SELECTED FORMULAE AND CURVES

fyψtψe λ
1. ld = K db where the constant K is taken as follows:
f c′

≤ No. 20 and > No. 20

deformed wires deformed bars
Given bar spacing 12 3
criteria satisfied = 0.48 = 0.60
25 5
Other cases 18 9
= 0.72 = 0.90
25 10

9 fy ψ tψ eψ s λ cb + K tr
2. ld = × db where 
> 2.5
10 f c′  cb + K tr  db
 
 db 
Atr f yt
3. Ktr =
10 s n
 fy 
l n  0.8 + 
 1500 
4. If 0.2 < αfm ≤ 2.0, hmin = ≥ 120 mm
36 + 5β (α fm − 0.2 )
 f 
l n  0.8 + y 
 1500 
5. If αfm > 2.0, hmin = ≥ 90 mm
36 + 9 β
0.85 f c′ Mu  2.614 R 
6. ω = , R= , ρ = ω 1 − 1 − when εt ≥ 0.005
fy bd 2
 f c′ 
7. Transverse Distribution of Moments
Let l2/l1 = A 0.5 ≤ A ≤ 2.0
βt = B If βt > 2.5, B = 2.5
l2 l2
α f1 = D If α f1 > 1.0, D = 1.0
l1 l1

Interior negative moment (%age): 75 + 30(1−A)D

Exterior negative moment (%age): 100 − 10B + 2BD (1 − A)
Positive moment (%age): 60 + 15(3 − 2A)D
1 2 1 αsd 
8. Vc for punching shear = lesser of 1 +  f c′ bod,  + 2  f c′ bod, and
6 β 12  bo 
1
f c′ bod
3
 b1 d 3 db13 db2 b12
9. For interior columns: Ac = 2(b1 + b2)d, Jc = + +
6 6 2
For edge columns: Ac = (2b1 + b2)d, x = b12/(2b1 + b2)
 b d 3 db 3 b  
2

Jc = 2  1 + 1 + b1 d  1 − x   + b2 dx 2
 12 12 2  
2
For corner columns: Ac = (b1 + b2)d, x = b1 d / (2Ac)
2
b1 d 3 db13  b1 
Jc = + + b1 d  − x  + b2 dx 2
12 12 2 
0.015
c c 
10. Slabs in EFM: m = 0.09  1 × 2  α 0.24 ≥ 0.083
 l1 l 2 
0.05
c c 
k = 5.3  1 × 2  α 0.9 ≥ 4.0
 l1 l 2 
0.02
c c 
COF = 0.57  1 × 2  α 0.37 ≥ 0.5
 l1 l 2 
where α = depth at drop panel
depth of slab
0.08 2.7
t  l 
Columns in EFM: ka = 4.0  a   c  ≥ 4.0
 tb   l u 
for ta / tb = 0.4 to 2.2 and lc / lu up to 1.2
(l / l )
COFa = 0.5 c u 0.08 ≥ 0.5
(t a / t b )
Pu + 2 M x + 2 M y Pu + 2 M x + 2 M y
11. Ag(trial) = ,
0.43 f c′ + 0.008 f y 0.50 f c′ + 0.010 f y
F (a n )
12. an+1 = an −
F ′(a n )
α f c′b h Ast f y
13. Pn = + where α = 0.408 − 0.00021 fy
eh α 2e
+ 1+
d2 0.85 d − d′
ey
14. If ex / b ≥ ey / h, eox = ex + α b
h
Pu  P  f y + 300
for ≤ 0.4 , α =  0.5 + u  ≥ 0.6
f c′Ag  f c
′ Ag  720
Pu  P  f y + 300
for > 0.4 , α = 1.3 − u  ≥ 0.5
f c′Ag  f c′Ag  720
α α
 M ux  M 
15.   +  uy  = 1.0 where α = log 0.5 / log β
M 
 M uxo   uyo 
16. Ec = 4700 f c′ for normal weight concrete
M1
17. Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 ≥ 0.4 for members without transverse loads between supports
M2

