PROCEEDING OF THE 5th INAGA ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE & EXHIBITIONS

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Yogyakarta, March 7 – 10, 2001

GEOTHERMAL FLUIDS AND SURFACE MANIFESTATION IN GOU AREA, FLORES

ISLAND: AN APPLIED OF GEOSCIENTIFIC SURVEYS

Herry Sundhoro, Sjafra Dwipa, Janes Simanjuntak, Asnawir Nasution,

Arif Munandar, Setiadarma, Ashari, Rachman Hasan.

Volcanological Survey of Indonesia, Jl. Diponegoro no 57 Bandung, Indonesia.

Phone: 022-7272604, fax: 022-7202761

Key words : Gou area, geothermal fluids, surface manifestations, applied of geo ssientific surveys

ABSTRACT

The accessbility of geothermal fluids from the bottom to the surface is marked by geothermal surface manifestations, such as:
hot springs, steams, gasses and altered rocks.
It is important to understand the relationship between fractures or faults and geothermal manifestation on the surface. The
general relationship between fractures or faults and geothermal surface manifestation presumably could be identified by geoscientific
survey. The geo scientific survey in Gou geothermal area uses 3 combined methods, those are geological, geochemical, and geophysical
surveys.
General view for Gou area are: stratigraphy is contributed by volcanic and sediment Quaternary rocks, while those rocks is
underlain by the Tertiary basement rocks
The high contour values of mercury belong to soil air is concentrated around Managara and Watuh Wuti hot springs, which the
maximum concentration of Hg is up to 564 ppb. The lateral distribution of low resistivity (< 10 Ω m) is concentrated also around those
hot springs, and it is opened to the north-east area, while the concentrations area of these low resistivity is least 2 Km2 . The vertical
distribution of low resistivity is between 350 – 700 m beneath the surface and maximum penetrated is only 700 m depth. This
phenomena appears, that altered rocks in this area is formed by geothermal fluids.
This paper discuses result of geoscientific in Gou area, Flores island, and the tentative model is presented.

