STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

This section is designed to test your ability to recognize language structures that are
appropriate in standart written English.

Direction: Question 1-15 are partial sentences. Below each sentenceyou will see four
words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Select the one word or phrase that best
completes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question you
have selected. Blacken the space so that the letter inside the oval does not show

Example I
Drying flowers is the best way ….. them.
A. To preserve
B. By preserving
C. Preserve
D. Preserved
The sentence should state, “Drying flower is the best way to preserve them.” Therefore,
the correct answer is (A)

Example II
Many American universities ….. as small, private colleges.
A. Begun
B. Beginning
C. Began
D. For the beginning
The sentence should state, “Many American universities began as small, private
colleges.” Therefore, the correct answer is (C)
⚫ After you read the directions, begin work on the questions.
1. The Boston Public Liberary, ….. 1854, was the first liberary to be financed by
donations and proceeds from raffles.
A. Found it in
B. Founded in
C. Was founded in
D. It was found

2. Toolmakers not only ….. elaborate tools but also test them for reliability and utility.
A. Does it help to construct
B. Help in the constuction
C. Help to construct
D. Do help to construct

3. Before he turned 14, Mozart ….. a few lesser pieces for the piano.
A. Had composed
B. Has composed
C. Had the composition
D. He had composed

4. One of the quickest methods ….. personality is the self-report inventory.

A. The measuring of
B. To the measures
C. For measurements
D. Of measuring

5. Ginkgo trees bear seeds ….. an unpleasant odor to discourage animals from eating
them.
A. Who have
B. That have
C. Which they
D. That are
6. Patrict Henry, born in 1736, ….. by his father, who had advanced training in
mechanics.
A. Had taught
B. Has been taught
C. Taught
D. Was taught

7. In the 1950s, many people believed that the more they produced and consumed, …..
A. They were the more affluent
B. The more affluent they were
C. Were they affluent
D. They were affluent

8. A meteor burns brightly ….. through the earth’s atmosphere.

A. As it descends
B. As descending
C. Whether it descends
D. When descends

9. Mass transit system relieve traffic congestion when the service is convenients, ….. ,
and affordable.
A. Comfort
B. Comforting
C. Comfortable
D. Comforted

10. Automatic fire alarms, ….. smoke detectoor, are installed in almost all public
buildings.
A. Such as the ubiquitous
B. So ubiquitous
C. Such is the ubiquitous
D. So as the ubiquitious
11. When a person is in shock, the blood ….. enough oxygen to the brain.
A. Supplies fail to
B. Supplied fails to
C. Failing to supply
D. Fails to supply

12. Throughout history, evelated ranges have been viewed as barries to transportation
and …..
A. To the communicating
B. To the communication
C. Communication
D. Communication with

13. About 90 percent of fabrics distributed to secondary sewing outlets ….. weaving or
knitting.
A. Are manufactured the
B. Are manufactured by
C. By manufacturing the
D. Manufactured by

14. Deer ticks ….. vacationers hiking or camping in mixed deciduous forests.
A. Never trouble
B. Never any trouble
C. Troubles never
D. Trouble never

15. Either the goalkeeper or one of the other player ….. the ball from the goal.
A. Retrieving
B. Retrieval
C. Retrieves
D. Retrieve
 DIRECTION: In question 16 - 40 every sentence has four words or phrases that are
underlined. The four underlined portions of each sentences are marked (A), (B), (C), and
(D). Identify the one word or phrase that should be changed in order for the sentence to be
correct. Then on your answer sheed, find the number of the question and blacken the space
that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have selected.

Example I
Christoper Colombus has sailed from the Europe in 1492 and discovered
A B
a new land he thought to be India.
C D

The sentence should state, “Christoper Colombus sailed from the Europe in 1492 and
discovered a new land he thought to be India.” Therefore, you should choose answer (A).

Example II
As the roles of people in society change, so does the rules of conduct in certain
A B C
situations.
D
The sentence should state, “As the roles of people in society change, so do the rules of
conduct in certain situations.” Therefore, you should choose answer (B).

⚫ After you read the directions, begin work on the questions.

16. Understanding a joke is an intellectual achievement, yet reflective thought

A B C
to destroy humor.
D
17. Satya does not mind doing extra work, but doesn’t like Critizing.
A B C D
18. If you told me about your urgent appointment with the doctor, I
A B
could have lent you my car.
C D
19. I wish you have to stay at home because I’m sure you would have enjoyed the
A B C
concert very much.
D
20. Fafa decline the offer of transferred to Singapore’s a representative of our company.
A B C D
21. These norms are the expect way of behavior in the society based on
A B
the shared values- the purpose and goals of the society.
C D
22. He was retired after working for the company for more than twenty years,
A B C
Susi started taking up faring seriously.
D
23. Most of our aches and pains are treatable, but no sooner we’re willing to talk
A B C
about them candidly and accurately with doctors.
D
24. Digitalis is a drug which prepares from the seed and leaves of plant with the
A B C
same name and a cardiac stimulant.
D
25. The hardest thing most mountaineers are facing during the climbing
A B
expedition that it is they have difficulty breathing due to the lack of oxygen in
C D
the air.
26. Colonial craftsmen pieced bed covers together from scraps of linen and wool
A B
because cloth was scarcely.
C D
27. In art, relief is sculpture in which the figures or designs projects from their
A B C D
background.
28. Edith Roosevelt was a devoted mother of five children, as well a gracious
A B C D
hostess.
29. Vocational counseling guides students and helps them to understand how
A B
occupations differ and what job opportunities are exist.
C D
30. Newtonian physics holds true if the velocities of the objects being study
A B C
are negligible.
D
31. Roman doctrine stipulated every man was born with a spiritual who guarded
A B C D
him against travail.
32. When wine grapes contain the proper amounts of acid and sugar required to
A B C D
produce wine.
33. Beef and dairy cattle is major sources of income in Louisiana, which has a mild climate
A B C D
34. After the new dollar bills are printed and cut, the inspectors scrutinize them
A B C
for imperfectives.
D
35. Psychologists take it for granted that girls are more empathetic than do boys.
A B C D
36. Henry Richardson was the first prominent architect to incorporate geometric
A B
form in his concave designs.
C D
37. With small numbers, the objects in a set can be visualized and Quick counted
A B C D
without mathematical formulas.
38. In group dancing, couples step in tandem, bow, join hands, and change partner.
A B C D
39. Additives are chemicals infused into perishable foods to prevent it from spoiling
A B C D
40. Football is a fast-moving team sport playing mainly in the United States and
A B C D
Canada.
READING 1

In the American colonies there was little money. England did not supply the
colonies with coins and it did not allow the colonies to make their own coins, except for
the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Which received permission for a short period in 1652 to
make several kinds of silver coins. England wanted to keep money out of America as a
means of controlling trade: America was forced to trade only with England if it did not
have the money to buy products from other countries. The result during this
prerevolutionary period was that the colonists used various goods in place of money:
beaver pelts, Indian wampum, and tobacco leaves were all commonly used substitutes for
money. The colonists also made use of any foreign coins they could obtain. Dutch,
Spanish, French, and English coins were all in use in the American colonies.
During the Revolutionary War, funds were needed to finance the war, so each of
the individual states and the Continental Congress issued paper money. So much of this
paper money was printed that, by the end of the war, almost no one would accept it. As a
result trade in goods and the use of foreign coins still flourished during this period.
By the time the Revolutionary War had been won by the American colonists, the
monetary system was in a state of total disarray. To remedy this situation, the new
Constitution of the United States, approved in 1789, allowed Congress to issue money.
The individual states could no longer have their own money supply. A few years later, the
Coinage Act of 1792 made the dollar the official currency of the United States and put the
country on a bimetallic standard. In this bimetallic system, both gold and silver were legal
money, and the rate of exchange of silver to gold was fixed by the government at sixteen
to one.

1. The passage mainly discusses .....

A. American money from past to present
B. the English monetary policies in colonial America
C. the effect of the Revolution on American money
D. the American monetary system of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

2. The passage indicates that during the colonial period, money was .....
A. supplied by England
B. coined by the colonists
 C. scarce
D. used extensively for trade

3. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was allowed to make coins ....