 Acp2  2 A0 At f yv
18. Tcr = 0.33 f c 
′  ; Tn = cotθ;
 Pcp  s
 
A  f yv  2
19. Al = t ρh   cot θ
s f 
 yl 
2 2
 Vu   Tu ρ h  V  
20.   +  2

≤ φ  c + 0.66 f c′ 

 bw d   1.7 Aoh  bw d
 
21. Vc for one-way shear ≈ 1/6 f c′ bw d
0.42 f c′ Acp A  f yt b
22. Al,min = −  t  ph where At / s must not be less than 0.175 w
fy  s  fy f yt
b s b s
23. (Av + 2 At)min = larger of 0.062 f c′ w and 0.35 w
f yt f yt
nf c
24. k = ( ρ n )2 + 2 ρ n − ρ n & k=
nf c + f s
f c′ 1.4
25. As,min. = bwd ≥ bwd
4 fy fy
f c′ 600 f s′
26. ρb = 0.85 β1 , ρ b = ρb + ρ′ × , ρwb = ρb + ρf
fy f y + 600 fy
Mu f′ 3
27. dmin. = , ρmax = 0.85 β1 c
′
0.205 f c b fy 8
lx  R2 
28. R = , slab width for interior longer beam = 1 − l x
ly  3 
 Ag  f′
29. ρsp = 0.45  − 1 c
 Ac  fy
π d sp2 f y
30. smax. =
[
0.45 Dc f c′ Ag Ac − 1 ]
m yn
1 − 32
ql 2y
31. k =
lx
8 −1
ly
kql 2y  l x 
32. myp = 8 − 3 + k
32  l y 
 k1 (1 − α 2 ) − 2m xn / ql 2y
33. k2 =
α (2 − α )
f c′ 1 .4
34. As,min. = bwd ≥ bwd
4 fy fy
f c′ 600 f s′
35. ρb = 0.85 β1 , ρ b = ρb + ρ′ × , ρwb = ρb + ρf
fy f y + 600 fy
 V d V d
36. Vc = 0.158 f c′ + 17.2 ρ w u  bwd >  0.29 f c′ bwd, u  1.0
>
 Mu  Mu
α  2 5
37. Vn = Acv  c f c′ + ρ t f y  ≤ Acv f c′ ≤ Acw f c′
 6  3 6
where αc = 2 when hw / lw ≥ 2.0 (high-rise wall)
= 3 when hw / lw ≤ 1.5 (low-rise wall)
= 6 − hw / lw × 2 when hw / lw is between 1.5 and 2.
lw
38. Boundary element is to be provided if c ≥
600(δ u / hw )
39. The minimum ratio of spiral or circular reinforcement in boundary element is:
f′  Ag  f′
ρs = larger of 0.12 c and 0.45  − 1 c
f yt  Ach  f yt
40. The minimum ratio of rectangular hoop reinforcement in boundary element is:
f′
Ash = 0.09 s bc c
f yt
1 fy
41. ldc = F1 F2 d b ≥ F1 F2 × 0.04 fy db ≥ 200 mm
4 f c′
42. The minimum lap length for splices of deformed bars in compression is as under:

l = 0.07 F f y d b ≥ 300 mm for fy ≤ 420 MPa

= (0.13 f y − 24) F d b ≥ 300 mm for fy > 420 MPa
where F = 1 when fc′ > 20 MPa
= 4/3 when fc′ ≤ 20 MPa
1 fy
43. ldh = F1 F2 ψ e λ db ≥ 8 db ≥ 150 mm
4 f c′
Mn
44. ld ≤ K + la
Vu
45. a) If αfm < 0.20, the provisions for slabs without interior beams must be
applied.
b) For panel with one or more discontinuous edges having edge beam with αf <
0.8, hmin is to be increased by at least 10% in that panel. This increase is not
required for slabs without interior beams and is not to be applied to the upper
limit of 120 and 90 mm.
 Two-Way Slab Depth Without Interior Beams
The minimum thickness is greater of the following values and that given by Table:

a) Slabs without drop panels ----------------------------------- 120 mm

b) Slabs with drop panels --------------------------------------- 100 mm

Table. Minimum Slab Depth Without Interior Beams.

Exterior panel
Interior panel
+ either drop
+ drop panel
Exterior panel panel or edge
fy (OR)
+ no drop panel beam
(MPa) Exterior panel
+ no edge beam (OR)
+ drop panel
Interior panel
+ edge beam
+ no drop panel
300 ln/33 ln /36 ln /40
420 ln /30 ln /33 ln /36

 x  x3.y E cb C
46. C = ∑  1 − 0 .63 
y 3
47. βt ≅
2 E cs I s

48. Development Of Flexural Reinforcement
A. Column Strip Top Steel
i) Half top steel should extend 0.30 l n beyond the face of support. This should
be increased to 0.33 l n and 90° hooks are to be provided at ends in exterior
supports, if drop panel is present.
ii) The remainder half steel should extend 0.20 l n past the face of support and
must end with 90° hooks in exterior supports.
B. Column Strip Bottom Steel
All bars must be provided throughout the span, with half having 90° hooks in
exterior supports over the columns.
C. Middle Strip Top Steel
All bars must extend 0.22 l n past the face of support, with 90° hooks in exterior
supports.
D. Middle Strip Bottom Steel
i) Half bottom steel should extend throughout the span.
ii) The remainder half alternate bars should extend fully to the outer edges but
can curtailed at a maximum distance of 0.15 l n from center of the interior
supports.
1 1
49. γf = , γv = 1−
2 b1 2 b1
1+ 1+
3 b2 3 b2
0.20
50. φ = 0.70 + (ε t − ε y ) for spiral reinforcement
0.005 − ε y
0.25
φ = 0.65 + (ε t − ε y ) for lateral ties
0.005 − ε y
 1 1 1 1
51. = + −
φPni φPnx φPny φPo
E c I g / 5 + E s I se 0.4 Ec I g
52. EI = or EI =
1+ βd 1+ βd

53. Q =
∑P u ∆o
Vu l c
1 1
54. δs = ≥ 1.0 or δs = ≥ 1.0
1− Q
1−
∑P u

0.75∑ P c

1
55. δns = ≥ 1.0
Pu
1−
0.75 Pc
56. φPn = φ 0.85 f c′A1 A2 / A1 ≤ φ 0.85 f c′A1 × 2.0
Pu − φPn
57. Area of steel required for dowels within the footing = , where φ = 0.65
φ fy
Pu − φ 0.85 f c′Ag
58. Area of steel required for dowels within the column =
φ fy
P+Mx + My
59. hmin = 45 + 60 mm ≥ 250 mm
α s Ac f c′
2
60. Reinforcement ratio in central band =
β +1
1 1
61. ekx = and eky =
6e y 6 6e x 6
+ +
B ex L L ey B
62.
ΨA k ΨB
∞ ∞
1.0
10.0 10.0
5.0 5.0
0.8 3.0
3.0
2.0 2.0

0.6
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6
0.5
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.6 0.2
0.2

0.1 0.1

0 0.5 0

Fig. Effective Length Factor For Braced Columns.

ΨA k ΨB
∞ ∞
∞ 100.0
100.0 10.0
50.0 50.0
30.0 5.0 30.0
20.0 4.0 20.0

10.0 10.0
3.0
8.0 8.0

6.0 6.0
5.0 5.0
4.0 2.0 4.0
3.0 3.0

2.0 2.0
1.5

1.0 1.0

0 1.0 0

Fig. Effective Length Factor For Unbraced Columns.

63.
Standard US Customary Reinforcing Bars.

US Nominal Nominal Nominal

Designation Diameter (mm) Area Mass
Number SI Designation (mm2) (kgs/m)
Number
*2 6 32 0.248
3 10 71 0.560
4 13 129 0.994
5 16 199 1.552
6 19 284 2.235
7 22 387 3.042
8 25 510 3.973
9 29 645 5.060
10 32 819 6.404
11 36 1006 7.907
14 43 1452 11.38
18 57 2581 20.24
* This diameter is not a standard bar diameter.

64.

Cross Sectional Area Of US Customary Bars Per Meter Width (mm2/m)

Bar Bar Number

Spacing
(mm) 6 10 13 16 19
100 320 710 1300 2000 2850
120 267 592 1083 1667 2375
130 246 546 1000 1538 2192
140 229 507 929 1429 2036
150 213 473 867 1333 1900
160 200 444 813 1250 1781
170 188 418 765 1176 1676
180 178 394 722 1111 1583
190 168 374 684 1053 1500
200 160 355 650 1000 1425
225 142 316 578 889 1267
250 128 284 520 800 1140
275 116 258 473 727 1036
300 107 237 433 667 950
350 91 203 371 571 814
400 80 178 325 500 713
450 71 158 289 444 633
  M cr 
3
 M   3

65. Ie =   Ig + 1 −  cr  Icr ≤ Ig

 Ma    M a 
fr I g 5 ξ
66. Mcr = , fr = f c′ , λ =
yt 8 1 + 50 ρ ′
 V d V d
67. Vc = 0.158 f c′ + 17.2 ρ w u  bwd >  0.29 f c′ bwd, u  1.0
>
 Mu  Mu
 C A 
68. A f (kg / m 3 ) = γ f [1000 − W + + c + 10 A 
 γ γc 

69. Table: Moment and shear values using ACI coefficients.

1. Positive Moment:
End spans:
1
If discontinuous end is unrestrained wuln2
11
1
If discontinuous end is integral with the support wuln2
14
1
Interior spans: wuln2
16
2. Negative moment at exterior face of first interior support:
1
Two spans wuln2
9
1
More than two spans wuln2
10
1
3. Negative moment at other faces of interior supports wuln2
11
(ln in no. 3 is the average of clear spans of the two adjacent panels.)

4. Negative moment at face of all supports for (1) slabs with spans not 1
exceeding 3m and (2) beams and girders where ratio of sum of column wuln2
12
stiffness to beam stiffness exceeds 8 at each end of the span.

5. Negative moment at interior faces of exterior supports for members built

Integrally with their supports:
1
Where the support is a spandrel beam or girder wuln2
24
1
Where the support is a column wuln2
16
wl
6. Shear in end members at first interior support 1.15 u n
2
wu l n
7. Shear at all other supports
2
70. Table: Minimum Depth of Beams and One-Way Slabs
Steel Simply One End Both Ends
Member Cantilever
Grade Supported Continuous Continuous
Solid One- 300 l /25 l /30 l /35 l /12
Way Slabs 420 l /20 l /24 l /28 l /10
300 l /20 l /23 l /26 l /10
Beams 420 l /16 l /18.5 l /21 l /8
515 l /14 l /16 l /18 l /7

71. Table: BS 8110 Requirements For Durability.

Enviro- Exposure Condition Maximum Minimum Content of Average
nment Free Water/ Cementitious Material Cylinder
Cementitious (kg/m3) for Following Max. Strength
Material Size 0f Aggregate (mm)
Ratio 40 20 14 10 (MPa)
Mild Concrete surfaces protected
against weather or aggressive 0.80 150 180 200 220 15
conditions.
Moderate Concrete surfaces sheltered
from severe rain or freezing 0.65 245 275 295 315 24
whilst wet. Concrete surface
continuously under water or in
contact with non-aggressive
soil
Severe Concrete surfaces exposed to
severe rain alternating wetting 0.60 270 300 320 340 27
and drying or occasional
freezing.
Very Concrete surface exposed to sea
severe water spray, de-icing salts, 0.55 295 325 345 365 30 with
corrosive fumes or severe entrained
freezing conditions. air
Extreme Concrete surfaces exposed to
abrasive action by sea water 0.50 320 350 370 390 36
carrying solids or flowing water
with pH ≤ 4.5 or machinery or
vehicles.

72. Table: ACI Requirements Against Sulphate Attack.

Sulphate Water-Soluble Sulpahte (SO4) Maximum Free

Exposure Sulphate (SO4) in Water Type of Cement Water / Cement
in Soil Ratio For Normal
(percent by Weight Aggregate
mass) (ppm) Concrete
Negligible 0.00 – 0.10 0 – 150 No limitation No limitation
Moderate 0.10 – 0.20 150 – 1500 Modified (Type II) 0.50
(sea water) Portland-pozzolan,
Portland blast furnace
Severe 0.20 – 2.00 1500 – 10000 Sulphate-resisting Portland 0.45
(Type V)
Very severe over 2.00 over 10,000 Sulphate-resisting Portland 0.45
plus fly ash or other
pozzolan
 73. Table: Relation Between Water / Cement Ratio and
Average Compressive Strength of Concrete.

Average Compressive Strength Effective Water / Cement

at 28 days Ratio by Mass for Non-Air-
(MPa) Entrained Concrete
45 0.38
40 0.43
35 0.48
30 0.55
25 0.62
20 0.70
15 0.80

74. Table: Approximate Water requirements.

Workability Water Content (kg/m3) of Concrete for Maximum Aggregate

(slump) Size (mm) for Non-Air-Entrained Concrete
10 12.5 20 25 40
30 – 50 205 200 185 180 160
80 – 100 225 215 200 195 175
150 – 180 240 230 210 205 185
Approximate Entrapped 3 2.5 2 1.5 1
Air Content, percent
Recommended Average
Air Content Percent for:
Mild 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5
Exposure
Moderate Exposure 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.5
Extreme Exposure 7.5 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.5