1. INTRODUCTION beneath the area and surface manifestations, which fractures or

Gou geothermal area is located about 4 Km Northern part of
Bajawa city, Ngada district, Flores island, East Nusa Tenggara.
The surveyed area covers an area of about 10 km2, and it lies
between 8°42’00” - 8°44’50” S latitude, and 121°03’30” -
121°07’00” E longitude (Figure-1).
Ngada district has a population of about 211.000 peoples. The
rain fall average in this area is low, only 139 mm/year. The
installed electric power generated from diesel is used for
domestic energy demand, such as: lighting, industrial, harbour,
transportation, hotel/ restaurant, hospitals, education etc
(Ngada dalam Angka, 1996)
Stratigraphy of Gou area is contributed by volcanic, and
sediment Quaternary rocks,. while those rocks is underlain by
the Tertiary basement rocks. Geothermal discharges are: hot
springs, and slightly altered rock. Both manifestations occur
along conduit of the NE-SW trending faults. It’s named
Mengeruda fault.
The utilization direct use geothermal energy in Ngada district
could supports an economical growth for people and the local
government. The most simplest and cheapest utilization of the
direct use geothermal energy here are used for swimming
(pool), bathing, and might be for curing or SPA. How ever a
small scale geothermal power was being explored in Mataloko
for next alternative energy demand here. It is approximately 10
km in the southern part of the surveyed area.
The aim of geoscientific surveys in Gou geothermal area is to
identified a general relationship between geothermal fluids
geological structures are the major channel for transfering it from
the bottom to the surface.
2. SURFACE MANIFESTATIONS AND ALTERATION
Thermal features on the surface of Gou area occur along a
conduit in the NE-SW trending fault (Mengeruda fault). Features
include hot springs, and altered rocks. The Hot springs
temperature are up to 47.5°C, and all waters are characterized by
a high concentration of acid sulphate water discharges at the
surface. Surface alteration of argillitic type occur also in the
vicinity of hot springs along the Mengeruda fault
3. THE RESULT OF GEOSCIENTIFIC SURVEYS
Flores island is a part of Banda Island arc, which comprises
Upper Cenozoic volcanic rocks with volcanogenic and carbonate
sediments (Hamilton,1979).
The volcanic rocks are dominantly of mafic to intermediate calc-
alkaline composition, and are uncorformably underlain by the
Tertiary rocks. The oldest rocks are sedimentary of Miocene age,
and exposed at Nangapanda village in the southern part of the
island (Bemmelen, 1949). The Quaternary rocks in area is
derived from Mt. Inie Lika, It is approximately abaut 2-3 km in
the Western part of the surveyed area. The volcanic rocks from
the oldest to the youngest consist of: Bajawa syn-caldera rocks
unit, Lacostrin sedimentary rocks, Mt. Mataloko volcanic rocks
unit, Mt.Inie Lika lava, and the secondary or surficial deposits is
alluvial. These volcanic rocks are dominantly of andesitic to
basaltic andesite composition, there is however a dacitic- ryolitic
rock. This rock is belong to Bajawa caldera products (syn-
Geothermal Fluids and Surface Manifestation in Gou Area, Flores Island:
An Applied of Geoscientific Surveys
caldera rocks unit) (Figure-2). The primary minerals present in
the Quaternary volcanic rocks are mainly: plagioclase,
orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and volcanic glass.
Three hot springs discharge have risen up into the surface
along the NE-SW geological structures, these are: Managara,
Watuh Wuti and Tukapela hot springs. The flow rates of these
hot springs are between 5-7 l/ minute. The maximum
temperature to the surface is only 47,5°C. All hot springs are
acid sulphate water types (Table-1). The high concentration
for Mercury belong to soil air is around Managara and Watuh
Wuti hot springs, which concentration of Hg is up to 564 ppb.
The high concentration of Hg around Managara and Watuh
Wuti hot springs is clearly due to a NE-SW trending fault or
fractures as a conduit.
Lateral distribution of low resistivity (< 10 Ωm) is clearly also
concentrated in those hot springs, and it is opened to the north-
east area. This prospect area least cover 2 Km2. Vertical
distribution of low resistivity (< 10 Ω m) is between 350 – 700
m depth, where as the maximum penetrated is only 700 m
beneath the surface. The apparent resistivity in line B, C, D &
line E show that, the thickness of the overburden resistive
layers are approximately 350-600 m, and the top of clay cap
layer is probably also between 350–600 m beneath the surface,
where as the maximum penetrated is only 700 m thick
(Figure-3). All layers below clay cap is assumed to be a liquid
or a steam reservoir, Which them boundary could not be
detected yet during surveyed.
The tentative geothermal model in Gou area is presented in
Figure-4. It shows that Gou manifestations are probably
included into the up flow geothermal system, while the out
flow geothermal system is located in the outer side of 2 Km2
prospect area, It is located to the north-east of the prospect
area.
4. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION
A reasonable conclusion is that hydrothermal fluids (hot water,
steams and gasses) are rising up along the NE-SW geological
structure or fractures in Gou area. The presence of surface
manifestations are a referenced for starting a geoscientific
surveys. The geothermal surface manifestations in Gou, such
as: hot springs, steams, gasses and altered rocks are
presumably also indicated to presence a geothermal energy
beneath the area.
Herry Sundhoro, Sjafra Dwipa, Janes Simanjuntak, Asnawir Nasution,
Arif Munandar, Setiadarma, Ashari, Rachman Hasan.
A lot of geothermal phenomena have presented in Gou area,
such as: thermal features on the surface (hot water, fumaroles
and other geothermal surface manifestations), altered rocks,
high concentration of mercury, lateral distribution of low
resistivity, and vertical distribution of low resistivity. These
phenomena appear those all of them are due to geothermal fluids
(hot water, steams or gasses).
During surveyed the maximum penetrated is only 700 m. The
continuing survey is strongly suggested in Gou area by CSAMT
or MT methods. These methods probably will be able to
identifing the deeper rock formations in sub surface. The
continuing resistivity survey for AB/ 1000 m is suggested also to
the north – east area. This survey will be extensively clearer a
geothermal prospect area in Gou.
The 2 Km2 prospect area is presumably included into up flow
geothermal system, while acid geothermal fluids are flowing
down in shallow depth near the surface into the out flow
geothermal system. The out flow geothermal system area is
expressed by the 300-400 l/sec flow rate of acid hot spring in
Mengeruda.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We thank the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia for permission
to publish this paper
REFERENCES
Bakosurtanal (1993) Foto Udara Flores, skala 1 : 50.000.
Fournier, R.O (1981) Geothermal Eksplration and Reservoir
Engineering System: Principles and case Histories. John. Willley
& Sons, New York.
Geothermal Resources Councill (1982) Fractures in Geothermal
Reservoirs. Special Report No. 12. August 27 and 28, 1982.
Research Cooperation Project between VSI and NEDO, GSJ,
West Jec, MMRC on The Exploration of Small Scale (1998/
1999), Geothermal Resources in The Eastern Part of Indonesia.
Sundhoro.H, et al, 1999, Penyelidikan Geologi, Pemetaan
Alterasi Ddaerah Panasbumi Gou, Kab. Ngada, P.Flores, NTT
Perpustakaan Sub.Dit.Panas bumi, Dit. Vulkanologi.
Geothermal Fluids and Surface Manifestation in Gou Area, Flores Island: Herry Sundhoro, Sjafra Dwipa, Janes Simanjuntak, Asnawir Nasution,
An Applied of Geoscientific Surveys Arif Munandar, Setiadarma, Ashari, Rachman Hasan.