A. continuously from the inception of the colony
B. throughout the seventeenth century
C. from 1652 until the Revolutionary War
D. for a short time during one year

4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a substitute for money
during the colonial period?
A. wampum
B. cotton
C. tobacco
D. beaver furs

5. It is implied in the passage that at the end of the Revolutionary War, a paper dollar was
worth .....
A. exactly one dollar
B. just under one dollar
C. just over one dollar
D. almost nothing
READING 2

Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long
been a popular tourist destination. Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually
constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the
Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls
on the U.S. side of the river in the state of New York. Approximately 85 percent of the
water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over
American Falls.
Most visitors come between April and October, and it is quite a popular activity to
take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view.
It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along
the Niagara River, such as Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four
observation towers which have heights up to 500 feet.
Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual
visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year. Because of concern that all
these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the
state of New York in 1835 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land
surrounding American Falls. A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the
Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls. With the area surrounding the falls
under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to
preserve the pristine beauty of the area.

6. What is the major point that the author is making in this passage?
A. Niagara Falls can be viewed from either the American side or the Canadian side.
B. A trip to the United States isn't complete without a visit to Niagara Falls.
C. Niagara Falls has had an interesting history.
D. It has been necessary to protect Niagara Falls from the many tourists who go there.

7. The word "flock" in line 2 could best be replaced by .....

A. come by plane
B. come in large numbers
C. come out of boredonm
 D. come without knowing what they will see

8. According to the passage, which of the following best describes Niagara Falls?
A. Niagara Falls consists of two rivers, one Canadian and the other American.
B. American Falls is considerably higher than Horseshoe Falls.
C. The Niagara River has two falis, one in Canada and one in the United States.
D. Although the Niagara River flows through the United States and Canada, the falls
are only in the United States.

9. A "steamer" in line 8 is probably .....

A. a bus
B. a boat
C. a walkway
D. a park

10. The expression "right up" in line 8 could best be replaced by .....
A. turn to the right
B. follow correct procedures
C. travel upstream
D. all the way up

11. The paragraph following the passage most probably discussed .....
A. additional ways to observe the falls
B. steps take by government agencies to protect the falls
C. a detailed description of the devision of the falls between the United States and
Canada
D. futher problems that are destroying the area around the falls

12. The passage implies that tourists prefer to .....

A. visit Niagara Falls during warmer weather
B. see the falls from a great distance
C. take a ride over the falls
D. come to Niagara Falls for a winter vacation
13. The word "jurisdiction" in line 17 is closest in meaning to .....
A. view
B. assistance
C. taxation
D. control

14. The word "pristine" in line 18 is closest in meaning to

A. pure and natural
B. highly developed
C. well regulated
D. overused

15. According to the passage, why was Niagara Park created?

A. To encourage tourists to visit Niagara Falls
B. To show off the natural beauty of Niagara Falls
C. To protect the area around Niagara Falls
D. To force Canada to open Queen Victoria Park
READNG 3
The Beatles became the most popular group in rock music history. This quartet of
extraordinarily talented musicians generated a phenomenal number of pieces that won
gold records. They inspired a frenzy that transcended countries and economic strata.
While all of them sang, John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote the majority of their
songs. Originally, Lennon and five others formed a group called the Quarrymen in 1956,
with McCartney joining them later that year. George Harrison, John Lennon, and Paul
McCartney, together with Stuart Sutcliffe, who played the bass guitar, and Pete Best on
the drums, performed together in several bands for a few years, until they finally settled
on the Silver Beatles in 1960. American rock musicians, such as Chuck Berry and Elvis
Presley, influenced Lennon's and McCartney's music, whose first hits consisted of simple
tunes and lyrics about young love, "Love Me Do" and "Please, Please Me." The Beatles'
U.S. tour propelled them to stardom and led to two movies A Hard Day's Night and
Help!, filmed in 1964 and 1965. The so-called British invasion of the United States was
in full swing when they took the top five spots on the singles charts, followed by the
release of their first film.
During the 1960s, their music matured and acquired a sense of melody. The
lyrics of their songs became deeper and gained in both imagination and meaning. Their
popularity continued to grow as the Beatles turned their attention to social problems and
political issues in "Nowhere Man" and "Eleanor Rigby." Loneliness and nostalgia come
through in their ballads "Michelle" and "Yesterday," which fully displayed the group's
professional development and sophistication. Lennon's sardonic music with lyrics written
in the first person, and McCartney's songs that created scenarios with off beat
individuals, contributed to the character of the music produced by the group. In addition
to their music, the Beatles set a social trend that popularized long hair, Indian music, and
mod dress.
For a variety of reasons, the musicians began to drift apart, and their last concert
took place in San Francisco in 1966. The newspapers and tabloids publicized their
quarrels and lawsuits, and the much idolized group finally disbanded in 1970. However,
their albums had outsold those of any other band in history. Although all of the Beatles
continued to perform solo or form new rock groups, alone, none could achieve the
recognition and success that they had been able to win together.
16. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The history and music of the Beatles
B. The history and milestones of rock music
C. The fashion and music popular in the 1960s
D. The creation and history of a music group

