KULIAH: 

METODE SEISMIK
 Introduction
• A seismic image combines both seismic data acquisition
and seismic data processing. Each works together to
produce the best final image.
• The acquisition process includes:
– Generating a signal with an energy source
– Detecting and recording the reflections using receivers
• The ultimate goal is to create a 2D line or 3D volume of
seismic data that adequately samples the geology being
mapped. We want to optimize the data through:
– Signal enhancement
– Noise reduction
 Introduction
Keeping this goal and cost considerations in mind, we have
to specify acquisition parameters such as:
– Source and receiver spacing,
– Survey surface area,
– Record length, and
– Noise mitigation methodologies.
 Time Sampling
• The seismic signal is sampled at a
discrete time interval, called the
sample interval or sample rate.
Sampled Seismic Trace
• The sample rate varies by data set,
most commonly it is 4 ms, but can Sample #
1
Amplitude
0.00
be 2 ms or even 1 ms depending 2
3
0.25
0.17

on the business needs and 4

5
-0.10
-0.34

instruments in use. 6
7
-0.24
-0.35
8 -0.60
9 -0.53
• In the 1960s, industry changed from 10
11
-0.09
0.29
recording the continuous, 12
13
0.36
0.17
analog signal to recording 14
15
-0.09
-0.33
digital data sampled at a fixed 16
17
-0.36
-0.09

time interval.
• This revolutionized the ability to
process seismic data for signal
enhancement.
 Producing the Signal
A surface energy source generates an impulse that
propagates as a wave radiating outward in all
directions.
 Capturing Reflections
• Surface receivers detect both reflected energy (our signal)
and unwanted noise.
• These arrivals are recorded on digital media.

• After each shot is recorded,

the field equipment is
changed to a new location
and the experiment is
repeated.
 Attenuating Noise
• By using arrays of sources and receivers, we can
reduce unwanted, horizontally-propagating noise in
the near surface while reinforcing the vertically
traveling seismic energy (down from the source array
and up from the subsurface reflections).

Source Array

Receiver Array

Horizontally Propagating
Noise

Vertically Propagating
Signal Horizontally
Propagating
Noise

Source Arrays Receiver Arrays

 Enhancing the Signal
• Sorting the traces from multiple shot
records to a common midpoint (CMP)
gather, allows reflections generated
from the same subsurface point to be
summed (stacked). Midpoint

Sources Receivers

• The benefit of stacking is that it allows

the desired reflections (signal) to
constructively reinforce while reducing
what we do not want (random noise,
source-generated noise, unwanted
multiples and surface waves. Common
Mid-Point
Gather
Marine Acquisition
 Marine Source
Air gun
Two Air guns (250 cu. in.)
• Air guns are the industry arranged in an array
standard for marine energy
sources.
• Compressed air is stored in a
chamber sealed by a piston.
• When air guns are fired, the
piston is forced to move past
vents that let the compressed
air out into the water.
• The rapidly venting air expands
as a bubble.
• When water pressure collapses
the bubble, it generates a
pressure wave.
 Air Gun Arrays

Source Array  Source Array  Just Fired

A B

Bubbles from
Previous Shot
 Receivers ‐ Marine
Hydrophone
• Marine pressure waves are detected
by a hydrophone.
• The outer casing houses pressure
sensors and provides a stable
connection for the electrical
contacts.
• The casing is full of holes to allow its
contents to sense minute
pressure changes in the water.
• Inside the casing is a small pressure
sensitive crystal that produces
an electrical output when squeezed.
• Hydrophones are housed in
streamers, silicon filled flexible
tubes that are neutrally buoyant.
 Marine Acquisition
Receivers Source
 Marine Acquisition
Receivers Source
Marine Acquisition
Receivers Source

∑ Fold 0
Marine Acquisition
Receivers Source

∑ Fold 1
Marine Acquisition
Receivers Source

∑ Fold 2
Marine Acquisition
Receivers Source

∑ Fold 3
Marine Acquisition
Receivers Source

∑ Fold 4
Marine Acquisition
Receivers Source

∑ Fold 5
Marine Acquisition
Receivers Source

∑ Fold 5
Marine Acquisition
Receivers Source

∑ Fold 5
Marine Acquisition
Far Offset Near Offset

Common Depth Point

Common-Depth-Point Gather
The collection of traces
having reflected from the
same subsurface illumination
point
5-FOLD GATHER

