Load Settlement Behaviour and Interaction Effect of Piled Raft Foundation in Cohesive Soil

Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference 2020
December 17-19, 2020, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam Chapter
Load Settlement Behaviour and Interaction Effect of Piled Raft

Foundation in Cohesive Soil
Eswara Prasad CR1, Vinod Kumar D 2, and Mallikarjuna Rao K3
1
Reasearch Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering, Tirupati, India.
crep72@gmail.com
2 Assistant Executive Engineer, GNSS Project, Water Resources Department, Pulivendula, India.
dvkcivil@gmail.com
3
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering, Tirupati, India.
kmr_svuce@yahoo.com
Abstract
Foundations are the substructures which transfer the load from super structure safely to the soil strata.
Generally, foundations are classified as shallow and deep foundations. Deep foundations are avoided
wherever possible as they are cost prohibitive and construction requires special equipment and
trained human resources. Many a case, a mat or raft is sufficed in place of a deep foundation in case
settlements are contained. Several investigators in the past carried out numerical and experimental
studies to analyze the effectiveness of a raft supported with a limited number of piles (Piled Raft
Foundation) penetrating homogeneous deposits in order to contain the settlements and to increase
the load carrying capacity of a raft. In this investigation, performance of piled raft foundations
penetrating both homogeneous and layered cohesive soil deposits is studied by conducting a series
of load tests on model piled raft foundations in the laboratory. Parameters considered in the study
are Consistency of the soil (Ic), Thickness of the top layer (H1), Spacing of the piles (S), Length of
the pile (L) and Number of piles (N) in the group. Model pile used is of diameter (D) of 10mm and
square raft is of width (B) of 180mm. The results of experiments clearly show that the load carrying
capacity of the piled raft foundation increases with spacing between piles and number of piles. As
the thickness of the top layer increases, the load carrying capacity of the piled raft foundation
increases significantly. Experiments are designed and the results are further analysed following the
principles of 2 3 factorial experimentation so as to quantify the relative effect of main factors studied
(namely L/D, S/D and N) and their interaction effects on load carrying capacity and settlement.
Keywords: Pile, Raft, Piled Raft, Cohesive Soil
1. Introduction
Structures are founded on open isolated foundations when the soil at shallow depth has
good safe bearing capacity to carry the super structure loads. Raft foundation is a combined
foundation which transmits the super structure loads to the subgrade uniformly by utilizing
the every part of the soil below the structure when the bearing capacity of the soil is
comparatively low. The founding strata should satisfy both the shear criteria and the
settlement criteria to transmit the loads coming from the structure to the substrata safely.
Many a times the raft is very good in shear criteria and the allowable settlements shall
govern while deciding the design bearing pressure values. Sometimes the load transmitted
from the structure may not be uniform due to structural arrangement of the building or due
to non-symmetric geometry of the structure, which cause differential settlement of the raft.
Also the differential settlements are caused due to the soil substrata variation, where the
compressible layer thickness varies. When the super structure loadings are high then the
raft settlements exceeds the permissible settlements and permissible differential
settlements as specified in IS 1904 -1986. The high concentrated loading from the super
structure sometimes concentrate at few specific locations where the settlements of the raft
exceed the limits locally as well the load intensity concentrated at the specific locations
exceeds the designed bearing capacity of the soil. In such cases engineer switch over to
the deep foundations to support the raft such as pile foundations or some places the ground
improvement techniques such as stone columns or sand compaction piles shall also be
Th 03-52
adopted for resting the raft.
Instead of implementing the conventional pile foundation, a thought process gone in

the way to solve issues developed in the raft at local points such as crossing the limited
settlements and allowable bearing capacity. Many researchers concentrated an addition of
piles which will help in limiting the settlements of raft within the permissible limits. The
piles are strategically placed below the raft where the settlements are exceeding the
permissible limits as well where the transferred loadings from super structure to sub grade
exceed the safe bearing capacity values. These piles are short in length and the load
carrying capacity of these piles is by friction only. The combination of pile and raft system
increases the bearing capacity and reduces the settlements. This foundation system is
named as Piled Raft foundation or also called combined piled raft foundation as shown in
Fig 1.1. The piles added under the raft are named as the settlement reducing piles.
Figure 1 Model of raft and piled raft foundation
Based on the above literature review and detailed study of different experimental analysis and
results, it is found that there is not much study carried on the piled rafts resting on homogeneous
cohesive soils and layered cohesive soils to understand the behaviour of piled raft foundation.
Hence, the present experimental study is focused on the behaviour of piled rafts supported on
Homogeneous and layered cohesive soil beds with different consistencies by varying the pile
length, spacing and number of piles.
Settlement Reducing Piles
In conventional approach, the piles are designed to carry the total loads coming from the
superstructure and raft has no load carrying contribution. Higher factor of safety in the range
of 2 to 3 is considered while calculating the pile load carrying capacity depending of the
available load test results or the geotechnical investigation report with soil profile and shear
parameters. In some cases raft has the ability to take the load without shear failure but fails to
satisfy the settlement requirement. To find the solution, piles are added to the raft to reduce the
settlements; these piles are called the settlement reducing piles. In this case the piles are utilized
to its ultimate capacity by ensuring the permissible settlements in raft and to satisfy the overall
safety factors. Piles added not only restrict the settlements but also contribute partially in taking
loads coming from the super structure. Piled raft foundation concept is clearly explained in
Fig. 2.1 (Randolph and Clancy, 1996)
Two main reasons to add the piles to raft foundation to convert it to piled raft foundation are:
1. To reduce the total settlements in rigid raft
2
2. To reduce the total settlement and differential settlements in flexible raft
Figure 2 Piled raft foundation concept

MATERIALS USED
Soil
The soil used in the present investigation is obtained from Kotala near Chandragiri. The Liquid
Limit of the soil is 56.0%. It is dominated by fine fraction (97.74%) and coarse fraction is
negligible (2.26%). It is classified as ‘CH’ as per I.S. Classification (IS: 1498-1970) indicating
that it is inorganic clay of high compressibility. Its degree of expansiveness is medium based
on Liquid Limit, Plasticity Index and Free Swell Index (FSI). All the index properties of the
soil are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 Index Properties of the Soil Tested
S. No. Properties Kotala sample
1 Gravel (%) 0.24

2 Sand (%) 2.02
3 Silt + Clay (%)(-75μ) 97.74
4 Liquid Limit (%) 56
5 Plastic Limit (%) 24
6 Plasticity Index (%) 32
7 Free Swell Index (%) 30%
8 I.S. classification CH
Model Raft
A rigid M.S plate of size 180mm X 180mm and thickness 10 mm is used as raft in this
investigation. A total of 7 rafts with provision for varying pile spacing and number of piles are
used in this investigation. Typical model rafts are shown in Fig 3.
3
Figure 3 Model Raft

Model Pile
Circular piles are simulated with MS steel rods of 10mm diameter having lengths 100mm and
400mm are used for tests as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4 Model Piles

Model Test Tank
Cylindrical steel model test tank of diameter of 600mm and 550mm height is used for
preparation of test bed as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5a Model Test Tank

Load Frame
Load frame used is made up of four steel columns arranged in square pattern at a spacing of
1.24 m. All the four columns are connected both at the top and bottom by four beams firmly
fixed to the columns by appropriate bolts and nuts. A MS sheet is provided at the bottom
connecting all the four beams and columns. Both the beams and columns are made up of
suitable ‘L’ angles. Provision is made at the top to apply the load by rotating a screw jack,
which is fixed to ‘L’ angles inter connecting the centre of the one set of parallel beams at right
angles. The Load frame used in the experiment is shown in figure 6.
4
Figure 5b Loading Frame