17. According to the passage, which of the Beatles had the greatest musical talent?
A. John Lennon and Paul McCartney
B. George Harrison and John Lennon
C. Stuart Sutcliffe and Pete Best
D. John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and George Harrison

18. According to the passage, how many members were in the band, formed in 1956?
A. Four
B. Five
C. Six
D. Seven

19. According to the passage, the Beatles' fame grew as a result of .....
A. Chuck Bery's involvement
B. their American tour
C. two movies made in the U.S.
D. their first two hits

20. The author of the passage implies that the Beatles...

A. competed with American musicians
B. wrote their music as a group
C. became popular relatively quickly
D. were active in social movements

21. The author of the passage implies that over time, the music and lyrics by the
Beatles .....
A. became more complex than at the beginning of their career
 B. declined in quality and political significance
C. were dedicated to women named Eleanor and Michelle
D. made them the richest musicians in the world

22. According to the passage, when did the Beatles experience their greatest success?
A. In the late 1950s.
B. After their break-up in 1970.
C. During the early and mid-1960s.
D. Throughout their lifetimes.

23. The word "acquired" in line 19 is closest in meaning to ...

A. imparted
B. attached
C. imprinted
D. attained

24. The word "scenarios" in line 21 is closest in meaning to ...

A. sceneries
B. situations
C. life stories
D. love themes

25. In line 26, the word "disbanded" is closest in meaning to .....

A. Seperated
B. Revelled
C. Slipped
D. Bonded
READING 4

It was once believed that being overweight was healthy, but nowadays few people
subscribe to this viewpoint. While many people are fighting the battle to reduce weight,
studies are being conducted concerning the appetite and how it is controlled by both
emotional and biochemical factors. Some of the conclusions of these studies may give
insights into how to deal with weight problems. For example, when several hundred
people were asked about their eating habits in times of stress, 44 percent said they reacted
to stressful situations by eating, Further investigations with both humans and animals
indicated that it is not food which relieves tension but rather the act of chewing.
A test in which subjects were blindfolded showed that obese people have a keener
sense of taste and crave more flavorful food than nonobese people. When deprived of the
variety and intensity of tastes, obese people are not satisfied and consequently cat more to
fulfill this need. Blood samples taken from people after they were shown a picture of food
revealed that overweight people reacted with an increase in blood insulin, a chemical
associated with appetite. This did not happen to average-weight people.
In another experiment, results showed that certain people have a specific,
biologically induced hunger for carbohydrates. Eating carbohydrates raises the level of
serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain. Enough serotonin produces a sense of satiation,
and hunger for carbohydrates subsides.
Exercise has been recommended as an important part of a weight-loss program.
However, it has been found that mild exercise, such as using the stairs instead of the
elevator, is better in the long run than taking on a strenuous program, such as jogging,
which many people find difficult to continue over long periods of time and which also
increases appetite.

26. It can be inferred from the passage that

A. thin people don't enjoy food
B. a variety of foods and strong flavors satisfies heavy people
C. overweight people have an abnormal sense of taste
D. deprivation of food makes people fat
27. It can be inferred from the passage that .....
A. overweight people are tense
B. thin people don't eat when under stress
C. weight watchers should chew on something inedible when tense
D. 56 percent of the population isn't overweight

28. It can be inferred that for certain people .....

A. Eating carbohydrates eliminates hunger
B. Carbohydrates biologically induce hunger
C. Carbohydrates don't satisfy a hunger person
D. Carbohydrates subside when serotonin is produced

29. According to the passage, insulin

A. increases in the bloodstream when people eat large amounts of food
B. can be used to lessen the appetite
C. causes a chemical reaction when food is seen
D. levels don't change in average-weight people who see food

