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Sheet (4) - Combustion and Furnaces - Droplet Evaporaton - MEP363-Fall-2019
Sheet (4) - Combustion and Furnaces - Droplet Evaporaton - MEP363-Fall-2019
Sheet (4) - Combustion and Furnaces - Droplet Evaporaton - MEP363-Fall-2019
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CREDIT HOURS ENGINEERING PROGRAMS (CHEP)
ENERGY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM (ERGY)
Liquid Fuel Combustion, Atomizers and Droplet Evaporation
(1) A water droplet at 20 °C vaporizes into dry air at 1 bar. The initial droplet diameter is 0.2 mm. Calculate
the time of vaporization if the exchange coefficient for water vapor in air Γ is 2.6 × 10‐5 kg/m∙s and the
vapor mass fraction at the droplet surface is 0.009. Water density is 1000 kg/m3.
, ,
8 Γ ln 1
,
(2) A water droplet at 25 °C vaporizes into dry air at 1 bar. Calculate the time of vaporization of the droplet
for initial diameters of 0.08, 0.1, 0.12 and 0.15 mm. Draw on the same page the relationship between the
droplet initial diameter and the time of vaporization. What is the type of relationship and explain. Given
that mass fraction of water vapor at the droplet surface is 0.02 and the exchange coefficient of water
vapor in air Γ is 3 × 10‐5 kg/m∙s. Water density is 1000 kg/m3.
, ,
8 Γ ln 1
,
(3) A liquid fuel is injected into a combustion chamber at a rate of 0.002 kg/s, where a stoichiometric amount
of air is provided. The fuel spray produced fine droplets of 0.2 mm average diameter. After the fuel fully
evaporates into the air, the chemical reaction proceeds across a stoichiometric fuel / air mixture. The
exchange coefficient Γ is 4.82 × 10‐6 kg/m∙s, determine the droplet evaporation time. Consider that the
fuel vapor mass fraction is 0.9 on the droplet surface and the evaporation proceeds into a dry air. The fuel
density is 749 kg/m3.
, ,
8 Γ ln 1
,
(4) In mass‐diffusion‐controlled evaporation of a liquid fuel droplet, the droplet surface temperature is an
important parameter. Estimate the droplet lifetime of a 100 μm‐diameter n‐dodecane (C12H26) droplet
evaporating in dry nitrogen at 1 atm if the droplet temperature is 10 K below the n‐dodecane boiling point
temperature of 490 K. Repeat the calculation for a temperature 20 K below the boiling point and compare
the results. The mean gas density is 0.4267 kg/m3. The fuel vapor diffusivity of n‐dodecane in nitrogen, D =
23 × 10‐6 m2/s. Density of Liquid n‐dodecane = 749 kg/m3. The vapor mass fractions of n‐dodecane at the
droplet surface are 0.9605 and 0.9132 at 480 K and 470 K, respectively. Discuss your results.
, ,
8 Γ ln 1
,
(5) A swirl atomizer has a machined exit hole of 0.1 mm, which is equal to 5 % of the atomizer chamber
interior diameter. If the swirl velocity at the entry of the chamber is equal to that obtained by a rotating
cup atomizer having its liquid film attached to a cup whose diameter is 1.8 cm and rotating at 200 rpm.
Determine both the film thickness obtained by the swirl atomizer and liquid spread angle. The liquid fuel
density is 749 kg/m3 and flow at a rate of 3.6 gm/hr.
1
,
2
AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CREDIT HOURS ENGINEERING PROGRAMS, ENERGY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM
Fall 2019 Assignment - 4
MEP363: Combustion and Furnaces
2/2
(6) Two equal masses of different liquid fuels are contained in two identical tanks with both fuels having flat
free surfaces exposed to the atmosphere. The two free surfaces are 7 cm below the tank lip. One fuel
(benzene C6H6) has a density of 879 kg/m3, a vapor mass faction at the liquid‐air interface is 0.32 and an
exchange coefficient Γ of 0.523 × 10‐6 kg/m∙s, while the atmosphere is dry. The other fuel (n‐dodecane
C12H26) is has a density of 749 kg/m3, a vapor mass faction at the liquid‐air interface is 0.48 and an
exchange coefficient Γ of 4.82 × 10‐6 kg/m∙s but its surrounding atmosphere contains vapor whose mass
fraction is 0.1. Which fuel evaporates faster?
, ,
ln 1
Γ 1 ,
(7) Liquid benzene (C6H6) at 298 K, is contained in a 1 cm diameter glass tube and maintained at a level 10 cm
below the top of the tube, which is open to dry atmosphere. The vapor mass faction at the liquid‐air
interface is 0.3147 and density of liquid benzene is 879 kg/m3. The exchange coefficient of benzene in air
at 298 K, Γ = 1.167 × 10‐5 m2/s
a) Determine the mass evaporation rate of the benzene in (kg/s)
b) How long does it take to evaporate 1 cm3 of benzene?
c) Compare the mass evaporation rate of the benzene with that of water. Given that exchange
coefficient of water in air at 298, Γ = 3.05 × 10‐5 m2/s. The vapor mass faction at the liquid‐air
interface is 0.01977 and density of liquid water is 1000 kg/m3.
, ,
ln 1
Γ 1 ,
(8) Consider liquid n‐hexane (C6H14) in a 50 mm diameter graduated cylinder, which is open to dry
atmosphere. The distance from the liquid‐gas interface to the top of the cylinder is 20 cm. The steady
state n‐hexane mass fraction at the liquid‐air interface is 0.482. The diffusivity of the n‐hexane in air is D =
8 × 10‐4 m2/s and the mean mixture density is 1.33 kg/m3. Determine the following:
a) The mass flux of n‐hexane vapor.
b) The exchange coefficient Γ of n‐hexane vapor in air.
c) The bulk flux of n‐hexane vapor, i.e. that portion associated with bulk flow, at liquid‐gas interface.
d) The diffusional flux of n‐hexane vapor at liquid‐gas interface.
, ,
ln 1
Γ 1 ,
(9) Consider water in a 25 mm diameter test tube evaporating into dry air at 1 atm. The distance from the
water‐air interface to the top of the tube is L = 15 cm. The mass fraction of the water vapor at the water‐
air interface is 0.0235, the diffusivity for water vapor in air is D = 2.6 × 10‐5 m2/s and the mean mixture
density is 1.33 kg/m3.
a) Determine the mass evaporation rate of the water.
b) Determine the water vapor mass fraction at x = L /2
c) Determine both the bulk and diffusional fluxes of the water vapor mass flow at x = L /2
d) Repeat part (c) for x = 0 and x = L. Then Plot and discuss your results.
, ,
ln 1 , , 1 1 ,
Γ 1 , Γ