Discvete Mathematics

Lec ture
e clure
Le cure A: lecture -4:
T 2
a- True proposstfon
false Cnone oa Ondb, d-bolh a

2- Mark's P
is runs nux"- e P f 1his Sent en e

a- Manks P doen runlinu, b t iS nol he case

Ahal Mark's Prun
inu.

(Both a and o) C None

3-he locical oPeiadors thal are ued to fotm

new Popostions are
called
a- Compouno PrOpasitions.
b-looicol opeyod0t

Conjunctions e Connectives

PA denoles:

b-dsjunc 1ia1s
Confunetíons
d- Negatfon
Exclusive

rue then he
P Is False and q s
5- Tf
heithey Irue hb
a sue False C-

false

are rue,then ine

both
G T P a n d 'r
PAq - false
rue
 e PVay
denotes?

DRsiunction
- Neodfon
6-Conjunctfon (-xcusive

'P True and q i s False then

is?
Folse Tue
tudents NO have aken caleulug
eence Can toe his
or COrmpue
he
eng dsed în the ctatement
a- Exculse
O
6Anclusive ot
oo Students Nho haue
comPute onen colculus o
science,but noL both, con emoll
emmoll
closs.
Tncalsive O
Ecul sive
The P a, denotes
a Incuyive OY
-culs' ve
C2 Whe and both Ore Arue hen

rue (False
When and
both a Ye False, ihen
s P

rue Fale

Tf -asethen
a S
True Fa'sse
 O
N oE
Theye Lecdue Dia
the6 Com UNOS
P epres

SYmeces d Sufficient o
T P Ahe ond coues ectur
P f CN
3
P and 'y ooth CAYC
then P
Tue
Fole
35- The COmpodnd ProposAlond
Called Cve
A autolO (ogicalH ewivalen

PvoN)
2 Nol¬

Precedence tefrence)
eams firsl erence to
Cahd SO
V
Pvo>T
firstconditiena
soNe (V)
UNE Ahe

OCPIESen t s

True )FalSe

38- represents

C rue 6False
alle
Cand

a Boolean l Vogriables
glaebr
Boolean Variasle
fn Or darLs
6T
Bt OPeTatCT O n boolk

O
O

O
(NOn Nebst)

C HO eyuivolent t o
ogfeally

Pv 1

4-PN 1S 0qicolly equivalen to?

- P

P 1 1>
u2 CP ) s gically Uvalenil to
C P

1P

43 -T(PE- Pn@c

C)-(p1)
yu-Uahich othe ollouima S COrreC

aPv VP 1PA) PV n
c-PvevY=v , - A entioned,
 ecture

ecre
(PAQ ( alway S
46- V1Q)
vi)
TWo b Fose
False

Ahe stalemenls
mave aYe loqically equvelen if
u t h tables
dentica bDf(tenl
4aTauloloaM stolenmenl thol auUCYS
o
Searadess o the t u t h v alueg

ogfco VaObles

-True identiced tosica uorioes

False - individual togi a vonobdes

True - identica logical Variabes

Tf ST S Tautolo we Nrie
S-T S=>S=> T
SST

e nNoite
1f S >Tiss Tautoloqy
S T
Conttodction C stateen that is
So A

oudoys Yeqardess of hc uth valtes

Rdviduo lagico Voioble

YUe Folse
he egotion Toutola
C OProsite CmlaCCiC.
 Ture

hon
CA Comtro dic tfon
Fose
53
RACR
ToUtolD (b)ContYodictio

RC1R) is?
Toittology )Cotradiction

SS (PAQ P )VCT)
Toutoloey bContradfAion

S6
TCPQ) (P)A Ca) t S
(a) Tautolo qu Contradciion

The above2 audoaiesss -S6) are KnouaV

as?
-

BooleOm Alaebro De MotanS LONS

S8- he logical uivaerce of Propositton

Ond written
PE QR
c-P->
a- T n eOch ow the ttuth value of
Sanme the tuth value o Q then P
aYe
1dentfco -Lo call eautvelc
1C7) EP
es
 ciure a 2

GAISTPAa) and Iogically ecyuivalernt

es NO

62 Oe-Mo1qans Law
The
negat fo PTO POSitfon fs

logicaiy ealionlenl the 6% PTO pasitror

Nhch eac CompoRnl s negated
a OR AND
(B
XOR cdst
(TPAo) 1P )
3-Ihe negation an OR PYOPOSit on

ogical equivalent to the piopost fon

hich each Compohent egate

a OR AND
(1ev)= P)A (
c XOR

S4-Negoie he llOufng Comfound PTOPOsitron

feel tal and he weights ot
ohn s six
leastt 2o0 POUnds
tal OR
eR he doesht weiaht
doeshtNelaht
Ans noL S feel
s
ohn
Sohn
teost 200
a
Nastate RTor Watch NOs
The bus

