INTRODUCTION OF WEB TECHNOLOGIES

 Introduction of web mechanism

 DNS
 Communication protocol
INTRODUCTION OF WEB MECHANISM
 The web client makes the request to the web server. The web server receives a
request, finds resources and returns feedback to the customer. When a server
responds to a request, it often sends some kind of content to the client. The client
uses a web browser to send the request to the server. The server usually sends
the response to the browser with a set of instructions written in HTML
(Hypertext Markup Language). All browsers know how to render HTML pages to
customers. (Anon., n.d.)
1. DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM – DNS
 Explain the concept of DNS
 Purpose and type of DNS
 How domain names are organized
EXPLAIN THE CONCEPT OF DNS
 One of the most important components of Internet infrastructure.
 The phonebook of the Internet.
 If DNS is unavailable, you’ll have difficulty finding resources on the Internet and,
likewise, others will be unable to find you.
▪ Example: We access information online through domain names, like abc.com or
xyz.com. Web browsers interact through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. DNS
translates domain names to IP addresses so browsers can load Internet
resources.
(Anon., n.d.)
PURPOSE AND TYPE OF DNS
 Purpose:
▪ It helps us from having to remember the IP addresses of all of our favorite sites.
▪ It allows Web pages to link to others by name, not by IP address.
▪ Finding hosts by name allows IP addresses to change over time, allowing sites to
grow, change location, or reconfigure. (Anon., n.d.)
 Type of DNS:
▪ DNS Query Types
▪ DNS Server Types
▪ DNS Record Types
DNS Query Types
There are three types of queries in the DNS system:
 Recursive Query: In a recursive query, a DNS client provides a hostname, and the DNS
Resolver “must” provide an answer, it responds with either a relevant resource record,
or an error message if it can't be found.
 Iterative Query: In an iterative query, a DNS client provides a hostname, and the DNS
Resolver returns the best answer it can.
 Non-Recursive Query: A non-recursive query is a query in which the DNS Resolver
already knows the answer and a response is immediately returned to the client.
(Anon., n.d.)
DNS Server Types
The three most common types of DNS servers are used to resolve hostnames into
IP addresses:
 DNS Resolver: Designed to receive DNS queries, which include a human-readable
hostname such as “www.abc.com”, and is responsible for tracking the IP address for that
hostname.
 DNS Root Server: The root server is the first step in the journey from hostname to IP
address. The DNS Root Server extracts the Top Level Domain (TLD) from the user’s
query - for example: “www.abc.com” provides details for the .com TLD Name Server. In
turn, that server will provide details for domains with the .com DNS zone, including
“abc.com”.
 Authoritative DNS Server: The Authoritative Name Server is the last stop in the name
server query, it takes the hostname and returns the correct IP address to the DNS
Resolver.
(Anon., n.d.)
DNS Record Types
DNS servers create a DNS record to provide important information about a domain
or hostname, particularly its current IP address. The ten most common DNS record
types are:
 1. Address Mapping record (A Record).
 2. IP Version 6 Address record (AAAA Record).
 3. Canonical Name record (CNAME Record).
 4. Mail exchanger record (MX Record) .
 5. Name Server records (NS Record).
 6. Reverse-lookup Pointer records (PTR Record) .
 7. Certificate record (CERT Record).
 8. Service Location (SRV Record).
 9. Text Record (TXT Record).
 10. Start of Authority (SOA Record).
(Anon., n.d.)
HOW DOMAIN NAMES ARE ORGANIZED
 Use the Whois database to find a unique domain name that isn't yet registered.
If the search comes up empty, you know the domain name is available.
 Register the domain name with a registrar. There are a lot of registrars to
choose from, and some offer special prices for registering the COM, NET, and
ORG versions of a domain at the same time, for registering for two or more
years, or for hosting the domain with the same company.
 If you're hosting the domain at a different company than your registrar,
configure the registrar to point your domain name to the correct host name or
IP address for your hosting company.
(Brain, n.d.)
2. EXPLANATION OF WEB ELEMENT
 Communication protocol
 Server hardware
 Server software
COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL
 Formal descriptions of digital message formats and rules.
 They are required to exchange messages in or between computing systems and
are required in telecommunications.
 Communications protocols include: authentication, error detection and
correction, and signaling.
 They can also describe the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of analog and
digital communications.
 Implemented in hardware and software.
 Computer networks cannot exist without them.
(techopedia, 2012)
SERVER HARDWARE
 The fundamental job of a Web server is to process and respond to Web client
requests sent using HTTP.
 Web server computers have more memory, larger and faster hard disk
drives, and faster processors than typical desktop or notebook PCs.
 A virtual server, or virtual host, is a feature that maintains more than one
server on one machine. (webhostingguy, 2010)
SERVER SOFTWARE
Server operating system
 A computer must have an operating system to run programs as well as keep track
of multiple users logged on to the system to ensure that they do not interfere with
one another.
 The most common operating systems for Web servers from Microsoft are: Windows
NT Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, and Microsoft .NET.
 Unix-based products are also popular: Linus, Solaris, and FreeBSD.
Web server
 Apache
 Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS)
(webhostingguy, 2010)
Apache
 Free and performs efficiently.
 Runs on many operating systems and the hardware that supports them.
 Has a built-in search engine and HTML authoring tools and supports FTP.
 Can be managed from either a server console or a Web server.
(webhostingguy, 2010)
Microsoft Internet Information Server
(IIS)
 Comes bundled with Microsoft's Windows 2000 Server operating systems.
 Includes an integrated search engine.
 Permits administration from a remote server.
 Combines HTML pages, ActiveX components, and scripts to produce dynamic
pages.
(webhostingguy, 2010)
3. WEBSITE TECHNOLOGIES
 Explanation of static and dynamic web
 Drive to front-end and back-end technologies
 Clarify the capabilities and relationship front-end and
back-end
EXPLANATION OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC
WEB
Static Web
 The content is fixed and display the same content for every user.
 Usually created with HTML and CSS in simple text editors like Notepad.
 Static websites are easier to create.
Dynamic Web
 A website can display different content and provide user interaction.
 Dynamic websites rely on both client-side and server-side scripting languages
such as JavaScript, PHP, or ASP.
 Dynamic websites require more work.
(Amelia, 2019)
DRIVE TO FRONT-END AND BACK-END
TECHNOLOGIES
Front-end:
 The front end of an application is the visible part of it that the user interacts with.
 The programming language is used to create a front-end: HTML, CSS and
JavaScript.
Back-end:
 The back end of the web application is basically the brains behind the front end.
 It comprises three components: server, application and database.
 It is a link between the server and the user.
 Most of the coding for the web application can be found in the back end and the
quality of this code will determine how the website functions.
 The programming languages and frameworks are used to create a back-end:
Ruby on Rails (RoR), Python, PHP, SQL, Java, ASP.NET
(Rongala, 2015)
CLARIFY THE CAPABILITIES AND
RELATIONSHIP FRONT-END AND BACK-END
Relationship:
 Front-end is the “front” of a site which is client-side. It is what people see the
website.
 Back-end is the “back” of a site. (Anon., 2019)
Capabilities:
 Front-End
 Back-End
Front-End
 Front-end developers are the one who is responsible for the look of the website
(the colors, the layout, and the design of it, etc.).
 Front-end developers play an active role in increasing users’ interests,
observing whether they feel comfortable or attracted to what they see or not.
 Front-end developers care about how their site looks and try to make it as
amazing as possible.
(Anon., 2019)
Back-End
 Back-end elements are at the server-side and responsible for what is actually
happening when users interact with a site.
 Back-end components are responsible for users’ experience, whether they want to
stay within the site or just close the site because of the lagging, delaying or
latency, etc.
 Back-end developers care about the speed of the data flow, everything in the
database of the server needs to be neat and well-organized.
(Anon., 2019)
4. ONLINE CREATION TOOLS AND
CUSTOM BUILT
 Give examples of online creation tool
 Comparison table
GIVE EXAMPLES OF ONLINE CREATION
TOOL
 Wix
 WordPress
 Duda
 Gator Website Builder
 GoDaddy Websites + Marketing
 Simvoly
 PageCloud
 Squarespace
 Strikingly
 uCoz uKit
 Weebly
COMPARISON TABLE
Online creation tools Custom built website
Design flexibility ▪ The design is less flexible. ▪ The design is more flexible.
▪ Using only available. ▪ Can be customized according to your
needs.
▪ Without any restrictions.
Performance With the design of most templates, you will You have to spend a certain amount of time
save more time in designing your website. to design your website.

Functionality Website design with available templates. Website design with your own template.

UX Good user experience. Good user experience.

UI The layout is pretty set. You are allowed and encouraged to show
your company culture and personality
through your own design.
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[Accessed 17 07 2020].
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[Accessed 17 07 2020].
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Available at: https://www.studytonight.com/servlet/introduction-to-web.php
[Accessed 19 07 2020].
Marshall Brain, N. C. &. S. C., n.d. howstuffworks. [Online]
Available at: https://computer.howstuffworks.com/dns4.htm
[Accessed 17 07 2020].
Rongala, A., 2015. Invensis. [Online]
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and-back-end-development/
[Accessed 19 07 2020].
Singh, J., 2020. Quora. [Online]
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[Accessed 19 07 2020].
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protocol
[Accessed 18 07 2020].
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