Table-1
The Actual Chemistry Data for Hot Springs In Gou, Flores Island

Constituents Managara Watuh Wuti Tukapela

PH 3.66 2.99 2.66
Cl- 28.59 120.67 339.95
SO4= 412.24 556.68 794.12
B 1.26 1.00 6.00
SiO2 88.00 122.00 124.00
Na+ 25.63 35.00 74.04
K+ 7.02 15.32 25.32
Li+ 0.61 1.47 3.11
Ca++ 114.79 128.70 163.48
Mg++ 6.26 22.96 58.44
-
HCO3 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fe+++ 1.00 4.50 5.50
NH3 0.05 0.07 0.13
As 0.07 0.13 0.24
F 1.00 1.00 2.00
Conductivity
1050.00 2600.00 4600.00
µhos/ cm2

P. A D O N A R A
L A U T F L O R E S

P. K O M O D O F L
R U TEN G O M A U M ER E
G . L e w o to b i
B A JA W A R E P. S O L O R P. L O M B L E N
G . R an aka h EN D E S
G . In e r ie G . K a li m u t u
P. R IN C A

L A U T S A W U
GOU

Figure-1
Location Map Of The Survey Area.
Geothermal Fluids and Surface Manifestation in Gou Area, Flores Island: Herry Sundhoro, Sjafra Dwipa, Janes Simanjuntak, Asnawir Nasution,
An Applied of Geoscientific Surveys Arif Munandar, Setiadarma, Ashari, Rachman Hasan.
Geothermal Fluids and Surface Manifestation in Gou Area, Flores Island: Herry Sundhoro, Sjafra Dwipa, Janes Simanjuntak, Asnawir Nasution,
An Applied of Geoscientific Surveys Arif Munandar, Setiadarma, Ashari, Rachman Hasan.

Meter D-150
Meter
E-1500
E-2000 E-3000
800 1000
E-4100 Meter
E-5000 D-2500
D-350
81.43
E-6000 Meter
54.3 800 D-450 800
600 D-550 D-700
157.0 600 D-650
59.0 38.4 25 m 177.6 48.2 40.6
85.2 25.9
43.2 43.5 16.0 30.6
32.0 600 180.0 22.1 19.5 44.8 74. 600
23.7 13.4
400 78.8 20.6 400 17.2
10.2 26.8 21.6 25 m
8.9 103.9
11.2
21.0 25.9
19.8 10 m 400 17.6 10 m 400
44.8 22.0 14.0 30.5
7.8 4.9
80.5 16.7
15.8
18.0 10.6
200 50 m 13.0 25.2 200 100
9.0
18.9
10.3 33.0
8.0 m 15.3 13.7 7.0
50 11.5 200
11.2 m 9.0
13.6
0 13.6

7.4
11.0 10.8
Legend:
Legend:
Resistivity < 10 Ohm-m
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Km 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Km
Resistivity < 10 Ohm- m

Meter Meter B-75

1300
C-150
1200
1200

1100 B-200

1000 C-250
1000 B-300
C-350
C-550 B-400
C-450 1167.2
Meter 900 62.1
300.5 C-650 800 100 m B-500
800 C-700 23.5
209.0 800 91.0 B-600
11.8 50 m 60.0 49.1 80.7
392.3 39.1 16.3 16.2 38.6
273.8
64.7 88.0 700 18.0
6.4 600
25 m 16.8
67.3
306.0
600 22.9 25.9
228.9 17.6 27.3 600 18.8
36.7 35.9 50 m 26.7 20.7
20.2 99.5
500 11.0 12.6
332.3 8.1
15.9 15.2 22.2 25 m 18.8
200 m
400 43.3 22.0 400 16.2 96.6
7.1 25 m 50.9 100 m
14.9 20.0 9.0 28.1 11.1
15.3 17.4 14.0
20010050 25 10 15.3
34.6
m m m m m 28.7
200 14.2 200 7.2

10 50
25 m
11.5 m m
0 0
Legend: 11.7
Legend:
Resistivity < 10 Ohm-m 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Km 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Km
Resistivity < 10 Ohm-m

Figure-3
Verical Section Of The Apparent Resistivity For Gou, Flores Island.

meter West Scale : East

Mt. Inie Lika Km
2000
Meteoric water 0 2.5 5

1500
Recharge area Gou Mengeruda

1000 Up flow

500 m Out flow

Mt. Inie Li
ka Rock
δΟ
Unit (Ove Surficia Discharge area
l Deposit
rburden) s
0 Sediment Rocks
Mt. Mataloko Rocks Unit m Sd
Bajawa Pyroclastic Rock Unit (clay cap) m
Sediment Rocks
-500 m Ba

Semi conductive rock : Pre-caldera Bajawa (?) Ba

-1000
Pre caldera
m Pre caldera

-1500
Basement rock : Tertiary Rocks

δΟ Hot spring Fumarol Hot water flow

Heat Source Gas flow
Meteoric water

Figure-4
Tentative Model of Gou Area, Flores Island, Indonesia