Paleon « Grea Stes CO\tcad Meany emacty ry ~ VOGAL FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY 175 Wwaurar dao ‘Table 6-2. Speaking Fundamental Frequency of Normal Aduls* ‘Age No.of Mean SF, Median F, SO’ Range Total 90% ‘Mean Range Subj. iz ST Range Hz — ST (ST) Range(ST) Range Source Males at 2% 1 me 2h 1684 4 21-26 6 1081 320 1" 203, 179-258 157 1293 995-1052 82 2 mS 162888 34 “ 479 8215100030 ws ws sk m3 7] 203 BA yor 43 vo 888 so m2 2ST 1302 367 4 0a Reading pout 2% 1m a8 1 58033878 1 ‘sat 6 12365 6 ry 10 03 30 aa 5 21-28 6 1129 sna 7 ms 1025157120457 S20-1704 “ ms 1825 22S BAGO O-ISDA 7 213 SD-15 10 1230 349 102-157 6 mo me 1 Me me soa 9 wr os 8 Hi sere oS 804k] HHO7 31a 198 wei 178-1858 qr 8B 88 4 ma 179258 17 14 58 32 2 aoe 1185 Sk 7 pore r 4 0492507325 7 43-6050 5 Tt8k A 7 MB 6692811223 1 vA? 77051821382 7 50 gose OD ues a78 wo ne 8 es ep 483879 7 Females Reading Age No.of Median F, sO! Range Total «90% Range Hz ST _—(ST)_ Range (ST) Range Source Mean Range Subj. 155 82157 446 1586-2506 3.08 2 165 wes 2139 445 1537-2564 2.96 R 175 13 2115 443 1273-2601 334 2 att 6 pe ata 5 Univ tudants 2 198 438 10434 23 e210 21-28 6 ee 439 83.148 w 213 SD=15 10-2056 43.9 186-230 6 6 29S ASB ND D-ETEA 378 8 25 mo TAB (178B- R102 16 835 50408183430 TL A-BONT 248 1" 354 ws 215 443 1273-2681 394 (Continaco)176 CLINICAL MEASUREMENT OF SPEECH AND VOICE Table 6-2: (continued) ‘Age No.of Median F, 80! Range Total 90% Mean Range Subj. Hz ST (ST) Range (ST) Range Source Ma 405m 23 neem 276 1 seA 04) asd OBE 400 8 uA 17 i803 439 reaeute as 8 058 cout? 433 nem 425 3 ne mW me 0 See 26 wok A 570m 35 tO RMS an 3 650 0-041) tome 49.9 109-2059 27778 Spontaneous Speech aes 6 ets M42 170-256 7 “Data nthe original sources prosoned in ST or in Hz, Nocossary conversions have been done to presont the author data in both scales fo the purposes of tis table. Phch sigma Sources: 4. Sridecor, 1943, Impromptu speech folowed one week later by roading of verbatim vanscrt of earker impromptu statement. Sub- jects wore classed as “superior takers by @ panel of judges. Hand measurement of mid 23-27 s of samples, Data fepresert the ‘moan of suovessve 0.088 segments. 2 Holl and Jackson, 1973. Reading of @ passage by RL. Stovenson, as woll as xtemporeneous epeech—about three minutes of ‘each. Analysis by th Fundamental Frequency Indicator (see tex. '3, Mysak, 1958. Youngest group are sons ofthe other two groups. Reading fist paregraph ofthe Raiebow Passago. Analysis by epo- ‘al F, analyzer (Dompsey o al, 1850) 4, Curry, 1940, Reading ofa 52-vord passago. Hand measuromont of ouput. Data represent moans of successive 0.038 s segments 5. Michel, 1968, Roading of Rainbow Passage. Analysis by the Fundamental Frequency Indicator (600 tox), 6. Pronovost, 1942 and Sridacor, 1951. Reading of sentoncos 2-6 ofthe Rainbow Passage. Spoakore were judged “superior by a panel of judges, Hand moasurement of cuput, Data represent moans of successive 0.038 s intervals Estinaled eror about 0.5%. 7.Holion and Shipp, 1972, and Shipp and Holion, 1969. Reading frst paragraph ofthe Rainbow Pascage. Analysis bythe Funda ‘mental Frequency Indcator (s00 tx), €. Hol, 1975. Reading of fist paragraph of the Rainbow Passage. Analysis by a special eamputer program, 9. MeGlone and Holien, 1968. Reading of fist paragreph ofthe Painbow Passage, rehearsed. Hand measurement of osilographic output. 10. Linke, 1973. Test passage unspecified Subjects represented a range of speaker “flctveness” Phoneliogaphic analysis. 11. Saxman and Burk, 1967. Roading ofthe Rainbow Passage, rehearsod, Analysis by the Fundamental Frequency Analyzer (30° tea) 12, Hollen and Paul, 1969, and Michel, Holflon, and Moore, 1966. Reacig ofthe Rainbow Passago. Analysis bythe Fundamental Fre |quoney Indicator (coe te). Note that 907 of he total of 467 subjcts wore high schoo cheeeadors, a fact that may havo ina ‘cod the resus, 13.Stoichel, 1981. Reating ofthe fst paragraph ofthe Rainbow Passage. Analysis by the Fundamental Frequency Indicator (822 ‘x Al subjects wore nonemokas. Odor three ago groups had eigiieanty lower SF;s than tho younger ree groups. +14. Hotian, Hallon, and de Jong, 1997. Two groups: Male university students and military personnel, clocaly matched in age. Reading ‘matorisl—a passage trom FL Stevenson—was the same for both groups. 15, Awan (1998). Basod on Vis-Ptch® analysis of tape recordings of socond sontonce ofthe frst paragraph ofthe Rainbow Passage. Compared to trained singer. 16. Brown, Morris, and Michal (1989). Second sentnce of Rainbow Passage, read at comversonal loudness. Analysis of tape recordings, Compared to aged women, 117 Fitch, 1990. Mido 55 words ofthe Rainbow Passage. Spontaneous speech was in response to “common questions that reared ‘enondod answers’ & minutos of which was analyzed.we 178 CLINICAL MEASUREMENT OF SPEECH AND VOICE ‘Table 6-4. Moan Phonational F, of Normal Aged Speakers $$ ‘Sustained hf SD or range of Age Moan No.of | Mean SF, SD ‘mean F., ‘sustained h/ Range Age Subj. (Hz) (hz) (a) (tt) Source Mon 60-69 at 118 158 2 69-85, 75 20 162. 30.7 162 324 1 60-92 ca. 78 6 1262 258 8 >65 18 1901 167 8 65-85, 75 15 127 34 1" 70-78 27 tat 269 2 80-92 22 127 227 2 753 10 1327 202 5 88 7 126 110-142 3 Women 60-69 36 179 277 2 60-7 69 20 1918! 155-215 (SD=13.9) 7 60-92 ars 16 17265 136. 8 69-85 75 20 7 267 165 325 1 65-85 79 19 178 24 " 70-79 54 186 204 2 ms "1 a 315 5 75-90 704 7 1% 134 1767 19.04 6 80-96 7 178 307 2 88 8 181 181-228 3 100-107 102 5 140! 195) 4 105 1 219 78 10 * Vowel fa! Vowel A Sources: 1. Honjo and Isshik, 1960. F, by spectrum analysis. F data gathored with perceptual ratings of voice quality 2. Muolior. Sweenoy, and Bariboau, 1984, Subjects “ree of major medical probleme, particularly thoes alfcing the pulmonary ary ‘oa eystem, 2s well a communication disorder of significant hearing loss F readout by Vis-Ptch® 6087A systom. ‘8, Muse, 1982. Only parsons who were free of major medical problems, pateuaty those afactng ts larynx or tracheobronchlat system were ined. Sibjects who exibied speech, wolce, language andor sgnicant hearing dficuies were exckuded” Maxi- mmaly sustained /a/in “normal speaking vice" Maximum phonation tie also assossod, 4. Mooi, 1989. Subjects were “able to hear speach at normal conversational lvoe, were froe of speech ot language defects, were lucid and oriented to the task andl didnot sutle from dementia... None ... wer acted with neurclogal disease andlor i {u0ss of ho upper respicatory tract" 9-second sample of extemporaneous speech, evaluated by Vis Phi®systom. 5, Higgins, M.B., and Saxman, J. H. A comparison of seloctod phonalory behaviors of healthy aged and young adults. Journal of ‘Speech and Hoarng Rasearch, 34 (1991) 1000-1010. 6. Brown, Moris, end Michel, 1989. Subjocts had no history of neurological o¢ respkalry disease and had no hearing loss > 35 dB at '500, 1K, and 3K Hz in al east one eat, Sustaod // and second sentence of Rainbow Passage at corworeaional loudness. Analy ‘5s from tape recordings. Compared to young women, see Taba 6-2. 7. Biever and Blas, 1989. Subjects were free of nowologicaldsoase, no history of laryngeal surgery or sore, nonsmokers, ‘yay untrained, hearing threshold bettor than 35 dB at octave frequencies 500 to 4K Hz in better ear, between 62 and 68 Inchoe (130 em and 152 em). Analysis of tape recorded samples. 3. Weathoray, Worrall and Hickson, 1997. SF, calculated from spoken phrases consisting exclusively of voiced phones. Compared 12 hhoarng-mpalod aged subjects. 2. Moris, Brown, Hicks, and Howell, 1995. Combined reading (Rainbow Passage) and spontaneous speech (picture description). ‘Compared to youngor men and to professional singers. 1. Max and Muolor, 1996. Conversational speech (radio intoview) of an indapendenty ving woman. Brown, Mors, Hotion, and Howell, 1991. Reading of st paragraph of Rainbow Passage. Comparison to profesional singe{srr 175 fable 6-5A. Spoaking Fundamental Frequency of Normal Children Age (”) No. of Mean Fy? _ sD ‘Mean Range Sub]. (He) 7 Range (61) _| Sources Boys ‘spontaneous Speech 38 3246 10 283 49.4 2a1-322 10 46 15 2524 474 i723 2907 4 #54 51-60 8 2490 2182-2875 539 8 165 50-60 18 23 2049-2743 526, 8 58 51-63 18 2404 465 2119-2081 438 8 " 60-69 50 2195 49 1948-2907 9 65. 14 2473 470 044-2744 4 183 18 230 458 24 " 84 18 213, 444 25 4 195 5 27 43 25 " oa 8 219 49 19 " 06 15 208 437 32 " 105 8 220 450 23 " Reading 70 68-72 18 204 50.0 22 2 80 78-84 8 27 502 20 2 83 18 233 460 2a " 84 18 220 45.0 2a 1" 195 8 232 458 28 " 24 8 232 459 19 " mo6 15 215 44s 34 " 105 15 25 454 28 " 100 98102 6 269.7 487 2.38 3 87-129 19 273 487 7 112 10-12 18 2085 455° 192.1-2685 151 5 142 139-143 6 2a 408 34 3 13-159 5 184 a9 7 16-195 4 125 352 7 Gints ‘Spontaneous Speech 55 8 2478 470 -2t1.9-2952 4 56 51-64 20 243.4 407 1952-2911 559 8 158 51-63 7 2315 459 2084-2617 «5.08 8 356 51-89 19 248.0 411 -2AT62740 4.64 8 = 6.0-6.9 50 211.3 187.6-297.5 9 64 19 2470 470 (BAT 7-274 4 Reeding 70 6e72 6 281 492 20 1 79 78-84 15 288 498 28 1 86-129 256 478 6 12 10-12 18 278 4632 198.1-271.1 1st 5 13-159 248 474 6 16108 2at 468 8 (Continiod)COMPOSITE PITCH CHART—MALES ~~~ ntameres vane ns ER rcepute tine x. Ge ce “Feawner eg Teme ( or ee ; Tame 0 ~ & / 3 300 o. a 235 é 5 270 cc 5 265 G 7 260 c 8 250 B 3 249 ® 0 235 x " 230 B 12 230 Ay ‘Wat 230 AD Grr 1 1 > 0-215 BR cea 1s 115 140-215 rR ox 15 165 135-205 5 ort 6 150 125-180 DB BFF 7 135 115-165 o nee 18 125 105-160 e Gi, Table 7.1. Composite Pitch Chart—Males "13a = iess manure. COMPOSITE PITCH CHART—FEMALES age "reeoer tronanent Note to “ irr Fandoneras Fever SS Tang? 400 ‘340-470 @ 3 300 (255-360 7 4 285 240-340 cr 5 270 230-325 cr . 6 285 225-315 G : 7 260 220-310 Ce 8 285 215-300 a 9 245, 205-230 By 10 245, 205-290 a " 20 200-285, 8 12 240 200-280 8 13a" 240 200-280. By 130" 225 195-275 A 4 225 190-270 Ay 1S 220 185-260 Ay 16 218 180-255 As 7 210 175-250 Go 18 (205 175-245 3 ‘ Table 7.2. Composite Pitch Chant—Females *13a= less mature. “ 2430 = more mature. + Wilson, ~. Voice Prablens £ Children grdbdhinn “taht iam + WwW .Moya Andrews 85 15. Normative Data: Fundamental Frequency During Reading for Adults bere b__ MANUAL OF VOICE TREATMENT a (in years) Sex Average (Hz) Range (Hz) Source 20-29 M 720 = Hollien & Shipp (1972) 20-29 F 224 192-275 Stolehetf (1981) 30-39 M 2 ~ Hollien & Shipp (1972) 30-40 F 196 171-222 Saxman & Burk (1967) 40-49 M 107 - Hollien & Shipp (1972) 40-50 F 189 168-208 Saxman & Burk (1967) 50-59 M 8 - Hollien & Shipp (1972) 50-59 F 199 176-241 Stolcheff (1987) 60-69 M 2 - Hollien & Shipp (1972) 60-69 F 200 143-235 Stoicheff (1961) 80-89 M 146 - Holllen & Shipp (1972), over 70 F 202 170-249 __Stoicheff (1981) sx Measures may be obtained using computer programs or a portable board or pitch pipe. Sometimes the middle vowel in a multi-syllable (eg, Minnihaha) is used to avoid using a vowel at the end of a sen ze where the pitch may spontaneously fall. Practice trials are given and client may be asked to prolong the final vowels in the following sen- ces, as well as the middle vowel in the last sentence, for compari- \ purposes. stences for prolonging vowel samples to match with pitch pipe or keyboard: She lives in Alabama. He lives in Mississippi, The name, Minnfhaha, is lovely. Wanna of Vor t 4 Teach 5 Grek 5 ae APPENDIX A: ASSESSMENT INFORMATION, DATA, AND FORMS 429) e Data: Comparison of Aco of Adults and Children’s Voices Measures Glaze (1988) note thatthe upper limit for teri adults is 0.04 ms, Thus, her legen Yates fll within the normal adult range. The children exceeded e shimmer value for normal adults (4%). For signel-innciee soe sets nest ale) aan low this, averaging 1539 dB with a SD of 336 Tires aps aia (N = 121) (N = 59) (N = 62) Iwcing ne we 0339 oso oosse oa oa oat Shiner 09) se sta ssi $0 3 38 30 vie sD 355 338 "5Yiniclan Information: How Rate Affects V« 1 be measured either by counting words or syllables per minute. If + or multisyllabic words are used in a passage, syllable counting ily provide the most precise estimate of rate, Speaking and reading vary, Rate may affect the way a client (with normal pulmonary uses breath during speaking and reading. Conversely, a client onary insufficiency may use very short phrases because of pacity. However, most clients do not have severe respiratory dis- many have the habit of using a tidal volume that is too shallow or dy replenished. Thus, an evaluation of rate, phrasing patterns aya client wes breath is an important part of a voice evaluation. ‘ollowing: ershould have a quick, deep inhalation and speak during a long ed exhalation, Some speakers may initiate phonation at an inap- ‘e phase of the respiratory cycle (e.g, after they have exhaled the }- Others may inhale with inefficient patterns (eg, raise shoulders) 's have too litle air available to talk on during exhalation. veakers replenish too infrequently and use long phrasing pat- 1us, their available air is depleted long before they replenish and ice indicates they are speaking using their functional residual (FRO). s‘rapid reading or speaking rate may be a sign of using tidal inefficiently, using poor coordination of air flow and voicing @ attacks), or increasing laryngeal tension excessively in a vain to conserve depleted air capacity. Slowing down the rate fre- decreases vocal hyperfunction, APPENDIX A: ASSESSMENT INFORMATION, DATA, AND FORMS 417. A-8. Normative Data: Speaking and Reading Rates for Adults and Children Normative Data for Adults Speaking Range Reading Range Type of Measure 715 t0 76 750 10 190» ‘words per minute 162 to 2308 210 to 265° syllables per minute * andrews and Ingham (1977), Daley and Spriesterbach (1978) Petes and Cuitar 1997) Normative Data for Children ‘Age Speaking Range Type of Measure * syllables per minute “ 197-183 syllables per minute sf 109-183 syllables per minute 6 140-175 syllables per minute 8 150-180 syllables per minute 108 165-215 syllables per minute ne 165-220 syllables per minute pete and Gatar 0999). Pindzole, Jenkens, and Lokken (1989)eaking Fundomental Brequency of Young Adult Arable Men Abu-Al-Makarem & Petrosino, 1998 Page Table 3. Comparison of Reported Data of the Mean Values and Associated Standard Deviations of Reading and Spontaneous Speaking Fundamental Frequency of Youn Adult Men. Date of Investigator (3) Oral Spontaneous Speaking Age (yr) Race Publication Mean SFF (In Hz) SD. Mean SFF (In (Ha) SD 1940 Cumry 133.1 18 - - 18 AEW 1943 Snidecor 132.0 wy 1200 13 Young AE-W Adults 191 Hanley: Young AE-W General American 194 21 ua 20 Adults Southern American 134.6 26 136.2 27 Eastern American 122.2 21 172 18 1966 Hanley, Snidecor, & Ringel: Mean Spanish English 1246 NR 1214 NR 19.5 Spanish Japanese English 130.6 NR 116.8 NR 29.0 Japanese “American English 105.6 NR 95.3, NR 205 AE-W 1970 Fitch & Holbrook N67 21 - = 18-26 AEW 1972 Hollien & Shipp 19s NR = ~ 20-29 AEW 1972 Majewski, Hollien, & Zalews B16 187 17.28 Polish 1973 Hollien & Jackson 1294 16 1233 16 18.26 ABW, 1981 Hudson & Holbrook 1100 25 108.0 24 18-29 ABB 1982 Hudson & Holbrook 110.2 5a - - 18.29 AEB 1983 Weber 149 215 112.8 173 18-24 AEW 1998 ‘Abu-Al-Makarem & Petrosino (Present 18:28 ‘Arabs Studs “Arabic 1469 15.4 145.8 English 149.1 126 144.5 AB-W: American English-White (Anglo-American). AB-B: American English-Black (Afro-American). * Spanish-speaking subjects were from Mexico, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Argentina, and Peru, NR: Not reported. =stina subjects were from United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia,