SCH3U1: Quantities in Chemical Reactions – UNIT 3 AGENDA

Date Lesson Homework Labs/Assignments

CH 6.2 Explore an issue “Over dosing on p.270 #1-7
Salt”
CH 6.3 The Mole
CH 6.4 Molar Mass Practice p.277 #1-2 *Extra * p.275 #1
p.277 #4-12
MOLEcular Math
CH 6.5 Mass & Number of Entities Practice p.280 #1-4
p.282 #1-3
p. 283 #1-8

CH 6.6 Percent Composition p.286-287 #1-3

p. 288 #1-8
CH 6.7 Empirical Formulas p.292 #1
p. 293 #2-9

CH 6.9 Molecular Formulas p. 298 #1 -

p.300 #2
p.300 # 2-8
CH 6 Review p.308-311 #3-19,26-
29,32-36,41-43,45-
50,58,59
LAB: Determining the Formula of a
Hydrate

CH 6 QUIZ Work on Hydrate Lab

How to Write a Formal Lab Report (online
guide)
p.319 #1-3 LAB: Determining the
CH 7.1 Mole Ratios p.320 #3-7 Formula of a Hydrate
DUE
CH 7.2 Mass Relations in Chemical Practice p.323-324 #1-
Equations 3
p.325 #6-10
CH 7.3/7.4 Limiting Reagents Read p. 328-329
p.334 #2-3
p.335 #3-9
Limiting Reagents Continued….

CH 7.5 Percentage Yield p.338 #1-2

p.339 #1-11
Unit Review p. 356 # 2-29,
35,36,44,45,50,55-
58,61-66
UNIT #3 TEST

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CH 6.3 The Mole- A Unit of Counting
Balanced chemical equation is a recipe which tells us the ingredients required (reactants), but also the
proportions in which they react. For example, in the equation below we know that 2 molecule of hydrogen
reacts with 1 molecule of oxygen to produce 2 molecules of water vapour.

2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 H2O(g)

2 1 2

10 5

400 200

6 6
2 x10 1 x10

5 5
5 x10 2.5 x10

Working with Units

Units 1 2 1 x 103 3.5 4.2 x 103

(x2) Pair of 2 shoes 4 shoes 2000
shoes

Dozen donuts 12 24

Ream of paper

Mole

The Mole- A Chemists “Dozen”

• The Mole (symbol: mol): One mole = 6.02 x 1023 entities

• Avogadro’s constant (NA) :

6.02 x 10 23 particles/mole

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How many years would it take you to spend a mole of dollars at a rate of $1,000,000 per second?

HOMEWORK: p.270 #1-7

CH 6.4 Molar Mass

Molar Mass (M): mass in grams of 1 mole or 6.02 x 1023 entities of that substance. Unit: g/mol.

Molar Masses of Element

Element Average atomic mass (u) Molar mass (g/mol) Number of entities
Neon, Ne 20.18 20.18 6.02 x 1023
Calcium, Ca 40.08 40.08 6.02 x 1023
Oxygen, O2 16.00 x 2 32.00 6.02 x 1023
Phosporus, P4 30.97 x 4 123.9 6.02 x 1023

Molar Masses of Compounds

i) molar mass of CO2

ii) molar mass of iron (III) sulfate.

iii) molar mass of copper(II) chloride hexahydrate.

PRACTICE: p.275 #1 a-g

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Calculations Involving Molar Masses
Formula:

m=nxM
Where, n = amount of entities, in mol
m = mass, in grams
M = molar mass, in g/mol

Example 1: cola contains 40.0g of sucrose, C12H22O11. Calculate the amount in moles?

Example 2: A litre of human blood typically contains 4.0 mmol of glucose, C6H12O6. Calculate the mass in
grams, of this amount of glucose.

PRACTICE: p.277 #1 & 2 HOMEWORK: p.277 #4-11

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MOLEcular Mathematics
Decode the secret message. To solve the puzzle and get the message, use your calculator to do the
calculations. Then invert the calculator and read off the message word(s). For example, "11345" is "shell".
ROUND off all atomic masses to the nearest whole number before using them.

1 a) i) Mass of 3000 moles of Sodium nitrate = ___________________________

ii) Add the mass of 1000 moles of Lead = ___________________________
iii) Subtract the mass of 21346 moles
of Helium = ___________________________
Word answer to (a) = ________________

b) i) Mass of 24 moles of Ammonium fluoride = ___________________________

ii) Add the atomic mass of Hydrogen plus
that of Oxygen = ___________________________
Word answer to (b) = ________________

c) i) Mass of 100 moles of Manganese = ___________________________

ii) Add the molar mass of Lithium = ___________________________
Word answer to (c) = ________________

2 a) i) Mass of 23538 moles of Oxygen atoms = ___________________________

Word answer to (e) = ________________

________________________________________________________________________

Fill in the blanks to decode the secret message:

1) A __________(a)________________ is the opposite of a ___________(b)_______________,

as a win is the opposite of a ____________(c)_________________.

2) I hope this did not ________________(e)__________________ your mind.

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CH 6.5 Mass and Number of Entities
• We often use counting units to specify a number of entities. Example, we use a “dozen” to represent 12
entities. So, how many doughnuts are in 5 dozen doughnuts? ______________

• Similarly, the number of water molecules in 5.00mol of water is:________________________

• The number of entities in a sample (N), is determined by multiplying the amount (in moles), n, by
Avogadro’s constant, NA.

N = n NA

Example1: Calculate the number of atoms in a 1.00kg bar of gold.

Example 2: Calculate the number of molecules in a 4.00mg sample of ammonia, NH3.

PRACTICE: p.280 #1-4

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Determining the Number of Entities in Compounds

• A chemical formula states the number of atoms/ions of each element in a molecule/compound.

Therefore, if we know the number of molecules in a sample, we can calculate the number of atoms of
each element present.

Example 1: Benzaldehyde, C6H5CHO, is a compound used to give prepared foods an almond flavor. Find the
number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 26.5g sample of benzaldehyde.

PRACTICE: p.282 #1-3

HOMEWORK: p.283 1-8
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CH 6.6 Percentage Composition

Percentage composition: is the percentage by mass, of each element in a compound.

Law of Definite proportions: the elements in a compound are always present in the same proportion by mass.

Calculating Percent Composition :

• Formula;

% element = m element x 100%

m sample

Example 1: A 500.00mg tablet of Aspirin contains 300.00 mg carbon and 8.08 mg hydrogen. The
remaining mass is oxygen. Determine the percentage composition of Aspirin.

PRACTICE: p.286 #1 or 2
Using the Chemical Formula
• When the chemical formula of a compound is known, its percentage composition can be calculated
using the following information;
1. The molar mass (atomic mass) of each element
2. The molar mass (molecular mass) of the compound

Example 2: Determine the percentage composition of calcium hydroxide.

HOMEWORK: p.288 # 1-8

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CH 6.7 The Empirical Formula of a Compound

Empirical Formula: Shows the lowest whole number ratio of the elements in a compound (simplest formula).
Molecular Formula: Shows the exact number of atoms of each element that make up a molecule or formula
unit of the compound (actual formula).
Ethyne Benzene
Empirical Formula CH CH
Molecular Formula C2H2 C6H6
Lowest ratio of elements 1:1 1:1
Boiling point -57oC 80.1oC
Properties Colourless, odourless, flammable gas Colourless, flammable liquid

• Note that different compounds can have the same empirical formula; however, their molecular formulas are
different.
• Compounds may have same empirical / molecular formulas. Eg. NH3, H2O, CO2….
• Most chemical formulas for ionic compounds are empirical formulas.

Determining Empirical Formula

Example 1: Find the empirical formula of a compound with a percentage composition 35.4% sodium, and
the remainder nitrogen.
Mass Moles Ratio x factor Empirical formula

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Example 2: Determine the empirical formula of a compound that contains 34.95g iron and 15.05g oxygen by
mass.
Mass Moles Ratio x factor Empirical formula

Example 3: Determine the empirical formula of a compound that contains 52.2% carbon, 6.15% hydrogen
and 41.7% oxygen.

Mass Moles Ratio x factor Empirical formula

HOMEWORK: p.293 #2-9

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CH 6.9 Molecular Formulas
• You can calculate molecular formula of a compound if the molar mass of the compound is known….
Molar mass can be measured by a mass spectrometer.
• A compounds molar mass is always a whole number multiple (x) of the molar mass of the empirical
formula.
• You can find this multiple, x, by …..
x = molar mass of compound
molar mass of empirical formula
• use value to multiply the subscripts in the empirical formula to determine the molecular formula.

Example 1: Determine the molecular formula of a compound with empirical formula CH2 and the molar mass
84.18g/mol.

Empirical molar mass Solve for x Molecular formula

Example 2: Determine the molecular formula of vitamin C. This compound contains 81.0 g carbon, 9.2 g
hydrogen, and 109.0g oxygen. Its molar mass is 176.14g/mol.
Mass Moles Ratio x factor Empirical formula

Empirical molar mass Solve for x Molecular formula

HOMEWORK: p.300 # 2-8

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Determining the Chemical Formula of a Hydrate: https://youtu.be/KCuYQ3ayFNM
1. What is the percent composition of water in magnesium sulfite hexahydrate? (MgSO3∙ 6H2O)

2. A 3.34 g sample of a hydrate has the formula SrS2O3∙xH2O and contains 2.30 g of SrS2O3.
Calculate the value of x.

3. You weight out a 0.470-sample of hydrated nickel(II ) chloride, NiCl2·xH2O. Upon heating, the
mass of the anhydrous salt that remains is 0.256 grams. What is the formula of the hydrate?
What is the name of the hydrate?

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CH 7.1 Mole Ratios in Chemical Equations
A chemical equation is similar to a recipe, with the chemical formulas indicating the “ingredients” of the
reaction. The coefficients in the equation give the ratio of one chemical to another chemical used in the
reaction.

2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(g)

2 molecules : 1 molecule : 2 molecules

50 molecules : 25 molecules : 50 molecules

1.204 x 1024 molecules : 6.02 x 1023 molecules : 1.204 x 1024 molecules

2 mol : 1 mol : 2 mol

Mole ratio: the ratio of the amounts of the entities in a chemical reaction (related to the coefficients in the
chemical equation).

Example 1: What amount of hydrogen is produced when 5.2mol of ammonia decomposes?

NH3(g) → H2(g) + N2(g)

Example 2: What amount of oxygen is required to react completely with 6.4 x 10-2 mol of aluminum?

Al (s) + O2(g) → Al2O3(g)

PRACTICE: p.319 #1-3 HOMEWORK: p. 320 #3-7

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CH 7.2 Mass Relationships in Chemical Equations

Stoichiometry → the study of the mass and amount relationships between reactants and products in a chemical
reaction
Mass Calculation Steps:

Example 1: An automobile airbag is inflated with nitrogen produced from the decomposition of sodium azide,
NaN3. The mass of nitrogen in a fully inflated airbag is 87.5g. What mass of sodium azide is required to produce
this mass of nitrogen?
NaN3(s) → Na(s) + N2(g)

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Example 2: The first reaction in the production of nitric acid involves reacting ammonia, NH3 with oxygen at high
temperatures according to the following equation. How much ammonia is required to react with 148.0g of oxygen.

NH3 (g) + O2 (g) → NO (g) + H2O (g)

Example 3: -How many molecules of chlorine react to produce 50.0g of disulfur dichloride?
S + Cl2 → S2Cl2

PRACTICE: p. 323 # 1-3 HOMEWORK: p. 325 #8-10

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CH 7.4 Calculations Involving Limiting Reagents
Limiting Reagent: the reactant that is completely consumed (used up first) in a chemical reaction.
Excess Reagent: the reactant that is still present (leftover) after the reaction is complete.
Sandwich Analogy:

• 2 slices of bread and 1 slice of cheese make 1 sandwich

• Can you use up all the ingredients if there are 6 slices of bread and 2 slices of cheese?
• What is leftover? What is there not enough of?

Determining The Limiting Reactant

1. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction
2. Determine how many moles of product would be produced by the first reactant
3. Determine how many moles of the same product would be produced by the second reactant.
4. The reactant that produces the least amount of product is the limiting reagent.
5. Use the limiting reagent to calculate the mass of the product.

Example 1: In a reaction, 100.7g of propane and 367.4 g of oxygen gas are available. Identify the limiting
reactant and calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced.
C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3CO2 + 4 H2O

Example 2: How many grams of hydrogen gas would be produced if 50.0 g of aluminum is reacted with 250g of
sulfuric acid in a displacement reaction? Which is limiting?

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Example 3: How many grams of sulfuric acid can be prepared from 50.0g of sulfur dioxide, 15g of oxygen gas
and an unlimited amount of water?

PRACTICE :p.334 #2-3 HOMEWORK: p335 #3-9

CH 7.5 Percentage Yield

Percentage yield of a chemical reaction……
• Compares the actual yield to the theoretical yield of a product in a chemical reaction….
• Indicates the efficiency of the reaction.

Theoretical yield: the amount of product predicted by stoichiometry…. measured as mass (g).
Actual yield: the amount of product that is produced in an experiment….measured as mass (g).

• Actual yield is less due to:

1. Experimental design and procedures(most common)…transferring solutions, filtering precipitates,
splattering during heating.
2. A competing reaction
3. Non-ideal conditions for the reaction… reverse reaction
4. Impure reactants

Calculating Percentage Yield

Percent yield= actual yield (mass in g) x 100%
Theoretical yield (mass in g)

Example 1: Calcium carbonate is decomposed by heating, as shown in the following balanced chemical
reaction.

If 20.4g CaCO3 is heated, determine the following:

a) Theoretical yield b) Percent yield if 10.6g of CaO is produced.

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 (Not enough room solve on back)

PRACTICE: p. 338 # 1-2 HOMEWORK: p. 339 #1-11

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