1.

> a <- "hello world"

>a

[1] "hello world"

> print ("hello world")

[1] "hello world"

> z = 1:5

>z

[1] 1 2 3 4 5

> print (z)

[1] 1 2 3 4 5

> paste (z)

[1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5"

> m = paste(z)

>m

[1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5"

> z = paste(z)

>z

[1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5"

2.

> n = 1:10

>n

[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

> k = n+2

>k

[1] 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

> n+k

[1] 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
> c= 12:21

>c

[1] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

> n+c

[1] 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

>c

[1] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

> h=30:33

>h

[1] 30 31 32 33

> h+c

[1] 42 44 46 48 46 48 50 52 50 52

Warning message:

In h + c : longer object length is not a multiple of shorter object length

> sum(1;10)

Error: unexpected ';' in "sum(1;"

> sum (1:10)

[1] 55

> n = c(1:5)

>n

[1] 1 2 3 4 5

> p = c(50:51)

>p

[1] 50 51

> p = c(50:100)

>p

[1] 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

[14] 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
[27] 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88

[40] 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

> p[6]

[1] 55

>

Q.

> k=c(1:10)

>k

[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

> s= k^2

>s

[1] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

> m= k^3

>m

[1] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000

> print(k,s,m)

[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

> paste(k,s,m)

[1] "1 1 1" "2 4 8" "3 9 27"

[4] "4 16 64" "5 25 125" "6 36 216"

[7] "7 49 343" "8 64 512" "9 81 729"

[10] "10 100 1000"

>b = c(k,s,m)

>b

[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[11] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

[21] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000

> p=c(10:15)

> q = c("great", "people")

>q

[1] "great" "people"

>p

[1] 10 11 12 13 14 15

> paste (p,q)

[1] "10 great" "11 people" "12 great" "13 people"

[5] "14 great" "15 people"

> c(p,q)

[1] "10" "11" "12" "13" "14" "15"

[7] "great" "people"

> print(p,q)

Error in print.default(p, q) : invalid printing digits -2147483648

In addition: Warning message:

In print.default(p, q) : NAs introduced by coercion

Class 2:

Default length of any numeric expression is 7

> 11/7

[1] 1.571429

> 110/7

[1] 15.71429

> f= 11/7

>f

[1] 1.571429

> print(f, digit=4)

[1] 1.571

> print(f, digit=2)

[1] 1.6

> print(f, digit=1) rounds off the value

[1] 2

> print (f, digit=-1)

Error in print.default(f, digit = -1) : invalid printing digits -1

> print (f, digit=0)

[1] 2

>> getwd()

[1] "C:/Users/user/Documents"

> setwd("C:/Users/user/Documents/R files")

Error in setwd("C:/Users/user/Documents/R files") :

cannot change working directory

> setwd("C:/Users/user/Documents\R files")

Error: '\R' is an unrecognized escape in character string starting ""C:/Users/user/Documents\R"

> setwd("C:/Users/user/Documents\R files")

> x= (1:12)

>x

[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

> dim (x)= c(2,6)

>x

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]

[1,] 1 3 5 7 9 11

[2,] 2 4 6 8 10 12

> dim (x)= c(3,4)

>x

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

[1,] 1 4 7 10

[2,] 2 5 8 11
[3,] 3 6 9 12

> dim (x)= c(6,2)

>x

[,1] [,2]

[1,] 1 7

[2,] 2 8

[3,] 3 9

[4,] 4 10

[5,] 5 11

[6,] 6 12

> t(x)

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]

[1,] 1 2 3 4 5 6

[2,] 7 8 9 10 11 12

Q. 1st 10 natural nos in a column

> k =(1:10)

>k

[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

> y = k^2

> z= k^3

>y

[1] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

>z

[1] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000

> s = c(k,y,z)

>s

[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
[11] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

[21] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000

> dim (s)= c(10,3)

>s

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 1 1

[2,] 2 4 8

[3,] 3 9 27

[4,] 4 16 64

[5,] 5 25 125

[6,] 6 36 216

[7,] 7 49 343

[8,] 8 64 512

[9,] 9 81 729

[10,] 10 100 1000

>c(1:10)

> b=a^2

> c=a^3

> a=c(a,b,c)

>a

[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[11] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

[21] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000

>

> a= cbind(a,b,c)

>a

a b c

[1,] 1 1 1
[2,] 2 4 8

[3,] 3 9 27

[4,] 4 16 64

[5,] 5 25 125

[6,] 6 36 216

[7,] 7 49 343

[8,] 8 64 512

[9,] 9 81 729

[10,] 10 100 1000

[11,] 1 1 1

[12,] 4 4 8

[13,] 9 9 27

[14,] 16 16 64

[15,] 25 25 125

[16,] 36 36 216

[17,] 49 49 343

[18,] 64 64 512

[19,] 81 81 729

[20,] 100 100 1000

[21,] 1 1 1

[22,] 8 4 8

[23,] 27 9 27

[24,] 64 16 64

[25,] 125 25 125

[26,] 216 36 216

[27,] 343 49 343

[28,] 512 64 512

[29,] 729 81 729

[30,] 1000 100 1000

> k=(a,b,c)

Error: unexpected ',' in "k=(a,"

> k=c(a,b,c)

>k

[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

[11] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

[21] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000

[31] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

[41] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

[51] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

[61] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000

[71] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000

[81] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000

[91] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

[101] 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000

> dim(k)=c(10,3)

Error in dim(k) = c(10, 3) :

dims [product 30] do not match the length of object [110]

> dim(k)= c(10,3) check with someone

Error in dim(k) = c(10, 3) :

dims [product 30] do not match the length of object [110]

> x=45

> mode(x)

[1] "numeric"

> c="INDIA"

> mode(c)

[1] "character"

> q= TRUE
> mode (q)

[1] "logical"

> k = paste(x,c,q)

>k

[1] "45 INDIA TRUE"

> j= c(x,c,q)

>j

[1] "45" "INDIA" "TRUE"

> h = list(x,c,q)

>h

[[1]]

[1] 45

[[2]]

[1] "INDIA"

[[3]]

[1] TRUE

> h[1]

[[1]]

[1] 45

> mode(f[1])

[1] "numeric"

> mode(h[1])

[1] "list"

>
> str(h)

List of 3

$ : num 45

$ : chr "INDIA"

$ : logi TRUE

> str(h[2])

List of 1

$ : chr "INDIA"

> letters

[1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i" "j" "k" "l" "m"

[14] "n" "o" "p" "q" "r" "s" "t" "u" "v" "w" "x" "y" "z"

> LETTERS

[1] "A" "B" "C" "D" "E" "F" "G" "H" "I" "J" "K" "L" "M"

[14] "N" "O" "P" "Q" "R" "S" "T" "U" "V" "W" "X" "Y" "Z"

> mode (letters)

[1] "character"

> is.character (letters)

[1] TRUE

> str(letters)

chr [1:26] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i" "j" ...

> letters = 12

> letters

[1] 12 Be careful in using this as it converts it into numeric

n = c(9,25,35,-01,100)
> a= sqrt(n)

Warning message:

In sqrt(n) : NaNs produced

>a

[1] 3.00000 5.00000 5.91608 NaN 10.00000

> is.na(a)

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE

> is.finite(n)

[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE

> is.infinite(n)

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE