
V V1 V2 Rt Rse
220V 97.778V 0V 27Ω 33.75Ω

VIII. PROBLEMS AND COMPUTATIONS

Electrodynamometer

1 dm
m= R−Ht T =I 1 I 2
2 d∅
r 1 5
d ∅=tan ¿ ( 8−2 x 10−9 ) ¿ ( 15.278 A ) (27.5 A )( )
L 2 T= 18.673 90
8Ω
¿ tan m=4
2 μH
dθ=90 °
DC ammeter
Rm
Rt =15 Ω+ 12 Ω=27 Ω (inseries) m=IT= I1+I2 Rsh=
m−1
1
¿ Rsh= 0.242Ω
1 1 =11.11+4.44
+
27 8

6.171 Ω
¿
15.55 A−1
Rt =6.171 Ω m=15.55

DC voltmeter
V
Rt= 15Ω+12Ω m= Rse= (m-1) Rt
Vo

Rt= 27Ω 220 =(2.25 – 1) (27Ω)

¿
97.778+0
Rse = 33.75Ω
m= 2.25
IX. OBSERVATION
In this experiment we observed the difference between what a test score indicates
and errors that are introduced when collecting and calculating data-based reports,
figures, and statistics.
X CONCLUSION
Therefore we conclude that in order to classify electrical measuring equipment with
respect to various characteristics of transformation and of converters which form part of
electrical measuring instruments, reveal the extent of diversity in the design of modern
measuring instruments. It should also be noted that all the above reasoning refers only
to so-called “measuring” transducers which affect directly the properties and
characteristics of instruments. In addition to the measuring converters, modern
instruments also comprise supplementary converters, for instance, in the supply circuit,
which function as rectifiers, stabilizers of the supply voltage, etc., thus still further
complicating the design of the instrument.
Hence, it is simply impossible to classify the electrical measuring instruments by their
design, or by any single characteristic which determines the design of the instrument
and its properties.

XI REFERENCES:
https://circuitglobe.com/electrodynamometer-wattmeter.html
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/blog/ammeter.html
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/21-4-dc-voltmeters-and-
ammeters/
http://physicsnet.co.uk/a-level-physics-as-a2/current-electricity/oscilloscopes/