TESTS CONDUCTED
In order to study the effect of Spacing of piles in terms of S/D, Length of piles in terms of L/D
and Number of piles in terms of N, and thickness of top stiff layer in terms of H1on load
carrying capacity and load settlement behaviour of piled raft foundation, three series of load
tests are conducted on model piled raft foundation in the laboratory resting on homogeneous
clayey soil bed and layered clayey soil beds for H1/B=0.3 and H1/B=0.6.
Twelve load tests are conducted on piled raft foundation for each series, 36 being the total
load tests for all the three series put together. In order to facilitate the understanding of pile-
raft-soil interaction on piled raft behaviour, three more load tests are conducted on raft without
piles resting on homogeneous and layered soil beds. Further, six load tests are conducted on
single pile only penetrating homogeneous and layered soil beds.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

Load tests are conducted on Piled Raft Foundation supported on Homogeneous and Layered
soil bed. The details of the tests conducted presented in Table 2 and Table 3. The ultimate load
carrying capacity obtained from the load tests are presented and discussed in the following
subsections separately for Homogeneous soil bed and Layered soil beds.
Piled Raft Foundation on Homogeneous Soil Bed:

A series of load tests are conducted on soil bed prepared in the laboratory in a model test tank
by simultaneously varying three factors namely L/D, S/D and N for homogeneous soil bed for
Ic= 0.5 . Load Settlement curves obtained from load tests are presented in Fig. From the figures
it can be observed that the load settlement plots either become nearly asymptotic to settlement
axis beyond certain load or characterized by two straight lines, initial and final joined by a
smooth curve. Asymptotic load is reported as ultimate capacity in case the load settlement
curve is asymptotic. The load corresponding to the point where the two straight lines meet
when the final straight portion is extended back is reported as ultimate capacity when the load
settlement curve is characterized by two straight lines. The ultimate capacities so obtained are
presented in Table 2 for all the 12 tests conducted. Load test was conducted on raft only
(without piles) for the purpose of comparison.
Table 2 Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity (ULC)of Piled Raft Foundation Homogeneous
Soil Bed H1/B=0
5
Experimental No. of piles
S. No. L/D S/D ULC (kg)
model (N)
1 5 56.0
2 10 60.5
2 10
3 15 62.0
4 5 57.0
5 40 10 61.0
6 15 64.0
Piled Raft
7 5 58.0
8 10 10 62.0
9 15 65.5
4
10 5 76.5
11 40 10 77.0
12 15 78.5
13 Raft Only - - - 48.0
Load(kg)
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.00
3.00 S/D =5
S/D=10
6.00
Settlement (mm)
S/D=15
9.00
12.00
15.00
18.00
21.00
24.00
Figure 6 Load vs Settlment Polt for H1/B=0,N=2, L/D=10
Effect of different factors on ultimate load carrying capacity of piled raft foundation:
From Table 4 and fig 6 it can be observed that the load carrying capacity of the Piled Raft
Foundation is varying with S/D, L/D and N. As the spacing (S/D) of the pile increases the
ultimate load carrying capacity of the piled raft increases for a given L/D and N values.
Similarly the length (L/D) of the pile increases the ultimate load carrying capacity of the piled
raft for any given S/D and N. And also the ultimate load carrying capacity increases with N
(no. of piles) for any given L/D and S/D. Hence the load carrying capacity of piled raft
increases with any of the three factors studied namely S/D, L/D, and N. However, it is not
possible to assess the relative effect of each factor as well as the interaction effect of these three
factors on Load Carrying Capacity either from the Table or from the figures. Hence, in order
to study the relative effect of all the three main factors and their interaction effect on Load
Carrying Capacity, the results are further analysed using the statistical tool called 23 factorial
analysis and the same is presented in the following subsection.
6
Table 3 Ultimate capacity of piled raft foundation for 23 Factorial Experimentation
EXPERIMENT Factor A Factor B Factor C Ultimate Load Capacity

