Đại Học Bách Khoa TP.

HCM
Bộ Môn Viễn Thông

Môn học – THÔNG TIN VÔ TUYẾN

Chapter 2 – Cellular Concepts and Analysis
(4G)

Presenter: Dr. Nguyễn Đình Long 1

Email: dinhlonghcmut@gmail.com
Phone: 0947 229599
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/dnhlongnguyen/
22 Mar. 2021
Dr. Long D. Nguyen
References of the Presentation

This Chapter slides are modified from WC02-Cellular Concepts

from HCMUT, HCMUTE and other sources.

Tài liệu tham khảo:

▪ T.S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall PTR, 2002.
▪ A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

2
Cấu trúc môn học
Introduction to Wireless Communication

Cellular networks and Analysis (GSM, 3G, 4G, …)

Wireless Propagation Channels (Large-scale & Small-scale fading)

Multiple Access Techniques

Introduction to Optimization for Wireless Communication Systems

Channel capacity, Equalization, Diversity

Emerging Wireless Networks

3
▪ One of the biggest challenges in providing multimedia wireless services is to
maximize efficient use of the limited available bandwidth.

▪ Cellular systems exploit the power falloff with distance of signal propagation to
reuse the same frequency channel at spatially- separated locations.
▪ Different frequencies, timeslots, or codes are assigned to different cells.

▪ For time and frequency division, cells

operating on the same frequency or
timeslot are spaced just far enough
apart so that their mutual interference
is tolerable.

4
Content

1. Introduction to Cellular Network 2G-GSM

2. Cellular Frequency and Frequency reuse

3. Trunking technology and Grade of Service

4. Handoff Strategies

5. Introduction to 3G-UMTS/WCDMA, 4G-LTE, 5G …

6. Analysis of Coverage & Capacity in Cellular Systems

5
 CELLULAR NETWORKS AND ANALYSIS

4G LTE –
Fourth generation of wireless mobile telecommunications
What is 4G?

https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/5g/4g

7
Overview of MIMO communications
▪ MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output):
Transmitter/receiver can have multiple antennas
▪ Two benefits:
o Improve link SINR
o Improve link concurrency

8
Single-user MIMO
Basic communication modes:

9
Single-user MIMO

❑ Advantages: capacity gains

▪ Diversity gain
- Receiver diversity
- Transmit diversity

▪ Multiplexing gain
- Spatial multiplexing

10
Receiver diversity
▪ Receiver coherently combines signals
received by multiple antennas

• Increasing SNR proportionally to Nr (#of receive antennas)

✓ Received signal power adds up

11
Implementing Receiver diversity
▪ Selection combining (SC)

• Maximum Ratio combining

(MRC): improves SNR to

12
Receiver diversity
▪ Multiple receive antennas allow to mitigate fading:

13
Transmit diversity
▪ Transmitter sends multiple versions of the same
signal, through multiple antennas.

• Two modes of transmit diversity:

- Open-loop transmit diversity
- Closed-loop transmit diversity

14
Spatial multiplexing
▪ Form multiple independent links (on the same spectrum band) between TX and RX, and send data in
parallel through them.
▪ Unfortunately, there is cross-talk between antennas.
▪ Cross-talk must be removed by digital signal processing algorithms

15
16

16
Multi-user MIMO

▪ MU-MIMO enables multiple streams of data to be sent to different users in parallel,

without cross-talk interference.

17
Multi-user MIMO
▪ MU-MIMO differs from traditional MIMO:

18
Multi-user MIMO

19
Multi-user MIMO

20
Multi-user MIMO: gain and limitation

▪ If the transmitter has Nt antennas, then it can send Nt streams of data simultaneously to Nt users,
increasing capacity to Nt times compared with single-antenna transmitter.
▪ MU-MIMO is essentially a form of spatial multiplexing, must know CSIs.
▪ Limitations of large MIMO architectures
o Only one transmitter at a time.
o Simultaneous transmission from different transmitters causes
collision
o So network capacity doesn’t scale with transmitter density

21
Network MIMO

▪ A giant-MIMO comprised of many Aps.