30. What can be said about serotonin?

A. It is a chemical that increases the appetite
B. Only certain people product it in their brains
C. It tells the brain when a person is full
D. It neurotransmits carbohydrates to the brain
READING 5

Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in Vinci, Italy. He was the
illegitimate son of Ser Piero, a Florentine notary and landlord, but lived on the estate and
was treated as a legitimate son. In 1483, Leonardo da Vinci drew the first model of a
helicopter. It did not look very much like our modern day "copter," but the idea of what it
could do was about the same.
Leonardo was an artist and sculptor. He was very interested in motion and
movement and tried to show it in his art. In order to show movement, he found it helpful
to study the way things moved. One subject he liked to study was birds and how they
flew. He spent many hours watching the birds and examining the structure of their wings.
He noticed how they cupped air with their wings and how the feathers helped hold the air.
Through these studies, Leonardo began to understand how birds were able to fly.
Like many other men, Leonardo began to dream of the day when people would be
able to fly. He designed a machine that used all the things he had learned about flight, and
thus became the first model of a helicopter. Poor Leonardo had only one problem,
however. He had no way to give the necessary speed to his invention. You see, motors
had not yet been invented and speed was an important part of the flying process. It would
be another four hundred years before the engine was invented and another fifty years
before it was put to the test in an airplane. Leonardo's dream of a helicopter finally came
to pass in 1936. The Italian painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist, Leonardo
died on May 2, 1519, and was buried in the cloister of San Fiorentino in Amboise.

31. What is the author's main point?

A. The invention of the helicopter.
B. Birds cup air with their wings and use feathers to help hold the air.
C. An overview of one of Leonardo da Vinci's many skills.
D. Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 and died in 1519.

32. The word "it" in paragraph one refers to..

A. Leonardo Da Vinci
B. The first model helicopter
C. 1483
D. Motion and movement
33. The word "problem" in paragraph three could best be replaced by ..
A. Dilemma
B. Mistake
C. Danger
D. Pain

34. What was the main problem with Leonardo's invention?

A. Motors were not yet invented
B. The birds lost their feathers
C. He was illegitimate
D. He couldn't draw

35. The word "illegitimate" in paragraph one is closest in meaning to .....

A. Against the law or illegal
B. Not in correct usage
C. Incorrectly deduced; illogical
D. Born out of wedlock
READING 6
What issues are of concern to today's teenagers? How do they view themselves
and the world in which they live? How do they rate their schools in terms of helping them
prepare for adulthood? These were the basic questions answered by the 1988 American
Home Economics Association's Survey of American Teenagers. Interviews with 510 high
school juniors and seniors, selected to represent the U.S. high school population by sex
and by race/ethnicity, indicated that the world of today's teenagers is a balance of positive
and negative influences.
Teenagers identified issues relating to money, the future, and health as ones that
worry them most. At least three in ten were "extremely" or “very" concerned about being
able to pay for college, not earning enough money, making the wrong decisions about
their futures, contracting AIDS, and the future of the United States. Issues relating to
career choice, marriage, family financial well-being, combining work and family
responsibilities, dealing with family crises, and nutrition and disease were of concern to at
least one in five surveyed.
Further, teenagers reported that the schools are doing only an "adequate" job of
teaching them the skills necessary for a responsible and productive life. Schools received
the highest ratings in life-skill areas related to health concerns (substance abuse, human
sexuality, and AIDS), choosing a career, and making important life decisions. But
teenagers perceived that they were least prepared by schools in matters related to family
life/parenting, choosing a marital partner, and dealing with family crises, such as death
and divorce.

36. According to the passage, which of the following is considered one of the most
worrisome issues facing teenagers today?
A. A decrease in academic skills
B. Racial problems
C. Future financial problems
D. The high rate of divorce

37. With which topic is the passage mainly concerned?

A. American teenagers' preparation for adulthood
B. Results of a survey of American teenagers
C. Positive and negative influences on American teenagers
 D. Current home economics curricula

38. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as an area in
which schools are sufficiently preparing their teenagers?
A. Health
B. Careers
C. Drugs
D. Academics

39. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses

A. the likelihood of increasing the number of academic course Requirements
B. the need for additional funding for health-related courses
C. how the survey was administered and how the results were calculated
D. program improvement and curriculum in life-skills programs

