The Health Belief Model is a theoretical framework for guiding health promotion and disease prevention

measures in public health. It's used to clarify and forecast how people's health behavior change over
time when faced with various issues. It's one of the most common models for analyzing health-related
behaviors.

The Health Belief Model was first originated in the 1950s when Godfrey Hochbaum, Irwin Rosenstock,
and Stephen Kegels noticed there was a low participation in free TB Screening. They first thought that it
has to deal with the motivation of the people. The Health Belief Model started with 4 constructs and had
added 2 more constructs over time. Namely Perceived Susceptibility, Perceived Severity, Perceived
Benefits, Perceived Barriers, Cues to Action, and Self-efficacy. The constructs would then aid in what
needs to be changed or how interventions will be then formulated for that specific person. And yes,
applying the Health Belief Model would be a different case for every individual.

In the sense of behavior change models like the health belief model, several studies have looked into
how socio behavioral influences screening acceptance. And thus, the researchers used Health Belief
Model, to have a greater understanding of the determinants that affect colorectal cancer screening and
as screening even in individuals with average risk remains suboptimal in many populations. They then
created a system review of the cross-sectional study designs and reviewed previous studies relating to
colorectal cancer screening and health belief model as it is found to be essential in the creation of
successful, evidence-based approaches to improve people's health behavior. As they chose cross-
sectional designs as they are widely used to the prevalence of diseases in clinic-based sample and is
relatively inexpensive. But before that, they used a priori protocol in commencing this review. In which
questions being formulated is first defined by using the PICOS framework.

Wherein to reduce the chances of missing any related papers during the initial analysis of titles and
abstracts, search words were kept wide and extended to all fields. Free text key words and Boolean
operators were used to build the selection method. Interventional studies or review articles that did not
use quantitative approach in the research design, did not include the health belief model, or were not
linked to overall colorectal cancer screening acceptance were all omitted. There were then found
articles that is directly associated with colorectal cancer screening and health belief model constructs.
Specifically, 12 articles in perceived susceptibility, 5 articles in perceived severity, 13 articles in perceived
benefits, 9 articles in cues to action, 8 articles in self-efficacy, and around 19 articles in perceived
barriers but is considered as inversely associated with colorectal cancer screening. Such articles were
found to be using different set and numbers of questionnaires in formulating health belief model. And as
all of the research used were cross-sectional, they used the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal
Tools checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies to measure probability of biases. Seven experiments
lacked consistent sample eligibility criteria or omitted to identify the research environment and
population.

Despite the constraints, their analysis showed that the health belief model's frameworks are largely
compatible with screening purpose and behavior across countries and with latest research. By
recognizing widely held perceptions of susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-
efficacy they were able to modify to be more successful at raising colorectal cancer awareness in the
general population.
2. The PRECEDE-PROCEED model is a framework for identifying health needs, as well as planning,
initiating, and reviewing health promotion and other public health activities to address those needs.
PRECEDE is a framework for developing a directed and focused public health programs. Wherein
PROCEED establishes a framework for initiating and reviewing public health programs.

When deciding whether to use PRECEDE-PROCEED as a model for health promotion or disease
prevention programs, it's crucial to think about whether most of the model's components are suitable
for the initiative, as well as the tools available to help with execution. It's also important to note that
parts of the plan can be modified as necessary over time.

In the article they found that the PRECEDE-PROCEED model has not been utilized for the clinical
diagnosis of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis or AIS. And thus, tried to use to PRECEDE-PROCEED model
for the clinical diagnosis of AIS, to determine the school age population and its significance among
community, school and clinical health promotion setting. Wherein The consistency of health care
delivery must be established within a system using structure, method, and result indicators in school
health, community health, and professional health practice. The PRECEDE-PROCEED (PP) model was
created as a planning structure for the development of health and health promotion services. PRECEDE
stands for "predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors in educational diagnosis and evaluation."
PROCEED stands for "policy, regulatory, and organizational constructs in education and environmental
development.

This feature of the model recognizes the significance of environmental variables in deciding behavior.
The PP framework describes intervention implementation as a nine-phase process, the first five of which
involve identifying health conditions and their indicators through a sequence of diagnostic measures.
And can be a valuable tool for describing a community's assets, educational and behavioral challenges,
and organizational influences, as well as ensuring that programs and other learning experiences are
adapted to the community at large demands and cultural values. It serves as a guide for the preparation
and execution of health promotion programs targeted at target areas, as well as a valuable means to
coordinate research ranging from clinician views, values, knowledge, and expertise. Basically, it has to
do with the intended goal and is then used to devise an intervention to achieve that goal.

The PROCEDE-PROCEED model then during the research has discovered not only study gaps, but also
opposing viewpoints on the importance of AIS screening, the time it takes to screen, cost considerations,
and the effectiveness of the most commonly used screening instrument, the Adam's test. Overall, one
needs to fully understand the importance of the model by a detailed review of the relevant
documentation and use of expert advice is needed for successful program execution.
3. Milio's framework for prevention is called changing health-damaging to health-generating life
patterns many people mostly do the things that are easier for them. And such things that are easier are
mostly the one’s that are health damaging. Even in a field of health professionals they seem to improve
other’s health but are not observant of one’s own health as they also choose the easiest choices
available. As choices are no longer consciously made as we people makes choice based on what’s
available or what’s easier for us. The third and fourth world countries are much more prone to this as
health-sustaining resources are not easier to achieve. Wherein people may tend to eat many and may
lead to obesity or hypertension. Dangerous relaxants such as smoking and drugs. Early prevention of
such can help health-generating life patterns though a perfect health-generating life patterns for all is
non existent and milio’s framework does not expect it to exist. Milio’s framework suggest to give people
a broader health-promoting options and or to diminish health damaging options. The framework’s goal
is to manipulate behavior and constraint the freedom of choice. An example here would be increasing
the prices of unhealthful foods and lowering the prices of healthful food. This would then, not all, but
slightly improve the health of many as it is easier to healthful choices and harder to obtain unhealthful
food.