Stat 318- Advanced Research

Statistics (with Computer

Laboratory)
Graduate School

Erna V. Yabut, Ph.D

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

» It is used to test the non-significance of the differences among

several groups at the same time.

ANOVA with Equal Sample Size

To test the hypothesis that more than two means are equal,
such as

Ho: µ1 = µ2 = µ3 = … = µn
Analysis of Variance Table

Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom Mean of Squares F-Value

SSB
Between SSB c-1 MSB=
c-1 MSB
F=
SSW MSW
Within SSW n-c MSW=
n-c
Total SST n-1
Where

SST = Ci2 - 1 (Ci)2

n

SSB = 1 (Ci)2 - 1 (Ci)2

r n
Example:

Miss Cruz conducted an experiment designed to compare the

relative effectiveness of three teaching methods in Mathematics.
Are there differences among the test mean scores using the different
teaching methods? Use α =.01
Teaching Method

Study Group Computer- Aided Game-Simulation

19 15 18
22 17 24
17 20 20
18 16 20
20 19 19
 Solution:

Step 1: Ho: µ1 = µ2 = µ3 (there are no significant differences among the test score means)

Ho: µ1 µ2 µ3 (there are significant differences among the test score means)

Step 2:  = .01

Step 3: Computation and ANOVA TABLE

C1 C1 2 C2 C2 2 C3 C 32

19 361 15 225 18 324

22 484 17 289 24 576
17 289 20 400 20 400
18 324 16 256 20 400
20 400 19 361 19 361
TOTAL 96 1858 87 1531 101 2061
SST = 1858 + 1531 + 2061 - 1 (96+87+101)2
15
(284)2
= 5450 -
15
= 5450 - 5377.07

SST = 72.93

SSB = 1 [ (96)2 + (87)2 + (101)2 ] - 1 (96+87+101)2

5 15
= 1 (9216 + 7569+10201) - (284)2
5 15
1
= (26,986)-5377.07
5
= 5397.2 - 5377.07

SSB = 20.13

SSW = SST - SSB

= 72.93 - 20.13
SSW = 52.8
ANOVA TABLE

Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom Mean of Squares F-Value

20.13
Between SSB = 20.13 c-1 = 3 -1=2 MSB= = 10.06
2 F = 10.06
=2.28
52.8 4.4
Within SSW= 52.8 n-c = 15-3 = 12 MSW= =4.4
12
Total SST = 72.93 n-1 = 15-1 = 14
STEP 4: DECISION
df numerator = c-1 = 2
df denominator = n - c = 12
tabular value = 3.88
Rejection

Acceptance

3.88
0 2.28

Accept Ho, reject Ha

Step 5: Conclusion
There are no significant differences among
the test score means using the different teaching
methods.
Step 5: Conclusion
There are no significant differences among the test
score means using the different teaching methods.

ANOVA WITH UNEQUAL SAMPLE SIZE

n n
SSB=  (Ci)2 - 1
n (Ci)2
i=1 i=1
ni

n n
SST= Ci2 - 1
n
(Ci)2
i=1 i=1
Example:
Medical Technology researchers used different laboratory tests
in an experiment involving volunteer patients, with the fast
results in hours given below. Test the claim that the different
laboratory test result has the same mean at the .01 significance
level
Test A Test B Test C

5 8 10
7 7 8
10 5 9
8 5 7
6 8 10
3 8
11
13
 Solution:

Step 1: Ho: µ1 = µ2 = µ3 (there are no significant differences in releasing

laboratory test results)
Ha: µ1 µ2 µ3 (there are significant differences in releasing
laboratory test results)
Step 2:  = .01
Step 3: Computation and ANOVA TABLE

C1 C12 C2 C22 C3 C32

5 25 8 64 10 100
7 49 7 49 8 64
10 100 5 25 9 81
8 64 5 25 7 49
6 36 8 64 10 100
3 9 8 64
11 121
__ __ __ __ 13 169
Total 39 283 33 227 76 748
n1 = 6 n2=5 n3=8
 n n
 (Ci) -
2 1
SSB= (Ci)2
i=1 ni n i=1

[
= (39)2 +
6
(33)2
5
+ (76)2 - (39+33+76)2
8 19
]
= 1193.3 - 1152.84
SSB = 40.46
n n
SST= Ci2 - 1 (Ci)2
i=1 n i=1

= (283+227+748) - (39+33+76)2
19
= 1258 - 1152.84

SST = 105.16
SSW = SST - SSB
= 105.16 - 40.46 SSW = 64.7
 ANOVA TABLE
Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom Mean of Squares F-Value
Between SSB = 40.46 2 20.23
5.0
Within SSW= 64.70 16 4.04
Total SST = 105.16 18
STEP 4: Decision
rejection
df (2, 16)
tabular value = 6.23 Acceptance

5.0 6.23

Accept Ho, reject Ha

Step 5: Conclusion

Accept the claim that the different laboratory

test results have no significant difference in releasing
laboratory results.
How to read the critical value from the table

Considering the significance level, the critical

value is the intersection of the df numerator
which is the df between and the df denominator
which is the df within

Example:

Significance level= 0.05

Df numerator = 5
Df denominator = 12

Critical value = 2.90

Performance Tasks
Three new marketing strategies have been implemented at company
XYZ. The president wants to find out the effectiveness of the marketing
strategies through analyzing the sales. Test whether the means of the
sales of the product as a result of the implementation of the new
marketing strategies are equal. Use the level of significance at 0.05.
The sales (in hundred thousands) of the product using the three
marketing strategies are given below

Marketing Marketing Marketing

Strategy 1 Strategy 2 Strategy 3
34 57 27
55 71 34
82 86 72
45 80 65
48 79 83
Case Situation
To examine the effects of pets and friends in stressful situations, researchers
recruited 45 people to participate in an experiment. Fifteen of the subjects
were randomly assigned to each of three groups to perform a stressful task
alone (control group), with a good friend present, or with their dog present.
Each subject’s mean heart rate during the task was recorded. Test the
appropriate hypotheses at the α = 0.05 level to decide if the mean heart rate
differs between the groups.

n Mean Std. Dev.

Control 15 82.52 9.24
Pets 15 73.48 9.97
Friends 15 91.325 8.34

State the null and alternative hypotheses

If the F-value is 14.08 with p value of 0.000021, what will be your decision?
What conclusion can you draw?
Problem Design

Develop a problem/case/situation related to

your field/discipline that can be solved using
the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The data
could be readily available of the existing source
(e.g. records, reports, etc.)

Show the process of ANOVA to arrive at the

conclusion of the developed problem, case or
situation
Thank
you