▪ APs are tightly synchronized and share data.
▪ Mutual interference can be cancelled.
▪ Network capacity scales linearly with the number of APs, theoretically

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MIMO capacity on fading channels

▪ The capacity increase can be seen by comparing MIMO systems with SISO, SIMO, and MISO
systems
▪ SISO:capacity is given by Shannon’s classical formula:

C = B log (1 + snr  h 2 )
2
Where B is the BW and h is the channel fading gain
▪ SIMO (with M receiving antennas), the capacity is given by

M 2
C = B log (1 + snr   h )
2 m
m =1
▪ MISO (with N transmitting antennas), the capacity is given by

N 2
C = B log (1 + snr   h )
2 n
▪ MIMO: n =1

 M N 2
C = B log 1 + snr   h
2 mn 
 m =1 n =1  23
Average capacity of a MIMO Rayleigh fading channel
60

55

50

45

40

Average Capacity [bits/sec/Hz]

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
SNR [dB]

N=1 M=1 N=2 M=1 N=1 M=2 N=2 M=2 N=2 M=4 N=2 M=6 N=4 M=4 N=8 M=8

Source: Space-time Diversity Codes for Fading Channels, [3] 24

MIMO Diversity and Reliability

▪ The performance improvement in SNR and error probability for MIMO can be compared with
SISO, SIMO, and MISO
▪ The detailed calculation for SNR and Pe is shown in
▪ SISO: y = hx + n
2 1
E hx Pe 
SNR(h) = = SNR h
2
and SNR
En
2 1+
2
▪ Receive Diversity (SIMO): yi = hi x + ni , i = 1,2, N
1
N
Pe 
SNR(h) = SNR h
2
 SNR 
N
and
i 1 + 
 2 
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MIMO Diversity and Reliability

▪ The values for SNR and Pe for: M

▪ Transmit Diversity (MISO): y =  hjx j + n
j =1

M 1
Pe 
SNR(h) = SNR hj
2 and M
 SNR 
j =1 1 + 
 2 

▪ Transmit/Receive Diversity (MIMO):

M
▪ The received signal at antenna i will be:
yi =  hijxj + ni
▪ H is the channel fading matrix j =1

1
Pe  MN
 SNR 
1 + 
 2 min{ N , M }  26
Massive MIMO
▪ Use hundreds of BS antennas to simultaneously serve multiple users

27
Recent Advances of Massive MIMO

28
Opportunities and challenges
▪ Advantages
‒ Improve the spectrum efficiency and the energy efficiency.

▪ Vision
‒ Considered as a promising key technology for 5G

▪ Challenges
‒ Theoretical analysis with practical constraints
‒ Reduce the power consumption of RF chains
‒ Pilot contamination in the uplink
‒ Efficient pilot design and channel estimation algorithm
‒ Efficient channel feedback mechanism
‒ Low-complexity near-optimal signal detection algorithm
29
Introduction LTE
▪ The data rates and spectral efficiencies of WCDMA would not meet the demand
of future applications; therefore, a new system had to be developed
→3GPP Long-Term Evolution (LTE).

▪ WCDMA was decided to completely change both the air interface and the core
network:
o The air interface was to move to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) as modulation.
o Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), with (limited)
support for Multiple Input Multiple Output system (MIMO) antenna technology.
o The core network was to evolve into a pure packet-switched network.

30
Introduction LTE
▪ LTE has received strong support from the vast majority of cell-phone and
infrastructure manufacturers.

▪ For LTE Release 8, LTE aims to achieve a peak data rate of 100 Mbit/s in the downlink
and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink (UL), respectively, with a 20-MHz spectrum allocation for
each of the downlink and uplink. Thus, the required spectral efficiency is 5 and 2.5
bit/s/Hz for the downlink and uplink, respectively.

▪ Release 10, also known as LTE-Advanced is intended to provide data rates up to 1

Gbit/s.

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Modulation (OFDM)

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-plexing technique that

subdivides the bandwidth into multiple frequency sub-carriers as shown in left side 32
Modulation (OFDM)
❑ OFDM modulation can be realized with efficient Inverse
Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), which enables a large
number of sub-carriers (up to 2048) with low complexity.

❑ In an OFDM system, resources are available

•in the time domain by means of OFDM symbols
• in the frequency domain by means of sub-carriers.

❑ The time and frequency resources can be organized into

sub-channels for allocation to individual users.

33
Modulation Formats
▪ The output of the channel encoder is mapped onto the modulation constellation.

▪ 4-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), 16-QAM, or 64-QAM (64-QAM is

optional in the uplink).

▪ The constellations are normalized by multiplication with a factor c.

34
Frequency Bands and Spectrum Flexibility
▪ LTE can be operated in a variety of frequency bands that are assigned by national
frequency regulators, based on the decisions of the World Radio Conference.

35
Frequency Bands and Spectrum Flexibility
▪ LTE can also be operated with various bandwidths: 5 and 10 MHz (lower: 1.4 and 3
MHz, higher: 15 and 20 MHz).

▪ When peak data rates are mentioned, LTE usually refer to usage in the 20-MHz
spectrum.

▪ Due to the use of OFDM as modulation format, bandwidths can be adjusted by

changing the number of subcarriers.

36
Network Structure
▪ There is only a single type of access point, namely, the eNodeB (or BS, in our
notation).
▪ Each BS can supply one or more cells, providing the following functionalities:

✓ air interface communications and

PHYsical layer (PHY) functions;

✓ radio resource allocation/scheduling;

✓ retransmission control.

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KIẾN TRÚC MẠNG DI ĐỘNG

38
KIẾN TRÚC MẠNG 4G
▪ EPS: Evolved Packet System
▪ EPC: Evolved Packet Core
▪ SAE: System Architecture Evolution
▪ E-UTRAN: Evolved
2 UMTS Terrestrial
Radio Access Network
▪ LTE: Long Term Evolution
3

▪ EPS = EPC + E-UTRAN = SAE + LTE

▪ EPC = SAE
4
▪ E-UTRAN = LTE
5

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CHỨC NĂNG CÁC PHẦN TỬ MẠNG

eNodeB: Evolved Node B

▪ Chức năng tương đương NodeB và một phần RNC
▪ Quản lý tài nguyên
2 vô tuyến
▪ Mã hóa bảo mật kênh truyền vô tuyến
▪ Lựa chọn MME
3 trong các thủ tục đăng nhập
▪ Định tuyến lưu lượng từ UE đến SGW
4

40
CHỨC NĂNG CÁC PHẦN TỬ MẠNG

MME: Mobility Management Entity

❖Chức năng gần tương đương SGSN.
2 điều khiển báo hiệu trong mạng lõi
❖Phụ trách về
❖Quản lý tính di động của thuê bao
3
❖Điều khiển roaming.
❖Quản lý về nhận thực thuê bao
4
❖Lựa chọn S-PGW

41
CHỨC NĂNG CÁC PHẦN TỬ MẠNG

SGW : Serving Gateway

❖Quản lý phần trao đổi lưu lượng của thuê bao
và mạng lõi2
❖Chuyển tiếp lưu lượng đến PGW qua giao diện
S5/S8 3
❖Tính cước cho thuê bao
❖Hỗ trợ việc4di động giữa các mạng 3GPP

42
CHỨC NĂNG CÁC PHẦN TỬ MẠNG

PGW : Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway

❖Quản lý kết nối mạng lõi EPC với mạng data
bên ngoài 2
❖Thực thi các chính sách
3 gói tin (DPI)
❖Phân tích sâu
❖Tính cước
4 chỉ IP
❖Cấp phát địa
❖Hỗ trợ việc di động giữa các mạng 3GPP và
non-3GPP 5

43
CHỨC NĂNG CÁC PHẦN TỬ MẠNG

HSS : Home Subscriber Server

❖Thực hiện lưu trự thông tin thuê bao:
▪ Nhận thực
2
▪ Dịch vụ
▪ Di động 3

44
 SO SÁNH KIẾN TRÚC MẠNG DATA 3G VÀ 4G

45
Network Structure

▪ The core network performs functions as:

✓subscriber management and charging;
✓QoS provisioning, and policy control of user data flows;
✓connection to external networks.

46
PHY and MAC Layer
▪ In the downlink, LTE uses OFDM as modulation.

▪ In the uplink, it uses OFDM precoded with a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).

▪ The multiple access format for both uplink and downlink is OFDMA combined
with Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).

▪ Multicast/Broadcast over Single Frequency Network (MBSFN).

47
PHY and MAC Layer

▪ LTE provides means for inter-cell interference coordination, i.e., making sure that
signals emitted in one cell do not interfere catastrophically with signals in the
neighboring cells.

▪ Support for the multiple antennas, including receive diversity, various forms of
transmit diversity, and spatial multiplexing.

▪ Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), together with advanced coding

schemes.

48
Frames, Slots, and Symbols

▪ In LTE, the time axis is divided into entities that play an important role
in the transmission of different channels.
▪ The regular spacing between the subcarriers is 15 kHz.

49
Coding
▪ Cyclic Redundancy Check
▪ Convolutional Codes: to encode control information, not for the actual payload
data.
A length-7 convolutional code with the following code polynomials:

50
Coding

▪ Turbo Codes: to encode payload

data.
▪ Forward Error Correction (FEC)
schemes HARQ

51
Multiple-Antenna Techniques
▪ Transmit Diversity: 2 transmit antennas and 4 transmit antennas.

52
4G LTE eNodeB—the LTE antennas are the bigger ones on the outside

53
54
Logical and Physical Channels

▪ Logical channels are defined by the type of information that they carry.

▪ Logical channels are mapped to transport channels and from there to physical
channels (which are defined by their physical properties, i.e., time, subcarrier, etc.).

▪ The logical channels are similar to those in WCDMA.

55
Logical and Physical Channels

56