40. With which of the following statements would the author of the passage be LEAST
likely to agree?
A. Today's American teenagers are mostly pessimistic about their future.
B. American teenagers are satisfied with their educational programs.
C. The results of the survey reflect the consensus of most American teenagers.
D. American teenagers are somewhat dissatisfied with the current family life
education programs available in their high schools.
READING 7

Continents and ocean basins represent the largest identifiable bodies on Earth. On the
solid portions of the planet, the second most prominent features are flat plains, elevated
plateaus, and large mountain ranges. In geography, the term "continent" refers to the
surface of continuous landmasses that together comprise about 29.2% of the planet's
surface. On the other hand, another definition is prevalent in the general use of the term
that deals with extensive mainlands, such as Europe or Asia, that actually represent one
very large landmass. Although all continents are bounded by water bodies or high mountain
ranges, isolated mainlands, such as Greenland and India-Pakistan areas are called
subcontinents. In some circles, the distinction between continents and large islands lies
almost exclusively in the size of a particular landmass.
The analysis of compression and tension in the earth's crust has determined that
continental structures are composed of layers that underlie continental shelves. A great deal
of disagreement among geologists surrounds the issue of exactly how many layers underlie
each landmass because of their distinctive mineral and chemical composition. It is also
quite possible that the ocean floor rests on the top of unknown continents that have not yet
been explored. The continental crust is believed to have been formed by means of a
chemical reaction when lighter materials separated from heavier ones, thus settling at
various levels within the crust. Assisted by the measurements of the specifics within crust
formations by means of monitoring earthquakes, geologists can speculate that a chemical
split occurred to form the atmosphere, sea water, and the crust before it solidified many
centuries ago.
Although each continent has its special features, all consist of various combinations
of components that include shields, mountain belts, intracratonic basins, margins, volcanic
plateaus, and blockvaulted belts. The basic differences among continents lie in the
proportion and the composition of these features relative to the continent size. Climatic
zones have a crucial effect on the weathering and formation of the surface features, soil
erosion, soil deposition, land formation, vegetation, and human activities.
Mountain belts are elongated narrow zones that have a characteristic folded
sedimentary organization of layers. They are typically produced during substantial crustal
movements, which generate faulting and mountain building. When continental margins
collide, the rise of a marginal edge leads to the formation of large mountain ranges, as
explained by the plate tectonic theory. This process also accounts for the occurrence of
mountain belts in ocean basins and produces evidence for the ongoing continental plate
evolution.

41. What does this passage mainly discuss?

A. Continental drift and division
B. Various definitions of the term "continent"
C. Continental structure and crust
D. Scientific analyses of continental crusts

42. According to the passage, how do scientists define continents?

A. As masses of land without divisions
B. As extensive bodies of land
C. As the largest identifiable features
D. As surficial compositions and ranges

43. In line 9, the word "bounded" is closest in meaning to

A. Covered
B. Convened
C. Delimited
D. Dominated

44. The author of the passage implies that the disagreement among scientists is based on
the fact that…
A. Each continent has several planes and shelves
B. Continents have various underlying layers of crust
C. Continents undergo compression and experience tension
D. Continents have different chemical makeup

45. The word "specifics" in line 22 is closest in meaning to…

A. Specialties
B. Speculations
C. Exact details
D. Precise movements
46. The word "it" in line 25 refers to…
A. A chemical split
B. The crust
C. The atmosphere
D. Sea water

47. The author of the passage implies that…

A. It is not known exactly how the continental crust was formed
B. Geologists have neglected the exploration of the ocean floor
C. Scientists have concentrated on monitoring earthquakes
D. The earth's atmosphere split into water and solids

48. According to the passage, what are the differences in the structure of continents?
A. The proportional size of continents to one another
B. Ratios of major components and their comparative size
C. The distinctive features of their elements
D. Climatic zones and their effect `on the surface features

49. In line 39, the phrase "This process" refers to .…

A. Continental collision
B. Mountain ranges
C. The rise of margins
D. Plate tectonic theory

50. The author of the passage implies that ..

A. The process of mountain formation has not been accounted for
B. Mountain ranges on the ocean floor lead to surface mountain buildine
C. Faulting and continental margins are parts of plate edges
D. The process of continent formation has not been completed