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Rural Water Supply System

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Rural water supply

Rural Water Supply System
General objectives of a water supply project are listed below:
To provide whole some water to the consumers for drinking purpose.
To supply adequate quantity to meet at least the minimum needs of the
individuals and to make adequate provisions for emergencies like fire
fighting, festivals, meeting etc
To make provision for future demands due to increase in population,
increase in standard of living, storage and conveyance.
To prevent pollution of water at source, storage and conveyance.
To maintain the treatment units and distribution system in good
condition with adequate staff and materials.
To design and maintain the system that is economical and reliable
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• Positive impacts
whole some water to the consumers for drinking purpose
Save time
As time is saved in fetching water, there is time to engage in other productive time, as a
consequence socio economic activities of individual, family and community is enhanced.
Helps to uplift the living standard of people
Maintain the personal hygiene as well as environmental cleanliness
Improve the health condition
• Negative impact
Pollution caused in construction phase.
Diversion of water disturbs basic ecology of river.
Conflict among various water resources users of that watershed, if not allocated fairly.
Degradation of water quality
Large quantity of waste water generation.
L ecturer : Sundar Adhikari 4

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Gravity system
Rural Water Supply System
Depending upon the level of source, topography of the area and other local Suitable when source of supply
conditions the water may be forced into distribution system by following ways is at sufficient height.
Gravity system Most reliable and economical
Pumping system distribution system.
Combined gravity and pumping system The water head available at the
Components of water supply system in rural and urban areas consumer is just minimum
required. The remaining head is
consumed in the frictional and
other losses.
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Pumping system Quantity and Quality consideration in rural

• Quantity consideration of water
Before designing any water supply project, it is required to
Determine demand
Treated water is directly pumped Fixation of design period and
in to the distribution main with out Population forecast up to the end of the design period
storing. Determine demand
Also called pumping without Determining the demand is very necessary before designing any rural water supply
project. Demand is higher in developed countries and less in developing countries.
storage system. Likewise, demand is higher in urban areas than in rural areas
High lifts pumps are required. Domestic demand:
Domestic demand is the demand of water for home use including drinking, cooking,
If power supply fails, complete bathing, washing, and house sanitation. It depends upon the habit, social status, climatic
stoppage of water supply. condition, living standard etc.
For design practice in Nepal, rural area with public tap (no private connection)=25 to 45
This method is not generally used. lpcd (generally 45 lpcd).
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Livestock demand: Factors affecting demand

Size and type of community: System of supply:
The quantity of water required for domestic animals and livestock is called Water rates:
livestock demand. Generally it is considered in rural water supply but in Nepal it is
Age of the community:
also considered in urban areas. In practice, livestock demand is taken up to 20% of
Availability of local sources:
domestic demand.(cow,buffalo,horses,dog,goat,birds,chickens)
Education and awareness of the people:
Commercial and Institutional demand: Public versus private tap stand:
It is demand for office building, warehouse, stores, hotels, schools, hospitals, Living standard of people:
theaters, clubs etc. Climatic condition:
Demand for public places or municipal demand: Quality of water:
Pressure in the supply:
It includes washing and sprinkling on road, cleaning sewers, watering public parks
gardens etc. Generally 20 – 25 % of the total demand is taken as this demand. Sanitation system:
Metering:
Compensate losses demand: Affluent (wealthy) versus subsistence ( survival ):
It includes losses due to defective pipe joints, cracked and broken pipes, faulty Habits of people:
valves and fittings, unauthorized connection (theft ), allowance for keeping tap Distance to tap stand
open. 4/8/2020
It is taken as 0 for rural area. L ecturer : Sundar Adhikari 9 4/8/2020 L ecturer : Sundar Adhikari 10

Population forecast
Economic factors: Methods of Population Forecasting
After fixing the design period, it is necessary to forecast or estimate the future
Development Program: population for the end of the service year because it fluctuates due to the death,
birth and migrations.
Social facilities: different methods of population forecasting.
Communication and information: i. Arithmetic Increase method
ii. Geometrical increase method
Tourism:
iii. Incremental Increase method
Community Life:
Unforeseen factors