LABEL (S/D) (N) (L/D) in kg(H1/B=0)
1 5 2 10 56
a 15 2 10 62
c 5 2 40 57
ac 15 2 40 64
b 5 4 10 58
ab 15 4 10 65.5
bc 5 4 40 76.5
abc 15 4 40 78.5
Regression model for load carrying capacity:
From the results and discussions presented in previous section, it is clear that piled raft
capacity is influenced by all the main factors and certain interaction factors only expressed
mathematically as given below.
Pu= f(S/D, N, L/D, S/D*L/D, N*L/D, S/D*N*L/D)
Multiple linear regression analysis can be carried out using Data Analysis Tool bar of
Microsoft Excel in order to derive the relationship statistically. In this investigation, a
regression model is evolved using the Data Analysis Tool bar of Microsoft Excel and the
equation is as shown below.
Pu=53-N-0.513(L/D)+0.292(N*L/D)+0.75(S/D)- 0.0054(S/D*N*L/D) +0.0088(S/D*L/D)

The correlation coefficient (R2 Value) for the above regression model is found to be 0.996
indicating a good correlation.
Validity of proposed model for load carrying capacity:
The validity of the proposed model for prediction of load carrying capacity is verified using
the results in this investigation which were not used for development of the model. Table 6
summarizes the observed and predicted capacities of piled raft foundation in this investigation
along with relevant properties of soil and ratio of observed to predicted piled raft capacity.
From this table it can observed that ratio of predicted to observed load carrying capacity is
ranging from 0.993 to 1.025 in several cases indicating that the model predicts load carrying
capacity of piled raft with an error of +0.3% to + 2.6 %.
Table 4 Observed & Predicted Capacity of Piled Rafts (S/D=10)

.
Observed Load
Percentage of
Predicted
Test series
Observed/
Predicted
Load
(kg)
Sl.No.
error
(kg)
N L/D Remarks
Homogeneous soil
1 2 10 60.5 59.01 1.025 -2.52

bed ,H1/B=0
*Present
2 2 40 61.0 60.54 1.008 -0.76 Investigation
3 4 10 62.0 61.77 1.004 -0.37
4 4 40 77.0 77.58 0.993 0.75

3
*not used in the 2 factorial model.
7
Piled Raft Foundation on Layered Soil Bed for H1/B=0.3:
by simultaneously varying three factors namely L/D, S/D and N for layered soil bed (Stiff over
Soft) for Ic= 0.5 and Ic=0.8 . Load Settlement curves obtained from load tests are presented
in Figs. 4.11 to 4.14. From these figures it can be observed that the load settlement plots either
become nearly asymptotic to settlement axis beyond certain load or characterized by two
straight lines, initial and final joined by a smooth curve. Asymptotic load is reported as ultimate
capacity in case the load settlement curve is asymptotic. The load corresponding to the point
where the two straight lines meet when the final straight portion is extended back is reported
as ultimate capacity when the load settlement curve is characterized by two straight lines. The
ultimate capacities so obtained are presented in Table 7 for all the 12 tests conducted. Load
test was conducted on raft only (without piles)for the purpose of comparison. Load settlement
for raft only is presented in Fig.4.15 and its load carrying capacity is presented in Table 5 along
with capacities of piled rafts tested.
Table 5 Ultimate load carrying capacity (ULC) of piled raft foundation for Layered Soil
Bed (H1/B=0.3)
S.No. Experimental model No.of piles N L/D S/D ULC in kg

1 5 104
2 10 114
2
3 10 15 130
4 5 112
5 40 10 122
6 15 134
Piled Raft
7 5 114
8 10 10 121
9 15 132
4
10 5 120
11 40 10 131
12 15 141
13 Raft Only - - - 60.6
Load (kg)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
0
5
Settlement (mm)
10
15
S/D=5
20 S/D=10
S/D=15
25
Figure 7 Load vs Settlment Plot for H1/B=0.3,N=2,L/D=10
Effect of Main factors on ultimate load carrying capacity of piled raft foundation:
8
From Table 7 and Fig 7, It can be observed that the load carrying capacity of the Piled Raft
(no. of piles) for any given L/D and S/D . Hence the load carrying capacity of piled raft
Table 6 Ultimate capacity of piled raft foundation for 2 3FactorialExperimentation.
Factor A Factor B Factor C ULC in kg

LABEL
(S/D) (N) (L/D) (H1/B=0.3)
1 5 2 10 104
a 15 2 10 130
c 5 2 40 112
ac 15 2 40 134
b 5 4 10 114
ab 15 4 10 132
bc 5 4 40 120
abc 15 4 40 141

From the results and discussions presented in previous section, it is clear that piled raft
capacity is influenced by all the main factors and certain interaction factors only expressed
Pu= f(S/D, N, L/D,S/D*N, S/D*N, S/D*N*L/D)
Pu=80.01786+2.85(S/D)+0.1893(L/D)+5.625(N)- 0.25476(S/D*N)-0.001190(S/D*N*L/D)

The validity of the proposed model for prediction of load carrying capacity is verified using
9
along with relevant properties of soil and ratio of observed to predicted piled raft capacity.
From this table it can observed that ratio of predicted to observed load carrying capacity is
ranging from 0.982 to 1.005 in several cases indicating that the model predicts load carrying
capacity of piled raft with an error of +0.5% to + 2.4 %.
Table 7 Observed & Predicted Capacity of Piled Rafts Reported Results &
Results of Present Investigation
Predicted Load
Percentage of
Observed Load
Test series
Observed/
Predicted
S.No.
error
(kg)
N S/D L/D Remarks
(kg)
Layered soil bed
1 2 10 10 114 116.80 0.976 2.40 *Present

,H1/B=0.3
2 2 10 40 122 123.20 0.990 0.97 Investigation

3 4 10 10 121 123.20 0.982 1.78
4 4 10 40 131 130.30 1.005 -0.53
*not used in the 23 factorial model.
Piled Raft Foundation on Layered Soil Bed for H1/B=0.6:
by simultaneously varying three factors namely L/D, S/D and N for layered soil bed (Stiff over
Soft) for Ic= 0.5 and Ic=0.8 . Load Settlement curves obtained from load tests are presented
in Fig 8 From this figure it can be observed that the load settlement plots either become nearly
asymptotic to settlement axis beyond certain load or characterized by two straight lines, initial
and final joined by a smooth curve. Asymptotic load is reported as ultimate capacity in case
the load settlement curve is asymptotic. The load corresponding to the point where the two
straight lines meet when the final straight portion is extended back is reported as ultimate
capacity when the load settlement curve is characterized by two straight lines. The ultimate
capacities so obtained are presented in Table 8 for all the 12 tests conducted. Load test was
conducted on raft only for the purpose of comparison.
Table 8 Ultimate load carrying capacity of piled raft foundation for Layered Soil Bed
H1/B=0.6
Experimental No. of piles
S. No. L/D S/D UC in kg
model (N)
1 5 112
2 10 124
2
3 10 15 134
4 5 116
5 40 10 129
6 15 138
Piled Raft
7 5 116
8 10 10 126
9 15 137
4
10 5 119
11 40 10 134
12 15 145
13 Raft only 75
10
Load (mm)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
0.00
5.00
Settlement (mm)
10.00
15.00
S/D=5
20.00
S/D=10
25.00 S/D=15
30.00
Figure 8 Load vs Settlment Polt for H1/B=0.6,N=2,L/D=10
Effect of different factors on ultimate load carrying capacity of piled raft foundation:
From Table 8 and Fig 8 It can be observed that the load carrying capacity of the Piled Raft
(no. of piles) for any given L/D and S/D . Hence the load carrying capacity of piled raft
Table 9 Ultimate capacity of piled raft foundation for 23factorial experimentation
Factor B ULC in kg
LABEL Factor A (S/D) Factor C (L/D)
(N) (H1/B=0.6)
1 5 2 10 112
a 15 2 10 134
c 5 2 40 116
ac 15 2 40 138
b 5 4 10 116
ab 15 4 10 137
bc 5 4 40 119
abc 15 4 40 145
From the results and discussions presented in previous section, it is clear that piled raft capacity
is influenced by all the main factors and certain interaction factors only expressed
Pu= f(S/D, N, L/D, S/D*L/D, S/D*N*L/D)
11
Pu=98.696+2.067(S/D)+0.075(L/D)+1.268(N)- 0.00195(S/D*L/D)- 0.003429(S/D*N*L/D

The validity of the proposed model for prediction of load carrying capacity is verified by using
along with relevant properties of soil and ratio of observed to predict piled raft capacity. From
this tables it can observed that ratio of predicted to observed load carrying capacity is ranging
from 0.997 to 1.017 in several cases indicating that the model predicts load carrying capacity
of piled raft with an error of +0.29 % to + 1.68 %.
Table 10 Observed & Predicted Capacity of Piled Rafts Reported Results & Results of
Present Investigation
Observe
Predicte
Predicte
Observed
Percent
Load (kg)
d Load
age of
series
S.No.
error
Test
(kg)
d/
N S/D L/D Remarks
d *Present
bed ,H1/B=0.6
1 2 10 10 124 123.14 1.007 -0.7

Layered soil
Investigation
2 2 10 40 129 126.87 1.017 -1.68
3 4 10 10 126 126.36 0.997 0.29
4 4 10 40 134 132.14 1.014 -1.04
3
.*not used in the 2 factorial model.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results in this investigation, the following important conclusions are made.
 The load carrying capacity of a piled raft foundation resting on homogeneous clayey soil bed
increases with N, L/D and S/D. However, it is dominantly dependent on N, L/D, and
interaction effect ofN &L/D and S/D in that order.
 The load carrying capacity of a piled raft foundation resting on layered cohesive soil bed was
found to be dominantly influenced by S/D and moderately by L/D and N. Further it increases
significantly with thickness of the top stiff layer (H1)
 Regression models were evolved to express the load carrying capacity in terms of the
influencing factors. Validity of the proposed models was verified using the load test results
that were not used for the development of the models. Predicted values are found to be in good
agreement with observed values.
REFERENCES
1. Clancy, P and Randolph, M.F. (1993). “An Approximate Analysis procedure for Piled Raft
Foundations”. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methodism Geomechanics,
Vol. 17, pp. 849-869.
2. Cooke, R. W. (1986). “Piled Raft Foundations on Stiff Clays‟. Contribution to Design
Philosophy”. Geotechnique,Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 169-203.
3. Fioravante, V. and Jamiolkowsi, M. (2005). Physical Modelling of Piled Raft. International
Geotechnical Conference on Soil-Structure Interaction, Saint Petersburg. Ulitsky,V.M. Ed.
ASV Publishers Saint Petersburg-Moscow, pp 89, 95.
4. Fioravante, V., Giretti, D. and Jamiolkowski, M. 2010.“Contact versus Noncontact Piled
Raft Foundation”. Canadian Geotechnical Journnal. Vol. 47. No. 11. pp. 1271-1287.
12
5. Horikoshi,K. (1995). “Optimum design of Piled Raft Foundations”. Ph.D. Thesis. The
University of Western Australia.
6. Horikoshi, K., & Randolph, M. (1998). “A Contribution to the Optimum Design of Piled
Rafts”. Geotechnique, Vol.48, No. 2, 301-317.
7. IS 1888-1982: Code of practice for Plate Load test on Soils.
8. Ilamparuthi. K and Balakumar (2009).“Characterisation of Response of Circular Piled Raft
tested in Sand”, IGC 2009 Guntur, India.
9. Maharaja D.K., (2003), “Load Settlement Behaviour of Piled Raft Foundation by Three
Dimensional Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis”, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering, vol.8,Bundle C, paper 0334.
10. Poulos, H.G. and Davis, E.H. (1980)” Pile Foundation Analysis and Design” Wiley, New
York.
11. Poulos, H.G (2001). “Methods of Analysis of Piled Raft Foundations”. International
Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.
12. Poulos, H.G. (2005). “Piled raft and compensated piled raft foundations for soft soil sites”
Geotechnical Spec Publications No 129, ASCE, 214 – 234.
13. Reul, O and Randolph, M. F. (2003).“Piled Rafts in Over consolidated Clay: Comparison
of In situ Measurements and Numerical Analyses”, Géotechnique, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp.301-315.
14. Singh.A.K and Singh.A.N. (2011). ‘‘Experimental study of piled raft foundation’’,
Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference December 15-17, 2011, Kochi(Paper No D-
378).
15. Balakumar .V and Ilamparuthi .K 2009 “Characterisation of Response of Circular Piled
Raft Tested in Sand”,IGC 2009.
16. Balakumar .V and Ilamparuthi .K 2010. “Piled Raft Behaviour Based on 1-g Model
Studies”, Indian Geotechnical Conference – 2010, GEO trendz December 16–18, 2010 IGS
Mumbai Chapter & IIT Bombay.
13

