The loss of pressure (head loss) through a clean stratified-sand filter with

uniform porosity was described by Rose in the following form:

where; hL = frictional head loss through the filter, m

24
CD  For laminar va = filtration rate, m/s
Re
D = depth of filter sand, m
24 3
CD   1/ 2
 0.34 CD = drag force coefficient
Re Re f = mass fraction of sand particles of diameter, d
d = diameter of sand grains, m
For transient flow condition ϕ = shape factor and
= porosity
dva
Re 

 Exercise
• A dual medium filter is composed of 0.3 m
anthracite (mean size of 2.0 mm) that is
placed over a 0.6 m layer of sand (mean size
of 0.7 mm) with filtration rate of 9.78 m/h.
Assume the grain sphericity is = 0.75 and a
porosity for both is 0.40.
Estimate the clean bed head loss of the filter
at 15oC.

υ = 1.139×10−6m2/s
 Exercise
Using the same data given in the previous
exercise, except the average size of sand is not
given. From sieve analysis, d10=0.53mm,
d30=0.67mm, d50=0.73mm, d70=0.80mm, and
d90=0.86mm, estimate the head loss of a 0.6m
sand filter at the same temperature.
 Solution
d10=0.53mm, d30=0.67mm, d50=0.73mm,
d70=0.80mm, and d90=0.86mm
Estimate the head loss of a 0.6m sand filter at the
same temperature
d (mm) Re Cd
0.53 0.947258772 25.33627
0.67 1.19747807 23.12362
0.73 1.304714912 21.36124
0.8 1.429824561 19.63416
0.83 1.483442982 18.9817
 Solution
d10=0.53mm, d30=0.67mm, d50=0.73mm,
d70=0.80mm, and d90=0.86mm
Estimate the head loss of a 0.6m sand filter at the
same temperature
cumulative cumulative
d (mm) passing retained % Retained f
0.86 90% 10% 10% 0.1
0.8 70% 30% 20% 0.2
0.73 50% 50% 20% 0.2
0.67 30% 70% 20% 0.2
0.53 10% 90% 20% 0.2
 Solution
d10=0.53mm, d30=0.67mm, d50=0.73mm,
d70=0.80mm, and d90=0.86mm
Estimate the head of a 0.6m sand filter at the same
temperature
diameter (mm) Cd f Cdf/d
0.53 25.33626577 0.2 4,780.43
0.67 23.12361576 0.2 6,902.57
0.73 21.36123865 0.2 5,852.39
0.8 19.63415601 0.2 4,908.54
0.86 18.98170079 0.1 4,573.90
27,017.84
 Solution
d10=0.53mm, d30=0.67mm, d50=0.73mm,
d70=0.80mm, and d90=0.86mm
Estimate the head of a 0.6m sand filter at the same
temperature
diameter (mm) Cd f Cdf/d
0.53 25.33626577 0.2 4,780.43
0.67 23.12361576 0.2 6,902.57
0.73 21.36123865 0.2 5,852.39 29,261.6
0.8 19.63415601 0.2 4,908.54
0.86 18.98170079 0.1 4,573.90
27,017.84
Recap
Comparison between rapid and slow sand granular filtration design criteria
Recap

U closer to 1
• Allows filter bed to
operate at a higher
hydraulic loading rate
• To minimize re-
stratification
• Longer filter run time
Exercise
Using the sand analysis, find the effective size, E, and
uniformity coefficient, U.
Analysis of Stock Sand
U. S. Standard Size of opening (Cumulative Mass %
Sieve No. (mm) Passing)
140 0.105 0.2
100 0.149 0.9
70 0.21 4
50 0.297 9.9
40 0.42 21.8
30 0.59 39.4
20 0.841 59.8
16 1.19 74.4
12 1.68 91.5
8 2.38 96.8
6 3.36 99
Exercise
Using the sand analysis, find the effective size, E, and
uniformity coefficient, U.
Analysis of Stock Sand
E=d10=0.3mm
U. S. Standard Size of opening (Cumulative Mass %
Sieve No. (mm) Passing) UC=d60/d10
140 0.105 0.2 =2.8
100 0.149 0.9
70 0.21 4
50 0.297 9.9
40 0.42 21.8 10% = 0.3mm
30 0.59 39.4
20 0.841 59.8
16 1.19 74.4 60% = 0.85mm
12 1.68 91.5
8 2.38 96.8
6 3.36 99
Exercise
Using the sand analysis, find the effective size, E, and
uniformity coefficient, U.
Analysis of Stock Sand
E=d10=0.3mm
U. S. Standard Size of opening (Cumulative Mass %
Sieve No. (mm) Passing) UC=d60/d10
140 0.105 0.2 =2.8
100 0.149 0.9
70 0.21 4
50 0.297 9.9
40 0.42 21.8 10% = 0.3mm
30 0.59 39.4
20 0.841 59.8
16 1.19 74.4 60% = 0.85mm
12 1.68 91.5
8 2.38 96.8
6 3.36 99
Exercise
Using the sand analysis, find the effective size, E, and
uniformity coefficient, U.
Analysis of Stock Sand
E=d10=0.3mm
U. S. Standard Size of opening (Cumulative Mass %
Sieve No. (mm) Passing) UC=d60/d10
140 0.105 0.2 =2.8
100 0.149 0.9
70 0.21 4
50 0.297 9.9
40 0.42 21.8 10% = 0.3mm
30 0.59 39.4
20 0.841 59.8
16 1.19 74.4 60% = 0.85mm
12 1.68 91.5
8 2.38 96.8
6 3.36 99
Solution: Reduce the fines
Determination of the depth of the
expanded sand filter bed
Step 1: Obtain the settling velocity
of the smallest media grain (Vs)
• Estimate Re

Vb= settling v.
of the smallest
grain size
SG = 2.65
Shape factor =
0.82
Depth = 0.5m
Porosity = 0.45
 Determination of the depth of the
expanded sand filter bed
Step 1: Obtain the settling velocity of the smallest
media grain - Estimated Vs
Determination of the depth of the
expanded sand filter bed
Step 2: