Simple kinetic molecular model of matter

States of matter
The Kinetic theory explains how solids, liquids and gases behave

According to the theory the matter is made up of tiny particles which are constantly in
motion, the particles attract each other strongly when close, but the attraction
weakens as they move farther apart.

Solids Liquids Gases

Have fixed shape and Have fixed volume and flow
volume to fill any shape
Particles are held strongly Particles are close but can
together by strong move past each other. The
attracting forces called attraction force between
Bonds. the particles cannot fix
their positions.
Fill any space available, no
fixed volume or shape
The particles are well
spaced out and free of any
attraction.
Brownian motion

By observing smoke particles (ash and oil) through a microscope it was found
that the particles move randomly in the air.

Particles in fluids (liquids and gases) move randomly. This is called Brownian
motion. They do this because they collide with other moving particles in the fluid.
Larger particles can be moved by light, fast-moving molecules.

Brownian motion is named after Robert Brown, who first observed this in 1827.
He used a microscope to look at pollen grains moving randomly in water.
The explanation of this is that the smoke or dust particles are big enough to be
seen, with little mass that they’re pushed around by the small moving fluid
particles that bump into them from different directions and randomly.

Energy in particles
The particles (atoms or molecules) have kinetic energy due to their movement
and potential energy that keeps them separated and opposes the bonds that try
to pull them together.

The total (kinetic and potential) energies the particles have is called internal
energy.

The hotter the material the faster its particles move.

When hot and cold materials are placed in contact, energy will transfer from the
hot to the cold material. This energy is called heat.

The internal energy and heat are called Thermal energy.