Load Settlement Behaviour and Interaction Effect of Piled Raft Foundation in Cohesive Soil

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Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference 2020

December 17-19, 2020, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam

Load Settlement Behaviour and Interaction Effect of Piled Raft

Keywords: Pile, Raft, Piled Raft, Cohesive Soil

Instead of implementing the conventional pile foundation, a thought process gone in

Figure 1 Model of raft and piled raft foundation

Settlement Reducing Piles

Figure 2 Piled raft foundation concept

1 Gravel (%) 0.24

Figure 3 Model Raft

Figure 4 Model Piles

Figure 5a Model Test Tank

Figure 5b Loading Frame

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

Piled Raft Foundation on Homogeneous Soil Bed:

EXPERIMENT Factor A Factor B Factor C Ultimate Load Capacity

Pu=53-N-0.513(L/D)+0.292(N*L/D)+0.75(S/D)- 0.0054(S/D*N*L/D) +0.0088(S/D*L/D)

Table 4 Observed & Predicted Capacity of Piled Rafts (S/D=10)

1 2 10 60.5 59.01 1.025 -2.52

3 4 10 62.0 61.77 1.004 -0.37

4 4 40 77.0 77.58 0.993 0.75

S.No. Experimental model No.of piles N L/D S/D ULC in kg

Factor A Factor B Factor C ULC in kg

(S/D) (N) (L/D) (H1/B=0.3)

Regression model for load carrying capacity:

Validity of proposed model for load carrying capacity:

1 2 10 10 114 116.80 0.976 2.40 *Present

2 2 10 40 122 123.20 0.990 0.97 Investigation

Pu= f(S/D, N, L/D, S/D*L/D, S/D*N*L/D)

Pu=98.696+2.067(S/D)+0.075(L/D)+1.268(N)- 0.00195(S/D*L/D)- 0.003429(S/D*N*L/D

Validity of proposed model for load carrying capacity:

1 2 10 10 124 123.14 1.007 -0.7

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Pu=53-N-0.513(L/D)+0.292(NL/D)+0.75(S/D)- 0.0054(S/DNL/D) +0.0088(S/DL/D)

Pu= f(S/D, N, L/D, S/DL/D, S/DN*L/D)

Pu=98.696+2.067(S/D)+0.075(L/D)+1.268(N)- 0.00195(S/DL/D)- 0.003429(S/DN*L/D