Fold 5
 2D Marine Streamer Shot Record
Noise from
Depth
Controller

Reflections Refractions
 3D Marine Acquisition
TWO source arrays and EIGHT streamers (receiver lines)
 3D Marine Acquisition
Receiver Arrays

100 m Streamer Separation

50 m Gun Separation
25 m Receiver Group Separation
Blue Gun Firers

Midpoints Gun Arrays

 3D Marine Acquisition
Receiver Arrays

100 m Streamer Separation

50 m Gun Separation
25 m Receiver Group Separation

12.5 X 25 m Coverage

Midpoints Gun Arrays

Red Gun Firers

Land Acquisition
 Land Source – Option 1
Dynamite
• Placed in shallow shot holes,
typically 5 to 30 m deep.
• The depth of the hole is chosen to
get the best coupling.
• It is expensive, labor intensive and
there are safety issues.
• It is used in areas where other
surface sources, like vibroseis,
cannot be used.
• It may be used when the surface is
covered by a thick layer of
gravel or sand, has
mountainous terrain, or is a
swamp or dense jungle.
 Land Source – Option 2
Vibroseis
• A large plate is vibrated up and
down to send a seismic wave
into the ground.
• The truck’s entire weight is placed
on the base plate to get good
coupling with the ground.
• In general, there is minor surface
impact.
• It is less expensive than dynamite.
• The vibrator sweeps through a range of frequencies.
• This “sweep” is later compressed into a compact wavelet
through a process called “correlation”.
Geophone Land Receivers
• Ground motion is usually detected by Electrical
Contacts
a “moving coil” geophone.
• A strong magnet is surrounded by a
wire coil, and the coil is attached to
Moving
the base of the casing. Coil

• Ground motion moves the magnet and

this induces a measurable electrical Metal
Casing
voltage that is proportional to the
speed of the ground movement.
• Geophones must be rugged and accurately detect a wide
range of large to small ground motions.
• Geophones are housed in a variety of cases depending on
the terrain and the survey environment.
Land Acquisition
5 4 Vibroseis 3 2 1
Unit
Receivers
Receivers

∑ Fold 1
Land Acquisition
6 5 4 Vibroseis 3 2 1
Unit
Receivers
Receivers

∑ Fold 2
Land Acquisition
6 5 4 Vibroseis 3 2 1
Unit
Receivers
Receivers

∑ Fold 3
Land Acquisition
6 5 4 Vibroseis 3 2 1
Unit
Receivers
Receivers

∑ Fold 4
Land Acquisition
6 5 4 Vibroseis 3 2 1
Unit
Receivers
Receivers

∑ Fold 5
Land Acquisition
6 5 4 Vibroseis 3 2 1
Unit
Receivers
Receivers

∑ Fold 6
Land Acquisition
6 5 4 Vibroseis 3 2
Unit
Receivers
Receivers

Common Mid Point

gather,
6 fold data
∑ Fold 6
 Land Shot Record
Split Spread Geometry
0s

Refractions

1s

Ground Roll
Reflections
2s
3D Land Acquisition
3D Land Acquisition

50 Meter Receiver Spacing

Receiver Groups
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x Vibrators x x
x x x Recording Truck
x x x
x x x
3D Land Acquisition

Receiver Groups

1 Vibration Point
3 Active Receiver Lines

Midpoints

Vibrators
Recording Truck

x
3D Land Acquisition

Receiver Groups

4 Vibration Point
3 Active Receiver Lines

Midpoints

Vibrators x
x Recording Truck
x
x
250 Meter Midpoint Spacing
 Acquisition “Footprint”
• Amplitude artifacts oriented in the
acquisition direction.
• Processing assumptions are not
consistent with the actual acquisition
geometry.
• Artifacts will decrease in magnitude
with reflector depth.
• Possible mitigation techniques:
– Acquisition (by infill shooting)
– Preprocessing (by flex binning or trace
interpolation)
– Appropriate processing Seismic Amplitude
along the WB
– Post-processing (by map filtering)
 Summary
Land Seismic
The source produces ground motion that is reflected in
the subsurface and then recorded by geophones.
Typically, the source of ground motion is Vibroseis
and occasionally dynamite.

Marine Seismic
The source is usually compressed air, producing a
pressure wave that is reflected in the subsurface and
recorded by hydrophones that are pressure detectors.
The efficiency in acquiring a marine 3-D survey is
produced by the boat towing multiple source arrays and
multiple streamers.