75. Table: Required Amount of Coarse Aggregate, ACI 211.1 Modified For Less
Fineness Modulus.

Maximum Size Dry Bulk Volume of Rodded Coarse Aggregate Per Unit Volume
of Aggregate of Concrete for Fineness Modulus of Sand of:
(mm)
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
10 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
12.5 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53
20 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
25 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65
40 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69
50 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72
70 0.85 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76
150 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.81
76. Longitudinal Distribution of Moments
 at supports
Factored M = 0.65 Mo
+
Factored M at mid-span = 0.35 Mo

Exterior edge Slab with beams Slab with edge

unrestrained, with between all beams, but without
no beams supports interior beams

(1) (2) (3)


Int. M 0.75 0.70 0.70
+
M 0.63 0.57 0.52

Ext. M 0 0.16 0.26

Po
77. Pu =
P  e
1 +  o − 1
 Pb  eb

78 - Table. ACI 1963 Coefficients For Dead Load Positive Moments In

Slabs Increased by 25%.

Case Case Case Case Case Case Case Case Case

Ratio 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
m
Cx 0.045 0.023 0.023 0.034 0.034 0.041 0.034 0.025 0.029
1.00
Cy 0.045 0.023 0.034 0.034 0.023 0.034 0.038 0.029 0.025
Cx 0.050 0.025 0.026 0.038 0.035 0.045 0.039 0.028 0.030
0.95
Cy 0.041 0.020 0.031 0.030 0.019 0.030 0.039 0.026 0.021
Cx 0.056 0.028 0.031 0.041 0.036 0.049 0.044 0.031 0.033
0.90
Cy 0.036 0.018 0.030 0.028 0.016 0.026 0.035 0.024 0.019
Cx 0.063 0.030 0.036 0.045 0.039 0.053 0.050 0.036 0.035
0.85
Cy 0.033 0.015 0.028 0.024 0.014 0.021 0.031 0.021 0.016
Cx 0.070 0.033 0.043 0.049 0.040 0.056 0.056 0.040 0.036
0.80
Cy 0.029 0.014 0.025 0.020 0.011 0.019 0.028 0.019 0.013
Cx 0.076 0.035 0.050 0.054 0.041 0.060 0.064 0.045 0.039
0.75
Cy 0.024 0.011 0.023 0.016 0.009 0.015 0.025 0.016 0.009
Cx 0.085 0.038 0.058 0.058 0.044 0.064 0.073 0.050 0.041
0.70
Cy 0.020 0.009 0.020 0.014 0.006 0.011 0.021 0.014 0.008
Cx 0.093 0.040 0.068 0.063 0.045 0.068 0.081 0.055 0.043
0.65
Cy 0.016 0.008 0.018 0.011 0.005 0.009 0.018 0.011 0.006
Cx 0.101 0.043 0.078 0.066 0.046 0.070 0.091 0.060 0.045
0.60
Cy 0.013 0.005 0.014 0.009 0.004 0.008 0.015 0.009 0.005
Cx 0.110 0.044 0.089 0.070 0.048 0.073 0.101 0.065 0.046
0.55
Cy 0.010 0.004 0.011 0.006 0.003 0.005 0.011 0.006 0.004
Cx 0.119 0.046 0.100 0.074 0.049 0.076 0.111 0.070 0.048
0.5
Cy 0.008 0.003 0.009 0.005 0.001 0.004 0.009 0.005 0.003
79.

Table. ACI 1963 Coefficients For Live Load Positive Moments In Slabs
Increased by 25%.
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9

Cx 0.045 0.034 0.034 0.040 0.040 0.044 0.040 0.035 0.038

1.00
Cy 0.045 0.034 0.040 0.040 0.034 0.040 0.044 0.038 0.035
Cx 0.050 0.038 0.039 0.044 0.043 0.048 0.045 0.039 0.040
0.95
Cy 0.041 0.031 0.036 0.036 0.030 0.036 0.040 0.034 0.031
Cx 0.056 0.043 0.044 0.049 0.046 0.053 0.050 0.044 0.045
0.90
Cy 0.036 0.028 0.034 0.033 0.026 0.031 0.036 0.030 0.028
Cx 0.063 0.046 0.050 0.054 0.051 0.058 0.056 0.050 0.049
0.85
Cy 0.033 0.024 0.030 0.029 0.024 0.028 0.033 0.028 0.025
Cx 0.070 0.051 0.056 0.060 0.055 0.064 0.064 0.055 0.053
0.80
Cy 0.029 0.021 0.028 0.025 0.020 0.024 0.029 0.024 0.021
Cx 0.076 0.056 0.064 0.065 0.059 0.069 0.070 0.061 0.058
0.75
Cy 0.024 0.018 0.024 0.020 0.016 0.020 0.025 0.020 0.016

80.

