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Financial Distress 2
Financial Distress 2
Financial Distress 2
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of principal. If the situation continues for a
long
time, there might come a day when the firm
would face pressure from creditors for
payments. The firm would find itself in a tight
spot. Investors would
not invest further.
Creditors would recall their loans.
Capital market would heavily discount its
securities.
Thus, the firm would find itself in a situation
called distress.
Generally, insolvency occurs subsequent to a
period of financial distress. Many a times, if
financial distress is identified in
time adremedial action is taken, possibility of
insolvency can be completely avoided. Insolvency
by contrast, is a decision which the business
chooses
to take to relieve itself from excess debt burden.
It is a decision where the firm decides to sell
its assets to discharge its obligations to outsiders
at
prices below their economic values i.e., resort to
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distress sale.
So when the sale proceeds are inadequate to
meet the outside liabilities, the firm is said to
have failed or become bankrupt and after due
processes of law are gone through, it might
turn out to be
an insolvent.
SOME NEW FINACIAL INSTRUMENTS: Apart
from the traditional debt & equity financing,
there are other ways too through which
the organizations can raise funds. Let us
understand a few new & emerging financial
instruments.
• OPTION BONDS: This instrument covers those
cumulative and non‐cumulative bonds where
interest is payable on maturity or periodically
and redemption premium is offered to attract
investors.
• DUAL CONVERTIBLE BONDS: A dual
convertible bond is convertible into equity
shares or fixed interest rate
debentures/ preference shares at the option of
the lender. The fixed interest rate debenture
may have certain additional features including
higher rate of interest distinct from the original
debt instrument
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• DEEP DISCOUNT BONDS:
Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan and
Small medium enterprises had issued this
instrument.
For a deep discount price of Rs. 2,700/‐ in IDBP
the investor got a bond with the face value of
Rs. 1,00,000/‐.
The bond appreciates to its face value over the
maturity period of 25 years. Alternatively, the
investor can withdraw from the investment
periodically after 5 years.
The deep discount bond is considered a safe,
solid and liquid instrument.
• COMMERCIAL PAPER: It is a short term
money market instrument. It is kind of an
unsecured promissory note.
Its maturity period is between 3 – 6 months.
It is readily used to arrange funds for a shorter
term.
• FACTORING: It is a technique in which the
financial intermediary bears the credit risk for
collection of debts from
debts.
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• FORFAITING: It is a technique in which the
Forfaitor discounts
an export bill & pays ready cash to
the exporter.
It is similar to discounting of a Bill, except for
one condition; here the bill is always an Export
Bill.
By resorting to any of the modes mentioned
above funds can be raised by the organizations.
THE END
References:
1)Fundamentals of Financial Management by
James C. Van Horne John M. Wachowicz
2) https://www.google.com
3) https://www.linkedIn.com
4) https://www.dawn.com
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