An Ndgh wagnt
he bus Nas hol ate Anc To

Sous

S - Cse De- sb aN tite negction

-<
give 1 < Gn d
->7
-14
 LeAIYe
Con
tat ive aw
PACVy

CCA PAC)AY Pv vr) (vo VY

DRstEiouutivve LAW2
PACNYE CPAV V CP AY
PVC AY )= ( W ) n PVr)

Adentitlaus
PAE=P PV P

Nepation LawS
PAnp =c
PVP=t
neaoti on
H - D ouale
P =P
LanS
2 empotent

PAPEP PY
L a NS :
Universa
3- PAC C.
PvtEt

L
awas
S
ptíon
Abso
u PV CPAG)=P
Pn CPV)=P
 stater
h e Lecturg
Conditonad (ecture
PrOpostion " P,1hen

-
P-
P
-P C a l l e d

stokme n s also
16A Cond?tiona
Amplication.

a- Pt0postion

S calle
statemenl P-
14In Condtion

a- Concu sfon ConseUENCE

Hupothe s's en
S Cal1ed
8- Ln condítfonal statement

See lec3
a- Premise Slioles 8
Conculsfon On youY Our
c- Hursthesfs.

fs ue
then
and
a rue
Fole
- 1f i s False
False
s Irue, hen
arue
T s Fade False
 92- )stonds fov Lecture3

assRanmenl
equol theo
Tmplics

95-The PHoPosttfon Ps
Conve Se Inves C- ContvapossthvVe

6- The PrOpoe'tion P
ConeISE -nverse Contrapoeitive

9- he poposTAfson P 1 called o
en
C-Comtrapostive
O CoNeSe Inverse
P has alusoys
8-Ony the contrapositive

Ahe Same2 truth valle as

P
a 1s false,Ahc riqinoa
29 Tf Arue
False b t f h e
Conditronal
statement
inverse are both
conveise an
b-False
True
it is raningthen the home team wins
30
converse of this fs?
he
he home team n s ,thc SYOining.
e{eA
t aima then esn uJm
bfcondttonob StCterment P V epresCrts)
31 he
P then
a' and if
aEmen we gsO callco
2 -Bicondtfona
bi-împli
c.atlon
O mpli c a t i s
 Y

AS
TP ACy)A (Pvay) 2

TG Lrv (A(V =
a(PV19) b) A(Pvn)

Necessary and sufficient condi'tians

are AwO PTOpositfons
lel r and
conditon for S means then S
Y S sufficient
S means nnot
otr then
then
conditfon fo S
necessa means

comdtlon o
and sutficien
r is necessar

Lectuv

An falements
S SequencC
(8)..Argument b conclu sion

C Premises
bul the fina One are Cale
9-PAI stotements

Preroi ses HHrothesi s/Assumptso

3-ine mal statermen is caled he

h e

Conclusfon
b-Hypelhesss
 uihe Smbok Yead as
Thee exis
hee oye
the
efoc
's placed fus
HyPothesis
(&) Comclusiom

t h e esting Pemses are all true

hen Concluion also
the
b-False
Tue
Find the whfch all Ple mise
are
a F a l s e- ctiticod
touws
Titea row5,-True

each C6iti col

ca roW, d e t e m i n e
whethet he
the
C ft
8Tn each
is also Tue
of the araumenl

cm duSion upothesi S
(

- a) P->r

a,b are PeTmises C iS ConclUso

fo PeTmiseS are Ane COncluSdh is

alse Ahe argumenl is

A- Vali d Tnualid
1-The ac that this qUmenl Volio
callec
Ca Modus Ponens
12 Tf P then Q
T

CT

P
T Ahs fact hat this aTqumenC fotm
Valld is Called
Madus Tollens

14 T s tue,Then more gereta "Po y

is othe stoternern
rue an
fo1 an N
P

called his Sorl orgunments Disiunetive Addtior

Conjunctive sinpli f i c a t o n 2

Tue hen, f'n

P and
both are

S tde
Particudar P i s true
CPAq3T
PAV
PT
 Sisundive
Pv
P

ampe2 d-T have airnme oY o ve

Cnd 1dond have
'n my Pocke )
fn mu pockel
dfe

Hyrothetica sylogsm2

P >r.

6 Dilemma: Proot by DwIson înto cages:

PVo

positive o hegatíve
posittue, then >0
ne Th >O

7 Conve1se EYYOT
Certatn Sort of tnvalfd argumenS
ohn is a checrie, then John sis
V / fn the back rOU

Joh Ss t the ack rodU

P Thcefoe John 1s a cheoier
 ve1se errov
Invakd a u m e n t s
P

This Sost
o rguments result n f'nverse errsv

ee lecture yfot examps