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Quality of water Wholesome water: water is fit to use for drinking,

Water in absolutely pure form is not found in nature. It contains cooking, food preparation or washing without any
solids, dissolved salts and dissolved gases as impurities. potential danger to human health
Water that meets following criteria Palatable water: water which is tasteful in drinking
Free from bacteria causing diseases and aesthetically pure
Colorless and sparkling Potable water: water having both characteristics of
Tasty, odor free and cool wholesome and palatable
Does not corrode pipes Contaminated water: Water containing pathogenic
Free from all objectionable matter organism
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1.Physical examination:
✓Color
Examination of water: ✓Taste and odor
To ascertain the quality of water and quantity of various impurities. ✓Temperature
 To know the outline of the treatment process for required quality 2.Chemical examination:
To make daily treatment in treatment plants. Total solid: This examination gives total solid content, suspended, dissolved and colloidal
To check the treat water is as per standard or not. solid. The total solid content should be less than 500 ppm.
Hardness: It is a characteristic which prevents formation of leather with soap. Hardness in
Examination of water is divided into three classes water is caused due to presence of salts such as carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides and
Physical examination sulphates of calcium and magnesium. Total hardness is composed of two components-
temporary hardness and permanent hardness.
Chemical examination Dissolved oxygen: Oxygen is dissolved in water either from atmosphere or due to
Microbiological examination activities of algae or other tiny plant in water
3. Microbiological examination :
Virus
bacteria
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Maintenance and upkeep of traditional water

supply system
• The purpose of a water distribution system is to provide an adequate • supply system
and reliable supply of safe water to its users. Operation and • pipe fiting , pumps, distribution system , side cleaning , settling basin
maintenance are those activities needed to continuously fulfill this cleaning , intake source cleaning
purpose.
• Maintenance entails condition assessment, servicing, repair and
replacement of system components.
• When maintenance is done before a system element fails in order to
prevent it from failing, this is called proactive maintenance.
Maintenance done after a component failure is called reactive
maintenance.

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Rainwater harvesting
• Why rain water harvesting is important ?
Harvesting Rainwater has several functions:
Rainwater harvesting(RWH) is a simple method by which rainfall is collected for
future usage. The collected rainwater may be stored, utilized in different ways. Providing water to people and livestock
With depleting groundwater levels and fluctuating climate conditions, RWH can Providing water for food and cash crops
go a long way to help to tackle these effects. Capturing the rainwater can help
recharge local aquifers, reduce urban flooding and most importantly ensure water Increasing ground water recharge
availability in water -scarce zones. Reducing storm water discharges, urban floods and overloading of
For our water requirement we entirely depend upon rivers, lakes and ground sewage treatment plants
water. However rain is the ultimate source that feeds all these sources. Rain water
harvesting means to make optimum use of rain water at the place where it falls i.e. Reducing seawater ingress in coastal areas
conserve it and not allow to drain away and cause floods elsewhere.
The rain water harvesting may be defined as the technique of collection and
storage of rain water at surface or in sub-surface aquifer before it is lost as surface
run off.
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Advantages of Rainwater harvesting

Rain water harvesting methods
Promotes adequacy of underground water
 Mitigates the effect of drought
There are three methods of harvesting rain water as given below :
Reduces soil erosion as surface run-off is reduced
1. Storing rain water for direct use.
Reduces flood hazards
2. Recharging ground water aquifers, from roof top run off.
Improves ground water quality / decreases salinity (by dilution)
3. Recharging ground water aquifers with runoff from ground area.
Improves ground water table, thus saving energy (to lift water)
The cost of recharging subsurface aquifer is lower than surface reservoirs
The subsurface aquifer also serves as storage and distribution system
No land is wasted for storage purpose and no population displacement is involved
Storing water underground is environment friendly
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Rain water harvesting methods

Rain water harvesting methods
1)Storing rain water for direct use
In place where the rains occur throughout the year, rain water can be
stored in tanks. However, at places where rains are for 2 to 3 months,
huge volume of storage tanks would have to be provided. In such places,
it will be more appropriate to use rain water to recharge ground water
aquifers rather than to go for storage. If the strata is impermeable, then
storing rain water in storage tanks for direct use is a better. Storing rain
water for direct use method. Similarly, if the ground water is saline/unfit
for human consumption or ground water table is very deep, this method
of rain water harvesting is preferable.

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Fig : Storing rain water for direct use

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Rain water harvesting methods Rain water harvesting methods

2)Recharging ground water aquifers from roof top run off
Rain water that is collected on the roof top of the building may be diverted by drain
pipes to a filtration tank (for bore well, through settlement tank) from which it flows
into the recharge well. The recharge well should preferably be shallower than the
water table. This method of rain water harvesting is preferable in the areas where
the rainfall occurs only for a short period in a year and water table is at a shallow
depth. The various methods of recharging ground water aquifers from roof top
runoff are discussed separately.
3)Recharging ground water aquifers with runoff
from ground areas
The rain water that is collected from the open
areas may be diverted by drain pipes to a
recharge dug well / bore well through filter
tanks. The abandoned bore well/dug well can be
used cost effectively for this purpose. Recharging
ground water aquifers with runoff from ground
areas

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Groundwater development and tube well technology Groundwater development and tube well technology

Groundwater is an important natural resource. The precipitation infiltrates into the

ground and travels down until it reaches the impervious stratum where it is stored as
groundwater. It is stored in the pores present in the geological formations such as
soil, rock, sand, etc. There are four different types of geological formations of
groundwater :
Aquifer(Sand, Gravel)
Aquitard(Sandy clay)
Aquiclude(Clay)
Aquifuge(Compact rocks )

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Groundwater development and tube well Unconfined aquifer

technology An unconfined aquifer is an aquifer which has free water surface – which means the
water table exists for this type of aquifer. This is also called as water table aquifer or
free aquifer or phreatic aquifer. Unconfined aquifers are recharged by the
1 . Aquifer infiltration of precipitation from the ground surface.
An aquifer is a saturated formation of the earth. It not only stores the water but also Confined Aquifer
yields it in adequate quantity. Aquifers are highly permeable formations and hence A confined aquifer is an aquifer confined between two impermeable beds such as
they are considered as main sources of groundwater applications. Unconsolidated aquifuge,aquiclude, etc. The water in the confined aquifer will be under greater
deposits of sand and gravel are examples of an aquifer. pressure which is greater than atmospheric pressure. Hence, the water level shown
Aquifers are classified into two types based on their occurrence which are as by piezometer is always higher than the top level of the confined aquifer. The
follows : recharge of confined aquifer occurs at a place where it exposes to the ground
surface.
Unconfined aquifer
Confined Aquifer

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Ferrocement Tank Ferrocement consists of a thin sheet of cement mortar which is reinforced with a
cage made of wire mesh and steel bars. Because ferrocement is structurally more
efficient than masonry, the thickness of the walls of the container are as low as 10 to
One of the primary requirements of a water harvesting system is 15 mm.
that of containers to store the harvested water in a hygienic
condition. This need is more pronounced in high-rainfall areas,
where it is more feasible to store water in containers for direct
use, rather than for recharging the groundwater. Generally, in
small domestic systems, the cost of constructing tanks with
conventional materials like masonry or RCC is far more than that
of the rainwater collection and piping component. Ferro cement
can provide a low-cost and easy-to-build solution to the need for
low-cost containers
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Ferrocement Tank
Ferrocement components can be casted in any shape using
suitable mould.
The technology is extremely simple to implement, and even
semiskilled work persons can learn it with ease.
Thank You
Ferrocement requires only a few easily available materials -
cement, sand, galvanized iron (GI) wire mesh, and mild steel
(MS) bars - in small amounts compared to masonry and RCC.

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