Table. ACI 1963 Coefficients For Live Load Positive Moments In Slabs
Increased by 25%.
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9

Cx 0.085 0.061 0.071 0.071 0.064 0.075 0.079 0.068 0.063

0.70
Cy 0.020 0.015 0.020 0.018 0.014 0.016 0.021 0.018 0.014
Cx 0.093 0.066 0.080 0.078 0.069 0.080 0.088 0.074 0.068
0.65
Cy 0.016 0.013 0.018 0.014 0.011 0.013 0.018 0.014 0.011
Cx 0.101 0.073 0.089 0.084 0.074 0.085 0.096 0.081 0.074
0.60
Cy 0.013 0.009 0.014 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.014 0.011 0.009
Cx 0.110 0.078 0.100 0.090 0.079 0.091 0.106 0.088 0.079
0.55
Cy 0.010 0.008 0.011 0.009 0.006 0.008 0.011 0.009 0.008
Cx 0.119 0.083 0.110 0.096 0.084 0.098 0.115 0.095 0.084
0.5
Cy 0.008 0.005 0.009 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.063 0.005
81.

Table. ACI 1963 Coefficients For Negative Moments In Slabs

Decreased by 10%.

Case Case Case Case Case Case Case Case Case

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Cx — 0.041 — 0.045 0.068 0.064 — 0.030 0.055

1.00
Cy — 0.041 0.068 0.045 — — 0.064 0.055 0.030
Cx — 0.045 — 0.050 0.071 0.068 — 0.034 0.059
0.95
Cy — 0.037 0.065 0.041 — — 0.060 0.050 0.026
Cx — 0.050 — 0.054 0.072 0.071 — 0.039 0.061
0.90
Cy — 0.033 0.063 0.036 — — 0.056 0.047 0.023
Cx — 0.054 — 0.059 0.074 0.075 — 0.044 0.065
0.85
Cy — 0.028 0.059 0.031 — — 0.051 0.041 0.019
Cx — 0.059 — 0.064 0.075 0.077 — 0.050 0.068
0.80
Cy — 0.024 0.055 0.026 — — 0.046 0.037 0.015
Cx — 0.062 — 0.068 0.077 0.079 — 0.055 0.070
0.75
Cy — 0.020 0.050 0.022 — — 0.040 0.032 0.013
Cx — 0.067 — 0.073 0.077 0.082 — 0.061 0.073
0.70
Cy — 0.015 0.045 0.017 — — 0.034 0.026 0.010
Cx — 0.069 — 0.077 0.078 0.084 — 0.067 0.075
0.65
Cy — 0.013 0.039 0.014 — — 0.028 0.022 0.007
Cx — 0.073 — 0.080 0.079 0.086 — 0.072 0.077
0.60
Cy — 0.009 0.032 0.010 — — 0.022 0.016 0.005
Cx — 0.076 — 0.083 0.080 0.086 — 0.077 0.077
0.55
Cy — 0.006 0.025 0.007 — — 0.017 0.013 0.005
Cx — 0.077 — 0.085 0.081 0.087 — 0.080 0.079
0.5
Cy — 0.005 0.020 0.005 — — 0.013 0.009 0.003
 82. fc′ = 20 MPa : fy = 300 MPa ; γ = 0.9
18

16

14

ρ = 0.010
ρ = 0.015
12

ρ = 0.020
ρ = 0.025
10
ρ = 0.030
P u /A g , M Pa

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

M u /A g h , MPa
 83. fc′ = 20 MPa : fy = 300 MPa ; γ = 0.75
18

16

14

ρ = 0.010
ρ = 0.015
12

ρ = 0.020
ρ = 0.025
P u /A g , M Pa

10
ρ = 0.030

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

M u /A g h , MPa
 84. fc′ = 20 MPa : fy = 300 MPa ; γ = 0.6
18

16

14

ρ = 0.010
ρ = 0.015
12

ρ = 0.020
ρ = 0.025
10
ρ = 0.030
P u /A g , M P a

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

M u /A g h , MPa